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Odd one out
• Tibia – Ulna – Fibula – Femur
• Skull – ribs – pelvis – vertebral column
• Humerus – clavicle – sternum – phalanges
• Tibia – tarsals – fibula – talus
• Femur – humerus – ulna - patella
Name me…
Mineral storage
Movement
Protection
Blood cell production
Support
…the five functions of the skeletal system
Articular
White fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
…the 3 different types of cartilage
Radius
Ulna
…all the articulating bones of the radio-ulna joint
Carpals
Radius
Ulna
…all the articulating bones of the wrist joint
Femur
Tibia
…all the articulating bones of the knee joint
Glenoid fossa of Scapula
Head of Humerus
…all the articulating bones of the shoulder joint
Femur
Tibia
…all the articulating bones of the knee joint
Key terms – body positionsSelect from the words below to complete the following sentences
• The sternum is ………………………………………. to the scapula• The scapula is ………………………………………. to the clavicle• The thoracic region of the vertebral column is
…………………………………. to the lumbar region• The tibia is …………………………………….. to the femur• The vertebral column is …………………………………. to the
humerus • The phalanges are ……………………………………… to the
pelvis
Medial Superior Posterior
Anterior Lateral Inferior
Review Quiz 1
The Skeletal System
In silence complete all 10 questions
No conferring with others!!
All books and notes out of sight!!
Answers1. Axial - Any 2 from: Skull/cranium, vertebrae, ribs
Appendicular – Any 2 bones other than skull/cranium, vertebrae, ribs
2. Movement, support, mineral storage, blood cell production and protection
3. Patella
4. Epiphysis
5. Articular (hyaline) cartilage
6. Humerus, radius, ulna
7. Carpals, radius, ulna
8. Femur, tibia
9. Talus, tibia, fibula
10. Head of femur and accetabulam of the pelvis
Grading
• <4/10 <40% U
• 4/10 40% E
• 5/10 50% D
• 6/10 60% C
• 7/10 70% B
• 8/10+ 80%+ A
Today’s learning objectives
To know and understand:
• The structural and functional characteristics of a synovial joint
• The range of movement of synovial joints
Be able to:
• Identify the main muscles groups of the muscular system
Today’s learning objectives
• Complete the following columns of the movement analysis table for each of the joints....– Joint type– Articulating bones
Classification of Joints
• Fibrous • No movement• Most stable
• Cartilaginous• Little movement• Stable
• Synovial• Free movement• Least stable
Give an example for each type of joint
Mostly located in axial
skeleton
Mostly located in appendicular
skeleton
Synovial joints
1. Ball and socket joint
2. Hinge joint
3. Condyloid joint
4. Saddle joint
5. Gliding joint
6. Pivot joint
Synovial joints• Name the 6 types of synovial joints
Condyloid Gliding Pivot Ball & socket
Hinge Saddle
Wrist Spine (between the bony
processes of the
vertebral discs)
Radio-ulnar
Atlas and axis (C1
& C2) (neck)
Hip
Shoulder
Elbow
Knee
Ankle
Thumb
TASK
• Complete the following columns of the movement analysis table for each of the joints....– Joint type– Articulating bones
Synovial joint structure - knee
Femur
Tibia
Patella
Tendon
Cruciate ligaments
Articular cartilage
Synovial fluid within synovial cavity
Bursa
Bursa
Meniscus
Pad of fat Ligament
Joint capsule
Quadriceps
Synovial membrane
Key features - NEW
• Bursa – A flattened fibrous sac lined with synovial fluid– Prevents friction at sites where ligaments, muscles, tendons and
bones might rub together
• Meniscus– White fibrocartilage that improves the fit between adjacent bone
ends– Make joint more stable and reduces wear and tear between joint
surfaces
• Pad of fat– Fatty pad that provides cushioning between the fibrous capsule
and a bone or muscle
Structure of a synovial joint
Features that improve STABILITY
Features that improve MOBILITY
Ligament
Meniscus
Joint capsule
Articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
Bursa
Structure of a synovial joint
• Complete the table to show the name, definition and function of each part of the synovial joint.
STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
Joint feature Structure Function
Joint Capsule
Discs of fibro-cartilage
Synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Articular cartilage
Bursa
Ligaments
Pads of fat
Meniscus
Fibrous tissue encasing the joint Forming a capsule around the joint adds stability
C-shaped rims of fibrocartilage Acts as shock absorbers
A fluid that fills the joint capsuleNourishes and lubricates the articular cartilage
Lines the joint capsule Secretes synovial fluid
Covers the articulating surfaces of the bones
Prevents friction between the ends of bones
White fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone
By securing the bones of joints together it adds significantly to joint stability
A sac filled with synovial fluid located between tendons/ligaments and bones
To reduce friction where tendons, ligaments, muscle or bones might rub together
Fatty tissue located between fibrous capsule and bone or muscle
Provides a cushion between the joint capsule and the bone/muscle
Wedges of fibrocartilage found between bones
Stabilises joint by improving the fit between bones. Reduces wear & tear
Specimen paper 2000
Explain the differences in flexibility measurements given for the shoulder joint and the hip joint in terms of….
