JOHNS

U TJVERSJTYHOPKINS

CIRCULARSPublis/zedwith the approbationof the Boardof Trustees

VOL. XII.—No. iob.] BALTIMORE, JUNE, 1893. [PRICE, 10 CENTS.

MORPHOLOGICAL NOTES.FROM THE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY.

EDITED BY WILLIAM K. BROOKS, Pu. D.,PROFESSOR OF ZO6LOGY AND DIRECTOR OF THE CHESAPEAKE ZOdLOGICAL LABORATORY.

The Origin of the Organs of Salpa. By W. K. BROOKS.

[An abstractofChapterXIV of aMemoiron theGenusSalpa,which is nowin press.]

I. THE SALPA EMBRYO.

Statedin a wordthe mostremarkablepeculiarityof thesalpaembryo isthis: It is blockedout in follicle cellswhichform layersandundergootherchangeswhich result in an outline or modelof all the generalfeaturesintheorganizationof theembryo. While thisprocessis goingon thedevelop-mentof t.heblastomeresis retarded,so that theyare carriedinto their finalpositionsin theembryowhile still in a very rudimentarycondition.

Finally, when theyhave reachedthe placeswhich theyare to occupy,theyundergo rapid multiplication and growth,andbuild up the tissuesofthe body directly, while the scaffoldingof follicle cells is torn down andusedup asfood for thetrue embryoniccells.

No other animal presentsus with an embryonichistory quite like thatof Salpa,although other tunicatashow somethingsimilar, but very muchlesspronounced. in thechapterof my memoir,on theMorphologicalSig-nificance of the Salpa Embryo,I attempt to show how thelife history ofSalpahascomeabout,but we mustnow confineourselvesto thefacts.

An imaginaryillustration may helpto make thesubjectclear. Supposethat while carpentersare building a houseof wood,brickmakerspile clayon the boards as theyare carried past,,and shapethe lumpsof clayintobricks as theyfind them scatteredthroughthe building wherethey havebeencarried with the boards. Now, as the houseapproachescompletion,imagine that bricklayersbuild a brick houseover thewoodenframework,not from the bottom upwards,but hereandthere,whereverthebricks areto be found, and that, as fast as parts of the brick housearefinished,thewoodenone is torn down. To maketheanalogymorecomplete,however,we must imaginethat all thestructurewhich is removedis assimilatedbythe bricks, and is thus turnedinto the substanceof new bricksto carry ontheconstruction.

Salensky(NeueUntersuchungen,&c., NaplesMittheilungen,I, 1882, andEmbryonalentwicklungder Pyrosoma.,Zool. Jahrbucher,IV andV, 1891)hasdiscoveredandminutely describedthemigrationof the follicle, but hehasfailed to trace the historyof the blastomeres,and believes that thesedegenerateand disappear,and that theembryo is built up of follicle cells.I find that all thefollicle cellsareultimately usedup asfood, andthat thetrue embryo is formed from blastomeresafter the analogyof the rest oftheanimalkingdom.

II. THE AGGREGATED SALPAE.

During their development the aggregatedsalpaeundergocomplicatedchangesof position,which rendertheinterpretation of sectionsverydiffi-cult, and as both Salensky(Morph. Jahrbuch,1877, III) and Seeliger(Jena.Zeitschr., 1885) havetotally failedto understandthesechanges,theiraccountsof theorigin of the aggregatedsalpachaveno permanentvalue.

I pointed out, in 1886 (Studies from the Biol. Lab., JohnsHopkinsUniv., 1886, pp. 398—414),that thesalpachainis,morphologically,a singlerow of salpae,all in thesameposition,with their dorsalsurfacesproximalor towards the base of the stolon,and theirright sideson its right. Theaccountof the origin of the aggregatedsalpae,which is given in thismemoir, is simply an amplificationandexpansionof thestatementwhich,in 1886, I madebriefly and in outline.

The stolonis bilaterally symmetrical,its planeof symmetryis fundimen-tally identical with that of the solitary salpac,and the rudimentof eachaggregatedsalpais bilaterallysymmetricalin thesameplane,althoughthesecondarychangesbegin very early, and convert the single row into adoublerow which comesto consist of a seriesof right handsalpacand aseriesof left hand onesplaced with theirdorsalsurfacesout, their ventralsurfacestowardstheventral surfacesof thosein theoppositerow, and withthe left sides of those on the right, and the right sides of thoseon theleft towards the baseof thestolon. In order to illustrate thesesecondarychangesof position let us representthe seriesof salpaeby a file of soldiers,all facing the sameway. Now im~gine thateachalternatesoldiermovesto the right, and the othersto the left, to form two files still facing thesameway. Now let themface aboutso thatthebacksof thosein oneroware turned towardsthe backsof thosein the otherrow. They will nowrepresenttwo rowsof salpaein their secondarypositions.

To make the illustration moreperfectsupposethat, initeadof steppinginto new placesthe soldiers grow until they are pushedout by mutualpressure,and supposethat their heads,growing fastest,form two rowswhile their feet still form onerow, andsupposefurthermorethat, aseachsoldier rotates,his feet turn first., and that thetwistingrunsslowly up hisbody to his head which turns last. We must also imagine that thesevarious changesall go on together,and that while theyaretaking placeeachsoldier not only grows larger,but alsodevelopsfrom a simplegermto his completestructure.

Salenskyregardsthestolonastwo rowsof rudimentarysalpae,andwhileSeeligercorrectlystatesthattheyat first form asingle row, hehasfailed to

JOHNSHOPKINS

discoverthe rotation,and believesthat they arise on the stolon in theirfinal positions,and he has,therefore,failed as completelyas Salensky,inhis effortsto tracetheorigin of their organs.

III. THE EOTODERM OF THE SALPA EMBRYO.

At anearlystageof segmentationsomeof theblastomeresmoveupwardsand passout of the follicle on themiddle line of thedorsalsurface,wherethe two layersof thefollicle are continuouswith eachother. I have givenreasonsfor believingthat this is thespotwhich wasonceoccupiedby theblastopore. These ectodermalblastomeresthus become extra-follicular,although theyare coveredfor a time by thecapsuleof epithelium,whichSaleuskyhascalled the“Ectodermkeim.” They give rise,by cell division,to the ectoderm,which spreadsfrom the dorsalmiddle line downwardsandoutwardsovertheembryo,pushingoff andreplacingthecellsof thecapsule.The ectodermhas a growingedge, like that of meroblasticembryos,and itdoesnot closein completelyon theventral middle line until afterbirth.

Salensky(Neue Untersuchungen.Mith. a. d. Zool. Stationzu NeapelI.1882) hasfigured the migrationof blastomeresto anextra-follicularposi-tion on the dorsalsurfaceof the embryo,in several species,althoughheregardsthem as discardedblastomeres,andderives theectodermfrom othersources. They are clearlyshownin Salpapinnatain his Plate 12, Fig. 26;in Salpapectinatainhis Plate23; andin Salpafusiformis in his Plate24,Fig. 3, where they are markedby the lettersEckb,which might besup-posedto standfor “ectodermalblastomeres”if hedid nottell us explicitly,on p. 389, that the ectodermof this speciesis derivedfrom theepithelialcapsule(“Epithelhiigel “).

The ectodermalblastomeresseem to bemoreconspicuousin Salpafusi-formis than in other species,for Saleuskysays,p. 345, that while the epi-thelial capsule(“Ectodermkeim”) is generallyseparatedverysharplyfromtheembryoniccell mass,it is atoneendof theembryo so intimatelyrelatedto thefollicle cells(“gonoblasts”)thatit is difficult to determinetheboundarybetweenthem, and theblastomereswhichlie directlyat thisspotarecoveredonlyby theepithelialcapsule(“Ectodermkeim”). At alater stagehesays,p. 350,that the epithelial capsule(“Ectodermkeim”) containscellswhich differgreatlyamongthemselvesin both sizeandform. Someof themaresimilar inappearanceto the cellsof theepithelialcapsule,asalreadydescribed,at anearlierstage,and differ fromthemonly in beingmoreflattened. “The othersEckb are verymuch larger and verydifferent in structure,and containa nucleuswhich is very similar to that of the blastomeres. The appearanceof thesecellssuggeststhat they are blastomereswhich havepassedoutfrom the cell mass.”

Saleuskybelievesthat the ectodermof Salpademocraticais derivedfromthe oviduct, and that, in all otherspecies,it is derivedfrom theepithelialcapsule(“Epithelbilgel,” “Ectoderrnkeim”),but I think all will agreethathis position is untenableuntil he has tracedthe history of theseextra-follicular blastomeres,and hasproved that theytake no part in its forma-tion.

I haveshownthattheydogive rise to theectoderm,andthat theepithelialcapsuleis a transitorystructurewhich is lost astheectodermreplacesit.

IV. THE ECTODERM OF THE SToLoN AND THAT OF THE

AGGREGATED SALPAE.

All agreethat the ectodermof the stolon is derived,directly, from theectodermof the embryo. In one minor point my observationsshowthatthe older accountsare incorrect. It is usuallystatedthat theectodermofthe stolon is pushedout into a tubeby the growthof theotherconstituentsof the stolon,and Seeligersays(IDieKnospungdu Salpen,Jena.Zeitschr.,1885),p. 13, that it is anevagination(“Ausstfilpung”) from the ectodermalepitheliumof theembryo. This is not literally true, for theectodermitselftakesa mostactivepart in theformationof the stolon. This is markedoffon the body of the embryoby a fold ofectoderm,which pushesbackwardsfrom its tip to its base,so thatit is foldedoff from thebody of theembryorather than pushedout, and,in theyoung stagesof Salpapinnataat least,its differentiation from the body of theembryois chiefly dueto the activegrowthof this ectodermalfold.

The ectodermof the aggregatedsalpaehas been correctly held to bedirectly derived from the ectodermof the stolon by all studentsexceptTodarro. My own observationsshow also that the multiplication of theectodermcells is thechiefagentin thesegmentationof thestolon; that thenervetubeandthe perithoracictubesarecut up into vesiclesby thegrowth

of the ectodermalfolds, and that thesearethe chiefagentsin thesegmen-tation of theendodermaltubeandthe genitalrod.

V. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE EMBRYO.

Little canbesaidof thiswithout illustrations. Thecaudalnervoussystemis representedby scatteredblastomeres,whichS00~ degenerateanddisappear.The ganglion is formed as an invaginatedfold of thesomaticlayerof thefollicle, and the ganglionicblastomerespassinto it from the ectodermalridge andbecomecompletelyfolded in amongthefollicle cells. Thegang-lionic rudimentsoonloosesits connectionwith the somaticlayeranduniteswith thevisceralfollicle cells in theregionof the roof of the anteriorendof the pharynx.

VI. THE NERVE TUBE OF THE STOLON.

This is formed from the ectodermon the middleline of theuppersurfaceof the stolon,at the point where its ectodermfolds upon itself to becomecontinuouswith that of theembryo. The straightstolonof Salpapinnatais so favorablefor studyingits origin, andthe evidencethat it is ectodermalis so simple and clear in this speciesthat it does not seemnecessarytodevotemuchspaceto the discussionof the observationswhich have beenmadeon twisted stoloaslike that of Salpademocratica,where it is verydifficult to study the young stagesby sections. The connectionbetweenthenervetube andtheectodermis shownonly by very young stolons,andfor only a short time, andthe two structuresare quite independentin olderstolons.

Of thevariouswriters on thesubject,Kowalevsky(Beitriige, &c., Nachr.,d. k. Gesellsch.derWissensch,zu G6ttingen,1868, 19) seemsto regardit asmesodermalin origin. Saleuskyin his paper on the budding of Salpa(Morph. Jahrb.,1877, III) saysnothingaboutits origin. Todarro(Sopralo svilluppo,&c., 1875) derives it, as hedoes all the other organsof thestolon,from a single germoblasticcell, but I have alreadyshownthat hisgermoblasticcell is a migratory placenta-cell,and all recentwriters havejustly rejectedhis accountof thestolon. Seeligerbelievesthat in thestolonof salpaand also in the budsfrom the ascidiozooidsof pyrosoma,it ismesodermalin origin, and that it is derived from an indifferent massofmesoderm,which, in the young stolon,fills all thespacebetweenthe ecto-dermand theendodermaltube,and becomesdifferentiatedinto the nervetube andotherorgansof thestolon.

I have not found,atanystage, anythingin thestraightsimplestolonofSalpapinnata,correspondingto his indifferentmesoderm,althoughI havestudied it in serial sectionsin the threerectangularplanes,andI do nothesitateto affirm that Seeligerhasbeen misledthroughtheselectionof amost unfavorablespecies.

As I have not myself studiedpyrosoma,I amnot in apositionto makeany commenton his accountof this animal,although Saleasky(Embry-onaleutwicklungder Pyrosoma,Zool. Jahrbucher,V, 1891) hasrecentlyshown that the gangliaof the four primary ascidiozooidswhich arepro-duced from the stolon of the cyathozooid, as well as the ganglionof thecyathozooiditself, arederivedfrom theectoderm.

VII. THE GANGLIA OF THE AGGREGATED SALPAB.

The nervetube arises as a solid rod, but it soonacquiresa lumen. Asthe ectodermalfolds grow inwards,andmark outthe bodiesof thesalpae,theycut thetubeup into a seriesof ganglionicvesicles,onefor eachsalpa,with cavitieswhich aresegmentsof thelumenof thetube. The presenceof the ectodermalfolds and thegrowthof thegangliasooncausecrowdingandpressure,andthe gangliabecomesflattenedin theaxisof thestolonandelongatedtransversely. As the oral endsof thepharyngealpouchesgrowup to the level of the ganglion,andpush in betweenit andthe ectoderm,the crowding becomesstill greater and thesingleseriesof gangliabreaksup into two rows, which move to the right and left alternately,as theygrow, and the ganglion of a right hand salpasooncomesto lie far awayfrom that of theleft handsalpawith whichit was at first in contact. It isconvenientto speakof this changeasa “migration” of theganglion,butthereis actually no migration, for theganglion of eachsalpalies, from thefirst, in its final position on themiddle line, dorsal to theoral endof thepharynx,and the apparentmigration is theresult of secondarychangesintheposition of thebodiesof the salpae,andis not dueto anychangein therelationof theganglionto otherorgansof thebody.

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Both Salenskyand Seeligerhavefigured anddescribedthe “migration”of the ganglion, but as they have failed to discover the rotation of thebodiesof the salpaetheyregardit asan actualmigration,andhave com-pletelymisunderstoodits true relationto theotherorgansof thebody.

My sectionsshow that the “sub-neural gland,” or “ciliated funnel,” isan outgrowth from the pharynx,andthat its intimate relationto thegan-glion is secondary. Seeligerbelievesthattheganglionicrudimentgivesriseto both thegauglionand theciliated funnel,althoughheadmits,p. 20, thathis observationsarenot conclusive.

VIII. TEE PERITHORAcIO TuBEs AND THE ATRiUM OR CLOAOAOF THE SALPA EMBRYO.

It is not possibleto describethe history of thesestructuresintelligiblywithout figures. They ariseasinvolutionsof thesomaticlayerof thefol-licle, and theyattain to their final form before the blastomeresbegintoreplacethe follicle cells; so that thereis astagewhenthe completepen-thoracicsystem is outlined in cells which do not comefrom the fertilizedegg,but from thefollicle.

This system makesits appearance,asit doesin theembryosof ordinarytunicata,as a pair of lateralperithoracicinvaginations;although, in thesalpaembryo,theseareformed from thesomaticlayerof thefollicle. Theypush inwards,penetratethe visceralmassof follicle cells, and meetandunite on the middle line to form themedianatriumor cloaca. From thelevel of the median atrium each perithoracictube pushesdownwardstothe regionwherethecavity of the pharynxis subsequentlyto be hollowedout in the visceralmass. The two tubessoon lose their communicationwith theexterior, andthemediancloacalapertureis an independentopen-ing which is formed later. After thepharyuxis formedeachperithoracictube unites with it to form a gill slit. Finally, aftertheperithoracicsys-tem is completelyoutlined, its follicular cellsdegenerateandaregraduallyreplacedby blastomeres.

Our knowledgeof the perithoracicsystemof salpa,in both thesolitaryandthe aggregatedform, is in greatconfusion.

Saleuskyhasdescribedtheorigin of the“gill,” and of themedianatriumor cloacaof the embryo,in a numberof species,but thereaderof his paperswill searchin vainfor anybasisof comparisonwith othertunicata,orevenfor any fundamentalunity in his accountof the various speciesof salpa,and his paperscontain internal evidencethat he has misinterpretedhisobservation~.

IJljanin holds that the perithoracic structuresof doliolum are nothomologouswith those of the ascidian,andSalenskyholds thesameviewregardingsalpa. He saysthat the“gill” is part of the body cavitywhichis shutin by folds in thewalls of thepharynx,andthat thecloacais not anindependentchamberbut a part of the pharynxwhich is shutoff by thesefolds. A careful studyof his description,especiallypages119, 200, 224, 225and 229 of hisfirst paper,andpages114, 139, 160, 163, 338, 339 and354 ofhis secondpaper,will showthat his views not only involve thisconclusionbut that theywould also force us to believe thatthe“gill” andcloacaofonespeciesof salpaarenot homologouswith thesamestructuresin anotherspecies,for his accountof their origin in Salpa democraticaand Salpapinnatahasalmost nothing in commonwith his accountof themin Salpaafnicana,SalpapectinataandSalpafusiformis.

In his first paperon Salpademocraticahe saysthat, like Leuckart,heregardsthegill aspart of theinner mantleorbranchialsac; that in originit is nothing more than a strongly developedridge or thickeningon themiddle line of the dorsalsurfaceof thepharynx, andthat, on eachsideofit, the cavity of thepharynxis pushedupwardsto form a pair of pouches,which soon meetandunite abovethecloaca. In this way the gill ridge istransformedinto a rod,and therod,which is at first solid, becomestubularby theconversionof its axial cells into blood corpuscles.

In this accountof the origin of theperithoracicstructuresof Salpademo-cratica the only point of agreementwith my own observationson Salpapinnatais his statementthat the gill is, at first,solid, andthat its centralcellsaresetfreeas developmentprogresses.In hissecondpaperhe retractsthis statement,andsays,p. 139, thatwhilehis studiesof theembryo of Salpapinnatahave in other respectsconfirmedhis accountof theorigin of thecloacaandgill of Salpademocratica,theyshowthat thegill is, in itsorigin,a hollow diverticulumfrom thebody cavity, He heredescribesthecloaca

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and gill as arisingin a totally differentwayin Salpaafnicana,p. 160and163, Salpapunctata,pp. 338—9, and Salparuncinata (fusiformis), p. 354,for while he saysthat, in thesespecies,asin Salpademocraticaand Salpapinnata,the cloacais part of thepharynx, it is separatedoff by two folds,Taf. 24, Figs.7 and 8, Kestp,of its lateralwalls, which growtowardseachother and unite on themiddle line to form a horizontal diaphragm,whichshutsoff thedorsalcloacaldivision of thepharynxfrom theventralchamber.The diaphragmthenbecomesseparated,at its sides,from thelateralwallsof the pharynx, so that a secondarycommunicationis establishedon eachsidebetweentheupper andthelower chamber,while themiddleportion ofthediaphragmbecomesthegill.

It will beseenthat, accordingto this account,the“gill” of Salpademo-cratica and Salpapinnataarisesas anunpairedmediandorsal fold, whilehe describesit in the other speciesas arisingfrom a pair of lateralfolds;in thefirst two speciesthegill-slits or openingsby which thetwo chamberscommunicateat the sidesof thegill areprimary, whilein theotherstheyaresecondary;in thefirst two the cloacais a secondarychamberformedbythe unionof thetwo pouchesfrom thepharynx,while in theotherspeciesit is primary.

It doesnot seempossibleto reconcile thesestatementswith eachother,and any attempt to bring all or any of them into accordwith my ownaccountseemshopeless. More critical examinationwill show, however,that his observationsare rather imperfect than inaccurate,and that hiserrorsare errorsof interpretation.

