k` hf-cp∂p · ltZmkp hgn tdma≥ A[oiXzambn cq]m¥cs∏SpØnsb¶nepw AXns\mcp Xncn®Snbp≠mbn....

$Page 1: k` hf-cp∂p · ltZmkp hgn tdma≥ A[oiXzambn cq]m¥cs∏SpØnsb¶nepw AXns\mcp Xncn®Snbp≠mbn. AXmbncp∂p 1653˛se Iq\≥Ipcnip kXyw {]ISn∏n®Xv. B kw`hsØ XpS¿∂p k` c≠mbn$
Znhy-t_m-[\w ]ªn-t°-j≥kvtkm^nbm sk‚¿

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv skan-\mcn

tIm´bw - 686 001

hne: 40.00

^m. tUm. hn. kn. iap-th¬

k` hf-cp∂p(`mcX k`m-N-cnX ]th-inI)

Znhy-t_m-[\w KŸm-hen 2

SABHA VALARUNNU(An Introduction to Indian Church History)

Fr. Dr. V. C. Samuel, M. A., B. D., S. T. M., Ph.D (Yale)

Published by : Divyabodhanam PublicationsOrthodox Seminary, P.B. 98, Kottayam

Ph: 0481 - 2566 526, 2568 083

Copyright reserved

First Published : July 1984

Second Edition : March 1991

Third Edition : August 1999

Fourth Edition : November 2007

Number of copies : 3000

Available at : Orthodox Seminary and Other Christian Bookshops

D.T.P. : Sophia Print House, Kottayam Ph: 0481 - 3255054

Printing : Udaya Offset Press, Kottayam Ph: 0481 - 2567370

Price: Rs. 40/-

(Malayalam)

]kvXm-h\

k`mw-K-ßƒ°p-th≠n Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv sshZnI skan-\mcn Ah-

X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp hnizmk ]cn-io-e-\-]-≤-Xn-bmWv Znhyt_m[\w.

Ignhpw Xm¬]-cy-hp-ap≈ B¿°pw kvXo]pcpj t`Z-sat\y Cu

]≤-Xn-bn¬ tNcmw.

k`-bpsS hnizmkw Adn-bp-∂-Xn\pw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw ASpØ

Xe-apdbv°p ]I¿∂psImSp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Npa-Xe sshZn-I¿°p

amX-ap≈X√. k` apgphs‚bpw IqSn-bp≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzam-Wn-Xv.

Afl-mb-°m-cmb kvXoIƒ°pw ]pcp-j-∑m¿°pw hfsc henb ]¶m-

Wp-≈Xv, Cu Npa-Xe Imcy-£-a-ambn \n¿hln°p-∂-Xn¬.

bp‡n-Nn-¥-bpsS Cu Imeßfn¬ kXy-hn-izmkw \ne-\n¿Ø-

W-sa-¶n¬, Bcm-[-\-bnepw kXy-Ønepw kvt\l-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-

X-amb Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizm-ksØ _p≤n-]-cambn°qsS kzmb-

Ø-am-t°-≠p-∂-bm-hiyw k`mw-K-ßƒs°-√m-h¿°p-ap-≠v.

]tXy-In®pw kt≠-kvIqƒ A≤ym-]-I¿, a¿Ø-a-dnbw kamP

]h¿Ø-I¿, bph-P\ ]ÿm-\-Ønepw hnZym¿∞n ]ÿm-\-Ønepw

t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂-h¿, apX-emb t\XrXz \nc-bn-ep≈ Aflm-b¿°v

hnizm-k-]-T\w ]tXy-I-ambn Bhiyam-Wv.

`‡n-tbmSpw hniz-mk-tØmSpwIqSn-bp≈ kXym-cm-[-\bpw InkvXp-

hns‚ a\pjykvt\l-Øns‚ aq¿Øo-I-c-W-hp-amWv k`-bpsS c≠p

][m\ Npa-X-e-Iƒ. Ch c≠pw icn-bmbn \n¿h-ln-°-W-sa-¶n¬

k`m-]m-c-º-cy-Ønse KmVamb D]-cn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ Xmgv∂ ]SnI-

fn-te-s°-¶nepw hnizm-kn-Iƒ IS-∂p-h-cmsX, hnizm-k-Im-cy-ßƒ

sshZn-I¿°p -am-X-ambn hn´p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xp Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ]mc-

º-cy-Øn\p \nc-°m-Ø-Xm-Wv. aqtdm\`n-tj-Iw-aqew ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-

hns\ ]m]n®n-´p≈ F√m kXyhnizm-kn-Iƒ°pw, Bcm-[-\-bnepw

a\pjytkh-\-Ønepw IqSn-bp≈ Xß-fpsS InkvXob [¿a\n¿∆l-

W-Øn\v Cu ]≤Xn klm-b-I-ambnØoc-s´. ssZh-Øns‚ ]cn-ip-

≤m-flmhv \ΩpsS kvt\lw \nd™ P\ßsf Xs‚ ]tXyI

IcpW-bm¬ ISm-£n®v Ah¿°p Znhy-t_m-[\w \¬Im≥ Cu

]≤Xn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-am-dm-Is´.

tUm. ]utemkv am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏meoØm(]kn-U‚ v, Znhy-t_m-[\w tIµ-°-Ωn‰n)

tIm´bw

20 ˛ 12 ˛ 1983

4 k` hf-cp∂p

BapJw

ssIkvXhk` C¥ybn¬ Fßs\ kamKXambn, GXp hn[-

Øn¬ hf¿∂p, AXns‚ C∂sØ \nesb¥v? `mcXk`sb∏‰n

Cu tNmZyßƒ BcpwXs∂ D∂bn°mhp∂XmWv. Chbv°pØcw

\¬IØ°hn[w `mcX k`mNcnXw ]cma¿int°≠Xp≠v. AXn-

te°p≈ Hcp eLpbXv\amWv Cu ]kn≤oIcWw Dƒs°m≈p-

∂Xv.

16˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ t]m¿´pKokpIm¿ Z£ntW¥y kzm[o\am°nb

AhkcØn¬ Ah¿ tIcfØnsemcp k`bpambn CSs]´p. B k`-

bpsS B ImeØn\p apºp≈ ÿnXn, B \q‰m≠nepw AXn\p-

tijhpw ae¶ck`bnep≠mb hn`P\ßƒ, ]m›mXy anj\dn

]h¿Ø\waqew tIcfØnepw C¥ybpsS a‰p `mKßfnepw cq]w-

sIm≠ kÌƒ, BZnbmbhbpsS NcnXw ChnsS Npcp°ambn ]Xn-

]mZn°p∂p.

c≠p hmeyßfnembn´mWp `mcXk`mNcnXw ]kn≤oIcn°p-

hm\pt±in°p∂Xv. Ahbnsem∂matØXmWv Cu KŸw. CXn¬

]Xns\´mw \q‰m≠ns‚ a≤yL´w hscbp≈ C¥y≥ k`mNcnXw

ASßp∂p. 19˛Dw 20˛Dw \q‰m≠pIfnse NcnXw ASpØ hmeyØn¬

Dƒs∏SpØp∂XmWv.

ae¶ck`bpsS ]q¿h NcnXw ASnÿm\am°n aq∂p \ne]mSp-

Iƒ Ahew_n°p∂ KŸImc∑mcp≠v. Ahbnsem∂v Cu k`

BZnaImew apX¬ tdma≥ ItØmen°m k`bpsS `mKambncp∂p

F∂p hmZn°p∂p. an° tdma≥ ItØmen°m NcnXImc∑m¿t]mepw

\ncmIcn°p∂ Cu hmZKXnsb Cu KŸhpw kzoImcyambn IcpXp-

∂n√. c≠maXv, tdma≥ ItØmen°m k`bpambp≈ _‘w k`-

bpsS km[pXbv°Xy¥mt]£nXsa∂p \njvI¿jn°p∂ ASnÿm-

\Øn¬ 17˛mw \q‰m≠p apXep≈ ae¶ck`bnse hn`P\sØ

ho£n°p∂h¿. Cu BibKXnbpw ChnsS AwKoIcn°p∂n√.

aq∂maXv, ae¶ck` ]q¿hImew apX¬Xs∂ At¥ymIybpsS

A[oiXzw XØzØn¬ kzoIcn®ncp∂p F∂ hmZw. CXpw Igºp-

≈Xmbn ChnsS ]cnKWn°p∂n√. ae¶ck`bv°p 16˛mw \q‰m≠p

hsc t]¿jy≥ k`bpambpw ]n∂oSp tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bp-

ambpw _‘ap≠mbn. Chbnsem∂masØ _‘w ]pcmX\Imew

apX¬ \nehn¬ h∂Xpw Cu C¥y≥ k`bv°p ]uckvXyk`m

5k` hf-cp∂p

kz`mhw kºmZn®p sImSpØXpamWv. c≠masØ _‘tam, 16˛mw

\q‰m≠n¬ t]m¿´pKokpImcpsS BKa\sØ XpS¿∂p amXw \ne-

hn¬ h∂p. F∂m¬ AXns\ 1599˛¬ tKmhmbnse B¿®v_nj∏v

_eap]tbmKn®pw A\[nIrXambpw \SØnb DZbwt]cq¿ kp∂-

ltZmkp hgn tdma≥ A[oiXzambn cq]m¥cs∏SpØnsb¶nepw

AXns\mcp Xncn®Snbp≠mbn. AXmbncp∂p 1653˛se Iq\≥Ipcnip

kXyw ]ISn∏n®Xv. B kw`hsØ XpS¿∂p k` c≠mbn ]ncn™p.