(i) the structure of the joint;(ii) the difference between swimmers
and gymnasts.
Ball and socket jointsUse your understanding of the structure of the
shoulder and hip joints to explain which allows the greatest range of movement
The hip joint
Shoulder Joint
• The socket on the scapula (glenoid fossa) is small and shallow making the joint less stable
• The joint capsule is very loose (allowing seperation between the two bones) allowing more movement
• The head of the humerus is rounded but not as ball-like as the head of the femur, therefore it does not sit as deeply into the glenoid fossa
• The shoulder joint is stabilised by the rotator cuff muscles but these are not as strong as the muscles surrounding the hip.
• It is relatively easy to dislocate a shoulder
Hip joint
• The socket on the pelvis (acetabulum) is deep and cup-like in shape making the joint more stable
• A rim of fibrocartilage adds depth to the acetabulum, adding to stability
• The head of the femur is very spherical and fits snugly into the acetabulum
• The joint is supported by 5 strong ligaments
• The hip joint is surrounded by large muscle groups that aid stability, e.g. Gluteus maximus
• It is relatively difficult to dislocate the hip
Specimen paper 2000
Explain the differences in flexibility measurements given for the shoulder joint and the hip joint in terms of….
(i) the structure of the joint;(ii) the difference between swimmers
and gymnasts.
Specimen paper 2000
(b) 1 mark for each of• The glenoid fossa at the shoulder joint is very shallow and allows
more movement than the hip• The acetabelum on the hip joint is quite deep giving more
stability and less movement.• The muscles and connective tissue surrounding the shoulder
joint are less restrictive than the hip as stability is not essential• Any relevant comment regarding the difference in technique for
swimmers or gymnasts• Any relevant comment concerning training for swimmers or
gymnasts
[max 4]
Exam question – Jan 2008
Identify two structures of a synovial joint and describe the role of one of these structures during physical performance
(3 marks)
Exam question – May 2005
Identify two structures of the hip joint and describe the role of each structure during physical performance
(4 marks)
Types of movement
• What type of movements do we already know?
– Flexion– Extension– Abduction– Adduction– Rotation
Horizontal flexion
Horizontal extension
Lateral flexion
Circumduction
Pronation
Supination
Dosiflexion
Plantar flexion
Flexion & Extension
• Flexion – makes a body part move in a forwards direction from the anatomical position
• Extension – makes a body part move in a backwards direction from the anatomical position
• Except the knee joint! Flexion = lower leg moves backwards
Type of movementsFlexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
Horizontal flexion
Horizontal extension
Lateral flexion
Pronation
Supination
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Memory aids
• Horizontal flexion/extension – Fingers are already pointing to the horizon
• Abduction – Being taken ‘away’ from or ‘abducted’
• Supination– Holding a bowl of soup ‘soupination’ = palms
upwards
• Plantar flexion – P for plantar and P for pointed feet
Practical task – on your feet….
Find a position in which all the major joints in your body are flexed
TASK
• In the table, match the type of movement to the correct definition
Movement analysis table
• Complete the ‘Movement allowed’ column of your movement analysis table
Key terms – body positions
1. Flexion of the wrist
2. Extension of the wrist
3. Flexion of the elbow
4. Extension of the elbow
5. Flexion of the spine
6. Extension of the spine
7. Flexion of the hip
8. Extension of the hip
9. Flexion of the knee
10.Extension of the knee
11. Horizontal flexion of the shoulder
12. Horizontal extension of the shoulder
13. Abduction of the shoulder
14. Adduction of the shoulder
15. Abduction of the hip
16. Adduction of the hip
17. Rotation of the shoulder
18. Rotation of the hip
19. Circumduction of the shoulder
20. Lateral flexion of the spine
For each of the actions below, give at least one sporting action that demonstrates the movement
Movement analysisLook at the pictures and identify what movement
actions are taken place at each joint
Muscles
• Label one person in your group with all the muscles you can remember
PectoralsDeltoids
Biceps
Abdominals
Quadriceps Hamstrings
Latissimus Dorsi
Trapezius
Triceps
Gastrocnemius
Gluteals
Front View Back View
Major Voluntary Muscles
Skip to labelled diagram
Muscles• Triceps brachii• Biceps brachii• Deltoid• Trapezius• Latissimus dorsi• Gluteus maximus• Gastrocnemius• Soleus• Pectoralis minor• Pectoralis major• Rectus abdominus• Erector spinae group• Wrist extensors• Wrist flexors• Iliopsoas
• Gluteus medius• Gluteus minimus• Internal obliques• External obliques• Pronator teres• Supinator• Tibialis anterior• Biceps femoris• Semitendinosus• Semimembranosus• Rectus femoris• Vastus lateralis• Vastus medialis• Vastus intermedius
Hamstrings
Quadriceps