My own observationsshowthattheperithoracictubesandatrial chamberare formedbeforethecavity of thepharynx is hollowedout in themassofvisceralfollicle cells,andSaleuskyhas,in theseearlystages,mistakenthemfor the pharynx or “primitive digestivecavity.” This is well shownbythecomparisonof thetwo longitudinal sectionsof embryosof Salparunci-nata,which are shown in his Plate 24, Fig. 4 andFig. 9. Thesefiguresshow clearlythat theso-called“Darmh6hle” Find, of theyoungerembryo,is thecloacaand not thepharyuxof the older one. This is proved evenmore conclusivelyby comparinghis Fig. III of Plate8 with Fig.V, for thechamberwhich is markedPdmh in the youngerembryo is obviously theonewhich is markedKi in theolder one.

The peritboracictubesareactuallyshownin manyof his figures,notablyin his Plate 6, Fig. V, pin, wherethey are markedDin. They are alsoshownin hisPlate 12, Fig.24, atDh, andtheir union on the middleline toform thecloacais shownat I) in his Fig. 25, andatD andDh in his Fig.28 A. In the seriesof sectionson his Plate 13, Fig. 31 A showsthe twoperithoracictubes,cut above the level of the atrium. His Fig. 31 B and31 C showthe atrium,and his 31 ID shows time two tubesbelowthe level ofthe atriumbut abovethelevel of the pharynx.

Salenskyregardsthesestructuresasthehalvesof theprimitive digestivecavitywhich, hesays,p. 114, arisesin Salpapinnataastwo independentandcompletelyseparatedhalves,and hedescribestheatriumandgill asarisingat a very muchlater stage,in theway whichis representedin hisPlate 14,Fig. 37, andPlate 15, Fig. 39.

In his Plate 24, Fig. 1 appearsto bea sectionthroughoneof thepen-thoracictubes,Pmdh,before it haslostits connectionwith the surface,andin his descriptionof this figure, p. 346, hesaysthat thetriangularprimitivedigestivecavity is united aboveto theepithelial capsule(Ectodermkeim),and on both sidesof thetip arethereflectionsof thesomaticlayerof thefollicle (follicular wall) alreadynoted,wherethispassesover into thevisceral(gonoblastic)layer.

Saleuskycorrectlydescribesthe mannerin which the perithoracicstruc-tures (primitive digestivecavity) acquiretheir first epitheliallining by themigrationof thesomaticlayerof thefollicle (follicular wall), and,I believe,that I havenow carriedtheanalysisof his observationsfar enoughtoprovethattheycontaininternal evidenceof thecorrectnessof my own account.

IX. THE HISTORY OF THE PERITHORAcIc STRUcTURESOF THEAGGREGATEDSALPA.

Therudimentof eachchainsalpacontainstwo perithoracicvesicles,arightoneand a left one, derivedfrom theright andleft perithoracictubesof thestolon. Thesevesiclesgive rise to the perithoracicsystemand to nothingelse. Throughoutits whole history the perithoracic systemis bilaterallysymmetrical,although this symmetryis hiddenby the changeswhich takeplacein thepositionof the planeof symmetryduringgrowth.

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As the right and left pharyngealpouchesare formed, theperithoracicvesiclesare folded inwardsby the growth of the ectodermalfolds of thestolon, so that each one of them lies on theproximalor dorsalsurfaceofits correspondingpharyngealpouch. While the vesiclesare hollow fromthe first, they have at first no communicationwith the cavities of thepharyngealpouches. The first traceof thegill-slit is a fold or diverticu-lum in thedorsalwall of the pharyngealpouch. This elongatesandsoonunites with the wall of the perithoracic vesicle to form a gill-slit. Soonafter theseare formed theposteriorendsof thebodiesof thesalpaebegintopushout to theright andleft, in suchaway that theelliptical cr~ss-sectionof thebody becomesconvertedinto awedge,with itsnarrowedgeon theleftsideof a right handsalpa,andon theright sideof a left handsalpa. Thetwo perithoracic vesiclesare differently affected by this change,for whilethe one nearestthe pointed endof thewedgeis compressedin theline ofthe axis of the stolon the otheris not. Thustheleft perithoracicvesicleof a right handsalpa,andtheright oneof aleft handsalpabecomeflattenedandelongatedtowardsthe middleline, while theotherremainsmorenearlycircular in section. Their relationsto themorphologicalmiddle planearefundamentallyidentical,but asthemiddle planeitself graduallymovesout-wardsthereis anapparentasymetry.

Eachperithoracicvesiclenow becomesextendedtowardsthemiddleline,wheretheyunite to form themedianatriumor cloaca,to which theycon-tribute equally, although the position of the body is suchthat sectionstransverseto thelong axisof thestolon might easilybemisinterpretedandheldto prove that the whole median atrium of aright handsalpaarisesfrom the left vesicle alone,and that of a left handsalpafrom therightone alone. The secondarychangesof position are, however, of such acharacterthatit is impossibleto describethemin detailwithout figures.

Seeliger’saccountof theperithoracicstructuresof Salpademocratica,pp.18, 48 and 63, servesto showhow difficult the studyof a simple structuremaybe madeby a slight changeof position; for phenomenawhich can beobservedwith easein thestraightstolen of Salp~ipinnataare so obscureinSalpademocraticathat all the industryand technicalskill which Seeligerhasdevotedto this specieshashadvery little outcome.

His accountof the history of the perithoracicsystemis essentiallyasfollows: Theperithoracictubes,which hecallstheSeitenstriluge,aremeso-dermalin their origin, andare specializedout of a massof mesodermcellswhich givesrise alsoto thenervetube of the stolon,andto thegenitalrod.The mesodermpassesinto the stolen from the bodyof the embryo in anunspecializedcondition, and gradually becomesdifferentiated into theseorgansafter thestolen is formed. The folds in theectodermof the stolendivide the Seitenstriingeinto a seriesof solid massesat the sides of thestolen, betweentheectodermand the endoderm. Thesebodiesare equalin numberto the future salpaeand not twice asnumerous. As eachsalpais constrictedofi from the tubeit carrieswith it the greaterpart of one ofthesemassesof cells, from onesideof thestolen, and the lesserportion oftheoneon the oppositeside. Thesetwo massesare not bilaterally placedin the body, but are on themiddle line, thelargeronebeingdorsalorneu-ral and the smallerone ventral or haemal. The latter gives rise to theheartandto theeleoblast,while thelargerone,on theneuralsurface,givesrise to mostof themesodermof thechainsalpa,andalso to a cloacalvesiclewhich is medianand unpaired.

The vesiclebecomesdistended,andat two points,oneon eachsideof themiddleline, it uniteswith thewall of thebranchialsac, andt.he cloacaandthe branchial chamberthus becomeconnectedthroughthe two gill slits,while a similar union with the ectodermin the middle dorsalline formsthecloacalaperture. Seeli~er’saccountis perha.psasnearthe truth asonecouldhope to getby thestudyof transversesectionsof the twisted stolenof Salpademocratica,but a very little studyof sectionsin otherplanesinmore favorable specieswill showthat he hascompletelyfailed to under-standthesubjeet,and that his accounthasno permanentvalue.

It is not only irreconcilablewith my own observationsbut alsowith ourknowledge of Pyrosoma,for both Seeliger (Pyrosoma,pp. 622—624) andSalenshy(Pyrosoma,pp. 31—36) statethat in this genustheperithoracicsystem is bilaterally symmetrical; that each bud has two perithoracicvesicles,which are not dorsal and ventralbut right andleft; that eachofthem unites with its own side of thepharynxto form the gill slitsbeforethe two vesiclesunite with eachotherto form themedianatrium, andthatthis arises,as it doesin theaggregatedsalpa,on the dorsalmiddleline, by

the meeting and union of diverticula from thetwo vesicles,and that theexternalaperture arisesstill later, as it does in salpa,as an independentapertureon the middleline.

The perithoracic vesiclesare derived,as I find that theyare in salpa,from the right andleft perithoracictubesof thestolen;but, in theprimaryascidiozooidsat least,these are continuouswith the perithoracictubesofthe primary embryo or cynthozooid,where,accordingto both Kowalevskyand Saleusky(pp. 466, 473—475), the evidencethat they arise as pairedectodermalinvaginationsfrom the surfaceofthe body is clearand unmis-takable.

X. THE DIGEsTIvEORGANSOF THE EMBRYO.

The cavity of thepharynxarises,in themassof visceralfollicle cells, bythedegenerationof thesecells. Its endodermalepitheliumis derivedfromthe blastomeres,and the gut is formed later as a diverticulum from thepharynx.

Saleusky’saccountof theorigin ofthedigestiveorgansis scatteredthroughthe pagesof his memoir in such a way that it is hard to review,andasIhave shownthat he has,in the youngestembryos,mistakenthetwo pen-thoracictubesfor thepharynx; thathe hasatasomewhatolder stagemis-takenthe median,atrium or cloacafor thepharynx,and thathehasfailedto discover the actual pharynx during its early stages,it is clear thathisdescriptionhasno value.

XI. THE ENDODEEMAL TUBE OF THE STOLeN AND THE DIGESTIVE

TRACT OF THE AGGREGATED SALPA.

Theendodermaltubeof thestolen is formedas a diverticulumfrom theventralmiddle line of thepharynxof the solitary salpa,andits communi-cation with the cavity of the pharynx is retainedthroughoutthe wholehistoryof thestolen. Thethickenedsidewalls of theendodermaltubearederivedfrom thetwo endostylicfolds of thepharynxof theembryo.

Thepharynxof theaggregatedsalpais,morphologically,bilaterally sym-metricalwith themiddle plane of the stolen, althoughthis fact is obscuredby thesecondarychangesof position. It is formed from two pharyngealpouches,a right and a left, from thesides of the endodermaltubeof thestolen. The oral endsof thesepouchesgrowforwardsand quickly meetanduniteon themorphologicalmiddle line to formtheoral endof thepharynx.The aboralends grow backwardsand approacheach otheron the middleline, and finally unite, althoughthey remain separatevery much longerthantheoral ends.

In a strict sensethepharynxis not actuallybut only apparentlydoublein origin, for themiddle sectionor endodermaltubeis not double. Funda-mentally it is a single unpairedexpansionof theendodermaltube,but atthetime when it elongatestowardstheoral andaboralendsof thebodythemiddle line is occupiedby theblood tubes,andit pushesalong thesidesofthesestructuresand doesnot becomecompletein the middle line until amuchlater stage.

The post pharyngealgut arisesasa blind diverticulumfrom the aboralendof the right pharyngealpouch. The part of thedivertlculumnearestthepharynx becomestheoesophagus,andthestomachandintestinearede-velopedfromits blind end. In all thespeciesI havestudied theintestinebendsto theleft pastthestomachto opendorsallyinto themedianatrium,andthedigestivetract assumestheform of a figure8, which is persistentinmostspecies,althoughin Salpapinnatatheintestinegraduallymovesdown-wardasdevelopmentadvances,until it finally becomesventralto thestomach.

As thegut arises,in both right handandleft handsalpae,from therightpharyngealpouch,andsincethe distortionswhich areproducedby pressureand by thechangesof position affect theright handpouchof a right handsalpajust as theyaffect theleft handpouchof a left handsalpa,and sincethey affect the other pouchesin quite a differentway, the history of thegut in a right handsalpais superficiallyverydifferent from that of a lefthand salpa,althoughfundamentallytheyareexactly alike.

While Saleusky,in his first paperon thebuddingof salpa,describestheendodermaltube,he saysthat it takes no part in the constructionof thesalpae,and that their digestiveorgans are derivedfrom that part of thestolen which I have called the genital rod. Seeliger, a few yearslater,pointed out Saleusky’serror,which he hashimself admitted in a recentpaper(Pyrosoma,p. 78).

96 [No. 106.

JUNE, 1893.] UNIVEI?SITYCI1?CULABS.

Seeliger’saccountof the origin of the endodermaltube and digestiveorgans is given on pp. 14, 18, 26—34, and 54—62, of his paperon the bud-ding of salpa. He shows,p. 14, that theendodermaltuheof thestolon isderivedfrom the pharynx of theembryo,with which it at first communi-cates,althoughhe saysthat this connectionis soonlost, while my observa-tions show that it is persistentat all stagesin the history of thestolonofSalpapiunataandSalpacylindrica.

He gives,p. 18, a good descriptionof thesegmentationof thesidewallsof the endodermaltuhe,but hesaysthat theendodermandmesodermarethe active agentsin the segmentationof thestolon,while my own ohser-vationsshow clearlythatthemost activeagentis not theendodermnor themesoderm,hut the ectoderm.

He states,correctly,that thestructureswhich I have called the pharyn-geal pouchesarise from the side walls of the endodermaltube,and thattwo of them enterinto the hody of each salpa, but here the agreementbetweenhis accountand my own observationsends, although his figuresshow clearlythat the specieswhich he studied,Salpademocratica,agreesin all essentialswith thosewhich I have studied.

While the two pharyngealpouchesareactually right andleft, heregardsone asdorsalandthe otherasventral,andsaysthatthedorsaloneis largest,and that it lies, from thefirst, on that sideof thestolon to whichthesalpabelongs,andthat it runsthroughthewhole lengthof thehodyof theyoungchainsalpaandopens,in its middleregion, into thehorizontalendodermaltubeof thestolon,so that aneuraland a haemalpart aredistinguishable.

His accountand figuresshowthathis so-calleddorsalpouchis actuallytheright pouchof a right handsalpa,or theleft pouchof a left handone.

In otherrespectshis accountof the origin andprimary relationsof thispouch is correct, although he fails to discover that the history of thesecondpouchis exactly the same.

He descrihesthesecondpouchas ventral,andmuchsmaller,andaslack-ing the oral end,and he saysthat it looses,longbeforethedorsalpouch,its connectionwith the horizontal tuhe,and becomesa closedvesicle, andthat, asthehinderendsof thebodiesof thesalpaedivergefrom eachother,thesmallerventral pouchpushesfurther backwardsthanthelarger dorsalone, and that the hindermostend of thedorsalpouchgivesrise to a diver-ticulum which grows round the hindersurfaceof theovary to unite withthe ventral pouch. The dorsalpouch gives rise,hesays,to thepharynx,on theventral surfaceof which theendostyleis developed,while theoeso-phagus,stomachand intestine are formed from the rudimentwhich hasarisenat theposteriorendby theunion of the two pouches.

It is not necessaryto enterinto a moreminuteanalysisof hisdescription,for comparisonwill showthat he hasbeenmisledhy his erroneousconcep-tion of theprimary position of thebuds, andhasmistakenthesymmetricalright andleft pouchesfor unpaireddorsalandventralones.

His more recentaccountof theorigin of thepost-pharyngealgut of pyro-soma(Pyrcssoma,pp. 23—25) is very similar to what I havefoundin salpa,for he says,pp. 615—622,that while it arises as a pair of folds from thepharynx, thesesoon unite to form an unpaireddiverticulum,which after-wardshecomesdifferentiatedinto oesophagus,stomachand intestine; thatits pharyngealendbecomesthe oesophagus,while theintestine arisesfromits hlind end and ultimately acquires an anal opening into the medianatrium.

Saleusky’saccountof theorigin of the gut in pyrosomais quite different,however,for hesays(Pyrosoma,pp. 69—72)thatit is bilateral in origin andarisesasa pair of folds from the sides of the aboralend of the pharynx,which unitewith eachotherto formahorse-shoeshapedcanal. If I under-standhis description,he holds that the right fold forms the oesophagealportion of the gut, and the left one the intestinal portion, and that bothopen at first into the pharynx, although theintestinesoonloosesthis con-nectionandacquiresa new analopeninginto themedianatrium.

BALTIMORE, April 25th,1895.

The Nutrition of the Salpa Embryo. By W. K.BROOKS.

As themammalianplacentanourishesandaeratestheblood of thefretusby thediffusion of gasesandfood in solutionthroughthe wallsof theblood-vessels,it hasbeengenerallytakenfor grantedthat the placentaof salpaperformsits function in thesameway,and it hasbeendescribedas divided

into a fretal chamberand a maternalchamber,although its cavity is inreality part of the body cavity of the chain-salpa,and the blood whichcirculatesin it that of thechain-salpa. The salpaembryois bathedby thewater which is constantlyflowing pastit, andit is thereforein very muchcloserrelationto theexternalworld thana mammalianembryo,shutup inthe interior of a largethick-walled body. Theredoesnot seemto be anyneedin salpafor a respiratoryplacenta,andits thick spon,,ywalls seemtoindicate that it is not respiratory. We find in its structurenothinglikethe interlacingvilli of themammalianchorion, and thesectionsshowt¶~atthe embryo is nourishedin a way quite unlike anythingwhich hasbeendescribedin the mammalia.

The subjectis a very interestingone. The rapid growth of thesalpaembryo is one of its most conspicuouscharacteristics,and the nutritionwhich this rapid growth demandsis securedby two verypeculiarorgans,thefollicle andtheplacenta.

While the egg at thetime of fertilization is very minute, theembryo atthetime of birth is enormous,as comparedwith thesizeof thechain-salpawhich carriesit, andit certainlyincreasesmanythousandfoldduringdevel-opment. The growth is only partially dueto cell multiplication,and it isin part a resultof thegrowth of theindividual cells,for insteadof growingsmallerwith repeateddivision, theyactually increasein sizein all partsofthebody.

This growthof thecellsis oneofthemostnotablepeculiaritiesofthesalpaembryo,andin many partsof its bodycellsas largeas theoriginalovum arefound. Thegrowthsetsin veryearly,andit goesonuninterruptedlythrough-out thewhole fretal life, so that theembryobecomesgiganticas comparedwith the body of the chain-salpawhich containsit. Quoyand Gaimarddescribean embryo,two incheslong atbirth, in a salpa(S. forskalii) afootlong, andLeuckart saysthat the embryoof S. democraticaatbirth is two-fifths aslongasthechain-salpawhich carries~t. The fully grownembryoof S. hexagonais almost as long in comparisonwith thechainform of thesamespecies.

It is not unusualfor theembryosof viviparousanimalsto gainslightlyin size and weight beforebirth, but, asliuckart pointsout, the mammalsare the only animalswhich exhibit anything comparable to the rapidgrowthof thesalpaembryofrom a minute egg,and thehistoryof thesalpaembryo at once calls to mind that of theplacentalmammals;nor is thisresemblanceentirely superficial,for in both themammal andin salpawefind an especialfretal organ, the placenta,for the purposeof affording tothe rowing embryoanabundantsupplyof nutriment.

The resemblancebetweenthefcetal life of salpaandthat of a mammalismost remarkable,and it is all themorenoteworthysincewe maybe abso-lutely confident that the placentaof salpa is an independentacqoisition,entirely without genetic relationto that of mammals.

No modernwriter exceptTodarro hasventuredto regardthetwo struct-uresashomologous,and their phylogeneticindependenceis so obvious thatit is not necessaryto discussit, although a greaterphysiologicaland ana-tomical resemblancethanthefactswarrant hasusuallybeenassumed.

We should hardly expectfundamentalsimilarity in structuresof diverseorigin. On thecont.rary,we mightreasonablylook for profounddifferencesbetweenthe placentaof salpaandthat of themammals.

Thevariouswriters on salpa,while recognizingthisfact,andwhile point-ing outthegreatdifferencesin theway in which theplacentais formed inthetwo cases,haveneverthelessassumed,eitherexphicityorby implication,a much greater resemblanceto the mammalianplacenta,in structureandin function, than actually exists. The later writers sayvery little aboutthefunction of the placentaof salpa,but theyassumea fundamentalsimi-larity to its function in mammals.

So far as it is in both casesan organ for supplying the embryo withnutritive matter,derivedfrom the blood of the supportingorganism,theresemblanceis real, but it goesno farther thanthis, andthewayin whichthe nourishmentis conveyedto theembryois totally unlike; a factwhichhasneverbeendescribednor evennoted.

In the mammalianplacentathe blood of the embryo,as it circulatesthroughthevilli of thechorion, is broughtinto suchclosecontactwith theblood of themother,thatdiffusion takesplacethroughtheseparatingwalls,and thus the blood of thefretus is oxidized,relievedofits wasteproducts,andsuppliedby diffusion with nutritive matterin solution.