Ahbnsem∂p tdma≥ ItØmen°mk`bpsS `mKambn XpScp∂p.

at‰Xp ]e sshjayßfpw XcWw sNbvXp ItaWbmbn At¥ym-

Iy≥ kpdnbm\nk`bpambp≈ thgvNbn¬ FØn. ]uckvXyk`m

kz`mhw, ae¶ck`sb kzbio¿jIXzhpw kzbm[njvTnXhpamb

tZiobk`bmbn hfcphm\mWv, At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\n°mcpsS

tZiobk`bnsemcp `mKambnØocphm\√ klmbnt°≠Xv. Cu

shfn®w ae¶ck` C∂p ImWp∂p.

C¥ybnse k` as‰mcp tZitØbpw k`bpsS `mKambn´√ hf-

tc≠Xv. C¥y≥ kmlNcyØn¬ amXamWv. CXnte°v C¥ybn¬

kÌƒ XΩn¬ ]ckv]c [mcWbpw kmtlmZcy _‘hpap≠m-

IWw. AXn\p k`mNcnX]T\w klmbIamIWw.

Cu sNdpKŸw D]tbmKn°p∂h¿°v CXp ]tbmP\Icambn-

Øocs´ F∂p≈ lm¿±hamb BiwktbmsS,

KŸI¿Ømhv

3˛7˛1984

6 k` hf-cp∂p

D≈-S°w

]kvXm-h\ 3

BapJw 4

bqWn-‰v 1

Bcw-`hpw hntZ-i-_-‘hpw

1. Cu KŸ-sØ-∏‰n 8

2. ]pcm-X\Ime-ß-fnse tIcfw 12

3. am¿tØmΩm«olmbpw C¥y≥k-`bpw 16

4. "C¥y' F∂ t]cns‚ hym]vXnbpw AXp-aq-e-ap≈

Bi-b-°p-g∏hpw 22

5. C¥y≥k-`-bpsS t]¿jy≥_‘w 30

6. tIcf InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ]q¿∆-Imeßfnse

kmaq-ly-\nehmcw 39

bqWn‰v 2

6 apX¬ 16 hsc \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse NcnXw

1. t]¿jy≥k`bpw AXnse ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-]-\hpw 46

2. t]¿jy≥ tcJ-Iƒ F¥p ]d-bp∂p? 55

3. t]¿jy≥ k`bpw s\kvtXm-dnb≥ hnizm-khpw 63

4. C¥y≥k`-bpsS ]uckvXy k`m_‘w 71

5. t]¿jy≥ Ipcn-ip-Iƒ 79

6. Nne BNm-c-ßfpw hnizm-k-]-c-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw 82

7k` hf-cp∂p

bqWn‰v 3

ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS t]m¿´p-Kokv _‘w

1. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS BK-a\w 88

2. 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse t]¿jy≥k-`bpw ae-¶-c-k-`bpw 96

3. ]m›m-Xy-an-j-Wdn ]h¿Ø\w aqe-ap-≠mb C¥y≥k` 105

4. 16-˛Dw 17-˛Dw 18˛Dw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse tIc-f-Øns‚

cmjvSobÿnXn 114

5. DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv 118

6. PkznØ-cpsS `cWw 125

bqWn‰v 4

am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ c≠p Xń¬

1. 1653-˛se hnπhw 132

2. tXm¬hnsb t\cn-Sp-hm-\p≈ tdmans‚ bXv\-ßƒ 140

3. ae-¶-c-k` hn`-Pn-X-am-Ip∂p 147

4. am¿tØmΩm _nj-∏-∑m¿ 155

5. tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bp-ambn

tN¿∂ kpdn-bm-\n- InkvXym-\n-Iƒ 165

6. D]-kw-lmcw 171

KŸ kqNnI 179

8 k` hf-cp∂p

bqWn-‰v 1

Bcw- hpw hntZ-i-_-‘hpw

]mTw 1

Cu KŸ-sØ-∏‰n

]mcw`w ae-¶-c- kp-dn-bm\nk` ]m›mXy anj≥ At¥ym-

Iy≥ _‘-a-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ hmZw KŸw D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠

hn[w

(a) ]mcw`w

Cu KŸØns‚ BZy]mTØn¬ CXns‚ D≈S°amkv]Zam°n

Hcp sNdp hnhcWw tN¿°pIbmWv. ae¶ck`bpsS Bcw`w, 16˛mw

\q‰m≠phsc t]¿jy≥ k`m_‘Øn¬ AXp \ne\n∂ hkvXpX-

bv°m[mcambn Nq≠n°mWn°mhp∂ sXfnhpIƒ, AXn\ptijap-

≠mb t]m¿´pKokp ta[mhnXzwhgn kw`hn® tdma≥ ItØmen°m-

_‘w, AXn\p≠mb Xncn®Sn, ae¶ck`bpsS hn`P\w, Cu hnj-

bßsf√mw CXn¬ ]cma¿in°p∂p. Chbv°pw ]pdta, 16˛mw \q‰m-

≠nepw 17˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ a≤yL´w hscbpw ]m›mXy anj\dnam-

cpsS ]h¿Ø\êambn \nehn¬h∂ k`m hf¿®bpw CXn¬ Npcp-

°ambn hnhcn°p∂p.

(b) ae¶c kpdnbm\nk`

`mcXk`mNcnXw ]cma¿in°ptºmƒ BZyambn IW°nseSp-

t°≠Xp ae¶ck`sbbmWv. "am¿tXmΩm InkvXym\nIƒ', "kpdn-

bm\n InkvXym\nIƒ' Fs∂√mw t]cp≈ tIcfØnse InkvXym-

\nIƒ ]pcmX\Imew apX¬ C¥ybpsS sXt° tImWn¬ A[nh-

kn°p∂p. tbipInkvXphns‚ injy∑mcnsemcmfmb am¿tXmΩm-

«olm InkvXm_vZw 1˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ a≤yØn¬ tIcfØnemKX-

\mbn AhnsS Hcp k`mhn`mKØn\p cq]w sImSpØp F∂Xp kpi-

‡amb ]mcºcyØne[njvTnXatX. tIhew ]mcºcyw amXa√,

]pcmX\Imew apX¬ C¥ybn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂ Hcp ]_e

ssIkvXhkapZmbw AXns‚ Bcw`w am¿tØmΩm \n¿hln®

thebpsS êamWp Xßsf∂p hnizkn®p hcpIbpw sNøp∂p.

At∏mkvtXmes‚ ]h¿Ø\êambpw AXn\ptijhpw C¥y-

bpsS a‰p Nne `mKßfnepw k` ]Ncn®ncp∂Xmbn ]mcºcyap≠v.

9k` hf-cp∂p

F∂m¬ B kaqlßƒ Zo¿L \q‰m≠pIƒ \o≠p\n∂n√. tIcf-

Ønse k`bpsS ÿnXn AX√. hfsc A[nIw tijnbp≈ kmap-

ZmbnI PohnXw AXp ]pe¿Øn°gnbp∂p.

16˛mw \q‰m≠phscbpw H∂mbn \ne\n∂ Cu k` AXn\ptijw

]e hn`P\ßƒ°pw hnt[bambn. B \q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw`Øn¬

Xs∂bp≠mb t]m¿´pKokpImcpsS BKa\hpw cmjvSobm[n]-

Xyhpw tIcfØnse am¿tØmΩm InkvXym\nIsf KpcpXcambn

_m[n®p. 1599˛¬ \S∂ DZbwt]cq¿ kp∂ltZmkphgn t]m¿´pKokp

k`mta[mhnIƒ Cu k`sb BIam\w AhcpsS `cWkwhn[m\-

Øn\p hnt[bambn AXnka¿∞ambhn[w tdma≥ ItØmen°m-

k`bn¬ ebn∏n®p. F∂m¬ Ac\q‰m≠n\ptijw AXn\p KpcpXc-

amb Hcp ]XnIcWap≠mbn. AXpaqew tIcfØnse InkvXym\n-

Iƒ tdma≥ ItØmen°m_‘Ønepw, k`mkzmX¥yw ]pe¿Øn

]uckvXy k`m kz`mhØn¬ \ne\n¬°phm≥ A`nejn®pw Ign-

bp∂ c≠p tNcnIfmbn ]ncn™p.

