John Q. Adams and Andrew Jacksonian Democracy

Election of 1824 – No electoral college majority William Crawford nominated by party (3rd

place) John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State) also

runs (2nd place) Andrew Jackson (1st place) Henry Clay(4th place)

Henry Clay plays kingmaker, gets Adams elected in House

Adams selects Clay as Secretary of State Jackson calls it a “corrupt bargain”

Election of 1824

Creates the Whig Party, which adopts the Clay “American System”

John Quincy Adams becomes president, continues non-alignment foreign policy: “America does not go abroad in search of monsters to destroy.”

Focus upon Western expansion

Andrew Jackson

Scar from British soldier Creek War/Horseshoe Bend Battle of New Orleans War against Seminoles “Common Man” Assassination attempt/“Old Hickory” On John Marshall's decision for the Cherokee

nation:

Andrew Jackson Presidency

1829-37 First inauguration: A drunken brawl at the White

House “Spoils system” for public officers, beginning

calls for civil service reform

Tariff laws

Protectionist Tariff – 1824 “Tariff of Abominations” 1828

Set off “Nullification” crisis, esp. in South Carolina Hayne-Webster debate (1830) Jackson calls for “Force bill” to hire federal

officials to enforce the tariff Vice President John Calhoun backs nullifiers Compromise tariff negotiated with Henry Clay Compromise tariff and force bill passes Congress

in 1833

Second Bank of the U.S.

McCullough v. Maryland 1819: Supreme Court says states can't tax federal agencies (or corporations of it) because “the power to tax is the power to destroy”

Daniel Webster argued in court in favor of the Bank, remained on retainer of Bank as legal counsel and member of board of directors even as he argued for Bank's renewal in the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts

Bank headed by Nicholas Biddle Specie Circular (1836): Demanded payment in

gold/silver for purchase of U.S. land, ended inflation

Technological innovations

1793: Cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney, allowed the growth of cotton as staple crop in south, growth of slavery

Robert Fulton invents steamboat in 1807 (and seeks NY monopoly – negated by Supreme Court)

1820s: Railroads Most railroads state charters Some federal “internal improvements” by federal

government A few (such as the later Great Northern Railroad) were

private Phineas Gage: Vermont rail worker disaster

Phineas Gage

Railway spike went through his brain, 1848 Told doctor “Well, here is some business for you.” Lived another 12 years Changed his personality.

Manufacturing

Most manufacturing: Textiles (cloth) Shoes Iron, metalwork (later, steel – which is an iron-

carbon alloy) Railroad parts Farming tools (such as John Deere's steel

plow, McCormick reaper)

Anti-Masonry Party

1826: Captain William Morgan, a Freemason of Batavia, New York became disillusioned with his local masonic lodge and announced he would write a book exposing it. Masons burned down the publishing house and kidnapped him after he was released on a petty larceny charge. Morgan disappeared.

Andrew Jackson was a Mason, so it centered anti-Jacksonian sentiment.

Supreme Court

McCullough v. Maryland 1819: States can't tax Second Bank of the U.S. (defended by Daniel Webster)

Ban on NY monopoly Ban on states voiding contracts

Expansion of Slavery

Cotton Gin Plantation economy The first American open justification of chattel

slavery Nat Turner Rebellion: 60 people killed in slave

rebellion in Virginia (1831)

John Calhoun

Vice President under Jackson 1829-33 Disagrees with him on nullification Calhoun's wife ostracizes Jackson with the

“petticoat affair” Calhoun's theory of the “concurrent majority” A Disquisition on Government

Martin Van Buren

New York Congressman Democrat Vice President 1833-37 President 1837-41 Panic of 1837 Locofocos: Democrats that supported Jackson Barnburners: Van Buren faction of Democratic Party Boss Tweed: Democratic machine politician in New

York City (Tammany Hall)

Culture in the 1830s

First American Authors James Fenimore Cooper (Last of the Mohicans) Washington Irving (short stories)

Rip Van Winkle The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

Nathaniel Hawthorne Scarlet Letter Young Goodman Brown

Culture in the 1830s

Growth of newspapers 1,200 newspapers by 1835 Mostly owned or aligned to a political party

Almanacs: Long term weather forecasts with stories