Notwithstandingthe very intimate union betweenthe blood-vesselsofthefretusandthoseof themother,thereis no directcommunicationbetween

97

JOfiNS HOPKINS

them,and nothing except gasesand liquids canpassfrom thebody of theparentto thebody of thechild, without theviolent rupture or perforationof the walls of thevessels,unless,perhaps,somevery minutebacteriaareanexception.

It hasbeengenerallyassumedthat this mustbe true of salpaalso. ThusBarrois says,incidentallyand very briefly, p. 495, that the functiouof theplacentaof salpa is to briug about by osmosisan interchangeof fluidsbetweenthe blood of theparentand thatof theembryo, asin theplacentaof a mammal.

The subjecthas receivedvery little attention,but as no one has evercommentedupon the view set forth at considerablelength by Leuckart,pp. 61 and62, this maybere~ardedastheacceptedview. He says: “Thehistologicaldifferentiationof theorgansandtissuesof theembryo is accel-erated,to a high degree,by thecirculation in thebody of theyoungsalpa,which is completelyseparatedfrom thecirculationof the mother. At notime doesthe blood of the motherpassthrough the wall of the placentainto thebody of theembryo. Thetransfusionbetweenthemotherandthefcetusis, asin the mammals,purely endosmotic,through the substanceoftheplacenta,and it is mostessentiallyfacilitated by the movementof theblood, both in theembryo andin the chain-salpa.

“The upperwall of theplacenta,which is thepeculiarseatof the pro-cessof diffusion,projectsinto the body of the embryo,and is surroundedby themedianventralblood sinus. As theblood corpusclesof theembryoare muchsmaller than thoseof the chain-salpa,it is easyto see that nomingling takesplace.”

It is probablytrue that no transfusionof blood corpusclestakesplace,andit is difficult to showfrom thestudy of sectionsof hardenedspecimensthatno serumfrom theblood of thechain-salpais diffusedthroughthewall oftheplacenta,althoubh its greatthicknessseemsto bea very unfavorablecondition for this purpose,and I shall showfarther on that themechanismof nutrition is very differentfrom that of mammals;that this is effectedbythe actual migration of great placentacells into the body cavity of theembryo. The placentais an organ for the nourishmentof the placentacellsby theblood of thechain-salpa;and the subsequentdegenerationofthesecells, aftertheyhave migratedinto thebody of the embryo,suppliesthematerial for thegroxvth of the embryo. This is in all probability theonly function of theplacenta,for theredoesnot seemto be anyneedfor anespecialapparatusfor oxidation,or for the removalof wasteproducts. Thesalpaembryo stands in much more direct relation to the externalworldthan the mammalianembryo. It projects into the cloacaof the chain-salpa,andis freely exposedto theconstantcurrentof freshsea-waterwhichflowsaroundit, and its thin surfaceseemsto hemuchmore favorable thanthethick wall of the placentafor thediffusionof gases. During the laterstagesof f~tal life its own mouthis open,its musclescontract,andthereisno reasonwhy it should not breathefor itself exactly like an adult. Ithereforeregardtheplacentaasa nutritive organ,pureandsimple, and itservesits purposenot by thediffusion of a fluid, but by the transportationof solid food into thebody of theembryo. From this point of view it isclearthat thoseinvestigatorswho havedescribedit asdivided into a fcetalchamberanda maternalchamberhavebeenmisled by an erroneousnotionof its function.

The detachmentof the placentacells has beenobservedand noted byboth SalenskyandBarrois, but it hasbeenregardedasa destructivechangeandasa sign that theorgan hasservedits purposeand has becomesuper-fluous.

It hasbeenassumedthat it reachesits perfect form and servesits pur-pose,and that it thende

0eneratesand breaksdown,andno importancehasbeenattachedto theprocessof degeneration,asit hasnot beenregardedassignificant.

No note hasbeen madeof the very earlystage at which degenerationbegins,nor of thefact that it is initiated as soon as the embryo beginstogrow, and long beforeit hasreachedhalf or a quarterof the sizewhich itis to have atbirth.

This is hard to explainso long as the disintegration of the placentaisregardedasits destruction,but it becomesquiteintelligible assoon aswelearnthat the detachmentof theplacentacells, insteadof markingtheendof its functionallife, is actually a manifestationof itsuseful activity.

Thesestringsof cellsmultiply at their lower ends by direct division oftheir nuclei,andasthenew cellswhich arethus formed push up towardsthetop, theygrow very large,while their nucleibecomefilled with diffused

chromatingranules. In Salpa hexagonathesecells ultimately reachthetop of theplacenta,wherethey graduallybecomeelongatedand irregular,andthenbreakthrou~h into thebody cavity of theembryo as the migra-tory follicle cells.

While thedetailsare slightly different in Salpapinnata,placentacellsmigratebodily into theembryoin the sameway.

Therapid growthof the embryo seemsto be most important to salpa,and while we know almost nothing of its birth rate,the quicknesswithwhich thesurfaceof theocean becomescoveredwith salpHof all agesin along calm,shows that the animalsare mostprolific, andthecomplicatedstructureof theorgansfor nourishing theembryoshows that everyprovi-sion is madefor rapid growth.

The placentais not the only nutritive organ,for thefollicle also makesmostimportantcontributions to the supplyof materialwhich is availablefor the constructionand rapid completion of thebody of theembryo,andwhile I have spokenof the segmentationand the formation of the blasto-dermicgerm layersasretarded,the retardationis probably not actual, butonly relative,andtheprocessofdevelopmentis, on thewhole,acceleratedbythepresenceof thefollicle, andby its sharein thegrowthof theembryo.

The ultimate fate of all the follicle cells is thesame,and theymaybefound,in the sections,detachingthemselvesanddegenerating,first, in thesomatic layerof the embryo; secondly,in thesomaticfollicular lining ofthe perithoracic structures;third, in the cavity of the pharynx; fourth,in thevisceralmassoutside the digestive cavity, and last, in that part oftheplacentawhich is derivedfrom thesomaticlayerof thefollicle.

While it is not possibleto tracethe history of every cell from first tolast, we have asampleevidenceas we could hope from sections,that thefunctionof thefollicle of salpais exclusivelynutritive; that it is transitoryandembryonic,andthat thetissuesof theembryoare not built up out offollicle cells, but from blastomeres,after theanalogyof all the rest of theanimalkingdom.

Notes upon an apparently new speciesof Octacne-mus, a deep-sea,Salpa-like Tunicate. By MAYNARD M.METCALF.

With the collections of Salpasentto ProfessorBrooks by the UnitedStatesFishCommissionare fifteen individualsand fra~mentsof individualsofOctacnemus,which ProfessorBrookshaskindly handedto mefor study.All are so very badlytorn and mutilated that it is uselessto attempt anythoroughstudy of thespecies. Somepoints,however,canbe madeout.

The occurrenceof theanimalin a new locality is itself of interest. Thespecimenswere dredgedby the United StatesFish CommissionsteamerAlbatrossin 1050 fathomsof wateroff Port Oteoay,Patagonia. TheFishCommissionlabel readsasfollows:

NUMaRE. DATE. HOUR. LATITUDE. LONGITUDE.

2788 Feb. 11, 1888. 4.25 p. m. 450 35~ 5. 75~ 55’ W.

TEMPERATURE. DEPTH IN NATUER OF aOcALITY.AIR, sURFAcE. aOTTOx. FATHOMs. ROTTOM. Off PortOteoay,

570 58~ 36.9~ 1050 GreenMud. Patagonia.

ThespecimensI havestudiedagreewith tIle fl~uresanddescriptiongiven

by Moseleyand Herdman in many points, but showonefundamentalandseveralminor differences.

E teraal appearance—Theform andarrangementof theoral discand theeight tentaclesis asin Octacuemusbithyns, savethat thetentaclesdo nothaveemarginatetips [Fib. 4 and Fig. 6]. In onesmall individual, 3 cm.

long, the oral dischasno branchialaperture. Theanimalis not flattenedin a horizontalplane asin 0. bithyus, but is somewhathour-glassshaped,with thesurfaceof attachmentatoneendand the oral disc with its circleof eight tentaclesat the other end [Fig. 6]. The atrial aperture has adifferent positionfrom that of 0. bithyus, not being raisedon a papillaasfiguredby Moseley,nor situatedon aposteriorprocessof thebody asin thespecimensexamined by Herdman,but beingsituatedjust outside theoraldisc,belowthetentacles,in thesameinterradiusasthebranchialaperture[Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, A, a]. Around both branchialandatrial aperturesarecircular thickeningsof the mantleand test [Fig. 5] in which I can dis-tinguish no musclefibres. The thickeningscannot,then,be regardedas

98 [No. 106.

UNIVERSITYCIRCULAPS.

branchial and atrial sphincters. Dimensionsof an averagespecimen—height, 4~ cm.; diameterat base,2~ cm.; diameterof oral disc,exclusiveof tentacles,2 cm.; length of tentacles,2 cm.

The animal is firmly attachedby its whole base. When torn from itssupportthe surfaceof attachmenthasa woolly appearance[Fig. 6], duetotheinnumerable,delicate,mattedfibres, by wbich it badgrownto its appa-rently solid support,thou~h accordingto thelabel tbe bottom from whichit wasdredgedwascomposedof greenmud; tbeappearanceof thesewoollyfibres suggeststhat the supportmust have been solid. This is well-nighprovedby thefact that in severalof thespecimenstherearefirmly attachedto thewoolly fibres a few minutepiecesof anon-calcareous,solid substance,which is evidently anincrustation,andresemblesan incrusting Bryozoiin.Around theareaof attachmentis a circular thickening of thetest.

The test resemblesthetest.of Salpa,but is lesstransparent. Onthesidesof thebody it is about1 mm. in thickness; on thetentaclesit is verythin;in thethickenedcircle aroundthe base it is 3 mm. thick; on the surfaceof attachment1 mm. thick.

The animalsare not solitary, but are attached to one another by dorsal andventralprocessesof the test and mantle,through the core of which runs a cord oftissueconnectedwith theviscerolnucleus. In only two casesin theindividualsstudiedhastheunion beenpreserved,but in all theothersthebrokenpro-cessescanbeseen. Tbe chainsmustconsistof atleastfour individuals,foreachindividual of theunited pairsshowsthebrokenprocesswhich boundit to still anotherindividual. The individuals of a chain are so unitedthat theventral surfaceof oneis connectedwith the dorsalsurfaceof thenext [Fig. 6 and Fig. 5]. Thearrangementof theindividuals in thechaincorresponds,tben, to the arrangementin Pyrosomaandto the primitivearrangementin theSalpachain. [See Brookson theanatomyof theSalpachain in Studiesfrom theBiological Laboratory,J. H. U., Vol. 3]. Thatthechainwas a linear seriesand not a closedcircle, asin Salpapinnata,isindicatedby thefact that three of thebetter-preservedspecimensshowbutoneprocess. This is not conclusive,becauseeventbesespecimensare moreor lessmutilated. Thereis no inter.circulationbetweentbeindividualsofthecolony,for theprocesseswhich unite them areimperforate.

The horizontal septumis as describedfor 0. bithyns,save that I havebeenunableto find tbepits in its uppersurfacedescribedby Moseley. Thearrangementofthemusclesoftheseptumandtentaclesagreeswith Moseley’sdescription(not with his figures),exceptthat toward the tip of the tenta-clesthefibres loosetheir regularladder-likearrangementand form a deli-catemeshworkjust beneathtbetest [Fig. 1].

Thevisceralmassis more elongatedthan in 0. bithyns, extendingmoreor lessvertically from thehorizontalseptumtoward theareaof attachment[Fig. 5 andFig. 6, A]. Uponone sidebetweenthe cesophagealand analaperturesis a seriesof muscles[Fig. 2 andFig. 6, A], differing in arrange-ment from thesimilar musclesof 0. bithyns. On theopposite sideof thevisceralmassarea pair of oval perforations[Fig. 3, cI]. Theseconnecttheso-calledperibranchialchamber,not with the digestivetract, but with aspaceenclosingthe viscera, and limited by a delicate membranewhichseemsto be a continuationof thehorizontalseptum [seeFig. 5, pvc]. Thisperivisceralspaceis apparentlynot in actual connectionwith the “bran-chial chamber,”sinceits limiting membraneis united with the horizontalseptumaroundthecesophagealaperture,and theseptumitself is fusedwiththewall of theoesophagus.If we regardthe perivisceralspaceasa diver-ticulum from the“branchial chamber,”now apparentlyclosed, thepair ofperforationswould havethefundamentalcharacterof gill 5lits, since theyunite theperibranchialchamberwith whatmay beconsideredasa portionof thebranchialchamber. That theyare phylogeneticallyrelated to thegill slits of an ancestralform we have no evidence. From this hurriedstudyI can addnothin~, elseof importanceto the descriptionsof Moseleyand Herdman. I hope to studythematerial moreextensivelylater and tocompletesomeof thehistologicaldetails. Upon theconditionof thesexualorgansI amnot yet preparedto report.

Moseley’s and Herdman’sspecimenswere very nearlyalike, the chiefdifference being that in one caseand not in theotherthe atrial aperturewas borne upona posteriorprotuberance,uponwhoseventral surface wastheareaof attachment. Suchaslightvariationmight be dueto thenatureof the support to which the animalwas attached. The Albatrossspeci-mensshowseveralmarkeddifferencesfrom those previouslyknown. Theouterform is very different. The tentaclesare not emarginate. Thevis-ceral massis more elongated. Its muscleshavea different arrangement.

Thereisapair of perforationsconnectingtheperivisceralandperibranchialspaces. Theindividualsare notsolitary but areunited intoa chain. Thesedifferencesare sufficient to indicate that the Albatross speciesis differentfromOctacnemusbithyus, unless,as seemsnot improbable,the Albatrossspecimensarechain individualsandthe Chollengerspecimensthesolitaryformof thesamespecies.The apparentrelationshipof Octacuemusto Salpa,pointedoutby Herdman,suggeststhis interpretation. In the absenceof proof of this hypothesisIwill, for convenienceof reference,give the Albatrossspecimensthe pro-visional nameOctacnemusPatagoniensis.

The diagnosisof thegenuswill have to beslightly alteredto admit thisspecies. I copy Herdman’s diagnosis,making the necessaryalterationsand additionsin italics.

OcvAcuEMus, Moseley.

Body flattenedantero-posteriorly(?), or hour.glass shaped,attached, mar-gins of uppersurfaceprolongedto form eight conicalprocesses(tentacles).

Testgelatinous,thin, transparent.Mantleslight.Branchial sac with its length directeddorso~ventpally,*no stigmatain its

walls.DorsalLaminaunrepresented.Alimentary canalunited with thereproductiveorgansto forma visceral

mass.Reproductiveorganshermaphrodite(?).Musculaturein the form of narrow musclebandspresentin the tentacles

and uponthe horizontalseptumseparatingthe branchialand peribranchial cham-bers,also uponthe visceralmass.

OcvAcuEMusBITHYUS, Moseley.

[Abstract ofMoseley’sandHerdman’sdescriptionof thedistinctivespecificcharacters.]

Body flattenedantero-posteriorly(?).Oral discsaucershaped,producedinto eight emarginatetentacles. Bran-

chial aperturea transverseslit in theoral disc, intermediatebetweentwotentacles. Atrial apertureraised upon a papillaor protuberance,behindthe branchialapertureandoutsidetheoral disc.

Horizontalseptumhavingmerely imperforatepits, thebranchialchamberhavingnoconnectionwith theperibranchialcavity.

Musclesof septumandtentaclesasfigured [closely agreeingwith Fig. 1accompanying].

Alimentarycanalandreproductiveorgansunited into a sphericalnucleus.A massof muscleson eachside of the visceralnucleus and a seriesof

transversemuscleson its dorsal surfacebetweenthe cesophagealapertureandtheanus.

Reproductiveorganshermaphrodite.Two specimens;onefrom theSouthPacific, nearSchoutenIslands,1070

fathoms; theotheroff thecoastof Chili, nearValparaiso,2160fathoms.

OcvAcuEMusPATAGOKIENSIS n. sp. (?)

Body hour-glassshaped,attachedby thewhole lower surface.Test andoral disc asin 0. bithyus.Tentaclesnot ernarginate.1-lorizontalseptumwithout imperforatepits.Musclesof septum and tentaclesas in 0. bithyus, except that at the

apexof the tentaclestheladder-likearrangementof the transversefibresis replacedby a lattice-like arrangensent.

Visceralnucleuselongated,themusclesof its dorsalsurfaceshowing acharacteristicarrangementasfigured [Fig. 2 andFig. 6, A].

The visceraaresurroundedby a delicatemembranecontinuouswith thehorizontalmembrane. The perivisceralcavity thus enclosedis connectedwith theperibranchialchamberby a pair of ovalor slit-like orificesventralto thecesophagus.

The individualsare not solitary, but theventral surfaceof one is unitedto thedorsal surfaceof the next,forming thus a linear chaincomparableto

* Accordiug to Herdman’s usagethe dorsalsurfaceis thatbetweenthe branchialandatrial apertures.The ventralsarlacethen isgreatlyeulargtd,extendingaroundnearlythewhole animal,from tlse monthto thesurfaceofattachment,and up againto theatrialpore. Thetermsupper,lowerandhorizontal,may heusedwith referenceto thenormalpositionof theanimalin life.

JUNE, 1893.] 99

100 JOHNSHOPKINS [No. 106.

the Salpastolon.* The uniting processesare imperforate and contain a Severalmutilated specimensfrom the east coastof Patagonia,off Portcoreof tissuederivedfrom thevisceralnucleus. Oteoay,1050fathoms.

OcTAcKEMUS PATAGONIENSIS.

Fig. 1. View of theuppersurfaceof thehorizontalseptnmand tentacles,the testandmantlehaving heen removed. The 16 radialmuscles(one pair for eachtentacle) areshown,alsothe ladder-liketransversemusclesof the tentacleswhich at the tip of eachtentacleform a delicatemesh-work. Thecircularfibresofthe septumarealsoshown.

Fig. 2. Dorsalview of visceralnucleusshowingthe arrangementof themuscles.Fig. 3. Ventralviewof thevisceralnucleusshowingthesinglepairofclefts connecting

theperivisceraland perihranchialcavities.Fig. 4. View of theuppersurfaceof theoral diskandtentacles.Fig. 5. Longitudinal vertical sectionof a detachedindividual. [The stomachand

intestinearedrawn in toto.] Theseclionpassesthroughthe branchialandatrial aper-ture,therefore,betweenthe tentacles. The cordsof cellsrunningout fromthe visceralnucleusintoeachstolon areshown.

Fig. 6. Sideviewof two individuals unitedby a stolon: A drawn asif the test andmantleweretransparent:B drawnasif the testwereopaque.

ReferenceLetters.o = anus.

at = atrialaperture.b = branchialaperture.ci = clefts connectingtheperivisceraland peribranchialcavities.

cm= circularmusclesofseptum.f= fibreshy which the animalswereattachedto the bottom.

= intestine.cc= tesophagealaperture.

pee= perivisceralcavity.sm= radialmuscle.

= horizontalseptumbetweenbranchialandperibranchialchambers.ci = stolon.

= externalcontouroftest.1cm= transversemusclesof tentacle.

x = delicatefibresof unknownnatureobservedin onespecimen.

Preliminary Notes on the Stomatopodaof the Alba-tross Collections and on other Specimens in theNational Museum. By N. P. BIGELOW.

(Publishedby permissionof theU.S.Commissionerof Fishand Fisheries.)

In a former paper* I publisheddescriptionsof thefive speciesof Squillaof which I hadagoodsupplyofmaterial. ThesewereSqccillaarmata,Milne-Edwards,and four new species,S. patila, parva, Panamensis,and bsformis.

I now wish to presenta short preliminaryaccountof theotherformsin thecollection.