(c) ]m›mXyanj≥

t]m¿´pKokv anj\dnam¿ ]pcmX\ ae¶ck`sb kzm[o\Ønem-

°phm≥ th≠n amXa√ ]h¿Øn®Xv. Ah¿ tIcfØns‚ IStem-

cßfnepw C¥ybpsS a‰p `mKßfnepw aX]NcWw \SØn tdma≥

ItØmen°mk`bpsS kº¿°Øn¬ Ignbp∂ kaqlßsf

kwLSn∏n®p. am¿tXmΩm InkvXym\nIƒ k`m]cambn kpdnbm\n-

`mjbv°p ]m[m\yw \¬Inh∂p F¶nepw, a‰p InkvXym\nIƒ

eØo≥ `mjbmWv AhcpsS k`m]camb PohnXØn\p]tbmK-

Øn¬ hcpØnbXv. Cuhn[Øn¬ 16˛mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ tdma≥

ItØmen°m k`bv°p C¥ybn¬ ]NcWw e`n®p.

18˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw`w apX¬ ]m›mXy t]m´Ã‚p anj\-

dnamcpw C¥ybn¬ kphntijtLmjWw \n¿∆ln°phm≥ DZyan®p.

AhcpsS ]h¿Ø\w aqew ]e t]m´Ã‚p k`m kaqlßfpw

AhnShnsS ÿm]nXamIpIbpw sNbvXp. 19˛mw \q‰m≠p Xs∂ t]m -

Ã‚p anj\dnthebpsS kpkvacWm¿lamb hnPbw Ipdn°p∂

Hcp ImeLámbncp∂p. GXmbmepw 16˛mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ ]m›mXy

kphntijIcpsS bXv\w aqew tIcfØnepw C¥ybpsS an° ÿe-

ßfnepw tdma≥ ItØmen°m k`bpw hnhn[ t]m´Ã‚p kÌfpw

\nehn¬ h∂p. Chcn¬ t]m´Ã‚p kÌfpsS ]h¿Ø\hpw hf¿-

®bpw Cu KŸØn¬ hnhcn°p∂n√. AXp ASpØ hmeyØn¬

10 k` hf-cp∂p

]cma¿in°p∂XmWv.

(d) At¥ymIy≥ _‘w ASnÿm\am°nbp≈ hmZw

Cu KŸØns‚ henb ]¶pw ae¶c k`mNcnXamWv Dƒs°m-

≈p∂Xv. AXn\m¬ AXnhnsS ]Xn]mZn°p∂ hn[w Bkv]Zam°n

Hcp sNdp hnhcWw \¬tI≠Xp≠v. ae¶ck`mNcnXw A[nIcn®p

`n∂\ne]mSpIƒ NcnXImc∑m¿ Ahew_n°p∂Xmbn ImWmw.

DZmlcWambn C. Fw. ]oent∏mkns‚ "am¿tØmΩm«olmbpsS

C¥y≥k`' ae¶ck`sb∏‰n c≠p kwKXnIƒ ÿm]n°phm≥

bXv\n°p∂p. H∂maXv, ae¶ck` am¿tØmΩm «olmbm¬ ÿm]n-

XamsW∂p≈ hkvXpX. c≠maXp, BZnaImew apX¬, ]tXyIn®p

\nJymkp∂ltZmkns\ XpS¿∂p ae¶ck` At¥ymIybpsS A[o-

iXzw kzoIcn®p h∂ncp∂p F∂ hmZKXn. Cu c≠masØ Bibw

ÿncs∏SpØphm\t√ ]oent∏mkv Cu KŸw Na®sX∂pt]mepw

tXm∂nt∏mIpw. InkvXz_vZw 325˛¬ \S∂ \nJymkp∂ltZmkns‚

t]cn¬, 9˛mw \q‰m≠ntem AXn\SptØm, Btcm FgpXn ]uckvXy-

\mSpIfn¬ hym]Iambn ]Ncn∏n® "Ad_n°mt\m≥' kwlnX-

bmWp ]oent∏mkv Xs‚ B[mcambn°cpXp∂Xv. 1907˛¬ FgpXn-

Øo¿Ø ]oent∏mkns‚ KŸw 19˛mw \q‰m≠nse ]mfinXy \ne-

hmcamWp ]Xn_nw_n°p∂Xv. B ]mfinXy \ne]mSpw AXpƒ-

s°m≈p∂ \nKa\ßfpw hna¿i\ hnt[bam°phm≥ klmbI-

amb \nch[n hkvXp°ƒ C∂p \ap°v e`yamWv. AXn\m¬ ae¶c-

k`bpsS At¥ymIy≥ _‘w ASnÿm\am°nbp≈ ]oent∏m-

kns‚ hmZKXnsb kq£vaamb ]cntim[\ IqSmsX B[nImcn-

Iambn°cpXmhp∂X√.

]oent∏mkns‚ ]pkvXIØns‚bXbpw Cs√¶nepw, GXm≠p

AXnt\msSm∏w k`bn¬ ]Nmcw e`n®XmWp KotKmdntbmkp

_m¿ F_mbbpsS "F¢nknbmkvØn°n' AYhm k`mNcnXw,

Du∂n∏dbp∂ Bibßƒ. kpdnbm\n `mjbn¬ hncNnXamb Cu

KŸØns‚ Hcp aebmf hnh¿Ø\w 1934˛¬ ImtXmen°mZn\w

]Jym]n® kmlNcyØn¬ ]kn≤oIcn®ncp∂p. 1286˛¬ \ncymX-

\mb _m¿ F_mbbpsS Cu IrXn 15˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ A¥ywhsc-

bpw At±lØns‚ ]n≥KmanIƒ At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\n k`mN-

cnXw ]cma¿in°p∂Xntebv°p hn]pes∏SpØnbn´p≈XmWv. KŸ-

Øns‚ ssIsbgpØp]XnIƒ C∂p ae¶cbn¬ e`yhpatX.

F∂m¬ AXnseßpw Xs∂ ae¶ck` ÿnXnsNbvXncp∂Xmbn-

11k` hf-cp∂p

t∏mepw Nq≠n°mWn°p∂n√. AYhm ae¶ck` ]q¿hImew apX¬

At¥ymIybpsS ta¬t°mbva kzoIcn®p h∂p F∂Xp B[p\nI

Imeßfn¬ ae¶cbn¬ \S°p∂ hmZw amXamWv. Aßs\ Hcp

kwKXn At¥ymIy¿ Adn™ncp∂X√. Cu ImcWØm¬ _m¿

F_mbbpsS \ne]mSpIsf hna¿i\hnt[bam°pIb√msX

ChnsS kzoIcn°p∂n√.

NcnXw kq£vaambn ]Tnt°≠ Hcp hnjbamWv. ae¶ck`bp-

sS ]q¿hNcnXw th≠hÆw ]cma¿in°phm≥ ]cym]vXamb ]q¿h-

tcJIƒ hfsc hncfambn amXta \ap°p e`n®n´p≈p. Ahsb

CXn\Iw a‰p NcnXImc∑m¿ D]tbmKn®p AhcpsS \nKa\ßƒ

]kn≤oIcn®n´p≠v. F∂m¬ Ahcmcpw Ahew_n® \ne]mSpIƒ

hna¿i\mXoXßf√. Cu KŸØn¬ kzoIcn®ncn°p∂ \nKa\ß-

fpw ]cntim[\m¿lßƒ amXamWv. F∂m¬ NcnX]T\Øns‚

hf¿®bn¬ CXv Fs¥¶nepw kw`mh\ \¬Ipsa¶n¬ KŸImc≥

IrXIrXy\mbncn°pw F∂p amXta ]dbpI km[yamIbp≈q. B

hn[n FgptX≠Xp hmb\°mcpw a‰p NcnXImc∑mcpamWv. AXp

hkvXp\njvTambn sNbvXp ImWWsa∂p amXamWp KŸImcs‚

]Xo£.

(e) KŸw D]tbmKnt°≠ hn[w

Hm¿ØtUmIvkv skan\mcnbpsS B`napJyØn¬ Aflmb°msc

Dt±in®p \SØp∂ Znhyt_m[\ ]T\ ]≤Xnbn¬ Hcp ]mT]pkv-

XIambn D]tbmKn°phm≥ cNn°p∂XmWv Cu KŸw. hnZym`y-

kvXcmb Aflmb°mcmbncn°pw Cu kuIcyw ]tbmP\s∏Sp-

Øp∂sX∂ ]Xo£bn¬ Hcp ]mfinXy \nehmcw ]pe¿Øphm≥

ChnsS ian°p∂p≠v. ]TnXm°ƒ°p klmbIamIphm≥ th≠n

Hmtcm ]mTØnt‚bpw Ahkm\Øn¬ AXnse D≈S°w Bkv-

]Zam°n GXm\pw tNmZyßƒ tN¿°p∂p. ]mTßfntemtcm∂pw

aq∂p XhWIfn¬ IpdbmsX ki≤w hmbn®tijw, B tNmZyß-

ƒ°pØcw \¬Iphm≥ DZyan°Ww. k`mNcnX]T\Øn\p `q]Sw

hfsc ]tbmP\IcamIbm¬, Cu KŸØn¬ tN¿Øncn°p∂

]Sßƒ icnbmbn hn\ntbmKn°Wsa∂p Hm¿as∏SpØp∂p.

tNmZyßƒ

1. `mcXk`mNcnXØn¬ tIcfØnse k`bv°p≈ ]m[m\y

sa¥v?

