V. THE EARLY REPUBLIC
Federalists Democratic Republicans Alexander Hamilton/John Adams Leaders Thomas Jefferson/James Madison Strong central gov’t Federal
Government Weak central gov’t
Strong state gov’t Loose interpretation= more power for fed
“Necessary & proper clause” to justify
creation of stronger government
Constitutional Interpretation
Strict interpretation=Protects states
rights
Gov’t may only do
something if Const. specifically says it
can Industrial Economy Agricultural Favored Bank/paying off national & state
debts National Bank Opposed Bank as
unconstitutional/feared it would favor the
wealthy
Supported tariffs to protect U.S. industry Protective Tariffs
Opposed tariffs
Bankers & merchants in North Supporters Farmers & frontier settlers in South/West
#1 Baby!!!
1st President
George Washington
The Cabinet System: to help the President run the government
Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton Henry Knox Thomas Jefferson
Neutrality Policy: the young nation should not get involved in foreign
wars Federal Court System- established by the Judiciary Act of 1789
Important Precedents:
1. American Nonintervention (NEUTRALITY) in international conflicts
2. Federal Enforcement of the law in putting down the Whiskey
Rebellion
3. Two-term Presidency
DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL PARTIES Arguments between Hamilton & Jefferson over Hamilton’s financial plan
led to the creation of the 1st political parties
The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier farmers-who
produced most of
nation’s whiskey-
attacked tax collectors
in response to a new excise tax on whiskey
Washington’s Farewell Address 1. Political parties/factions Washington warned 2. Sectionalism (#1 & 2 would tear apart the nation) Americans against: 3. Involvement in foreign affairs (NEUTRALITY)
The French were enraged by America’s agreement with Britain (JAY’S TREATY)
so they began seizing American ships/cargo bound for Britain.
THE MARSHALL COURT Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the Supreme Court handed down several key rulings that STRENGTHENED THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Marbury v. Madison
On his last night as President, Adams appointed FEDERALIST judges- Midnight
Judges-before the Republicans/Jefferson took over
One of the judges never received his contract and sued, claiming that the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the power to order that his contract be delivered
RULING: The Judiciary Act was unconstitutional- Marbury LOST!
John Adams Presidency An administration plagued by conflict
The X, Y, Z Affair- Adams sent 3 US ambassadors
to France to negotiate; 3 French ambassadors (“X,Y,
AND Z”) demanded bribes before negotiations
could begin
Led to undeclared naval war-
QUASI WAR- with France which
REALLY ticked off JEFFERSON &
the Republicans
Alien and Sedition Acts: passed by
Federalists in Congress to silence any Dem-
Republican opposition/criticism
Limited freedom of speech/press and
increased citizenship requirements
(immigrants tended to support the
Dem-Rep)
Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions: written in
response to Alien/Sedition Acts,
they introduced STATES’
RIGHTS THEORY: states could
refuse to enforce federal laws
they opposed
SIGNIFICANCE: established the
principle of JUDICIAL REVIEW-power
to declare an act by Congress or the
President unconstitutional.
This would begin what became a bitter battle
over federal power vs. state power- a battle that
would help divide the nation in 2…
VI. War of 1812
LEGACY OF THE WAR
BRITISH SUCCESSES IN THE WAR
Britain & France were at war. The Brits
resented our relationship with
France so they:
1. BLOCKADED
American cargo ships from Europe
2. IMPRESSMENT
Captured American sailors &
forced them into the British navy
3. ARMED
Native Americans so that they could harass American
frontier settlers
4. BRITISH SOLDIERS
had still not left American forts like they were
supposed to after Revolutionary War
During the War, Britain blockaded the American
coast, forcing the U.S. to manufacture its own
goods this led to industrialization in the U.S.
The British burned down Washington, D.C.,
including the White House
Republican War
Hawks in Congress demanded war.
President James Madison
declared war June 1812
End of the Federalist Party Federalists were labeled as UNPATRIOTIC
b/c they had not supported the war
Beginning of American Industry
& Self-Sufficiency Americans began manufacturing their own
goods due to the British blockades that prevented them from importing these
goods from Europe
Rise of
Nationalism For the 2nd time,
Americans had stood up to the most powerful
empire in the world- this gained them a lot of
prestige, so Americans were proud of their young
country
Last War Between U.S. & Britain
End of Native American Threat
in Ohio Valley
VII. Jacksonian Democracy
Election of 1824: The Corrupt Bargain Andrew Jackson vs. John Quincy Adams
Jackson won most of the popular votes, but no candidate won the
majority in the Electoral College so it was up to the House of Representatives to
decide
Henry Clay used his influence as
Speaker of the House to provide
Adams with enough votes to win
Jackson supporters accused
Adams and Clay of a “corrupt
bargain”
Jackson would use this as “mud” when he ran against
Adams again in 1828…THIS TIME JACKSON WON!!!
ELEMENTS OF JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
Election of 1828: Rise of
Popular
Political
Culture 1st mass campaigning 1st “mud-slinging” campaigns 1st political rallies & barbeques **large-scale participation of the average American in politics
Born to a poor farming family, Jackson’s political
campaign reflected his background and belief in the
“Common Man”- a chief characteristic of
Jacksonian Democracy…
Expanded Voting Rights/ “White Male Suffrage” Property qualifications were dropped, allowing ALL adult white
males to vote- not just landowners
Increased
Political Participation
Stronger Presidency/ Weaker Congress By ignoring Supreme Court decisions & using the presidential veto, Jackson expanded the power of
the presidency/executive branch
Spoils System Politicians giving government jobs to their supporters
Manifest Destiny/Westward Expansion As seen by his Indian Removal policies
Key Events of the Jackson Administration
Bank of
the U.S.
Jackson believed the B.U.S was unconstitutional b/c it would favor the wealthy elite at the expense of the common man. So he set out to destroy it…
He VETOED the Bank’s charter He pulled federal money out of the B.U.S. and put it
in small state “pet” banks His actions against the BUS would lead to the financial PANIC of 1837
Indian
Removal
Act
In the Supreme Court Case Worcester v. Georgia, the court said neither GA nor the Fed could force the Cherokees off their land…Jackson IGNORED THE COURT & ordered the forced removal of the Cherokee
Crisis was TEMPORARILY avoided, but it showed that the idea of
Nullification/States’ rights
was firmly entrenched in the
South and would continue to contribute to sectional tensions between North and South
Jackson backed down,
lowering the tariff as a
compromise
FORCE BILL
In response, Jackson pushed through the Force Bill that would allow him to send troops to SC to enforce the tariff THINGS GOT VERY TENSE!!!- SC threatened to
SECEDE
NULLIFICATION:
Calhoun developed his
NULLIFICATION THEORY: states had a
right to veto laws it considered
unconstitutional
The Nullification Crisis
TARIFF OF 1828
Congress passed a
new, much higher
tariff on foreign
imports to promote
U.S. industry
“TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS”
John C. Calhoun from SC called it the “Tariff of Abominations”- b/c it would help the North at the expense of the South, which had few manufacturers & depended on foreign manufactured goods