GENUS Gonadactylus.Thisgenusus definedby Miers includedall thosespeciesin which the

raptorial claw is without pectinationson thepenultimatejoint, andhasthedactylusdilated at the base. Brooks hasseparatedfrom this the genusPratasquilla, formshavingthedactylusunarmedand the telsonfusedwiththesixthabdominalsegment,and thegenusOoroccidahavingthehind bodydepressed,the dactylusarmedwith spineson theinner edge,andpossessingvery small antennaryscalesand uropods. The forms that now remain inthegenusGonodactylusnaturally fall into two groups,oneclusteredaroundthe well known G. chiragra, Latr., andthe other aroundG. scy/larus,Linu.Thesetwo groupsareso distinct that theymight perhapsbegiventherankof genera. I shall describethem provisionally as subgenera. The first,Goaodactylus,proper,correspondsexactly to Brooks’ definition of thegenus;thehindbodyis convex,thedactylusis enlargedat thebaseandis unarmed,andthe rostrumhasa prominentanterior medianspine. The other sub.genus,for which I proposethe nameOdontodactylus,hasa somewhatlessdegreeof convexityin the hindbody,thedactylusis dilatedatitsbasebut itis alsoarmedwith teethon its inneredge,andtherostrum,whilemoreorlesstriangular, is neverproducedinto a spine. Thetelsonis alsoquitedifferentin thetwo subgenera. In thefirst thedorsalcarinaeare groupedtogether(on a centralelevation with themediancrest); while in the secondthearrangementof thecarinaeandthetelsonin generalresemblesverycloselywhat is foundin Pseudosquilla.Thereis no markedelevationat thecentreof thetelson,other thanthecrest.

Most of the specimensof this genusin thecollectionare of thecommonspeciesC. chiragra, Latreille. There area largenumberof thesefrom the

*JohnsHopkinsUniversity Circuters,No. 88, May, liii.

7~u 6

* Asdescribedby Brooks.

U1A~IVE1?SITYCIBOC/LABS.

Florida Keys, the Gulf of California and theAbrolpos Islands. BesidestheseI find two new species,onebelongingto eachof thesubgenera.

Gonoclactylusspiaosus,n. sp.

This speciescorrespondsin structurealmost exactly with G. chiregra,exceptfor thetelson,which presentsstriking andcharacteristicdifferences,In G. chiragra thelateralmarginal spinesof thetelsonare obsolete,sothatthereappearat first sight to be but four marginalspines. In this speciesthe intermediatepair havealsobecomeobsolete,so that thetelsonappearsto have but a single pair of marginal spines,thesubmedian. They havesmall movabletips. Thereare threecentraldorsalprominence~,highernd more closely pressedtogetherthanin 0. chiragra. Thebasalcarinae

of the submedianand intermediatemarginal spines are representedbybroad,rounded,longitudinal prominences,separatedfrom eachother andfrom the centralonesby narrowgrooves,andthewhole dorsalsurface,ex-cept the bottoms of the grooves is renderedprickly by numerousminuteprojectingspines. The collectioncontainstwo smallfemalespecimensfromMauritius.

GonodactylusHavanensis,n. sp.This species is representedby a singlesmall specimenfrom theGulf of

Mexico, nearHavana. The body is short andbroadandnot very stronglyarched. The dactylusof the raptorial claw is ofthe usualshapefor thisgenusbut its cutting edge is producedinto a seriesof six small teethbesidesthe terminal one. The eyesarevery largeand subspherical.Theanten-nary scaleis large. The carapaceis smoothandnearlysquarewith roundedangles. The sixth abdominalsegmenthas six dorsal spines. The telsonresemblesthat of a Pseudosquilla. It has a mediancrestand four othercarinaeupon its dorsalsurface. There are six marginal spines,thesub-medianoneswith mobiletips longerthanin G. scyllarus. Therearenumer-ous very minute submediandenticles,two intermediateones of the usualsize and onelateralone. The basalprolongationof theuropodendsin twosimple spines,the outer one being the longer but not so long astheex-opodite.

This specimenis remarkablein that while being a male it lacks theusualclasping organson thefirst pair of abdominalappendageswhich arejust like thoseof a female. This may beanabnormality.

GENUS Pseudosquilla.

P. ciliate, Miers, is representedby a largenumberof specimensfrom theFlorida Keys andonespecimenfrom Honolulu (?). Thereis asinglespeci-men of P. ornate,Miers, from Mauritius, oneof P. oculata, Brulld, from thesameplace,and one of P. Lessonii,Guerin,collectedby the AlbatrossatStation “Surf. 29” of which I have beenunableto learnthelocality. Imight mention also that thereis in the collectionof the Johns HopkinsUniversitya specimenof the peculiarP. stylifera., Mime-Edwards,whichshouldprobablybe placedin a genusby itself. In additionto theseI haveto addto thelist anew speciesfrom Mauritius:

Pseudosqeillamegelophthalrnen. sp.

As is indicated by its name,this speciesis distinguishedfrom all othersby thesize of its eyeswhich arevery largeandtriangular with the cornealportion transverse. It is relatedto P. ornateand oruleto. perhapsmorecloselyto thelatter,but it isatoncedistinguishedby its eyes. The raptorialclaw is very long andslenderandthedactylushasthreeteeth. Therostrumis nearlyheartshapedand without spines. The sixth abdominalsegmentbearstheusualsix dorsal spinesand thereis a small additionalspineontheinner sideof eachintermediateone. The telsonhassix marginalspinesand like P. oculate has eight dorsal carinae besidesthe mediancrestandthebasalcarinaeof thesubmedianandintermediatespines. But thecarinaeare arrangeddifferently in the two species.

GENUS Lysiosquilla.

A singlespecimenof L. maculate,Fabr. from the MarquesasIslands anda few specimensof L. scabricauda,Lam. from theFlorida Keysare thesolerepresentativesof this genus.

GENUS SquiUa.

Sq~~il1a quadridens,n. sp.

terminal one. The rostrumis nearlyfiat andovate. Thereareno carinaeon thecarapaceexcepton theposteriorlateral lobesand thereare nosub-mediancarinaeon the hind body excepton thesixth abdominalsegment.Theanteriorlateralanglesof the carapaceare nearlyright angles andaresubacute,and theposteriorlobesare rounded. Thelateralmarginsof thefirst exposedthoracicsegmentare very short andacutewhile those of thenext two segmentsare broadly rounded. Thedorsalsurfaceof thetelsonis providedwith a low crestendingin a spineand with a seriesof shallow,symmetricallycurvedfurrows. The ventral surface is smooth without akeel. There are six marginal spines,of which the submedianpair havemobile tips, andthereareon eachside4—5 submediandenticles,6—8 inter-mediateonesand 1 lateralone. Thereare 4—5 movablespineson theouteredge of theuropod,andits basalprolongationhassix lon~ slenderteethonits inner edge andendsin two spines. The inneroneof thembearsa largeroundedlobeon its outeredge.

I have venturedto foundthis speciesuponasinglesmall specimenfromoff Key Largo,Florida,althoughit is very similar to theCalifornianspeciesS. polite, Bigelow, for by comparingtwo specimensof thesampsizeit wasseenthat thelatter differs from theformerin havingthethoracicsegmentsmuchnarrowerandthe lateral marginsof thefirst segmentbroad,curvedslightly forward, and blunt, in having larger eyesand a ventral keel onthe telson.

Squille dubia, Milne-Edwards.Specimensof this specieshave sofar beenrecordedonly from theeastern

coastof the American continent,but I have beforeme a specimenfromEcuadorthat seemsto belongto this species.

Squille prasinolineata,(Dana?)Miers.

A specimenin the collection from an unrecordedlocality correspondsprettycloselyto Miers description.

Squille mentoideen. sp.

From thedescriptionsone might be lead to supposethis speciesto bealmost identical with S. mantis, DeGeer,but a comparison of specimensshowsthem to bequite different. The eyes are triangular,but the corneais transverse.Thedactylusof theraptorialclaws hassix teethanditsoutermarginis not sinnate. The rostrum is snbquadrateand carinated. Thecarapacehasfive carinaeand strongly developedanterior lateral spines.Themediancarinais bifurcated. The marginalspineof the first exposedthoracicsegmentis short,straightandacute,but,unlike S.mantis,is flattenedobliquely. The marginsof the next two segmentsarestronglyproducedand acute. The submediancarinaeon thehind body are without spines,excepton thesixth abdominalsegment. The telsonhasadorsalcrestwithtwelve ormore lines of pits on eachsideandit hasa longventral keel, sixmarginal spines, and on eachside 5—6 submediandenticles,11—12 inter-mediateand 1 lateralone.

I have a single femalespecimenfrom Borneo.

Squilla aculcata,n. sp.

The speciesto which I have given the above name on accountof theenormousmarginalspineson thetelson of the male, is rathermorecloselyrelatedto S. mantisthanthepreviousone.

Theeyesare small but triangularwith thecorneanearlytransverse. Thedactylusof theraptorial claw is verystrong, hassix teeth,andis notsinuatein its outermargin. The rostrumis broadandhasmarginalandmediancarinae. Therearefive carinacon thecarapaceand eight carinaeon thefirst five abdominalsegments.The carapacehasanteriorlateralspinesandtheposteriorlobesare angledat thesides. The lateral spinesof the firstexposedthoracicsegmentare curvedforward andacute,and themarginsof thesecondand third are acuminate. In the male thereis a thickenedcreston the telsonendingin a small spineand thesurfaceof the telsononeachsideis markedby curvedlines of pits. Therearesix marginal spines.The submedianand intermedianpairs arevery largeand are curved,andlike thelateraloneshave thickenedbasalcarinae. The denticleson eachsideare3—4 submedian,5—7 intermediate,and 1 lateral. Thereis no traceof aventral keel. The inner spineof the basalprolongationof theuropodis muchlongerthan the outer,and has a rounded lobe on its outer sidenearthebase.

I havea singlemalespecimenfrom Iqueque,Chili, and what I take tobean immaturefemalefromPanama. In the latter the crest and spines

JUNE, 1893.] 101

Theeyesaresmall but triangularwith thecorneasomewhatoblique. Thedactylus of the raptorial claw is short a’uid hasfour teeth including the

JOhNS HOPKINS

of thetelsonare not thickened nor unusually developed. It agreeswiththe malein mostotherpoints,althoughit approachesthenextspecies.

Squillaempusa,Say.

Comparisonof specimensshowssoslight a differencebetweenthis speciesand theEuropeanS.mantisthat I shouldregardit, asMeirs hassug~,ested,as merelya variety of the latter. The National Museum containsspeci-mensfrom numerous localities betweenWoods Holl, Mass., and Pensa-cola, Fla.

Squilla intermedia,n. sp.

This speciesis representedby a male from the Gulf of Mexico andafemale from the.Bahamas,and occupiesan intermediateposition betweentwo speciesfromthePacific, describedin my earlierpaper,S.Panamensisandb~forrnis. The telsonof thefemaleresemblesthat of thefemaleS. b~formis,but differsfrom it in havinglargerandfewer denticles(4—6, 10—13, and 1),larger marginal spines,a higher crest,and a shortventral keel without aspine. In themalethecrestandthemarginofthetelsonis muchthickenedon thedorsalside,but it differs fromthe maleof S. b~formisin havingtwointerruptionsin the marginalridge on eachside. Oneof thesemarkstheend of the anterior lateral carina and theother is just behindthelateraldenticle. Exceptfor thesetheridge is smoothandcontinuous. The lateralmargins of the first exposedthoracicsegmentis producedinto stronglysickle-shapedacutespines,and the marginsof thenexttwo segmentsareobliquelytruncatedand very acute.

Squillanepe, Latreille.

Squilla affinis, Berthold.

I find that the specimensin the National Museum that correspondtoMiers’ descriptionofS. nepamaybe divided into two distinct species. Oneof thesehassmall eyeswith transversecorneae,thedactylusof theraptorialclawstrongly sinnateon its outer margin, themediancarinaeof thecara-pacebifurcatedfor nearlyor morethanhalf its lengthandthespinesof theanterior lateral anglesextendingfarther forward than thesuturebetweenthecarapaceandtherostrum. Theothergrouphaslargeeyeswith obliquecorneae,theoutermarginof thedactylusnot sinuateor only slightly so, themediancarinaof thecarapacenot bifurcatedfor more than a quarterof itslength,and anteriorlateralspineswhich donot reachso far forwardas thesuturebetweenthecarapaceand the rostrum. The questionimmediatelyarises,which is the form that was originally describedasS. nepa, andhasthe other form been described? A searchof the literature shows thatBerthold* was thefirst to separatethesetwo forms. He correctlyassignedthesmall-eyedoneto Latreille’s speciesS. nepaand hecarefully describedthe large-eyedone and gave it the nameS. a nis. A few yearslater iDeHaanpublisheda shortdescriptionof thisspeciesin Latin andrenameditS. oratoria., but Berthold’snameshouldhave thepriority.

Squillarugosa, n. sp.

The first impressiononereceiveson handlinga specimenof this speciesis themarkedprominenceand sharpnessof all its carinaeand spines. Theeyesare largeand triangularwith thecorneaoblique. Theraptorial clawsarelon~ and thedactyli arearmedwith six teeth. The carapacehasfivecarinae,themedianoneis not bifurcatedin front. The posteriorlobesarerounded and the anterior lateral angles are acute. Therearesubmediancarinaeon all these~mentsof thehind body. The marginal spinesof thefirst exposedthoracicsegmentare lanceolateand acute while the lateralmarginsof the next two segmentsare roundedin front andare producedbehindinto a spinethat pointsdiuectlybackward. Therearethreeor fourteeth on the posteriormarginsof the fifth andsixth abdominalsegmentsbetweenthesubmedianand intermediatespines. Thedorsalsurfaceofthetelson is ornamentedwith ten prominentcarinaeon eachsideof thecrest.Thereare six marginal spines, and the denticleson eachsideare 5 sub-median,10—12intermediate,and 1 lateral. The basalprolongationof theuropodends in two spines and has8—12 long teethon its inner margin.The inner spinehasa roundedlobeon itsouterside.

I havea single femalefrom theGulf of Mexico, off CharlotteHarbor.

LARVAE.

The most marked features of the collection of larvae are a number of largeLysiocrichthi from the Atlantic, resemblingBrooks’ Fig. 7, P1. X,* andanumberof very largeAlimae from theBayof Panama. Thesehavea broadcarapace. The only larval forms of especialinterestare a few specimens.from the Atlantic that appearto be Gonerichthi,but which showtraces~ofmarginal teeth on the dactylus of the raptorial claw beneaththe larvalintegument. Oneof theseresemblesBrooks’ Fig. 5, P1.XII, but thebodyis more elongated,approachingthetypeof Pseuderichthus. It hasseventeethon thedactylusbesidestheterminal one. The other form is muchshorterandbroader,and the carapacenearlyequalshalf of the length ofthe body. There are five teeth on thedactylusbesidestheterminalone.It seemsprobablethat theseare Gonodactyluslarvaeof thesubgenusOdon-todactylus. They will be describedin detail in thefinal report.

The Stomatopodaof Bimini. By R. P. BIGELOW.

It wasmy good fortune to be oneof thepartysentout by this Universitylast summer to theBimini Islands,in theBahamas. Without makinganespecialeffort, we found at Bimini adults of four speciesof Stomatopods,belonging to asmanygenera. Two of thesespecies,Gonodactyinschiragra,Latr., andPseudosquillaciiiala, Miers,wereabundanton thesandflats,hidingamongthealgaeandundershellsand stones. We did not find anyburrowsof Gonodactylusin therock, suchaswerefound atGreenTurtle Cay, but,on the other hand,we discovereda number of specimensof this specieswithin the cavitiesof the red sponge,so commonat Bimini. The coloringof thesetwo stomatopodsvariesgreatly,but in thesameway. Their habitsare also alike, so that they are difficult to distinguishwhenseenmovingrapidly over their nativesands. The coloring is distinctly protective,vary-ing from a mottledgreenandwhite to a nearlypuregreen. Occasionallya Pseudosquillais met with that hasa broadlongitudinal stripeof greenalong themiddle of its backwhile its sidesare mottled.

Of the other two species,oneis a Lysiosquillaof thesubgenusCoronis,andtheotheris a Squilla. Both werefoundburrowing in the sand. It isa remarkablefact that both of thesespeciesarevery similar to speciesfromtheAustralian region. It is possible,indeed,that they are identical, butfrom thedescriptionsthis doesnot seemto be thecase,and I thereforede-scribetheformsfrom Bimini asnew species.

LysiosquillaBirniniensis,n.

The most strikingpeculiarityof this speciesis the possessionof brightyellow markingsborderedby deep black. There is a double band of thissort edgingthemarginof theposteriorlobesof thecarapaceandthelateralpartsof the posteriormarginsof thelast thoracicandthefifth abdominalsegments. The telsonhasalsoapair of black eyespotsedgedin frontwithyellow. The ground color of the body is an opaque white, and this ismarkedby transversebands,oneon therostrum,two or threeon the cara-pace,andoneon each of the free segments. On one of my specimens,amale, thesebandswere fawn colored; while on the other, a female,theywerepink. In addition to thefawncolor orpink, thebandwasmarkedbyfine dark, reddish-brownstipplings.

The eyesof this speciesare cylindrical. The dactylusof the raptorialclaw hassix teethincluding theterminalonewhich is thestrongest. Theappendageson thefirst two pair of pleopodsare broadly ovate,while theyare strap-shapedon thethird pair. The rostrumis nearlyquadratewith amedianspineandthecarapaceis smoothandwithout angles. The anglesof thesegmentsof thehind body are rounded,excepttheposteriorlateralanglesof thesixthabdominalse

0mentwhich areproducedinto spines. Thetelson hasa transverserow of five dorsalspines,and it hassix marginalspines; besidesthesethereare on each side of the medianline, 3—4 sub-mediandenticles,4 intermediateonesandonelateralone. The submedianmarginal spines ale placed somewhat ventrally and are mobile. Thisspeciesis mostnearlyrelatedto L. acantlsocarpus,Miers, which differs fromit in having on the raptorial dactylusa spinenext to the terminal onemuch smaller than the rest, in havingtwelve minutesubmediandenticleson the telson,and it is probablethat it alsolacksthestriking coloringofour species,asMiers makesno mentionof it.

* Voyageof H. M. S. Challenger, Vol. XVI, 1886.

102 [No. 106.

* Abhandl. d. kon. Ges.d. Wigs.zo Gtittingen, 3 Bd, 1845.

UNIVERSITY CIRCULAPS.

Squillaelba,n. sp.

The color of this speciesis likewiseacharacteristicfeature. Exceptforthe cornealregion of the eyeswhich is yellowish, the wholeanimalis apure opaque white markedby only a few symmetricallyand definitelyplacedminute black spots. The shapeofthe animalis alsopeculiar. Thecarapaceand the exposedportion of the thorax are equalin length, andtogethermake up aboutfour-nintbsof thetotal length of thebody. Thesegmentsin front of thecarapaceareelongatedsothat therostrumdoesnotcompletely cover the first antennarysegment,and theeyesareunusuallylargeso that thewholecephalothoracicregionhasadrawnoutappearance.

The raptorial claw is large and its dactylushassix teeth. The rostrumis ovatewith obsoletecarinae. The carapacehasfive carinae. Themedianoneis not bifurcatedin front but stops short somedistancebehindthean-terior edgeof thecarapace. The anteriorlateralanglesof thecarapaceareproducedinto spinesand the posteriorlateral anglesareroundedanddonot form unusuallyprominent lobes. The first exposedthoracicsegmenthasnoventralspinesbuton eachsidetherearetwo laterallobes,theanterioronebeinglarge,stron,lycurvedforwardandacute,while theposterioroneis short and rounded. This charactershowsa relationshipto Squillanepa,but the lateral marginsof the next two segmentsare not bibbed as inthat speciesbut are simply rounded. Thereareeightcarinaeon the firstfive abdominalsegments. The telson is nearlysmooth with a low crestending in a spineand a few curvedlines of confluentpits upon its dorsalsurface. It hassix marginalspinesandon eachsidethereare5—6 submediandenticles,12 intermediateonesand1 lateral one. Thereis alargeroundedlobe on theinner toothof thebasalprolongationof theuropodandanotheronein theangle betweenthetwo teeth.