12 k` hf-cp∂p

2. t]m¿´pKokpImcpsS BKa\w aqew 17˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ DØ

cm¿≤Øn¬ GsX√mw k`m hn`mKßƒ ae¶cbn¬ cq]sa

SpØp?

3. C≥Uybnse kÌsf s]mXphn¬ GsX√mw k`m ]mcºcy

ßfnepƒs∏´hbmbn ]cnKWn°mw?

4. k`mNcnX]T\Øn¬ \mw kKuchw \ne\n¿tØ≠ BZ

¿iw F¥v?

]mTw 2

]pcm-X\ Ime-ß-fnse tIcfw

tIcfw FhnsS? tIcfsØ∏‰n e`yamb tcJIƒ cmjvSo-

bhpw kmaqlyhpamb ÿnXn hmWnPykm≤yX

(a) tIcfw FhnsS?

C¥ybpsS sX°p]Sn™md≥ kapZXoctØmSp tN¿∂p ap∂q-

‰nbºtXmfw ssa¬ \ofØn¬ InS°p∂ hoXnIpd™ ]tZiamWv

tIcfw. ]Xn\ømbncØnc≠p NXpcissaepƒs°m≈p∂ Cu qhn-

`mKØns‚ Ingt° AXn¿Øn ]›na]¿hX\ncIfpw ]Sn™mtd-

Xp Atd_y≥ kapZhpamWv. C¥ym kmamPyØns‚ ][m\

`mKhpambn th≠hÆw tNcmsX H‰s∏´pInS°p∂ tIcfØn\p

AXnt‚Xmb AkvXnXzhpw kmwkv°mcnI kwhn[m\hpap≠v.

(b) tIcfsØ∏‰n e`yamb tcJIƒ

]pcmX\ Imeßfnse tIcfØns‚bpw Z£ntW¥ym apgpht‚-

bpw NcnXw ]cma¿in°phm≥ X° tcJIƒ \ap°p th≠X e`y-

a√. AhnSpsØ ]q¿hnI¿ B Imeßfnse kw`hßsf tcJbn¬

hcpØnbncp∂n√. F∂m¬ B \mSpIfn¬ kpe`ßfmb IpcpapfIv,

Np°v, I¿∏qcw BZnbmb hn`hßƒ Kokv, tdmw, ssN\m XpSßnb

hntZißfn¬ \n∂pw hym]mcnIsf AhntSbv°p BI¿jn®ncp∂p.

Ahcn¬ \n∂pw e`n® hnhcßƒ tN¿Øp≈ tcJIƒ D≠mbn´p≠v.

Cu hn[Øn¬ InkvXz_vZw H∂pw c≠pw \q‰m≠pIsf A[nIcn-

®p≈ GXm\pw IrXnIƒ \ap°v ]tbmP\IcßfmWv. Periplus of

13k` hf-cp∂p

the Erithrean Sea bpsS A⁄mX I¿Ømhv, πo\n, tSmfnan F∂nh¿

Cßs\bp≈ hnhcßƒ \¬Ip∂hcmWv.

Chbv°pw ]pdta InkvXz_vZØns‚ BZysØ A©p \q‰m≠p-

Itfmfw Dƒs°m≈p∂ ImeL´ßfn¬ hncNnXßfmb Nne kmln-

XyIrXnIfn¬ \m´pImcmb XZvI¿Øm°ƒ NcnX]cambn hne I¬-

∏n°mhp∂ ]e kqN\Ifpw tN¿°p∂p≠v. kwLImew F∂p ]d-

™phcp∂ B Imeßfn¬ tIcfw C¥ybpsS Z£nW`mKapƒ-

s°m≈p∂ XangIØns‚ mKambncp∂p. XangIØnse aq∂p kzX-

¥cmPyßfmbncp∂ tNcw, tNmfw, ]mfiyw Ch. B cmPyßfn¬

a[pc tIµambn kmlnXyImc∑mcptSbpw IhnIfptSbpw kwL-

ßƒ ]ikvXn t\Snbncp∂p. Xangp`mjbn¬ FgpXnbncp∂ AhcpsS

IrXnIfn¬ NcnX]cambn ]m[m\yw A¿ln°p∂ Nne hnhcßƒ

ImWmhp∂XmWv.

(c) cmjvSo-bhpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb ÿnXn

(tI-c-f-Øns‚ ÿnXn)

CuZriy tcJIfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ tIcfsØ∏‰n Nne hnhc-

ßƒ \ap°p ]tXyIw FSpØp ]dbmhp∂hbmbp≠v: XangI-

Øn¬ Dƒs∏ńcp∂ aq∂p kzX¥cmPyßfn¬ tIcfw tNccmPy-

tØmSp tN¿∂ncp∂p. B cmPyØp cWw \SØnbncp∂Xp s]cpam-

°∑mcmbncp∂p. InkvXz_vZw 41 apX¬ 150 hscbmbn A©p s]cp-

am°∑m¿ tNccmPyw cn®ncp∂p. Ahcn¬ AØ≥ s]cpamfmbncp∂p

41 apX¬ 55 hscbp≈ ImeL´Øn¬ cWkmcYyw hln®ncp∂Xv.

55 apX¬ 90 hsc AØ≥ c≠ma≥ cmPmhmbn hmWp.

A∂p tIcfw A©p `mKßfmbn hn`PnXambncp∂p. thWmSv,

Ip´\mSv, IpS-\m-Sv, ]qgn\mSv, I¿°m\mSv Chbmbncp∂p B mKßƒ.

ChbpsS AXn¿ØnIƒ \ap°p kq£vaambn \n›bans√¶nepw

GItZiambn Cßs\ IW°m°mw. ][m\∑mcpsS \mSv F∂¿∞-

ap≈ thWmSv (thƒ + \mSv) C∂sØ Xncph\¥]pcw Pn√bpw

sIm√w Pn√bpsS Nne ÿeßfpw tN¿∂Xmbncp∂p. sIm√Øns‚

Nne `mKßfpw, Be∏pg, tIm´bw, FdWmIpfw F∂o Pn√Ifpw

Dƒs∏Sp∂Xmbncp∂p Ip´\mSv. IpS\mSn¬ Xriq¿, ]me°mSv Pn√-

Ifpw tImgnt°mSns‚ Nne ]tZißfpw tN¿∂ncp∂p. tImgnt°m-

Sns‚ a‰p mKßfpw IÆqcns‚ Xoc]tZißfpw tN¿∂Xmbncp∂p

]qgn\mSv. hb\mSv, KqU√q¿ Pn√Iƒ tN¿∂p I¿°m\mSp ÿnXn

sNbvXncp∂p.

14 k` hf-cp∂p

tNc\mń¬ a°Ømb ]mcºcyambncp∂p ]n≥XpS¿®mhImiw

kw_‘n®p \nehnencp∂Xv. Cu ASnÿm\Øn¬ cmPIpSpw_Øn-

se G‰w aqØ ]pX≥ cWmhImiw ssItb‰p h∂p. tNc cmPm°-

∑mcn¬ k¿thm]cn ]kn≤nbm¿Pn® tZlambncp∂p DuXnb≥

tNc≥ BX≥. Cu s]cpam°∑mcpsS cmP[m\n h©napcq¿ F∂

ÿeØp ÿnXnsNbvXncp∂p. AsXhnsS Bbncp∂p F∂Xns\-

∏‰n NcnXImc∑mcpsS CSbn¬ GIm`n]mban√. sImSpß√qcSpØm-

bncp∂p F∂\pam\n°p∂hcp≠v.

tNc cmPm°∑m¿ aXklnjvWX ]pe¿Ønbncp∂Xn\m¬ ]e

aXßfpw AhcpsS kwÿm\Øn¬ kulm¿±X ]men®p Ign™n-

cp∂p. tIcfØn¬ Xs∂ ]ucmWnIImew apX¬ ]cºcmKXambn

\ne\n∂ncp∂ aX]mcºcyßƒ°p ]pdta C¥y≥ aXßfmb lnµp-

aXhpw, _p≤aXhpw, ssP\aXhpw tIcfØn¬ ]Ncn®p. F∂m¬

a\pjycn¬ henb ]¶pw Ahew_n®p h∂Xp ]mIrX aXambn-

cp∂p. aeIƒ, hr£ßƒ, \ZnIƒ XpSßnb ]IrXnbnse hkvXp-

°sf Ah¿ ssZhXpeyw Bcm[n®p h∂p. \∑ e`n°phm≥ th≠n

Cu hkvXp°sf tZh∑mcmbpw tZhnamcmbpw k¶¬∏n®v Ah¿

]qPn®p h∂p. ]tcXsc ]tXyIw kvacn®v AhcpsS A\pKlw

]m]n°phm\pt±in®p≈ I¿aßƒ Ah¿ \n¿_m[w \n¿hln°p-

ambncp∂p. Xn∑ hcp∂Xp ]nimNn¬ \n∂mIbm¬, AXns\ hn]m-

S\w sNøphm≥ Ah¿ tZh∑mscbpw tZhnIsfbpw ]kmZn∏n°p-

∂Xn\p bXv\n®ph∂p.

