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ABB Africa Channel Partner eventLine Surge Arresters - Contribution to Power Quality: Line Side Protection
Johan Kristiansson, PGHV/High Voltage Surge Arresters - Africa Channel Partner event, 2016
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A power transmission center
for more than 100 years
2600 employees
Independent laboratories
with latest technology
Your one-stop source for
high voltage products
ABB in Ludvika is a leader in power
transmission technologies that enable
our customers to improve their
performance while lowering
environmental impact.
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersABB in Ludvika - “The High Voltage Valley”
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Impossible or uneconomic to
withstand / avoid all overvoltages.
Surge Arresters are needed to
protect other equipment from
insulation failure due to lightning
and switching surges.
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersSurge Overvoltages Can Cause Problems
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At each point, the “consumer” of electricity is concerned about
Number and Duration of interruptions (plus associated costs)
SecondarySecondarysubstationsubstation
DistributionDistributionsubstationsubstation
EHV
HV
HV
MV
TransmissionTransmissionsubstationsubstation
Main substationMain substation
LV
TransformerTransformer
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersAvailability of Electric Power Supply
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Typically poor overall availability Substation equipment is not the critical factor during normal operation Line and transformer are dominating causes for unavailability
Transmission line
Substation
equipment
S/SPower in Power out
Two lines in parallelTwo transformers
in parallel
Single circuitPower in Power out
Transformer
Double circuit
Lightning is a significant contributing factor to the outage rate Line availability remains critical with common towers Double line failures must be avoided
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersAcceptable Outage Rate - A Moving Target
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Transmission Line Surge ArrestersWhy Is Lightning Mitigation Important for Transmission Lines?
App. 65% of non-sheduled outages on transmission lines are related to lightning
Consumers have become more demanding
Computer controlled equipment
Sensitive processes are dependent on constant and reliable energy supply
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Lightning in South Africa is responsible for 65% of damage in distribution networks
and 26% of the total number of line faults in transmission networks (1993 - 2009)
Faults on transmission lines in Korea (2001 – 2002)
Examples of plant losses due to lightning-induced electrical outage:
South African South Deep JV mine lost 1 month production (2005)
Porgera JV mine in Papua New Guinea lost 50% of electrical power for more than three
months at a production loss of US$750,000/day (2006)
Tennessee smelter pot line “frozen”. 164 pots have to be dug out by hand. Production is
shut down for seven weeks (2007)
Transmission Voltage Total Faults Lightning caused faults %
66kV 35 17 48.5%
154kV 382 248 64.9%
345 kV 89 53 59.5%
SUM 506 318 62.8%
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersLightning Costs and Losses from Attributed Sources
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Transmission Line Surge ArrestersMovie – Increasing Grid Reliability
MovieEnabling Reliable Power Grids
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Backflashover
High footing resistance
Shielding failure
No OHSW
Poor shielding angle
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersCause of lightning flashovers on HV transmission lines
Induced flashover
Lightning flashes to ground
seldom exceed 200 kV
Neglected on HV transmission
lines due to high LIWL
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Transmission Line Surge ArrestersReliability and Availability Improvements Measures
Duplicate system Very expensive and often impractical.
Compromise with two lines on one tower.
Increase insulation Expensive and creates insulation
withstand co-ordination problems
Improve footing impedance Often difficult and expensive
Shield wires Requires low tower footing impedance.
Problems of their own. Difficult to retrofit.
Unlikely to achieve demanded reliability.
Do not improve switching performance.
Protect line insulation Arresters connected in parallel with
by surge arresters line insulators at selected towers.
Line Surge Arresters (LSA)
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Arresters installed on selected towers eliminates disturbances caused by
overvoltages
Prevents lightning-induced flashover across line insulators on the tower
Assists to extend line circuit breaker life and maintenance-interval
Controlled switching surge overvoltage profile along the line
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersTransmission Line Protection - Benefits
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Increased availabillity of lines
Reduced disturbance for sensitive industries
Reduced number of CB operations
Less stress on substation equipment
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersBenefits to Users
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Transmission Line Surge ArrestersProtection Philosophy Against Backflashovers
Locate areas with high footing resistance
Low <20 ohm
High >40 ohm
Very High >100 ohm
Hilly terrain
Location with high lightning density
System study
Determine where to install LSA
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Transmission Line Surge ArrestersProtection Philosophy Against Backflashovers
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Transmission Line Surge ArrestersProtection Philosophy Against Backflashovers
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Tower and line configuration
Line length
Span length
Single or double circuit
Tower dimensions
Type, location and sag of
phase conductors and ground wires, etc
Mechanical loading
Wind, ice, etc
Environmental
Pollution, altitude, etc
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersDimensioning Data – Mechanical
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Existing and desired outage rate
Ground flash density or kerauniclevel
System Uc and TOV
Short-circuit current
Amplitude & duration
Insulation level for line insulation (CFO =critical flashover voltage)
Tower grounding
Earthing/footing resistance
Soil resistivity
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersDimensioning Data – Electrical & Environmental
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Transmission Line Surge ArrestersDimensioning Data – Electrical & Environmental
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Transmission Line Surge ArrestersDimensioning Data – Electrical & Environmental
Mean annual thunderstorm days
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Transmission Line Surge ArrestersDimensioning Data – Electrical & Environmental
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Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: Secure Supply All the Way