Miers hasplaced Squilla laevis, Hess, amongthe synonymsof S. nepa,Latr., but deMan would separatethetwo; for, accordingto him,S. laevishasno mediancarinaon therostrum,thelateralmarginsof thesecondandthird exposedsegmentsare notbibbedandtheposterioranglesof thecara-pace are not simply rounded but project into a rather prominentlobe.Although this speciesinhabits the seasof Tasmaniaand New Zealand,itmay possiblyproveto be identicalwith my species.

LARVAE.

A fewStomatopodlarvaeof variouskinds in variousstagesweremetwithfrom time to time, but after dark on the eveningsof July 19th,20th and21st the tow netswere crowded with very small Gonerichthi,apparentlyidentical with that representedby Claus* in his Fig. 22 B.

Among the larvae lessfrequentlyseentherewerea few specimensof anelongatedAlima with a small and very narrow carapace. One of thesemoulted in the aquariumand emergedfrom the larval skin as a youngSquilla which, while differing somewhatfrom the type,agreesso closelywith Squillaquadridens,describedby meon page101, that I have no hesi-tation in placingit in that species.

A more completeaccountof the formsmentionedin thispaperwill beintroducedinto my reporton the StomatopodsoftheAlbatross.

Cement-Glands,andOriginof Egg-Membranesin theLobster. By FRANCISH. HERRCK, of Adelbert College.

The cement-glandshave hitherto escapeddetection in the lobster(Ilomarus americanus),and consequentlythe origin of theglueysecretion,in which theeggsareimmersedat thetime they arelaid, andby meansofwhich theyare attachedto thebody, hasneverbeenaccuratelydetermined.

Cano’svaluablestudies(Morfologia dell ‘appareceiosessucdefeminile,glandoledel cementoe fecondozionenei Crostocei Decapodi, Mitiheil. ATeapel, 9th Bd.)have calledattention to themuch neglectedcement-glandsof theDecapodCrustacea.

ErdI, in 1843, describedthree egg-membranesin theeggof thelobster,and regardedthe outermostof these as a secretion-productof the ovi-duct. Bumpus, also (Journal of Morphology,Vol. V, No. 2), attributesthe“varnish-like layer,” which surroundsthe ovum of Homarusat tbetimeof oviposition,to a secretion,which probablycomesfrom thecolumnarcellsoftheoviduct. Lereboulletjust escapedthediscoveryof thecement-glandsin 1860, but correctlystatedthat thecement-substancecamefrom beneath

the skin of the under side of theabdomen. The true causeof this secre-tion wasfirst recognizedby Braunin 1875,andthesubjecthasbeenrecentlyinvestigatedin a largenumberof Decapodswith greatclearnessby Cano.

When the lobster-embryois aboutto hatch,it is investedby threemem-branes,from which it escapesto enterupon its first free-swimminglarvalstage. The outermostof theseis the membraneof attachment. Withinthis is the chorion, which is now nearly absorbed. This is exceedinglydelicate,andis oftencarriedaway with the formerin theprocessof hatch-ing. The innermost membranedoesnot belongto the egg, but to theembryo, which it closelyinvests. The castingoff of this membraneformsthe first molt, and unlessit is successfullythrownoff; thelarva dies. Theearlierembryoniccuticles,whichareformedin thelongcourseofembryoniclife, areentirely absorbedat thetime of hatching.

The secondaryegg-membrane,or membraneof attachment,completelyseparatesfrom the chorion at the time of hatching,except atonepoint,which is oftenoppositethethread-likestalk, with which theoutercapsuleof the egg is continuous. The outermembrane,which is lesselasticthanthe chorion,is subjectedto a high degreeof tension,until it finally bursts,splitting into two symmetricalhalves,alongtheverticallongitudinal planeof thebodyof theembryo,beginningatthehinderend,andcomingoff overtheheadand tip of theabdomen.

When the chorion or primary egg-membraneis removedfrom theripeegg by meansof hot water,it appearsto be coveredwith small, roundedareas,which arepossiblytheimpressionsof thefollicular cells. Nodistinctporescouldbedetectedin it, but when wrinkled it appearsto beverticallystriated,which may arguein favor of their presence.

For sometime before oviposition, the pleopodsappearto hefilled witha milky white substance. This appearanceis causedby thedistendedcon-dition of the cement-glands,to the activity of which the secretionwhichforms thesecondaryegg-membraneis due. If thecuticle is removedfroma pleopod at this time, the tissue is seento bestuddedwith very minute,round, whitish bodies,the cement-glands.They are most abundantoverthe posteriorlydirectedsidesof thelaminae,and extendup into thestalk.It is noticed also,in a lobster“in berry,” that it is uponthis sideof thesmimmeretthat theeggsare mostlyattached. I have foundtheglandsinthefive anteriorpairsof pleopodsonly,but it is possiblethattheymayoccurin thetelson, theuropods,and epimeralregions. The glandsoccursinglyor in clusters,and are closelycrowded alongthe thickened edges of thelaminae.

Sectionsshow that the gland is composedof a very delicatesheathofconnectivetissue,and a simple epithelium consistingof tall, pyramidalcells. The polygonal baseof eachcell occupiestheperiphery,at which alarge round nucleus is situated,and the apicesof thecellsmeetnearthecentre of the gland,the lumenof theorganbeingat this timevery slight.It is almost impossibleto detect,in sections,the opening ofthegland totheexterior,but it is quiteprobablethat eachglandopensseparately. Canodescribesthese glandsin numerousforms as bottle-shapedstructures,thenecksor ducts of which open to theexteriorthroughporesin thecuticle.Porescan beshownto exist in thelaminaof thepleopod,by removing thetissue by causticpotash,and distendingthe cuticle with water,but pores.of thesamekind alsoexist in theappendagesof themale, wherenocement-.glandsoccur- I cannot,at present,sayhow the poresare distributedonthe surfaceof the cuticle, but it is probablethat they are not confinedtc~any particulararea.

If the glandsareexaminedshortly afteroviposition, theyshowa remark-able chan~ein structure. The glandsareenlarged,andtheepithelial cellshavetheappearanceof degeneration,their nucleipresentingeverystageoffra,,mentatioufrom thecondition of minutechromatin-particles,which fillalmost the entire gland, to deeply stained,round,granularmasses,whicharemuch largerthan ordinarynuclei. Undertheseconditionscell-outlinesare very dim, andthelumen of thegland is not open. -

It seemsquite probablethat thepeculiargland-likestructures,which Ihave describedin the immatureovary of the lobster(See theseC’irculars,No. 88), are concernedwith the growth of the ovarianeggs. Numerousfollicular cells enter thesegrowing ova at an early stage,and graduallybecomeconvertedinto food-products. Their nucleibreakup into very smallvesicles,andfinallyloseall theirnuclearcharacteristics,when theirdegener-ation is complete.

CLEVELAND, Ouio, March21st, 1S93.

JUNE, 1893.] 103

* Abhandl. d. k. kon. Ge,.d. Wiss.zuGdttingen,16 Bd., 1871.

JOHNSHOPKINS

Podopsisa Larva of Stenopus. By FRANCISH. HERRICK,of Adelbert College.

A new genusof “Shizopodae”wasdescribedandfigured underthenameof “Podopsis,’ or Hammer-headedShrimp, by J. V. Thompsonin 1829.*“This Genus,”hesays,“remarkablefor theareatlength of theFootstalkson which its largeand spreadingEyesareplaced wasdiscoveredinthat regionof theAtlantic frequentedby theNocticula, beingcapturedinN. Lat. 290 30’, W. Long.320 55’, on the25th Septembcr,whereit contri-butesitsshareto the luminosity of thesea.. . . it is perfectlydiaphanousand colorless,and althoughits memberswerenot particularlyscrutinized,it is undoubtedlya natatoryShizopoda.”

An examiuationof his drawing (P1. VII, Fig. 1), which representsadorsalviewof thisform, severaltimesenlar~ed,togetherwith his very briefremarks,leavelittle doubt that Podopsisis not anadult at all, but a larvaof Stenopus,and probablya larvaofStenopashispidus.

Onthesameplatewith Podopsis,thereappearsa figureof Lucifer, a formwhich hasbecomea classicamongtheCrustacea,but I havebeenunabletofind asingleallusionto Podopsisin theliteraturewhichis accessibleto me.I wasunfamiliar with thispaperwhenstudyingStenopus,a sketchof whichwas publishedlast fall. (See Memoirsof Nat. Acad.of Sciences,Vol. V,Fourth Memoir; The Embryology and Metamorphosisof the Macroura,Chap.II; TheLife History of Stenopus,Washington,1892.) In thisaccountof Stenopus,sevenlarvaeare described. Two wereraised from theeggofStenopushispidus,at Nassau,New Providence; two wereobtained in thetow-net by ProfessorBrooks, at Beaufort,North Carolina,andpresumablybelong to this species,but this couldnot be definitely settled. Two othersweretakenat thesurfaceoutsidetheharborat Nassau,andare designatedin my paperas” Mastigopus”stages“E” and “G.” Larva“E” moulted,while in captivity, into a slightly different stage,designatedaslarva“F.”

Theformfigured by Thompsonis strikingly like theStenopus-larvarepre-sentedon plateXII of my paper. This larvameasures9 millimeters fromrostrumto telson,and is evidentlyolder by severalmolts than the sta~ewhich came into Thompson’s net. Thompson’slarva correspondsmorenearlywith larva “E,” although it is considerablylarger, if the smalldrawingonThompson’splate,designedto showthenaturalsize,is accurate.Thisdrawingmeasuresabout10 millimeters. The size, however,of oldercrustaceanlarvaeis subjectto greatvariation.

The antennaeof larva“E” arethus describedin thepaperon Stenopus,referred to. “Both pairs of antennaeare biramous. The outer flagellumof the first or inner pair is the lon

0est. . .. The inner branchis a bud.The second antennaeextendas far forward as thejoint of the first pair,wherethe inner flagellum is givenoff. The flagellum of thesecondpairis woundinto ashort spiralcoil.” In describingtheantennaeof” Podopsis”Thompsonsays: “Near to the insertion of the footstalksof the Eyes,aretwo short appendages,which are probably the rudiments of the upperantennae.” These“short appenda~es”are undoubtedlytherudimentsoftheflagellaof thesecondpair of antennae,which aredescribedin Stenopus-larva“E.” Jud~ingfrom the conditionof the antennae,this larvais olderby onemoult thanthe stanefigured by Tompson.

In the enormouseyestalks,theantennae,thehu~,esizeof thethird pairof maxilhipeds,the confi,~urationof the body and of thetail-fin, thereis avery closeagreementbetweenPodopsisand theMastigopuslarval stagesofStenopushispidus.

• The pereiopodsare not figured or describedby Thompson,so that nocomparisonsof these important appendagescan be made. In Stenopus-larva“E,” the fourth pereiopodis a two-jointed rudiment,and the fifth~pereiopodis reducedto abud.

In Podopsis,the first threepairs of pleopodsaredescribedandfiguredasuniramous,and thefourth andfifth pairsasbiramous. This distinctionwas not noticed in the Stenopuslarvae. In larva“F,” into which larva“ E” moulted, all the abdominalappendageswere uniramous. Without

Thetitle of thispaperis “Zoillogical Researches,andIllustrationsof NaturalHistoryof Nondescriptor imperfectly known Animals,in a seriesof Memoirs: IllustratedbynumerousFigures. By JohnV. Thompson.” Memoir III: On theLuminosity of theOcean; with descriptionsof someremarkablespeciesof luminousanimals(PyrosomapigmaeaandSapphirinaindicator) andparticularlyof four newgenera,Nocticula Cyn--thia,LuciferandPodopsis,of theStsizopodae;with four plates. With Addenda. No.II,pp. 37—68; Pis.Y—YILi. Cork,April, 1529.

beingableto make accuratecomparisonsin this particular,theremarkableagreementsalreadypointedout, lendsufficient weightto time conclusionthat“Podopsis”isoneof theMastigopus-larvaeof Stenopus.

ADELBERT COLLEGE, CLEvEaAND,OHIO,March17th,1593.

The Bahama Amphioxus. By E. A. ANDREWS.

In addition to the amphioxus,or lancelet,found on thecoastsof manypartsof Europe,somefive othershavebeenreportedfrom variouspartsoftheworld. Guentherrecognizesthesesix asspeciesof Branchiostoma.,thatname havingbeengiven prior to theterm Amphioxus. Thechiefspecificcharactersthat canbemadeout in thepreservedspecimensaretherelativepositionsof anus and atriopore asexpressedby thenumberof muscleseg-ments anteriorto, betweenand posteriorto theseopenings. In addition totheseforms there is anundescribedlanceletin California, which, as farastheabovecriteria may be trusted,belongsto a distinct speciesof Branchio-stoma,anda Japaneseform that mayproveto beone of theknown species.

Thegreatmorphologicalinterestattachedto thelanceletas thesimplest,andin manyrespects,the most primitive, of knownvertebratesmakesthetaxonomyandgeographicaldistributionof thisgroupof moretlsancommonimportanceand justifies a short preliminary accountof a new form foundin the Bahamas.

While the JohnsHopkins Marine Laboratorywas stationedat NorthBimini, Bahamas,in thesummerof 1892, manysmall lanceletsweretakenswimmingator nearthesurfaceaswell as living in thecalcareoussandontheflats exposedat low water.

These partly pelagic acraniatesdiffer so much from the known formsthat theymay be regardedas genericallydistinct. Their chiefanatomicalpeculiaritiesare asfollows:

(1) The gonadsare developedonly upon theright sideof thebody, bothin the adult andin theyoung.

(2) The notochord,neuraltube and medianfins areprolongedas a con-siderablecaudalprocessposteriorto themyotomes.

(3) Theventral fin is without any fin-raysor successivefin.ray chambers.(4) The pre-oralhood is extensive:cirri smoothandunited by thehood

membranefor thegreaterpart of their length.(5) The right metapleuronis continuouswith the median,ventral fin,

which passesto theright of theanus.(6) The “olfactory pit” is apparentlyabsent.(7) Myotomesanterior to atriopore44; betweenatriopore andanus9;

posteriorto anus13: total, 66. Length, 13-46mm.(8) Swims free in the eveningboth at Bimini and in NassauHarbor.

Lives alsoims thecalcareoussand.An illustrateddescriptionof thesecharactersof this newgenusof acranm-

ateswill appearin a forthcomingnumberof Vol. V of theStudiesfrm theBiological Laboratory.

The Food Supply of the Adult Oyster, Soft Clam,Clam and Mussel. By JOHN P. LOTSY.

[Pohlishcd by permissionof the U. S.Commissionerof Fishand Fisheries.]

During thesummerof 1892I madea seriesof experimentsto determinethenatureof thefood of theoystersfoundin theJamesRiver.

The resultsof thework are given here only in brief, fuller particularsbeingreservedto appearin my report,which will bepublishedby theFishCommmssmon.

The nsethodspursuedin the investigationwere briefly asfollows: Thegills of the oysterwere separatedby meansof a sharpscalpel,so that theoral opening was exposed. Into this a pipette was introduced,and thecontentsof thestomachweresuckedout. Whenexaminedunderthemicro-scopethematerialthus obtainedshowedthepresenceof numerousDiatomstogetherwith aboutanequalquantity of decayin,,organicmatterand sand.With the exception of a very few of thelower forms,such as Rhizopods,Euglena,etc., which were occasionallyseen,animal life was practicallyabsent. Especially noteworthy was the entire absence of Copopods,althoughthesewere very abundantin thesurroundingwater.

104 [No. 106.

JUNE, 1893.] UNIVERSITY(‘IPOULAPS.

The presenceof the Diatoms in suchnumbersin the stomachof theoyster,although it by no meansabsolutelyprovedthat they wereutilizedfor food, furnisheda suggestionfor furtherstudy. Observationhas taughtus that theoysteris constantlyingestinga streamof water,and until thecontraryhas beenshownit seemsnot unreasonableto supposethat everyobjectwithin thepowerof this streamwill find its way into tbestomach.

To prove that anythingfoundin thestomachservesasfood it is necessaryto showthat theobjectfurnishesa possiblesourceof nutrition, andalsothatthis digestible matter becomesdissolvedon its way throughtheintestinalcanal. In the caseof the Diatoms thislast point wasvery easy to deter-mine since their membranes,owing to the silica which theycontain,arewholly indigestible. To ascertainwhether the Diatoms were actuallydigestedit was necessaryto collect andexaminetheexereta. I may heresay that all which follows applies equally well to clams,soft clams andmussels,thenutrition of which wasinvestigatedatthe sametime. In orderto obtain the excretaa number of oysterswere placedseparatelyin glassdishes,which hadbeen filled with strained seawater,their shells havingbeen previously cleanedcarefully with a brush. After a few hours anabundanceof faeceswasfounddepositedin thedishes. This was collectedfromall thedishes,rubbedupwith water,andfromthemixturea samplewastakenfor examinationunderthemicroscope. Fromtwenty-fivefieldswhichwere countedthe results showedthat 96 per cent.of theDiatomshad losttheir softpartsentirely, 3 per cent.almostentirely, and only 1 per cent.re-mainedundigested. The decayingorganicmatterwasapparentlyunaltered.

The questionremainedto besolvedwhy theCopopodsand other animalformswhich wereabundantlypresentin thesurroundingwaterwereabsentfrom the stomachsof the oystersand other bivalves. The mostnaturalsuppositionto accountfor this is that which assumesa power of discrimi-nationon the part of thebivalves. To test this assumptionthe followingexperimentsweremade: Culturesof Diatomswereobtainedafteramethodwhich is given in full in thereport. SinceCopopodscouldnotbereadilyobtained,fine hashesweremade,oneof fish and one of shrimps,the chiefpoint being of courseto decidewhetherthebivalveshadanydiscriminatingpoweratall. A quantityof the Diatom culturesufficient to causea slightcloudinessin thewater wasbroughtby meansof aglass tube close to theventralopeningof thesipho of a clam. The little cloudwas immediatelyingested. Many culturesgivenin this way would be acceptedby a singleindividual. The sameexperimentwasthentried, usingthehashesof fishor shrimpsin theform of a similar cloudysuspensionin water,but in thiscase the result was strikingly different. The suspensionwas either notacceptedat all, thesipho closing immediately assoon asit camein contactwith it, or if ingestedit was forcibly rejected an instant later, being oftenthrownto a distanceof six or seveninches. Exactly the sametook placein the caseof soft clams,and the same phenomenawere observedif suchculturesor suspensionswerebroughtbetweentheopenedshellsof the oyster.

Thelast part of thereportgivesasimplemethodof stainingsmall organ-isms. Theconclusionsare:

Thefood of the adult oysterconsistspracticallyof Diatoms.The oysterpossessesthepowerof discriminatingbetweendifferentkinds

of food offered to it.

On the Toxic Substancesof the Bacillus Aniyli-vorus, the Cause of Pearblight. A Preliminary Noticeby JOHN P. LOTSY.