aXm[njvTnXamb CuZriy ]mcºcyßsf tNmZyw sNøp∂hbm-

bncp∂p ssP\aXhpw, _p≤aXhpw. ssZhØntem ]]©Øn\Xo-

Xamb bmsXmcp ]cmi‡nbneptam hnizmkapZvtLmjn°msX

sFlnIPohnX irwJeIsf t`Zn®v, B≤ymflnIXbpsS BXy-

¥nIm\p`qXn ]m]n°phm\p≈ a¿aw Ah D]tZin°p∂p. Cu aX-

ßƒ°pw tIcfØn¬ A\pbmbnIsf Dfhm°phm≥ km[n®p. Ch-

bv°pw ]pdta sslµhaXØn\pw AhnsS kzmKXw e`yambn. ]mIr-

XaXØnse tZh∑m¿°pw tZhnIƒ°pw sslµhkn≤m¥w Hcf-

hn¬ ÿm\w \¬Ip∂p≠t√m. F∂m¬ Ahsb GI ssZhØns‚

`mKnIamb ]Imi\ßfmbn sslµh¿ IcpXnbncp∂p. X∑qew

BXy¥nIamb A]KY\Øn¬ lnµpaXw GIssZhhnizmkambn-

cp∂p \ne\n¿Øphm≥ bXv\n®Xv. lnµpaXØnse PmXnhyXymkw

tIcfØn¬ ItaWbmbn hym]n®p F∂ncp∂mepw, AXp t\csØ-

bp≠mbncp∂ tIcfkwkvImcØns‚ `mKambncp∂n√.

15k` hf-cp∂p

F√m aXßsfbpw _lpam\]q¿hw ho£n°p∂ tIcfØn¬

InkvXpaXw ]Ncn°pI km[yambncp∂p. InkvXpaXw kamKXam-

bXn\p tijw, A[nIw XmaknbmsX blqZaXw tIcfØnseØn

F∂mWp ]mcºcyw. 16˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ t]m¿´pKokpImcpsS hchp

hscbpw sImSpß√q¿ BZnbmb ÿeßfn¬ blqZcpsS A[nhmk-

ßƒ \ne\n∂ncp∂p. AXn\ptijw ]e ImcWßfmepw Ah¿

sImSpß√q¿ hn´p sIm®nbn¬ A[nhmkapd∏n°pIbmbncp∂p.

(d) hmWnPy km[yX

InkvXz_vZw H∂mw iXIØn¬ InkvXpaXw, blqZaXw

F∂nh hntZißfn¬\n∂pw tIcfØnseØpI km[yambncp∂p.

tIcfØn\p hntZißfpambn _‘w ]pe¿Øphm\mhiyamb

kuIcyhpap≠mbncp∂p. tIcfØnse XpdapJßƒ ChnsS A\pkv-

acWa¿ln°p∂p. InkvXpaXØns‚ BcwÌmeØp tIcfØnep-

≠mbncp∂ ]e XpdapJßfn¬ k¿h][m\ambncp∂Xv apkndnkv

Bbncp∂p F∂p NcnXImc∑m¿ kΩXn°p∂p. Cu apkndnkv,

sImSpß√qcns‚ A∂sØ t]cmbncp∂p F∂ hkvXpXbpw s]mXp-

th AwKoIrXamb ]cam¿YamWv. am¿tØmΩm«olm tIcfØn-

emKX\mbXp sImSpß√q¿ hgnbmbncp∂p F∂ ]mcºcyw Cu

hkvXpXbpsS shfn®Øn¬ km[qIcn°p∂Xn\p ]cym]vXatX.

InkvXz_vZw H∂mw iXIØn¬ hntZinIƒ tIcfhpambn

hmWnPyw \SØnbncp∂ hnhcw apºp kqNn∏n®n´p≠t√m. AXn\p

hfsc apºp Xs∂ CuZriy_‘w hntZihpambn tIcfØn\p≠m-

bncp∂p F∂v Duln°phm≥ Ignbpw. blqZ∑mcpsS ]q¿h∑mcmbn-

cp∂ Cktbeysc sbcpitew tIµambn _n. kn. 1000˛\p apºp

`cn®ncp∂ itemtam≥ cmPmhn\p Z£ntW¥ybpambn hmWnPy_-

‘ap≠mbncp∂p F∂\pam\n°m≥ \ymbap≠v. At±lw ^n\o-

jy≥ I∏epSaIfpambn tN¿∂p hntZißfntebv°p I∏epIfb®v,

AhnsS \n∂pw kz¿Æw, sh≈n, B\s°mºv, Ipcßv, abn¬ ]£n

BZnbmbhsb sIm≠phcphn®Xmbn 1 cmPm°∑m¿ 10:22˛epw, 2 Zn\-

hrØm¥w 9:21˛epw ImWp∂p. Cu hn`hßsfms°bpw Z£ntW¥y-

bn¬ kpe`ßfmIbm¬, At±lw \ΩpsS \mSpambn´mbncp∂p Cu

hym]mcßƒ \SØnbsX∂p ]dbp∂Xp sX‰mIWsa∂n√.

tIcfØnse \nhmknIƒ s]mXpth kmºØnI kp`n£X

A\p`hn®ncp∂p. P\ßfpsS km[mcWsXmgn¬ Irjn Bbncp∂p

F¶nepw, ao≥]nSnØw, s\bvØpthe, ac∏Wn, BZnbmbhbpw

16 k` hf-cp∂p

]NmcØnep≠mbncp∂p. hntZihmWnPywaqew C∂sØt∏mse

A∂pw tIcfob¿°p [\mKaam¿§w e`yambncp∂p. kam[m\]c-

amb kmaqlyPohnXhpw Ah¿ A\p`hn®p h∂p F∂p ]dbmhp∂-

XmWv.

Cu hn[Ønep≈ aX]mcºcyßfpw, kmaqly ˛ kmºØnI ˛

cmjvSob hyhÿnXnIfpw \nehnencp∂ tIcfØnembncp∂p

InkvXz_vZw H∂mw iXIØn¬ InkvXob kphntijw kamKX-

ambn ]Ncn®Xv.

tNmZyßƒ

1. InkvXpaXØns‚ BcwÌmeØp tIcfØns‚ ÿnXn

F¥mbncp∂p F∂p ]Tn°phm≥ klmbn°p∂ tcJIƒ

F¥v?

2. s]cpam°∑m¿ Bcv?

3. BZna \q‰m≠pIfnse tIcfØn¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂ aXß

sf∏‰n \ap°v F¥p ]dbphm≥ km[n°pw?

4. tIcfhpambn hmWnPyw \SØnb hntZiobcmsc√mw? Ah

¿°v AXns\¥p kuIcyßƒ tIcfØnep≠mbncp∂p?

]mTw 3

am¿tØmΩm «olmbpw C≥Uy≥ k- bpw

]mcw`w DØtc¥y≥ ]mcºcyw Z£ntW¥y≥ ]mcºcyw

(a) ]mcw`w

tXmakv At∏mkvtXme\mWp tIcfØnse ]pcmX\ k`bpsS

ÿm]I≥ F∂v C¥ybnse ]ucmWnI InkvXym\nIƒ s]mXpsh

hnizkn°p∂p. CXv ASpØ Imeßfn¬ GtXm XXv]cI£nIƒ

]d™p]cØnb IYb√. C¥y≥ k`sb∏‰n \ΩpsS ]q¿h∑m¿

\n¿Ωn® tcJIƒ hfscsbm∂pw \ap°p e`n®nńs√¶nepw, am¿-

tXmΩm «olmsb C¥y≥ k`bpambn _‘s∏SpØp∂ ]pcmX\-

IrXnIfn√msXbn√. 1301˛¬ sImSpß√qcn¬ h®p kpdnbm\n mjbn-

segpXnbXpw, tdmanse hØn°m≥ KŸimebn¬ kq£n®ncn°p-

17k` hf-cp∂p

∂Xpamb Hcp eLp]amWØn¬ AXv FSpØp ]dbp∂p. 16˛mw

\q‰m≠p apX¬ tIcfØn¬ h∂psIm≠ncp∂ ]m›mXy anj\dn

sshZnI¿ \m´pImcn¬ \n∂pw Cu hnhcw a\ nem°n AhcpsS

IØpIfnepw a‰p IrXnIfnepw AXp tcJbnem°nbn´pap≠v. AXn-

\m¬ At∏mkvXe≥ C¥ybn¬ kphntijtLmjWw \SØn

ChnsS k` ÿm]n®p F∂Xp tIcf InkvXym\nIfpsS ASnbpd®

]mcºcyamWv.

Cu hnjbw B[mcam°n c≠p ]mcºcyßƒ \nehnep≠v. Ah-

bnsem∂v At∏mkvtXme≥ hSt° C¥ybn¬ kphntijtLmj-

Ww \SØn F∂p kΩXn°p∂p. at‰Xv At±lw hSt° C¥ybn¬

aX]NcWw \SØnbncp∂mepw Cs√¶nepw, tIcfØnepw sXs°

C¥ybnepw kphntijtLmjWw \n¿hln®p F∂p ]tXyIw

Du∂n∏dbp∂p. Ch c≠nt\bpw Cu ]mTØn¬ ]cma¿in°pI-

bmWv.