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Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: Secure Supply All the Way
Assures disturbance-free operation of transmission lines
• Suitable for all voltage levels
• Eliminates disturbances caused by overvoltage
• Prevents lightning-induced flash-over across line insulators
• Controlled switching surge over-voltage profile along the line
• Fail-safe design with visible indication
• Easy to install
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Arresters with lower or
higher rated voltages may
be available on request for
special applications
Description PEXLIM R PEXLIM Q PEXLIM P
System voltages [kV] 24 – 170 52 – 420 52 – 550
Rated voltages [kV] 18 – 144 42 – 360 42 – 444
Nominal discharge current [kApeak] 10 10 20
Repetitive charge transfer rating (IEC 60099-4, Ed. 3.0) [C] 1.2 2 3.2
Thermal energy rating (IEC 60099-4, Ed. 3.0) [kJ/kV (Ur)] 5 8 11
Line discharge class (IEC 60099-4, Ed 2.2) Class 2 Class 3 Class 4
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: Silicone-housed Arresters (PEXLIM)
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Silicone-housing gives exceptional service performance
Direct vulcanising (bonding) of silicone onto active parts
Active elements sealed along entire length
Total absence of any air between the active elements and the housing
No moisture leakage path
No internal partial discharge
No pressure build up during overload
Unique open-cage design with belt-winding
Short-circuit safe
No collapse after short-circuit
Excellent heat dissipation from MO varistors
High thermal stability threshold
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: Silicone-housed Arresters (PEXLIM)
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Strength of all connections and hardware must be robust
to avoid mechanically related failures
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: Robust Terminations
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Disconnecting device
Easy indication of failed arresters
Permits re-energisation after fault without
immediate attendance
Linked to obtain safe physical disconnection
Clamps and conductors
Standard available material can be used
PEXLIM arrester provided with
Line connector clamp
Disconnecting device
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: Silicone-housed Arresters (PEXLIM)
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Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: Silicone-housed Arresters (PEXLIM)
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Polymer housing is necessary
Light weight
Can be hung on existing towers and strings
Easy transport up the towers & mounting
Non-brittle
Vandal-proof
Safer under failed conditions
Better pollution performance over long periods
Specially true for silicone
High energy capability needed
Transmission lines connected to stations should be protected by “station class” arresters with proven Lightning discharge capability.
H
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: Silicone-housed Arresters (PEXLIM)
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Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: Silicone-housed Arresters (PEXLIM)
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Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: Silicone-housed Arresters (PEXLIM)
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Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: Silicone-housed Arresters (PEXLIM)
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Brazil:
72 kV
145 kV
245 kV
Argentina: 245 kV
Costa Rica:
145 kV
245 kV
USA:
72 kV
123 kV
800 kV
El Salvador:
52 kV
123 kV
Mexico:
245 kV
420 kV
Chile:
145 kV
245 kV
Canada:
245 kV
550 kV
800 kV
South Africa:
100 kV
145 kV
300 kV
420 kV
Norway:
300 kV
420 kV
Sweden:
52 kV
72 kV
145 kV
420 kV
Finland: 123 kV
Yemen:
145 kV
Russia: 123 kV, 420 kV
Hong Kong (SAR): 145 kV
Philippines:
145 kV
245 kV
Swaziland: 72 kV
Malaysia: 145 kV
Denmark: 72 kV
Poland: 72 kV Romania: 245 kV
Australia:
72 kV
145 kV
Spain: 72 kV
Italy:
170 kV
Peru:
24 kV
72 kV
Croatia:
123 kV
Slovenia: 123 kV
Mauritius: 72 kV
Panama: 52 kVIndonesia: 170kV
Colombia: 245 kV
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: References
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Line name
(275 kV)
Line length
(km)
Installation
date
Units
installed
Performance
(Faults/100km/year
Before After
Eiger-Prospect 11.25 2001/02 12 13.33 2.93
Eiger-Fordsburg 19.38 2001/02 12 4.44 1.70
Glockner-Olympus 26.70 1993 9 N/A 6.97
Taunus-Princess 12.83 2003/02 12 14.50 3.90
Esselen-Pelly 100.00 2003/03 33 2.90 2.50
Bighorn-Pluto 65.57 2000 72 13.42 2.44
Hera-Watershed 177.36 2000 45 5.47 3.00
Source: Cigré 5th Southern Africa Regional Conference, October 2005
Conclusion:
Even with limited number of towers protected, the outage rate
for the complete transmission line is greatly improved.
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersExample of Installations – Eskom (South Africa)
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Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: Monitoring
Of interest to monitor surges
through individual LSA
Sensor fitted to each LSA
Remote communication
Statistical analysis (software)
Leakage current measurement only of academic interest
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Line availability is a critical factor in overall network availability.
Arresters installed on selected towers eliminates disturbances caused by overvoltages
and assists to extend line circuit breaker life and maintenance-interval.
Each point in the network is a ”consumer” of electricity
and the ”acceptable” number of outages is a moving target.
Network operators need to use all available methods
to secure and improve power continuity.
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersSummary
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Sensitive processes are all the more dependent
on constant and reliable energy supply
Momentary loss of supply may be as costly as a
prolonged blackout to a process industry
Consumers have become more conscious and
demanding and are likely to be even more so into
the future
Deregulation of the electricity market allows for
performance based contracts with stiff penalties
for Utilities that don’t measure up
Transmission Line Surge ArrestersA Future Necessity to Help Keep the Lights On?
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Contacts Details
Johan KristianssonArea Sales ManagerBusiness Development Manager (LSA)
ABB ABHV Components
Lyviksvägen 4, 77180 Ludvika, SwedenPhone: +46 240 783921Mobile: +46 73 8331060Email: [email protected]
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Disclaimer
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should
not be construed as a commitment by ABB. ABB assumes no responsibility for
any errors that may appear in this document.
In no event shall ABB be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental or
consequential damages of any nature or kind arising from the use of this
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arising from use of any software or hardware described in this document.
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