It occurredto mesometime agothat it would beof considerableinterestto determinewhetheror not thelesionsin the bacterialdiseasesin plantswere, like thosein animals,causedby thetoxinessecretedby theparasite.It is of courseconceivablethat in plantsothercausesmightbring aboutthedeath of the cells; thus for examplethe cell-deathmightresultperhapsfrom a destructionof thecelluloseskeletonor from a pluggingup of cellsinsuchaway asto hamperthetranspirationstream. If thiswasthecasedeathwould be,so to speak,a secondaryoccurrence. A cultureof thebacillusofpearblightwasobtainedfromthepathologicallaboratoryof theJohnsHop-kins University,and its virulencetestedby inoculationinto two varietiesofpears,onesaidto bevery susceptibleto infection, the otherto be naturallyimmune against it. In accordancewith Russell’s resultsit wasfoundthatthis immunity disappearedon experimentalinfection. A culture of thebacillus was now madein plain potato-bouillon. The bouillon was not

neutralized,the ideabeingto have the bacillusgrow under as nearlythesame conditionsof acidity as it meetswith in nature. The culture wasallowedto grow for threeweeks,andafter this time without previousheat-ing thebouillon wasfiltered througha Pasteur-Chamberlandfilter. Smallsterilisedtest-tubeswere partially filled with the fluid thus obtained andsubsequentlyplugged all chancesof contaminationbeingavoided. Cuttingsof thetwo varietiesof pearstakenfrom twigs of this year’sgrowth in thehothousewereintroducedthroughthe cottonpluginto the fluid of ten ofthesetubes. In two other tubesof plain bouillon without bacterialpro-ductssimilarcuttings wereinsertedascontrols. It washopedthat by thismethodof experimentthetoxines presentmight be carried along by thetranspirationstream. The tubesafter being preparedin this way wereburiednearlyup to their mouthsin a pot of sandin the hothouse. Aftereight daysall ten cuttings placed in the tubesin which the toxine waspresentshowedthecharacteristicfeaturesof pearblight,while the cuttingsin thetwo control tubesremainedperfectlyhealthy. The microscopic ex-aminationprovedthat no bacteriawere presentin the tissue,and showedthat in regular longitudinal rows of cells the l)rotoplasmiccontentsweredead,brownish in color andshriveled. More experiments,especiallywiththepure toxine, arein progress,andconcerningtheseand the finer histo-logical changesI hope to report before long. Specialthanks are due toDr. B. W. Bartonfor thekindnesswith whichheoffered theuseof his hot-housefor theseexperiments.

BAarInoaa, April 18, 1893.

Note on the Origin of the Tetrasporangia in Dasyaelegans. By B. W. BARTON.

The material for the presentwork was kindly furnishedby Dr. Lotsy,who collectedit at Bridgeport,Conn., in December1892 duringthecolddays of that month when thetemperatureof thewaterstood at00 C. Atthis periodplantsbearingantheridsandprocarpsa.re not found.

The asexualpropagativesporesare so formed by quadrateor cruciatedivision of themothercellsasto resultin groupsof four (tetraspores),whichafter maturity are cast off, float away and reproduceupon germinationeithersexualor non-sexualnew individuals.

The tetrasporaugiaare themselvestheproductof a complexdivision ofcellsarisingin certainspecializedbranchesof themothershootandknownasstichidia. Thestichidial branchesmayusuallybe recognizedatanearlystageof theirgrowth from thelesscompactandlongercelledbrancheswhichcarry on the purely vegetativelife of the plant. They consistat first ofa row ofshorteror longersegmentsof the cylindrical threadandend in aconical-apicalcell, which persiststhroughoutthelife of the branch. Withthe advancin

0growth of this apical cell new segmentsare continuouslybein0 cut off from its rearend, andso the growth in length of the organismaintainedand cellsdestinedto undergofurther specialchangesarebeingconstantlyadded,within limits.

When the stichidium hasattaineda certainage, thesingle row of cells,beginningwith that one, two or threeremovedfrom the base, undergotangential division which resultsin acentraland from threeto five radialor lateral cells. The latter remainin connectionwith thecentralcell bya thin threadof protoplasm,but are quite unconnectedwith oneanother.The next stage is the division of theradial cellsby a horizontalplain atright angles to the long axisof thestichidium,into an upperanda lowercell. The upperoneof thesetwo is destinedto becomethetetrasporangiumwhilst the lower one continuesits developmentand by further divisionresultsin a group of peripheralcells,which, by therapid growth to largedimensionsof the tetrasporaugia,are muckdistortedand pushedinto posi-tions of least resistance. This division does not take placein all of theradialcells,generaily notmorethantwo, frequentlyonly onetetrasporangiumbeingformedatany onenode.

During this time thecentralor axial cell hasassumeda spindleformandfrom its thickestpart the severalprotoplasmicthreadsextendtheir con-nectionsto theradial cells. From thethickestportion of theselikewise,andalways on the upper surface,is attachedthetetrasporangium,whilst fromtheir distal endsextendin a radiatefashion thethreedistortedperipheralcells. In the larger middle part of the stichidiumtheselatter cellsmayundergofurtherdivision, so asnearlyto enclosethetetrasporangium.

BALTIMORE, April 2eth,1893.

105

JOHNSHOPKINS

Note on the Formation of Blastostyle Buds on theReproductive Organs of Epenthesis McCradyi. ByCHARLES P. SIGEEFOOS.

In 1888, Dr. W. K. Brooks, in anaccountof thelife-historyof EpenthesisMcCradyi,* describeda remarkablemodeof reproductionin themedusnofthis species:theformation, on its reproductiveorgans,by budding,of truecampanularianblastostyles a modeof reproductionnot beforeknown, andremarkablebecauseof thereversion,in the formationof blastostyles,to amoreprimitive stage.

The material on which Dr. Brooks basedhis descriptionwas collectedoff thecoastof Nassau,in theWest Indies. It waslimited in amount,andas his specimensshowedno very earlystagesin theformation of thebudstherewas a possibility that the blastostylesmight be parasiteson thereproductiveorgansof this Epenthesis. As it seemeddesirableto studythe earlierstagesin detail, Dr. IR. P. Bigelow collectedlast summer,whilein Bimini, off theeastcoastof Florida, quite a numberof blastostyle-bear-ing medusn. 1 am indebtedto him for thesespecimens,which weregivento mefor study. If the medusadeacribedby Dr. Brooks is not identicalwith thosecollected by Dr. Bigelow, they are so nearlyallied that thedetailsin theformationof theblastostylesmust beessentiallythesame.

The reproductiveorgans are almost spherical in shape, and may, itseems,developin oneof two ways. They maydevelopinto normal repro-ductiveorgans,with either maleor femalecells. In this casetheyhaveessentiallythestructurefigured by theHertwigs (Organismusder Medusen,Table Il, figs. 15 and 11). Or, theymaydevelop into the reproductiveorgans bearingblastostyles. If thelatter is their destination,thefollow-ing changestake place. The young reproductive organ consistsof alayerof small ectodermcells coveringit externally,anda layer of largerendodermcells lining it internally. As the organ grows, the ectodermbecomesmuch thicker andmany-layered,by themultiplicationof its cells.At thesametime thecells of theendodermenlargeandbecomevacuolated,but still remain in a single layer. Before the organ hasmatured,how-ever,the outer layer of ectodermcells is separatedoff from the restof theectoderm,by the appearanceof a supporting lamella betweenthem. Atthisstagethen, theorganconsistsof a single layer of small ectodermcellscoveringit externally, and a single layer of large vacuolatedendodermcellslining it internally,and betweenthe two, the middle massof cells, ofectodermalorigin. The structureof sucha reproductiveorgan hasbeendescribedby Dr. Brooks.

In his paper,Dr. Brooksdescribedtheendodermof thebudsas arisingfromendodermaltubeswhich lie in themiddle substanceof thereproduc-tive organ. These tubesin his specimensshowed noconnectionwith theendodermallining of thereproductiveorgan,and hethought them to bederived by a sort of sporogenesisfrom thecells of themiddle mass. Mysectionsseemto showa differentorigin for thetubes. Whenthereproduc-tive organ is nearin,~maturity, evaginationsof the endodermallining pnshout into the middle layer as finger-shapedprocesses. These increaseinlength till theycome to lie next the supporting lamellawhich is foundbetweenthe ectoderrualcoveringand the middle layer. But while thisprocessis taking place, the cells of the endodermin the finger-shapedevaginationsundergomarkedchanges. They decreasevery much in sizeand lose their vacuolatedcharacter,so that they acquire the structurefound in theendodermaltubesdescribedby Dr. Brooks. They soon losetheir connectionwith the endodermallining of the reproductiveorgan,andbecomeclosedcylindrical tubesof endodermlying in themiddle mass.Thesetubeshavea distinct lumen, somewhatvariablein size. After theycome to lie next the ectoderm,so that they are separatedfrom it by onlythesupportinglamella,importantchangestake placein thelatter. In theinterspacesbetweenthetubesit invaginatesbetweenthem, andeventuallygrows completely around them, and the lamella disappearsbetweentheectodermand themiddle massof cells.

The rudimentof the bud thus formed consistsof an endodermaltube,lying in themiddle massof cells, surroundedby a supportinglamella andoverlaid by ectoderm. The buds areformedas evabinations,in theusualmode of budding in Coelenterates,the ectodermand endodermpushingout together. The bud is formed from both ectodermend endoderm. The

structureof the young bud and blastostylehas beendescribedby Dr.Brooks.

After thebudsbeginto form, the reproductiveorgan generallyenlargesto severaltimes its usualsize,and maybecomemore or less irregular inshape. The radial canalsenlarge,and largequantities of food maypassinto thecavity of thereproductiveorganfor digestion. It seemsa speci-men always has all of its four reproductiveorgansdevelopednormally,with theusualsexualcells; or, all four mayproduceblastostyles. In thelatter case,theyare generallyin different stagesof development,but allmaybeof aboutthesamestage. I hopeto collectmaterial in Jamaicathissummerto continuethis very interestingmodeof reproduction.

SomeObservationson Polyclonia frondosa. ByR. P.BIGELOW.

The harborat Bimini lies betweenthetwo islandsand is borderedfor alargepart of its circumferenceby mangroveswamps. These swampsarepenetratedeverywhereby shallow channelsand lagoonswith soft muddybottoms. It was in a lagoon of this sort, separatedsomedistance fromthe harbor on SouthBimini, that we found Polyeloniafrondosa,Agassiz.Medusaeof this specieswerenot very abundantthere,perhapsfifty indi-viduals all told, andthis was theonly placein which we were able to findthem. They wereof varioussizesfrom youngoneshalf an inchin diameterto adult males and females six or eight inches across. Careful searchfor theattachedlarvae,scyphistomas,wasentirely fruitless. Themedusaelay upon thebottomin theposition thathasoftenbeendescribed,and whenviewed from a boat were seen to vary in color and generalappearance.Closerexaminationshowed this differenceto be due in part to a sexualdimorphism. This dimorphismis theresultof anespecialadaptationin thefemalefor theprotectionof theeggs. In themalesand immaturemedusaeof both sexestheappendagesof the oral disk havethe samestructureandarrangementas thoseof theoral arms. In the adult femaleson the otherhandtheoral funnelshave disappearedfrom thedisk while the oral vesi-deshave increasedin numberuntil theyare closelycrowded togetherandcompletelycover it. The eggs are dischargedfrom the ovariesinto thestomach,where cleavagebegins. They then passout on to theoral diskand are to be found there in greatnumberscementedtogetherin smallreticulatedclustersat thebasesof the vesicles. They remain thereuntilsometime after they have becomefree ciliated planulae. I wasable tocollect eggsof all agesfrom thetwo-cell stageto theciliatedplanulae,andI rearedscyphistomasfrom the latter to the eight-tentaclestage. Theyoungscyphistomasappearto beentirely similar to thoseof Cassiopea.

While the vesicleson the oral disk of the female serveto protect theeggs,thoseuponthearmshavea different function, thatof capturingfood.If oneof thesevesiclesberubbedgently with a glassrod or thepoint of apencil, the stimulationis followed immediatelyby thecontractionof mus-cleson thesidestimulated,so thatthevesicle,which usuallystandsupright,is suddenlybent down and closesthemouth of the nearestfunnel on thatside like a lid. An unwarycopepod striking one of thesevesiclessetsupthenecessarystimulationto bring on this reaction. The copepodis imme-diatelystungby thenettlecellsof thevesicle, andbeforeit canescapefromthem it finds itself within anoral funnel, tightly shut in by theoverlyingvesicle. I tried the experimentof feedingcopepodsto a Polyclonia,andsawthemcapturedin this way. Remainsof copepodswerealsoto befoundscatteredthroughthegreatmassof mucusin thestomachsof thesemedusae.

The slime that surroundsthedisk of the jelly fish and thecilia of theoral canalsmay,perhaps,servealsoto entrapandconveymicroscopicfoodto thestomach. I tried to feedseveralspecimensuponcarminesuspendedin the water,and was only successfulwith one small specimen. In thiscasethe particlesof carminebecameentangledin theslimeneartheperi-pheryof theumbrella,thearmswerebentdownwardso that theirbrancheswere pressedcloselyto thesurfaceof the subumbrella,and theslimecon-taining the carmine was drawn in through the oral funnels until thestomachwas full. Very soonafterwardsthecarminebeganto streamoutagain. As carminewas not takenin in any but this oneexceptionalcase,and as the remainsof copepodswere found normally in the stomachsofPolyclonias, it seemsprobablethat their usual food is not microscopicmaterialconveyedby currentsof waterinto theoral funnels,asis oftensup-posed,but consistsof copepodscapturedin theway that I have described.

106 [No. 106.

* StudiesfromtheBiol. Lab.,JohnsHopkinsUniv., Yol. 4,p. 147.

U]’UVEI?SITY 011WULA]? ASt.

GENERAL SCIENTIFIC NOTES.Note on the Protevangelium. By PAUL HAUPT.

[Abstract of a paper readbeforethe University PhilologicalAssociation,April 21, 1593.]

Gen. 3,15 is generallytranslated: AndI will put enmitybetweentheeandthe woman,and betweenthy seedand her seed;it sholl bruise thy heod, and thoushaltbruisehisheel. This is therenderinggivenin theA. V. It is followedby Dr. Briggs in his MessianicProphecy(NewYork, 1891, p. 74), aswell asby severalofthemosteminentGermancommentators,e.g.,by thelateFranzDelitzsch,C. F. Keil and F. Tuch. The sametranslationis also fonnd inthe new Germanversionof the0. T., editedby Prof.Kautzsch,of theUni-versityof Halle.

In theR.V. we find insteadof to bruise, in themargin to lie in waitfor: itshall lie in wait for thy head,and thou sholt lie in waitfor his heel. This is snb-stantiallythe renderinggivenby A. Dillmann in thevariouseditionsof hisexcellent commentaryon Genesis. The same translationis alsofollowedin J. D. Michnelis’ translationof the0. T., part 2 (Gdttingen, 775),p. 7(dieser wird deinesnKopfe, und du wirst semenFersennachstellea),as well asin Petervon Bolilen’s Genesis(Kdnigsherg,1835) and in K. Bndde’sBibl.Urgeschichte(Giessen,1883),p. 526.

The translation to lie in wait for is in accordancewith theSeptuagintalrenderingof thepassage:ai~r3s aov~rs)p~oEL* ,ce~a?vij’, Kal o1 ~r~sjpijoess*ab’ro~,ri-~pvav. Aquila, however, gives wpoo’rpi4esinsteadof ‘rijpijoes, and Sym-macbusGX(#EL, while the lateGreekversionknownunderthenameof theGroecus Venetustranslates: i~eu’o srAi~eL aov Kepa2t~v, cl Ii ~rAi~ezscwTOv

7r’re’pvav. In St. Jerome’sQnaestionesHebraicacin libro Genescos(ed. Lagarde,Lipsiae, 1868, p. 7) we read: ‘ipse servabitcaputtunm, et tu servabisemscal-caneum,melins hahetin Hebraeo ipse conteret coputtuum,et tic conteresemsealcaneum,quiaat nostrigressuspropediuntura colubroetdominusconteretsatanamsub pedibusnostrisvelociter’ (IRom. 16, 20: 6 bi GelsT?75 eipipu~s

OVY’rpLsJ/EL TiC caTavap VTI TOyS irc~aas V/.Liei’ ES TcSXCL).

So we seethat the verb ~up usedtwice in the Hebrew text is renderedeither to bruise and to crush, or to lie in wait for. In theVulgate the tworenderingsare combined,the first rp~~ being translated to crush, and thesecondto lie in wait for. TheVulgate reads: ipsot conteretcaputtunm,et tuinsidiaberiscalcaneoems. The verb ryic’ is alsotakenwith a differentmean-ing in eachhalf of the sentence(conculcabit andferiet) in the Peshita (v,

‘y~ ‘m’ra~n rus~~lP’t l’l1~) andin iR. Saadia’sArabic versionof thePenta-teuch.t

Most commentatorsadmit that cpv’ may be renderedeither conterereorinhiare, but theyall seem to think that the verb cannothavea differentmeaningin eachhalf of thesentence. This opinionis expressedfor instanceby Dillmann aswell asby Delitzsch.II

In my Gontributionsto Assyrian Phonologypublished in the Proceedingsof the Royal Society of Gdttingen, April 25, 1883, p. 102, I pointed outthat £im’ in v’~t io~~” was evidentlyidenticalwith thestemof the commonAssyrian word for ‘foot,’ 6epn,~adding that I failed to seewhy rryv couldnot havetwo different meaningsin thepassage;it wasa caseof intentionalparonamasia. Sincethattime I havefounda numberof passageswherethesameword ortwo homonymsare usedin two different meanings. A goodillustration is, for instance,the beginningof the fourth chapterof Ecelesi-astes,wheretheparticiple~rut~is first used in the meaning comforter,andthenin themeaningavenger(~ ~n~; ef. ‘~i ~ ~ Dfl~ ‘~‘ ls. I, 24and~ ~ ~rnni~ pret wy ~ Gen. 27, 42). We must translate: I saw(overand over) again all theoppressionsthat are practisedunder the sun; and

~Yar. ieep~ieee, istp~ioqand reepi~oeee, r~p~e~te. Cf. Lagarde’sGenesis Greece (Lipsiae,1868), p. 10, and his Aakiiadigungciner neuta ausgabeder griech. iiiersetcung des A. L(Gdttingen,1882), p. 36.

tlpscs,referring to theVirgin Mary, isa dogmaticcorrectioninsteadof ipse. Accord-ing to the Hebreworiginal the masculineipse, referringto theseed,is theonly correctrendering. Themasculinesuffix in ismtprtprovesthatbeyondall doubt.

tSeealsoLagarde’silfalerialen su~Kritils and GeschichledesPeutateucks,partI (Leipzig,1867),p. 4,1.13 (cf., on the otherhand,partII, p. 41,1.331.

Cf., on the otherhand,Wetihausen,Prolegomeaa,3d ad. (l3erlin. 1886), p. 313: dieSc/slctngesell im ustgleicheaKasapfemitdern lliestscheasu Gruadegehen.

~Sepu(planehe-c-pa1Y2 27, 32b)is a formationlike Lean ‘righteous’ (Syriackind, NOld.Syr.Gram.,1146, 980)from liz. FranzDallizach, Gee.5,106,a. 1. tEngi.ad.,p. 162) seemsto deriveiepu from a stem~lfltl’,which is impossihle. Nor doeshepumeantereas,con-tereas, caleans,as Delitzscb would baseit, but 2’ conterere,conculcare, is a denominalverbderivedfrom s’epu.

beholdthe tears of the oppressedasses (were running), and there was no one to

comfort thens,assd in the hands of their oppressors therewas (brutal) force andthere was no avenger(not as theA. V. translates:but they had no comforter).

Cf. alsomy translation of tfr 130, 6 (Hebraica II, 101),wherethe second~ttn must betakenasvocativeaddressedto thecongregation.

Biblical scholarshavenot paidmuch attentionto theimportantquestionof paronomasiain the 0. T. Dr. Casanowicz’sthesis,which is nowreadyfor the press,will be the first systematictreatnsentof the subject. Dr.Casanowiczwaskind enoughto sendnsea list of abouta dozenpassagesinthe0. T. wherethe sameword is usedin two differentmeanings. He alsorefers to thewell-known passage,Math. 8, 21: d4’es TOlis’ z’escpobr Odtfias TOIS

EavTcct’ cetcpociv,let thedeadbury their dead;i. a. let thespiritually deadburytlseir own relatives.

It is all the moreprobablethat thereis an intentional paronomasiainGen.3, 15, as the Protevangeliumbelongsto JE (the Jehovisticwriter).According to Dr. Casanowicz’sstatistics thereis aboutone caseof parono-masiato everS’threepagesof P, thepost-exilicPriestlyCode(to which forinstancethefirst chapterof Genesisbelongs),while in thepre-exilicpro-pheticalnarrativeJE we find a caseof paronomasiaon everypage (seeNo.98 of theseC’irculars, p. 96~ below).