(b) DØtc¥y≥ ]mcºcyw

tIcfØnse kpdnbm\nk` am¿tXmΩm «olmbm¬ ÿm]nXa-

s√∂p hmZn°p∂ ]m›mXy ]finX∑mcnsemcmfmWp kvtIm´ve-

≠pImc\mb George Milne Rae. 19˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ A¥yZiIØn¬

]kn≤oIrXamb At±lØns‚ "Zn kndnb≥ N¿®v C≥ C≥Uy'

F∂ KŸØn¬ At±lw Xs‚ \ne]mSp hy‡am°p∂p. At∏m-

kvtXme≥ sXt° C¥ybn¬ kphntijtLmjWw \SØnbXmbn

sXfnhns√∂pw, hSt° C¥ybn¬ At±lw h∂Xmbn amXta

"bqZmkp tXmakns‚ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ' (Acts of Judas Thomas) F∂

]pcmX\ KŸw Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p≈p F∂pw, InkvXz_vZw H∂mw

\q‰m≠n¬ At∏mkvXe≥ sXt° C¥ybn¬ h∂ptNcpI Xs∂

km[yambncp∂ns√∂pw At±lw hmZn°p∂p. F∂m¬ Cu \ymb-

ßƒ IW°nseSpØpsIm≠pXs∂ At∏mkvXes‚ Z£ntW¥y

t]jnXhrØnsb icnhbv°p∂ NcnXImc∑m¿ [mcmfap≠v.

At∏mkvXe≥ hSt° C¥ybn¬ kphntijw ]kwKn®p F∂-

Xn\m[mcw InkvXz_vZw 180˛\pw 230˛\panSbn¬ Ddlmbn tZiob-

\mb (Edessa) Hcp KŸImc≥ Na®Xmbncn°msa∂p ]finX∑m¿

IcpXp∂ "bqZmkp tXmamkns‚ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ' F∂ IrXnbmWv.

⁄m\hmZnbmbncp∂ (Gnostic)1 _¿ssZkm≥ Xs‚ BibKXn

* ]]-©-Øn-\m-[m-c-ambn \∑-sbbpw Xn∑-sbbpw ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp

∂ c≠v BXy-¥n-I -i-‡n-I-fps≠∂pw, Ah-bn¬ \∑-bpsS A[n-

18 k` hf-cp∂p

]Ncn∏n°phm≥ Na® ]pkvXIamWnsX∂v A`n]mbs∏Sp∂

]finX∑mcp≠v. Cu ImcWØmepw D≈S°w tIhew sFXnlym-

[njvTnXamb Igºn√mØ \n¿anXIYbmsW∂p≈ t_m[yØmepw

20˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ BZyL´w hscbpw Cu KŸsØ ]finX-

temIw AhKWn®ncp∂p. F∂m¬ AXn\ptijw Hcp hyXymkap-

≠mbn. ]pkvXIØnse Bibßƒ ASnÿm\clnXsa¶nepw,

AXn¬ NcnX]cambn hnebp≈ Nne kqN\Ifp≈Xmbn

NcnX]finX∑m¿ Du∂n∏dbphm≥ XpSßn. B \ne]mSp C∂p

]finXtemIw s]mXpsh AwKoIcn°p∂p F∂p ]dbmw.

NcnX]cambn hnebp≈ kqN\Iƒ F¥v? "bqZmkp tXmakns‚

]h¿Ø\ßƒ' Nq≠n°mWn°p∂Xv, tXmakv At∏mkvXe≥

tKmt≠m^mdkns‚ cmPyØp InkvXpam¿§w ]Ncn∏n®p F∂mWv.

Cu tKmt≠m^mdkv NcnX]pcpjt\m, sFXnlyw sI´pIYbmbn

]d™p≠m°nb at\m\n¿anX hy‡ntbm? CXmWp NcnXaSnÿm-

\am°n D∂bn°mhp∂ tNmZyw. NcnX]pcpjs\¶n¬, hSt° C¥y-

bn¬ \n∂pw At\IiXw ssaepIfIeØn¬ ÿnXnsNøp∂ Dd-

lmbn¬ Pohn®ncp∂ FgpØpImc≥ At±lsØ∏‰nbp≈ hnhcw

Fßs\ a\ nem°n? CXpw ChnsS ]k‡amb tNmZyamWv.

Chsb NcnX]finX∑m¿ A`napJoIcn°p∂p.

tKmt≠m^mdkv Hcp NcnX]pcpj\mbncp∂p. At±lØns‚

\mWbßƒ 19˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ shfn®Øn¬ hcpIbp≠mbn. Inkv-

Xz_vZw H∂mw \q‰m≠ns‚ aq∂mw ZiIØnepw AXn\ptijhpambn

A^vLm\nÃm≥, _eqNnÃm≥, ]©m_v F∂o tZißƒ tN¿∂p

InS∂ncp∂ \mSpIsf `cn®ncp∂ Hcp ]m¿Xy≥ cmPmhmbncp∂p

tKmt≠m^mdkv F∂p ]finX∑m¿ Dd∏n®p ]dbp∂p. AXntebv-

°mhiyamb sXfnhpIfps≠∂v Ah¿ AhImis∏Sp∂p.

c≠masØ ]iv\Øn\pw ]cnlmcw \n¿t±in°pI km[yamWv.

am¿tXmΩm «olmbpambn aaXbp≈ Hcp ]pcmX\ \KcamWv hS-

]s\ ⁄m\w aqe-amWp \mw Adn-bp-∂-sX∂pw D]-tZ-in-®-h-cmWp

⁄m\-hm-Zn-Iƒ. a\p-jy-i-cocw Dƒs∏sS uXn-I-temIw BI-am\w

Xn∑-bpsS P\-bn-Xmhp \n¿Ωn-®-Xm-sW∂v Ah¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-´p.

AXn-\m¬ ⁄m\w ]m]n-®-h¿ hnhmlw BZn-bmb imco-cnI thgvN-

I-fn¬\n∂pw hnc-‡-cm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂p Ah¿ \njvI¿jn-®p-h-∂p.

Cu Bibw Du∂n-∏-d™v AXns\ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ th≠n Fgp-

Xn-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p "bqZmkp tXma-kns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ.'

19k` hf-cp∂p

°≥ sa s∏mtánbmbnse Ddlmbn AYhm FtU m. At∏mkv-

Xes‚ ùXnImhinjvSßƒ C¥ybn¬ \n∂pw Ddlmbnte°p

c≠mw iXm_vZØns‚ DØcm¿≤Øn¬ am‰nbXmbn ]_eamb

]mcºcyap≠v. At∏mkvXe≥ C¥ybnte°p t]mbXpXs∂ Dd-

lmbn hgnbmbncn°phm\mWp \ymbw. C¥ybn¬ \n∂pw At±lw

Ddlmbnte°p IØpIfb®ncp∂p F∂pw, B IØpIsf AhnsS

_lpam\]q¿∆w hmbn®p kq£n®ncp∂p F∂pw ]pcmX\ kpdnbm\n

tcJIƒ Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p. Cu hn[Øn¬ e`yamb Adnhns‚

ASnÿm\Øn¬ "bqZmkp tXmakns‚ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ' Na®

tZlw NcnX]camb hkvXpXIƒ Xs‚ sFXnlym[njvTnXamb

KŸØn¬ tN¿°pIbmbncp∂p F∂\pam\n°pI km[yamWv.

GXmbmepw tKmt≠m^mdkns‚ A[o\Xbn¬ ÿnXnsNbvXn-

cp∂ ]©m_n¬ am¿tXmΩm «olm kphntijtLmjWw \SØn-

bncn°msa∂hImis∏Sphm≥ NcnXImc∑mcnsemcp ]¶mfpIƒ

apXncp∂p≠v. 13˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ kp]kn≤nbm¿Pn® At¥ymIy≥

kpdnbm\n k`m]nXmhmb KotKmdntbmkp _m¿ F_mb At±l-

Øns‚ k`mNcnXKŸØn¬ Cu hkvXpX FSpØp ImWn°p∂p.

B \q‰m≠n¬ Xs∂ _kmbnse s\kvtXmdnb≥ _nj∏mbncp∂

itemtam≥ FgpXnb "tX\o®bpsS KŸ' (The Book of the Bee)Øn¬ Cßns\ ]dbp∂p: "tXmamkp sbdpitewImc\pw bqZm-

tKmXØn¬s∏´h\pambncp∂p. At±lw ]m¿Xym, taZym, C¥ym

Cu \m´pImtcmSp kphntijw tLmjn®p.'