The denominalverb ryui is alsousedin Assyrianwith themeaningto putthefoot on, to treadupon, to crash. Thereare two pacsagesin thenew editionof thefourth volumeof Sir HenryRawlinson’sGuneiformJnscriptions,whichhasbeen so admirablypreparedby Mr. Theo.G. Pinches. The first is thelast line of theAdditionsto col. I of p1. 15, containingan incantatorylegendconcernictgtheSevenEvil Spirits. Wereadthere: nile mdti uiip4 (in theSumerianline: u/cu hard-kitbctn-sig-ch)‘they crushedthepeopleof theland’(ef. l~u’ mm i~v in theTargumicversionof 4’ 94, 5 — ~am mm ~y).

Thesecondpassageoccursin thebilingual prayer addressedto theGod-dessIstar of Erecis,thereverseof which is pubsished1V2, 19, No. 3, whiletheobversei~ givenon p1. 4b of theAdditionsand (Jorrections. Wereadthere(the beginningis unfortunatelymutilated):

OBVERSE.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * [hedestr]oyed,* * * * * * * * * *thouhadstclosed,

Sma[ll] * * * * * * * hedistributed,To E-Ulbar, the houseof tity shrine,the enemycameTo thy holy mansionhexvent,To thy holy placedid hedirect his steps.Thy nobledwelling * * * * * * they destroy.* * * * * -a * * * * * * .~ * * * -x- * *

REVERSE.

How long, my lady, bath thepowerful enemyspoiledthy shrine?*

A droughtbathcomeover thy chief city, evenErech,But in E-IJlbar,thetempleof thine oracle,blood is pouredout like water.All thy countries hath he saton fire, hebathmadethem go up in smoke.0! my lady, I antyokedfast to misfortune.Thouhastcompassedmeabout,Isastmademewretched,So that thestrongenemycouldcrush melike a single read.I cannotfornsaresolution,I cannotthink.1 lamentlike a canebrakenight andday,I, thy servant,pray unto thee,Let thy heartbequieted,let thy mind beappeased.* * * * * lamentation,(let) thy heart(be quieted),* * * * * * * * 55, (let) thy heart(be quieted)

[Tothy servant,amy lady, turn] to him [thy face]!* * * * * * * * * * os * * * * * * * *

Dr. Zimmernin his excellentworkon theBabylonianPenitentialPsalms(p. 57, 1. 55) translatescorrectly hehas troddenmedown, but headoptsPro-fessor Dalitzsch~sconjecture,readingudihanni, from 2’l~ to tread down,thesameverb with which thePeshitatranslateslow” in theProtevangelium.

* Assyr. mci/ak-Li imfu from l’t

4tV2?~, ma.ida H, 48, Gic; ef. 1V2 15, 57a (seeAddi.tieasand Corrections,p1.3~, 1. 16).

JUNE, 1893.] 107

JOHNS IIOPKINS

The readinguiipanni,*however,as given in Pinches’ new edition of thetext (ef. the platein Vol. I, No. 2, of IlOiR, Dec.,1886) is unquestionablycorrect.

Nor do I think therecanbe any doubt that 1rn~” in theProtevangeliumhasthesamemeaningas u4pin thetwo cuneiformpassagesquoted. ~flT’fl

in thesecond hemistich,on theother hand,must be takenin thesenseofthestem~ inhiare, to snapat.t

I would, therefore,translate(len. 3, 15: I mill put enmitybetweentheeandthewoman, and betweenthy seedand her seed. It will put itsfoot upon thy headwhile thou wilt saapat its heel.

Note on K. 84. By CHRISTOPHER JOHNSTON.

In a paperon “Two AssyrianLetters” publishedin the Journalof theAmericanOrientalSociety,Vol. XV, pp. 311—316, I statedthat theselettershadnothithertobeentranslated. While thisstatementis correctasregardsthe first letter (K. 828), it should be modifiedwith regardto the second(K. 84) inasmuchasa translationof this text, accompaniedby a translitera-tion, waspublished by Mr. iheo. G. Pinchesin the new seriesof Recordsof thePast, Vol. II (1889),pp. 185 if. I amindebted to the Rev.Dr. W.Muss-Arnolt,of theUniversityof INlichigan, for calling my attentionto thisfact. At the time my paperwas written, I did not have accessto Mr.Pinches’translation. After a careful perusalof Mr. Pinches’translation11 seeno reasonto modify the renderingproposedby me. In fact Mr.Pinches’ renderingis hardly such as we should expectfrom a scholarofso high a standing in the domain of Assyriology. Translationslike“The words which the wind now for the third time has spoken toyou’~ (11. 3—4) insteadof the lying words which this unnatural brother hasspokento you; “Ye cannotgovern thewind” (1, 6) for It is falsehood,trusthim not: and “the equivalenceof the word, which yeare treasuringup inyour heartsI know” (11. 25—26) for I knowthat thing whichye think in yourhearts,will hardly commendthemselveseven to a non-Assyriologist. Thewriter of theletter could hardly have meantto tell theBabylonians thattheir very namewas so odious to him that he could not bear to hearit(11. 12—14) andthenimmediatelyassurethem (1. 18) that theyxvere“nearto his heart.” The readinglalaiih agd in line 4 which Mr. Pinchesren-ders “for the third time no~v”is quiteimpossible. The ordinal adverb“ third” is halsib not halahih; agdi meansnot “now,” but “this; “ and thecorrectreadingha la axu agd “which this unnaturalbrother (has spoken)”is to be founfl in Delitzsch’s Assyrian Dictionary, p. 76, which was pub-lished in 1887, two years before Mr. Pinches’ translationof the textappeared. In line 22 by readingbanzi “make” insteadof its homonymbanfi “bright, spotless” (cf. Zimmern: BabyloniseheBusspsalmenp. 37,n. 2), Mr. Pincheshasmissedthewhole force of the passage,in which theBabylonians are urged not to sully their hitherto spotlessreputationbyinvolving themselvesin treasonableplots. Lines27—29 are translated“wewill ignore the tax, it is turned into our tribute” which will hardlyconvey any very distinct idea to the minds of most readers. The pas-sage should be rendered (ye say) La! because we are obnoxious tohim he adds to oser taxes. The succeeding lines (25—35) are thustranslated:“That is no tribute; it is not that ye have equalisedto myslanderer the matter of ‘Corban and tax,’ it is that the payment oftribute lies with yourselves,and failure concerningtheagreementis beforeGod.” What this meansit is difficult to say. The meaningof thetext,however, is quite clear. ‘Tis no tax (saysthe writer). The qurbdns.i isnothingbut a name,and becauseye have takensides with my adversaryyechooseto considerthisas impositionof taxesand sinningagainstthe oathsswornbeforeGod. The point, which Mr. Pincheshasfailed to see,is that certainsin-

postscomplainedof by theBabyloniansasleviedin directviolation of somespecialswornagreement,arein reality not a biltu or statetax,but a qurbdniieor religious tax, doubtlessfor thesupportof their own temples.

While I must differ with Mr. Pinchesin his translationof this text, it iswith regretthat I cannotbe in accordancewith a scholarwho hasrenderedso many distinguishedservicesto the causeof science,and hasmadeall

* Pinches(BOR I 22, 1. 14) translateshas smitten (?) medown; Delitxsch(AW, 1): hatmichzerbrocheso.

t Cf. ~5fl sadma&e. The newHebrewLexiconby Siegfried& Staderightly sayss.v.‘~2’: iso der Ubertieferusigwahrseh~intichvon ~~2’ nichi correct gesehieden,ef. Lag. Preph.ehald.XLVIII (‘PP 56, 2, 3; 57,4 non ‘lini’ sed‘lid poetavoluerat); Bleek,Eiat.5 589; Well-hansen, izzenand Vorarbeiten,partV (Berlin, 1892),p. 72. It isundoubtedlytrue thatseveralforms whicharegenerallyreferredto ‘ll~l2’ mustbederivedfrom ‘ph’.

studentsof Assyriologyhis debtorsby his mostexcellentwork in the pre-parationandrevisionof thesecondedition of theCuneiformInscriptionsofWesternAsia.

Messianic Psalms. By DANIEL G. STEVENS, JR.

[Abstractof apaperreadbeforetise UniversityPhilologicalAssociation,April 21, 1893.1

Prominentamongthethouglstscharacteristicof Old Testamentteachingsis the anticipationof a time to come whensalvation~nd dominionwouldbeprocuredfor God’speoplethrougha King, divinely anointedandreceiv-ing divine support. This Messianichopefornssanespecialfeaturein thepredictionsof the Prophets;and in thePsalterits presenceis likewise tobeobserved. Here occurseveralSongswhich, onaccountoftheexpressionsandallusionstheycontain,have beenclassifiedasbeingin particularMessi-anic Psalms. They are Pss.110. 2. 45. 72. 22. 40. 16. 8. 69. In the NewTestamentinaisy passagesfrom these Psalmsare referred,directly or im-plicitly, to Clsrist; and mostmodernexegetesexplainthem asprophecyofthe Messiah,or at leastas containinglanguagein somexvay applicabletoHim. But the questionfor theinterpreterto decidedoesnot concernthepossibleapplication,but rather the ideawhich existedin the mind of theoriginal author. To discern this, recoursemustbe Isad to thePsalmsthem-selves. For, obviously,thewords of the original, fairly explained,are theonly standardby which the questionof import is to be tried.

While in the caseof certainexpressionstheMessianicinterpretationisnot inapt, at the sametime a strict examinationof thePsalmsrevealsthatthemoreimmediatesignificanceof thewordsis lost sightogor, in order tocontaina Messianicallusion, requiresa spiritual metamorphosisnotsug-gestedin theSongsthemselves. It appearsthat theMessianicinterpreta-tion fails to accountsatisfactorily for theSongsin their entirety,andeventhe very phrasesand termsthat seemto justify referenceto theMessiah,easilyobtain, in the light of Old Testamentusage,aisexpositionof theirmeaningmore in accordwith the context. In short, the explanationofthesePsalmsas prophecyof the Messiahseemsless natural and ratherforced, while, on the other hand,the connectionbetweenthepartsof theindividugl Songs,is clearlybroughtout, by explainingthem,on thebasisof thedes,criptionstheycontain,asreferringto actualhistorical occurrencesandpersonages.

Illustration wasat this pointintroducedin supportof theprecedingstate-mentsby an examinationof severalPsalms; thepaperthenconcludedasfollows:

It is not 3urprising that, in the useof thePsalterasthehymn-bookofthe second Temple,theseSongs should have received the interpretationthat hasbeenhandeddown,since to theChurch the MessiahwastheidealKing, clothedwith unlimitedpowerandauthority,thehusbandoftheIsraelof God,in whom would be fulfilled thehyperbolicalprophecieswhichcouldneverreceiveliteral accomplishmentin anordinarymonarch.Any referenceto theMessianictime becameto thecongregationthepredominantfeatureof the whole piece,to theconsequentobscurationof theoriginal meaning.But thecontentsof thePsalmsstill seemto bearwitnessto what theauthorshad in mind, and reveal thevarying natureof thethemes,in somecasespurelysecular,in others,mattersconcerningthefortunesof Israel, thecon-gregationof God.

A New Theory of Light Sensation. By CHRISTINE

LADD FRANKLIN.

[Abstractreprintedfrom theProceedingsof theInternationalCongressof Experi-mentalPsyclsolo~y,London,1892.]

Thereasonswhichmake it impossiblefor most peopleto accepteithertheHering or theYoung-Helmholtxtheoriesof light sensationarefamiliarto everyone. The following are themostimportantof them: —

TheYoung-Helmholtztheoryrequiresusto believe: (a) somethingwhichis stronglycontradicted by consciousness,—vix.,that the sensationwhite isnothingbut an even mixture of red-green-bluesensations;(b) somethdugwhich hasa strong antecedentimprobability against it,—viz., that undercertaindefinitecircumstances(e. g., for very ax-centricparts of the retinaand for the totally color-blind) all threecolor-sensationsare producedinexactly their original integrity, but yet that theyare never producedinany otherthanthat evensi4ixture which gives us the sensationof white;(c) somethingwhich is quantitatively quite impossible,—viz.,that after-

108 [No. 106.

UNIVERSITYCIRCULARS.

images,which arefrequentlyvery brilliant, are dueto nothingbut what isleft over in theself-lightof theretiuaafterpart of it has beenexhaustedby fatigue,althoughwe haveotherwiseeveryreasonto think thatthewholeof theself-light is excessivelyfaint.

Thetheory of Hering avoidsall of thesedifficultiesof theYonug-Helm-holtz theory, but at thecost of introducing otherswhich are equallydisa-greeable: it sinsagaiustthefirst principlesof the physiologistby requiringus to think that theprocessof buildiug up highly organizedanimal tissueis usefulin giving us knowledgeof theexternalworld insteadof supposingthat it takesplace(asin everyotherinstancekuown to us) simply for thesakeof its futureusefultearing down; it necessarilybringswith it a quitehopelessconfusionbetweenour ideasof thebrightnessandthe relativewhite-nessof a givensensation(asis proved by thefact that it enablesHering tore-discover,underthenameof thespecificbrightnessof thedifferentcolors,a phenomenonwhich haslong beenperfectlywell known as the Purkinjephenomenon);the theoryis contradicted (at least thepresentconceptionof it) by thefollowing fact,—thewhite madeout of red and breenis not thesamething asthe white madeout of blueand yellow; for if (bein~ mixedon the color-wheel)thesetwo whitesaremadeequallybrightatanordinaryintensity, they will be found to be of very different brightnesswhen theillumination is madevery faint.

Nevertheless,thetheory of Heringwould have to be accepted,if it weretheonly possibleway of escapefrom thedifficultiesof theYoun,~-Helmholtztheory. But thesedifficulties may be met by a theorywhich hasthe fol-lowing for its principal assumptions.

In its earliest stage of development,vision consistedof nothing but asensationof grey (if we use theword grey to coverthewholeseriesblack-grey-white). This sensationof grey wasbroughtaboutby theactionuponthenerve-endsof a certainchemicalsubstance,setfree in theretina undertheinfluenceof light. In thecourseof developmentof thevisual sense,themoleculeto be chemically decomposedbecameso dilThrentiatedas to becapableof losingonly a part of its excitingsubstanceatonce; threechem-ical constituentsof theexciterof thegrey-sensationcan thereforenow bepresentseparately(undertheinfluenceof threedifferent partsof thespec-trum respectively),and theyseverallycausethesensationsof red,greenandblue. But when all threeof thesesubstancesare presentat once, theyrecombineto producetheexciterof thegreysensation,andthusit happensthat the objectivemixing of three colors, in properproportions,givesasensationof no color atall, but only grey.

This theory is found, uponworking it out in detail, to avoidthe difficul-ties of thetheoriesof Helmholtzand of Hering.

Its assumptionof a separatechemicalprocessfor the productionof thesensationof grey gives it the samegreatadvantageover theYoung-Helm-holtz theorythatis possessedby thetheoryof Hering; it enThlesit, namely,to accountfor theremarkablefact that the sensationof grey exists unac-companiedby anysensationwhateverof color underthefive following setsof circui~stances—whenthe portion of theretina affected is very small,whenit is very far from thefovea,whentheillumination is very faint,whenit is very intense,and when the retina is that of a personwho is totallycolor-blind. This advantagemy theory attains by the perfectly naturaland simple assumptionof a partial decompositionof chemical molecules;that of Hering requiresus to supposethat sensationsso closely relatedasred andgreenare theaccompanimentsof chemicalprocessesso dissimilarasthebuilding np andthe tearingdownof photo-chemicalsubstances,andfarther that two complementarycolorscall forth photo-chemicalprocesseswhich destroy eachother, insteadof combinin... to producethe processwhich underliesthesensationof grey.

Of the first four of the aboveenumeratedcases,the explanationwillreadily suggestitself; in thecaseof thetotally color-blindit is simply thatthat differentiationof theprimitive moleculesby which theyhavebecomecapableof losingonly a part of their excitingsubstanceat onetime hasnottakenplace; the condition,in otherwords, is a condition of atavism. Inpartial color-blindness,and in the intermediatezones of the retina innormalvision, theonly colorsperceivedare yellow and blue. This wouldindicate that the substancewhich in its primitive condition excites thesensationof grey becomesin the first placedifferentiated into two sub-stances,the excitersof yellow and blue respectively,and that at a laterstageof developmenttheexciter of the sensationof yellow becomesagainseparatedinto two s~vbstanceswhich producerespectivelythe sensations

of red andof green. In thisway theunitary (non-mixed)characterof thesensationyellow is accountedfor by a three-colortheory ascompletelyasby a four-color theory. A three-colortheoryis rendereda necessityby thefact that it alone is reconcilablewith the resultsof Kdnig’s experimentsfor thedeterminationof the color-equationsof color-blind and of normaleyes,*experimentswhichfar exceedin accuracyanywhich have yet beenmadein color-vision, but which owing to the intricate characterof thetheoreticaldeductionsmadefrom them,have not hitherto beenallowedtheir due weightin theestimationof color theories.

The explanationwhich the theoryof Hering gives of after-imagesandof simultaneouscontrastare not explanationsatall, butmerelytranslationsof the facts into the languageof his theory. My theoryis able to dealwith them more satisfactorily; when red light, say, hasbeenactingupontheretina for sometime, manyof thephoto-chemicalmoleculeshave lostthat oneof their constituentswhich is the exciterof thered sensation butin this mutilated condition theyare exceedinglyunstable,and their othertwo constituents(the exciters of the sensationsof blue and of green)aregradually setfree; theeffect of this is that, while theeyesarestill openablue-greensensationis addedto theredsensationwith theresultof makingit graduallyfadeout into white,and,if theeyesare closed,thecauseof theblue-greensensationpersists until all the moleculesaffected are totallydecomposed. Thus the actualcourseof thesensationproducedby lookingata red object,—htsgradualfading out, in caseof careful fixation, and theappearanceof the complementarycolor if the illumination is diminishedorif theeyesareclosed—isexactlywhat theoriginal assumptionof apartialdecompositionof moleculeswould requireus to predict. The well-knownextremerapidity of thecirculation in theretinawould make it impossiblethat thepartlydecomposedmoleculesjustreferred to shouldremainwithintheboundariesof theportion of theretina in whichtheyni e firstproduced;and their completeddecomposition after they have passedbeyondtheseboundariesis thecauseof thecomplementarycolor-sensationwhichwe callsimultaneouscontrast. The spreadingof theactualcolor which succeedsitwould then beaccountedfor, as Helmholtz su,~gests,by a diffusionof thecoloredli~ht in thevariousmediaof theeye.

No effort hashithertobeenmadeto explaina veryremarkablefeatureinthestructureof theretina,—thefact that theretinal elementsareof twodifferent kinds,whichwe distinguish asrodsandcones. But this structurebecomesquite what onemight expect,if we supposethat therodscontaintheundevelopedmoleculeswhich give usthesensationof grey only, whiletheconescontainthecolor molecules,which causesensationsofgrey and ofcolor both. Thedistributionof therodsandconescorrespondsexactlywiththedistributionof sensitivenessto justperceptiblelight andcolorexcitationsasdeterminedby thevery carefulexperimentsof EugenFick.t

Two othertheoriesof light sensationhavebeenproposedbesidestheonewhich I have hereoutlined,eitheroneof which meetstherequirementsofa possibletheory farbetterthanthat of Hering orof Helmholtz; theyarethoseof Gdller~ andPonders. The formeris a physicaltheory. ThatofPondersis a chemicaltheory,andvery similar to theone~vhichI herepro-pose. Every chemicaltheorysupposesa tearing downof highly complexmolecules;Ponders’theory supposesin additionthat thetearing down inquestioncan take placein two successivestages. But Ponders’theoryisnecessarilya four-color theory; andDondershimself, although theexperi-mentsof Kdnig abovereferred to had not at that time beenmade,was sostrongly convincedof thenecessityof a three-colortheoryfor theexplana-tion ofsomeof thefactsof color-visionthat hesupplementedhis four-processtheoryin theretinawith athree-processtheoryin thehighercentres. Thedesirableness,therefore,of devisinga partial decompositionof moleculesofsucha nature that thefundamentalcolor-processesassnmedcan bethreeinnumberinsteadof four is apparent.

But thetheoryof Pondersis opento a still graverobjection. The mole-culesassumedby him must, in order to he capableof four different semi-dissociations,consistof at least eight different atomsor groupsof atoms.The red-greendissociationsand theyellow-bluedissociationswe maythenrepresentsymbolicallyby thesetwo diagramsrespectively:

*A. Kdnigund C. Dieterici, Sitzoagberi~d5derBert.Akad.vom 29.Juli, 1886.

t StudientiberLicht and Farbene,npfiuidung.Pfluiger’s Archiv, Bd. XLIV, s.441,1888.~DieAnalysederLichtwellen durelidasAuge. Dc Bsis-Reymoad’sArchiv,1889.

Noch ejumaldieFarben-systeme. Grdfe’sArehivfiir OpJahetmolegie,Bd. 30 (1),1884.

JUNE, 1893.] 109

JOHN~StIIOPIUNS

1~2

8 3

7 4

6i5

~~12 /

8 3

/ 65”’

But it will beobservedthatthetwo completeddissociationsend by havingsetfree differentcombinations; in theonecase1 is combinedwith 2 and intheothercase1 is combinedwith 8, etc. If, now, the partial dissociationsareso unlike asto causesensationsof yellow andblue(or of red and green)it is not probablethat completeddissociationswhich end in settiu freed?fferentchemical combinationsshould producethe same sensation,grey.The difficulty introducedby Ponders’theoryis therefore(asin thecaseofHering’stheory) as greatasthedifficulty sought to be removed. It is thedesireto securetheadvautagesofa partial dissociationtheory,without thedisadvantagesof the theoryof Dondersthat hasled meto devisea partialdissociationof moleculesof a differentkind. Thetheorywill befoundmoreexplicitly setforth in the nextnumberof theZeitschriftfiirPsycliologie.

In ProfessorScHROEDER’Srecentwork on theAlgebra of Logic (Vorles-ungenilber die Algebrader Logik, B. Schroeder,Leipzig, 1891—[the secondvolume is not wholly out yet]) ~43 is on Miss Ladd’srechneriseheBehand-lung der 16 gilitigen Modi. In this section he says (p. 228): “Es istdasVerdienst [of MissLadd] die gilltigen SyllogismenaufeinengemeinsamenAusdruckgebrachtzu haben,dieselbenauf eineWeisedie wir jetzt darlegenwollen, mit einereinzigen Formel zu begriinden In der Artwie dieseZuriickfiihrung nun ausgefiihrtwird (an der nochdie Boole’scheIDisziplin scheiterte)wird mannicht umhin ki5uneneinenganzerheblichenFortschrittzu erblicken p. 234. Ich hegedie Ueberzeugungdasses nicht m6glich sein wird, die Syllogistik jemalsin einer sehanerenWeisezu erledigen,alsasdurch Miss Ladd begriindet ist, wie wir vorste-bend darzustellenversuchthaben:in weniger als eine Formel lassendieSyllogismen sich zuverilissignicht komprimiren,und dabeian iDurchsich-tigkeit und Einfachheit die Formal A noch zu iibertreffen erscheintundenkbar.”

A NewTableof Standard Wave-Lengths. By HENRYA. ROWLAND.

[The April, 1893, numberof “Astronomy and Astro-Physics”contains“A NewTableofStandardWaveLengths” by ProfessorHenryA. Rowland.

ThosewhohavethePhotographicMap of tl~e SolarSpectrumby Profes-sorRowlandare advisedto securetbis tablewhich may be had from thepublishersof “Astronomy andAstro-Physics,”Northfield, Miun.

ProfessorRowland’sprefatorynoteis herewithreprinted.]

During the last ten years I have made many observationsof wave-lengths,and have publisheda preliminaryand a final tableof the wave-lengthsof severalhundredlines in the solarspectrum.

For the purposeof a new tableI have workedoverall my old observa-tions, besidesmanythousandnew ones,principallymadeon photographs,-and have added measurementsof metallic lines so asto make thenumberof standardsnearlyonethousand.

Nearlyall the new measurementshave been madeon a new measuringmachinewhose screwwas specially madeby my process* to correspond

* SeeEneyc.Bri4, Art. Screw.

with the platesand to measurewave-lengthsdirect with only a smallcorrection.

The new measuresweremadeby Mr. L. E. Jewell,who hasnow becomeso expertasto have the probableerror of onesettingaboutT~ divisionof Angstr6m, or 1 part in 5000000of the wave-len

0th. Many of theseobservations,however, being madewith different measuringinstruments,and before such experiencehad been obtained,have a greaterprobableerror. This is especiallytrue of those measurementsmade with eyeobservationson the spectrumdirect. The reductionsof the readingweremadeby myself.

Many gratingsof 6 in. diameterand 21~ ft. radiuswere used; and theobservationswereextendedover abouttenyears.

The standardwave-lengthwas obtainedas follows: Dr. Bell’s value ofP1 wasfirst slightly correctedandbecame5896.20. C. S. Peirce’svalueofthesame line wascorrectedas the result of somemeasurementsmadeonhis orating and became5896.20. The values of the wave-lengththenbecome

Weig1~t.1225

10

Observer. D.Angstrdm,correctedby Thalen 5895.81MOller & Kempf 5896.25Kuribaum 5895.90Peirce 5896.20Bell 5896.20

Mean 5896.156

As therelativevaluesaremoreimportantfor spectroscopicwork thantheabsolute,I takethisvaluewithoutfurther remark. It wasutilizedasfollows:

1st. By themethodof coincidenceswith theconcavegrating,the wave-lengthsof 14 morelines throughoutthevisible spectrumweredeterminedfrom this with greataccuracyfor primary standards.

2d. The solar standardswere measuredfrom oneendof the spectrumto the othermanytimes; and a curve of error drawn to correctto theseprimary standards.

3d. Flat gratingswerealsoused.4th. Measurementsof photographicplatesfrom 10 to 19 incheslong

were made. Theseplateshad upon them two portionsof the solarspec-trum of different orders. Thus the blue, violet and ultra-violet spectrawerecomparedwith the visible spectrum,giving manycheckson the firstseriesofstandards.

5th. Measurementsweremadeof photographicplateshavingthesolarspectrumin coincidencewith metallic spectra,oftenof threeorders,thusgiving therelativewave-lengthsof threepointsin thespectrum.

Often the sameline in theultra-violet had its wave-lengthdeterminedby two different routes back to two different lines of thevisible spectrum.The agreementof theseto TTS division of Angstriim in nearlyeverycaseshowedtheaccuracyof thework.

6th. Finally, the important lines had from 10 to 20 measurementsonthem,connectingthem with their neighborsand manypoints in thespec-trum, both visible and invisible; and the meanvaluesbound thewholesystemtogether so intimately that no changescould bemade in anypartwithout changingthewhole.

This uniqueway of working hasresultedin a tableof wave-lengthsfrom2100. to 7700whoseaccuracymight beestimatedasfollows:

Distribute lessthan ~ division of Angstrdm properly throughout thetableasa correction,andit will becomeperfectwithin thelimits 2400 and7000.

The above is only a sketchof the methodsused. The completedetailsof thework are readyfor publicationbut I have uot yet founda.nyjournalor societywilling to undertakeit.

UNIVERSITY CALENDAR.

The final Examinationsof Candidatesfor thedegreeof Doctor of Philoso-phybefore theBoardof University StudieswereheldMay 26—31.

The University Examinationsof UndergraduateStudentsbeganWed-nesday,May 24, andwill continueuntil Tuesday,June6.

The Matriculation Examinationswill beheld on Wednesday,Thursday,and Friday,June7, 5, 9, and on Monday,Tuesday,andWednesday,October2, 3, and 4.

Degreeswill beconferred,on thegraduatesof theyear,onTuesday,June13,at5p.m.

The eighteenthacademicyearbeginson Monday,October2, 1893.

TheAnnual Registerof theUniversity,andtIme UniversityCircular,No.107, containingannouncementsof thecoursesoffered for thenextacademicyear,maybehad on application.

110 [No. 106.

JUNE, 1893.] UNIVIM?SITY CII?CULAPS.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS.

A MEMIOIR ON THE GENUS SAILIPA.By W. K. BROOKS, Pn. D.

Professorof Zo6logyin the JohnsHopkins University.

The JohnsHopkinsPressannouncesfor earlypublicationa Memoir on the GenusSalpaby ProfessorMT. K. Brooks. It will containaboutthreehundredand fifty pagesquarto,with sixty coloredplates. Thememoiris basedfor the mostpartupon materialcollectedby the United StatesFish Commission.

TABLE OP CONTENTS.

PART 1.—A General Account of the Life History of Salpa.—ChapterI. Introductory. Chapter II. The Developmentof theSolitary Salpa from the Egg. ChapterIII. The Morphological Significanceof theSalpa Embryo. ChapterIV. The Origin otthe ProliferousStolen. ChapterV. TheTransformationof the Stolon into the SeriesAggregatedof Salpte.

PART 11.—TheSystematicAffinity of Salpain its relation to the Conditionsof Primitive PelagicLife; ThePhylogenyof theTunicata;and theAncestryof the Chordata.—ChapterVI. TheSystematicPositionof Salpa. ChapterVII. Salpa in its Relationto theEvolution of Life. ChapterVIII. The Origin of the Chordata,consideredin its Relationto PelagicInfluences.

PART 111.—A DescriptiveandCritical Discussionof the Asexualand Sexual Developmentof Salpa.—ChapterIX. The Origin andMaturationof theEgg of Salpa. ChapterX. Sex in Salpa. ChapterXI. Fertilizationand Segmentation. ChapterXII. TheFoetalMembranes. ChapterXIII. The Follicle. ChapterXIV. The Ontogenyof the Organsof Salpa.

PART IV.-—By M. M. Metcalf. The Eyeand Sub-neuralGlandof Salpa.

AdvanceOrders will now be received. The edition will be limited. The price is fixed at $7.50 net.

PROCEEDINGS OF’ SOCIETIES.Philological Association.

May 19.—Onehundredand twenty-seventhregularmeeting. ProfessorGildersleevein the chair. Thirty-threememberspresent.

Papersread:On theso-calledRoot-determinativesin theIndo-EnropeanLanguages,hy M. BLooM-

FsELn.TheSourceof Bojardo’sOrlandoInnamorato,hook ii, cantosvii—ix, andon theItalian

and Englishidiomsmeaning“to taketime by the forelock,” hy J. E. MATZKE.

Historical and Political ScienceAssociation.MeetingsApril 28 end May 19.

TheSeparationof Westvirginia, hy J. II. BRACKETT.TheStrugglefor Tolerationin virginia,by H. 11. MOIRwAIIeE.GontemporaryAmericanOpinionofthe FrenchRevolution,by C. D. HAZEN.

Baltimore Naturalists’ Field dab.May 9.

Malformationof leavesof Hepatica hy B. W. BARTON.

MORPHOLOGICAL NOTES:TheOrigin of the Organsof Salpa. By XV. K. BROOKS,TheNutrition ofthe SalpaEmbyro. By XV. K. BROOKS,On anapparentlyNew Speciesof Octacuemus.By M. M. METCALF, - - -

On theStomatopodaof the Albatrosscollections. By R.P. BIGELOW, - -

TheStomatopodaof Bimini. By R. P.BIOELow,cement-Glandsand Origin of Egg-Membranesin the Lobster. By F. H.

HERRICK,Podopsisa Larva ofStenopus. By F. H. HERRICK,TheBahamaAmphioxus. By. E. A. ANDREWS,TheFoodSupplyofthe Adult Oyster,etc. By J.P. LOTSY, - - - -

OntheToxic Substancesof the BacillusAmylivorus. By J.P. LOTSY, - -

TheOrigin ofthe Tetrasporaugiain Dasyaelegans. By B. W. BARTON, - -

Abnormalitiesof viola,by C. E. XVATERS.Noteson Marsillia Pond,hy E. A. ANDREWS.

Physical Seminary.Measurementsof High andLow Temperatures,by A. P. PORTER.AtmosphericElectricity,by W. C. DAY.Metallic Redaction,hy W. J.RAYSIOND.

YoussyMen’s Christian Associatioss.April 24.—Members’Reception.May 23.—FinalMeeting of the Year.May 26.—Lastobservanceof MorningPrayerfor the AcademicYear.

A friend of the Associationhasrecentlygivento its lihrary 60 volumes,incinding thecambridge Bible, the Expositor’s Bible, Julian’s Dictionaryof Hymnology, Stanley’sHistory of the Jewishchurch and othervolumesof interestand importanceto biblicalstudents. Gifts havealsobeenreceivedfrom Mrs. MargaretWoods Lawrenceof Balti-more,and Mr. XV. J.Rivers,formerly of Southcarolina.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

939795

100102

103104104104105103

PAGE.TheFormationof BlastostyleBuds on the ReproductiveOrgansof Epenthesis

MeCradyl. By C. P. SInEEroos, 106On Polyclonia frondosa. By R.P. BIGELoW, 106

GENERAL SCIENTIFIC NOTES:On theProtevangelium. By PAUL HAUPT, 107OnK. 54. By C. JOHNSTON, 105MessianicPsalms. By D. G.STEVENS,JR., 105A NewTheory of Light Sensation.By C. L. FRANKLIN, 105A New TableofStandardXVave Lengths. By H.A. ROWLAND, - - - 110

A MONOGRAPH ON THE GENUS SALPA: Announcement, 111

PROCEEDINGSOF SOCIETIES, illSACRED BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT IN HEBREW: Announcement, - - 112

111

fOlINS HOPKINS UNIVERSITYCIRCULARS. [No. 106.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS.

IRE SACRED BOOKS OF THE OLD IESIA~IENT IN HEBREW.A NEW CRITICAL EDITION PREPARED BY EMINENT SCHOLARS OF EUROPE AND AMERICA UNDER THE EDITORIAL

DIRECTION OF PROFESSOR PAUL IIAUPT, PH. D.

Thefirst part of this newcritical edition, containingtheBOOKOF JOB, with Notes by ProfessorC. Siegfried,of the Universityof Jena, is now ready. Thereis an English translation of theNotes by ProfessorIR. E. Briinnow, of Heidelberg. This part~vill be sent,postagepaid,for onedollar.

Thepartconsistsof fifty-two pages—twenty-sevenof thesebeingthe Hebrew text printed in three colors—red,greenand blue,illustrating the compositestructureof thebook, as statedbelow.Twenty-onepagescontaincritical notesgiving the reasonsfor theemendationsintroducedinto thetext. Thereis alsoaconcordanceshowingthecorrespondencebetweenthe traditional orderandthenewarrangementadopted. The poetic portions of the Hebrewtext arearrangedin lines in doublecolumns. The text has beenleft unpointedexceptin ambiguouscases.

The printing in colors is done accordingto a new processin-ventedby ProfessorHaupt. The passagesprinted in differentcolorsarenot printedwith differentinks, but areplacedin blocksof different colorsso that theclearblacktypeappearson acoloredback-ground. In this way it is possibleto use light transparentcolorswhich can be easilydistinguishedevenby artificial light,without impairing theneatnessandlegibility of theprinted text.

The edition will be printed by the firm of J. C. Hinrichs ofLeipsic, in the best style of typography,and each of the partswill be well bound.

The whole work will consist of twenty parts. Through themunificenceof a gentlemanwho placed$5,000at the disposal oftheeditor,the individual partswill be sold at thenominal prices,—$1.00to $1.50 each.

Therewill also be an edition in quarto, limited to 100 copies,printed on hand-madeDutch paper.

The edition will be found especiallyuseful for the class-room,as it givesin abriefand distinct form thecritical analysisof thebook in question. It will also beveryserviceablefor exercisesinreadingunpointedHebrew. The critical noteswill prove a~ mostvaluable guide for the study of the Ancient Versions,which isthe basisof all textualcriticism. The newarrangementas wellastheprinting in colorswill maketheBook of Job more intelli-gible even to thosestudentsof theBible who haveno knowledgeof thesacredtongue.

Subscriptionswill be receivedfor the wholework or for the sepa-rateparts asissued.

THE JOHNSHOPKINS PRESSof Baltimore, Maryland, are thesole Americanagentsfor thework, andordersandcorrespondenceshould be addressedas above.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS EDITION.

Genesis: C.J. Ball (London).Exodus: HerbertE. Ryle (Cambridge).Leviticus: S. R.Driver and H. A. White (Oxford).Numbers: J. A. Paterson(Edinburgh).Deuteronomy:Geo.A. Smith (Aberdeen).Joshua:W. H. Bennett(London).Judges:Geo.F. Moore (Andover).Samuel: C. Budde(Strassburg).Kings: B. Stade(Giessen)andF. Seliwally (Grossgerau).Isaiah: T. K. Cheyne (Oxford).Jeremiah:C. H. Cornill (K6nigsberg).Ezekiel: C. H. Toy (Cambridge,Mass).Hosea:A. Socin (Leipzig).Joel: FrancisBrown (New York).Amos: JohnTaylor (Keswick).Obadiah: AndrewHarper (Melbourne,Australia).Jonah:FriedrichDelitzsch(Leipzig).Micah: J. F.McCurdy (Toronto).Nahum: Alfred Jeremias(Leipzig).Habakkuk: W. H. Ward (New York).Zephaniah:E. L. Curtis (New Haven).Haggai: G. A. Cooke(Oxford).Zechariah:W. B. Harper (Chicago).Malachi: C. G. Montefioreand I. Abrahams(London).Psalms: J. Weilbausen(Marburg).Proverbs:A. MUller (Halle).Job: C. Siegfried (Jena).Songof Songs:RussellMartinean(London).Ruth: C. A. Briggs (New York).Lamentations: MI. Jastrow,Jr. (Philadelphia).Ecclesiastes:PaulHaupt (Baltimore).Esther:T. K. Abbott (Dublin).Daniel: A. Kamphausen(Bonn).Ezra: H GuthNehemiah: . e (Leipzig).Chronicles:R. Kittel (Breslau).

JOURNALS, ETC., ISSUED BY THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS.I. American Journal of Mathematics. S. NEWcOMB, Editor, and

T. CRAiG, AssociateEditor. Quarterly. 4to. Volume XV in pro-gress. $5 per volume.

II. American Chemical Journal. I. REMSEN, Editor. S nos. yearly.8vo. VolumeXV in pro~ress. $4 per volume.

III. American Journal of Philology. B. L. GILDERSLEEvE,Editor.Quarterly. 8vo. Volume XIV in progress. 3 per volume.

IV. Studies from the Biological Laboratory. H. N. MARTIN, andW. K. BROOKS, Editors. 8vo. Volume V in progress. $5 pervolume.

V. Studies in History andPolitics. H. B. ADAMS, Editor. Monthly.8vo. Vol. XI in progress; 3 per volume. Twelve extravolumesofthis seriesarealso ready.

VI. Johns Hopkins University Circulars. 4to. Monthly. Vol.Xtl in progress. $1 per year.

VII. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin. 4to. Monthly. VolumeIV in progress. $1 peryear.

VIII. JohnsHopkinsHospitalReports. 4to. VolumeIII inprogress.$5per volume.

IX. Contributions to Assyriology, etc. Vol. II in progress.X. MorphologicalMonographs. W. K. BRooKs,Editor. 4to. Cloth,

$7.50. Vol. II in press.XI. Annual Report of the Johns Hopkins University. Presented

by the Presidentto theBoard of Trustees.XII. Annual Registerof the Johns Hopkins University. Giving

the list of officers andstudents,andStatingtheregulations,etc.

112

The Johns Hopkins Uaiversity Girculars are issued monthly. Theyare printed by Messrs.JOHN MURPHY & CO., No. 44 WestBaltimore Street,Baltimore,from whom single copiesmay be obtained; they may also be procuredfrom Messrs. GUSHING & GO., No. 34 WestBaltimore Street,Baltimore.Ssbscriptions$1.00a year, may be addressedto THE JOHNSHOPKINS PRESS,BALTIMORE; single copieswill be sent by mail for ten centseach.