(c) Z£ntW¥y≥ ]mcºcyw

am¿ tXmΩm«olmbpsS hSt° C¥y≥ kphntijtLmjW-

sØ Cu hn[Øn¬ km[qIcn°Ø°Xmbn IcpXmsa¶nepw

At±lw ÿm]n®ncn°mhp∂ k` NcnXØn¬ hfsc \q‰m≠pIƒ

\ne\n∂Xmbn sXfnhn√. CXn¬ \n∂pw hyXykvXamWp c≠ma-

sØ ]mcºcyw. InkvXz_vZw 52 ¬ am¿tXmΩm «olm sImSpß√q-

cnendßn tIcfØn¬ InkvXpaXw ]Ncn∏n®p F∂XmWv AXv

Du∂n∏dbp∂Xv. "apknkv' F∂v B Imeßfn¬ t]cp ]d™ncp∂

sImSpß√q¿ A∂p hntZi_‘w \ne\n¿Øp∂ tIcfØnse

G‰hpw ][m\ XpdapJambncp∂p F∂p Ign™ ]mTØn¬ I≠p-

ht√m.

sXt° C¥ybn¬ ]Nmcw e`n® Cu ]mcºcyw icnhbv°phm≥

]cym]vXamb kaImeo\ tcJIfn√. F∂m¬ AXp \ne\n¿Øp∂

20 k` hf-cp∂p

Hcp kapZmbw ]q¿hImew apX¬ tIcfØn¬ ÿnXnsNøp∂p.

Cu ]mcºcya\pkcn®v At∏mkvXes‚ ]h¿Ø\w hnPbIc-

ambn ]ptcmKan°pIbpw, ]e tIcfobcpw ssIkvXh kphntijw

kzoIcn®p k`m _‘Øn¬ tNcpIbpw sNbvXp. Ahsc Dƒs∏Sp-

Øn At∏mkvXe≥, amenb¶c, ]meq¿, ]dhq¿ AYhm tIm´-

°mb¬, tKm°awKew, \ncWw, Nmb¬ AYhm \nebv°¬, sIm√w

F∂o Ggp ÿeßfn¬ ssIkvXh kaqlßƒ kwLSn∏n®p.

AhnsSsb√mw Bcm[\m kuIcyßƒ G¿s∏SpØpIbpw sNbvXp.

amXhpa√, InkvXpam¿§w kzoIcn®hsc B≤ymflnIambn \bn°p-

hm≥ ]Itema‰w, i¶c]pcn, Imfn, Imfnbm¶¬ Cu \mep IpSpw_-

ßfn¬ \n∂pw sshZnIscbpw \nban®p.

C]Imcw tIcfØn¬ k`bv°Snÿm\an´tijw, At∏mkvX-

e≥ aem°m, ssN\m BZnbmb ]q¿htZißfn¬ t]mbn AhnsSbpw

GXm\pw Imew kphntijw DZvtLmjn®p. A\¥cw At±lw C¥y-

bnte°p aSßn ssaem∏qcn¬ Xmakn°sh AXn\SpØp≈ Hcp

ÿeØph®p km£nacWw ]m]n®v, sFlnIhmkw shSn™p.

At∏mkvXes‚ arXtZlw ssaem∏qcn¬ adhp sNbvXp. F∂m¬

InkvXz_vZw 160˛\p tijw At±lØns‚ Xncptijn∏pIƒ Ddlm-

bnte°p \o°w sNbvXp F∂-XmWv ]mc-º-cyw. ChnsS Hcp Imcyw

Hm¿t°-≠-Xp-≠v. am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS ùXn-Im-h-in-jvS-ßƒ

ssaem-∏q-cn¬\n∂v Dd-lm-bn-te°p am‰nb ]mcºcyamWp \mw \ne\n-

¿Øp∂Xv. hSt° C¥ybn¬ \n∂pw am‰n F∂p≈X√.

At∏mkvXes\∏‰nbp≈ hSt° C¥y≥ ]mcºcyhpw sXt°

C¥y≥ ]mcºcyhpw Hcpan®p t]mImhp∂XmsW∂p J. N. FarquharFgpXnb The Apostle Thomas in North India, The Apostle Thomas inSouth India F∂ D]\ymkßƒ ka¿∞n°p∂p.

sXt° C¥y≥ ]mcºcysØ _es∏SpØp∂ Nne hkvXpX-

Iƒ Nq≠n°mWn∏m\p≈Xmbn NcnXImc∑m¿ A`n]mbs∏Sp∂p.

am¿tXmΩm «olm kwLSn∏n®Xmbn apIfn¬ FSpØpImWn®

Bcm[\mÿeßfn¬ \mep tZhmebßƒ Ct∏mgpw ÿnXnsNøp-

∂ps≠∂p C. Fw. ]oent∏mkv apXemb KŸImc∑m¿ ]kvXmhn-

°p∂p. Ahbnsem∂mb ]meq¿, AhnsS t\csØbp≠mbncp∂

sslµht£Xw InkvXym\nIƒ°p InńbXmbncp∂p. B \mń¬

A[nhkn®ncp∂ ]q¿h aXÿcn¬ _lp`qcn]£hpw InkvXp-

am¿§w kzoIcn°p∂Xp I≠ \yq\]£w tZiw hn´p t]mbn. AXp-

21k` hf-cp∂p

aqew sslµh tZhmebsØ InkvXym\nIƒ AhcpsS ]≈nbmbn

D]tbmKØn¬ hcpØn. ]meqcnepw at‰ aq∂p ÿeßfnepw At∏m-

kvXe\pambn _‘s∏´ hkvXpXIƒ \nehneps≠∂pw Cu Ncn-

XImc∑m¿ Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p.

InkvXz_vZw H∂mw iXIØn¬ saUn‰td\nb≥ ]tZißfn¬

\n∂pw At∏mkvXe≥ tIcfØnseØpI km[yambncp∂p F∂

]cam¿∞w ChnsS kvacWm¿lamWv. B tZißfpw sXt° C¥y-

bpw XΩnep≈ hmWnPy_‘w hfsc ]pcmX\amsW∂p Ign™

]mTØn¬ kqNn∏n®n´p≠t√m. itemtam≥ Cd°paXn sNbvXXmbn

tcJbp≈ Z¥w, abn¬, Ipcßv BZnbmbh tIcfØn¬ \n∂pw

Ib‰paXn sNbvXhbmbncn°phm≥ \ymbap≠v. AhbpsS F_mb

`mjbnse t]cpIƒ InkvXz_vZw 9˛mw \q‰m≠p hscbpw tIcfØn-

ep]tbmKØnencp∂ ]gb Xangp \maßfpambn kmayap≈hbp-

amWv.

itemtams‚ ImeØn\ptijw Ko°pImcpw ]n∂oSv tdmam°m-

cpw C¥ybpambn ]tXyIn®p sXt° C¥ybpambn I®hSØnte¿-

s∏ńcp∂p. C¥ybn¬ tdma≥ \mWbßfpw `mjm]camb hnjb-

Øn¬ hntZiobcpambp≈ kmayhpw CXn\p ]‰nb sXfnhmbn Nq≠n-

°mWn°mhp∂XtX. Cßs\bp≈ hkvXpXIsf BIam\w IW-

°nseSp°p∂]£w, am¿tXmΩm «olm tIcfw kµ¿in®v AhnsS

ssIkvXhk`sb ÿm]n®p F∂p ]dbp∂Xn¬ Akm[yXbp-

s≠∂p i¶nt°≠ Bhiyap≈Xmbn ]dbphm\n√.

am¿tXmΩm «olmbpsS kphntij ]NcWw C¥ybpambn

_‘s∏SpØn°mWn°p∂ c≠p ]pcmX\ sXfnhpIƒ ChnsS

kwKXambn IcpXmhp∂XmWv. Ahbnsem∂p InkvXz_vZw 250˛-

\SpØp t]¿jy≥ k`bn¬ ]kn≤oIrXamb "At∏mkvXe∑mcpsS

D]tZiw' (The Doctrine of the Apostles) F∂ IrXnbnep≈XmWv.

AXn¬ ]dbp∂p: "C¥ybpw AXnepƒs∏´Xpw AXn\p Np‰nepw

InS°p∂Xpamb cmPyßfpw ]utcmlnXy]camb At∏mkvXenI

ssIhbv]p bqZmkp tXmamkn¬ \n∂pw ]m]n®p. AhnsS At±lw

ÿm]n® k`sb kzbtah \bn°pIbpw sNbvXp.' Cu D≤cWn

Dƒs°m≈p∂ IrXn "bqZmkp tXmamkns‚ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ' I≠-

tijw cNn®Xmbncn°bns√∂p NcnX]finX∑m¿ A`n]mbs∏´p.

at‰ sXfnhp am¿ At]ans‚ IrXnIfn¬ ImWp∂ Nne ]Zyß-

fmWv. Ah 370˛\SpØp "bqZmkp tXmamkns‚ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ'

22 k` hf-cp∂p

I≠tijw FgpXnbXmbncn°mw. am¿ At]w FgpXp∂p:

"tXmamtk! \ns‚ hocyIrXyßƒ C¥ybnepw, \ns‚ hnPbw Rß-

fpsS Cu \mńepw \ns‚ s]cp∂mƒ F√mbnSØpw DZvtLmjn°p∂p.

..... kqcys‚ NqtS‰p hc≠ C¥ysb kpµcam°nØo¿Øp.....'

Cu D≤cWnIƒ c≠n¬\n∂pw am¿tXmΩm «olmsb C¥ybpsS

At∏mkvXe\mbn ]pcmX\Imew apX¬ Xs∂ ]cnKWn®ncp∂p

F∂p \n tµlw ]dbmw. kaImeo\tcJ sXfnhnens√∂p≈ Imc-

WØm¬ Cu ]mcºcysØ AhKWnt°≠ Imcyan√.

tNmZyßƒ

1. am¿tXmΩm «olm tIcfØn¬ k` ÿm]n®p F∂ hkvXp

Xsb tNmZyw sNøp∂hcpsS \ymbßƒ Fs¥√mamWv?

Ahbv°v FXtØmfw Kuchw \evIWw?

2. "bqZmkp tXmamkns‚ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ' F∂ KŸØn¬

\n∂pw KuchXcambn kzoIcn°mhp∂ kwKXnIƒ Gh?

3. am¿tXmΩm «olm tIcfØn¬ k` ÿm]n®p F∂p ka¿

∞n°phm≥ klmbn°p∂ \ymbßƒ Fs¥√mamWv?

4. tIcfØnse k`bpsS \ne\n¬∏n\pth≠n am¿tXmΩm

«olm Fs¥√mw sNbvXXmbn´mWp ]mcºcyw \njvI¿jn

°p∂Xv?

]mTw 4

C¥y F∂ t]cns‚ hym]vXnbpw

AXp-aq-e-ap≈ Bi-b-°p-g-∏hpw

]mcw`w t]cns‚ hym]vXn Nne DZmlcWßƒ t]¿jy≥

k`bpsS Adnhv t]¿jybpsSbpw henb C¥ybpsSbpw tbml-

∂m≥

(a) ]mcw`w

"C¥ym' F∂ t]cpsIm≠p a≤yiXIßƒ hscbpw C∂p \mw

a\ nem°p∂ `qhn`mKsØ Dt±in®ncp∂n√. Cu ]cam¿∞w

23k` hf-cp∂p

hy‡am°n t]cp aqeap≠mbn´p≈ Nn¥m°pg∏sØ \o°phm≥

Cu ]mTØn¬ ian°pIbmWv.

(b) t]cns‚ hym]vXn

am¿tXmΩm«olmbpsS tkh\cwKambn hSt° C¥ybpw

sXt° C¥ybpw Nq≠n°mWn°mhp∂ hkvXpX Ign™ ]mT-

Øn¬ I≠pht√m. InkvXz_vZw H∂mw \q‰m≠nse kmlNcyØn¬

Ah XΩn¬ bmsXmcp kº¿°hpw D≠mbncn°pI km[yambncp-

∂n√. AXn\m¬ B Imeßfn¬ Ah c≠pw hn`n∂ tZißƒ

t]mse amXamWncp∂Xv.

CX√ ChnsS D∂bn°p∂ ]iv\w. "C¥ym' F∂ ]Zw sIm≠v

AXnepw hnkvXrXamb Hcp `qhn`mKsØ ]q¿hImeßfn¬ hnh-

£n®ncp∂p. AXp sN¶Sens‚ sX°p`mKØv CcpIcbnepambn

ÿnXnsNøp∂ tZißƒ Dƒs∏ńcp∂p. FtXym]ymbpw Atd_nbm-

bpsS Z£nW`mKhpw (Arabia Felix) tN¿∂p≈ ]tZisØ "henb

C≥Uym' (India Magna) F∂p 12˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ t]mepw hnfn®ncp∂p.

InkvXz_vZw 324˛¬ FgpXnØo¿Øncn°mhp∂ Fhptk_ntbm-

kns‚ (Eusebius of Caesarea) k`mNcnXKŸsØØpS¿∂p 13˛mw

\q‰m≠ns‚ A¥yw hscbpw Ko°p`mjbnepw kpdnbm\n `mjbn-

epw hncNnXßfmb \nch[n k`mNcnX IrXnIƒ \ap°p e`yß-

fmWv. Ahbn¬ A]q¿hw Nne kµ¿`ßfn¬ hSs° C¥ysb

Dt±in®v "C¥ym' F∂p ]dbp∂ps≠¶nepw, k¿hkm[mcWambn

Cu ]Zw \n¿t±in°p∂Xp sN¶Sen\p Np‰pap≈ tZißsfbmWv.

sXt° C¥ysb∏‰ntbm tIcfsØ Bkv]Zam°ntbm Cu NcnX-

Imc∑mcmcpw H∂pw ]dbp∂n√. AhnsS Hcp k` ÿnXn sNøp∂Xm-

bp≈ Adnhv Ah¿°p e`n®ncp∂Xmbn Ah¿ kqNn∏n°p∂pan√.

AXn\m¬ Cu NcnXImc∑m¿ "C¥ym' F∂p ]kvXmhn®Xp-

sIm≠v Ah¿ tIcfw Dƒs∏´pInS°p∂ qhn`mKsØ Dt±in®Xmbn

a\ nem°cpXv.

(c) Nne DZmlcWßƒ

Fhptk_ntbmkns‚ k`mNcnXw ASnÿm\am°n InkvXz-

_vZw 189˛190 ¬ AeIvk¥ym°mc≥ ]mt¥t\mkp C¥ym kµ¿in-

®Xmbpw a‰pap≈ hnhcßƒ C. Fw. ]oent∏mkpƒs∏sS ]e NcnX-

Imc∑mcpw FSpØp ImWn°p∂p. Cu ]mt¥t\mkp C¥ybn¬

_m¿ØtemΩm At∏mkvXes‚ kphntijtLmjWw aqew

24 k` hf-cp∂p

InkvXpam¿§w Ahew_n®hsc ImWpIbpw, Ah¿ B At∏mkvX-

e\n¬ \n∂pw ]m]n®Xpw F_mb`mjbn¬ hncNnXhpamb hn.

aØmbnbpsS kphntijw Z¿in°pIbpw sNbvXp F∂p ]oen-

t∏mkp ]kvXmhn°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

AeIvkm¥y≥ k`bpambn tIcfØnse k`bv°v HcpIme-

Øpw _‘ap≠mbncp∂Xmbn tIhew AhImihmZw t]mepap≠m-

bnń√. ]mt¥t\mkn\ptijw AhnsS \n∂pw a‰mcpw C¥y≥ k`sb

kµ¿in®Xmbn tcJbpan√. AXn\m¬ AeIvkm¥y≥ k`bpsS

A∂sØ A≤y£\mbncp∂ ZnsaXntbmkv AhnSpsØ sshZnI

hnZymebØns‚ kmcYyw hln®ncp∂ ]mt¥t\mkns\ C¥ybnte-

°b®p F∂p Fhptk_ntbmkv ]dbp∂Xv GXp \mSns\ Dt±in-

®mbncp∂p F∂ tNmZyw ChnsS hfsc ]k‡amWv. Fhptk_n-

tbmkns‚ ]kvXmh\bpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ At±lØn\p tijw

sPtdmapw dqss^t\mkpw Cu kw`hw FSpØpImWn°p∂p. Ah-

cn¬ sPtdmw C¥ybnse _m“Wscbpw XØz⁄m\nIsfbpw

]‰n kqNn∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂p. Cu sXfnhpsIm≠p amXw 2˛mw

iXIØns‚ ]Ømw ZiIØn\SpØp ]mt¥t\mkp sXt°

C¥ym kµ¿in®p F∂p hmZn°p∂Xnt\°mƒ km≤yX At±lw

Atd_ymbpsS Z£nW`mKØp≠mbncp∂ k`sb kµ¿in®p F∂p

]dbp∂XmWv. sPtdmans‚ ]kvXmh\bpsS B[mcw ]mt¥t\m-

kmbncn°Wsa∂n√.

\nJym kp∂ltZmkn¬ Hcp tbml∂m≥ C≥Uysb ]Xn\n[m-

\w sNbvXp F∂ hkvXpX ]n∂mse ]cma¿in°p∂p≠v. AXp

\ΩpsS C¥ysb Ipdn°p∂Xmbn C. Fw. ]oent∏mkv amXa√,

a‰p Nne NcnXImc∑mcpw FSpØp ]dbp∂p≠v. AXpw ]Ya

ZrjvSym Atd_ybpsS Z£nW`mKsØ Dt±in®ncn°phm\mWv

IqSpX¬ km[yX.

5˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ tkmIókv, skmtkmsa≥, tXthmtZmcntØmkv,

dqss^t\mkv F∂o Ko°p k`mNcnXImc∑mcpw, Ahsc A\p-

Icn®p kpdnbm\n k`mNcnXImc∑mcpw, FtXym]ym InkvXp-am¿§w

Ah-ew-_n® hnhcw FSpØp ]d-bp-∂p. FtXym]ymbnse BZy

_nj∏mbncp∂ 4˛mw \q‰m≠nse ^qsa¥ntbmkns‚ IYbpw Ah¿

]cma¿in°p∂p. F∂m¬ Ahsc√mw B \mSns\ "C¥ym' F∂mWp

hnh£n°p∂Xv. 5˛mw \q‰m≠nse Ko°p k`mNcnXImc∑m¿

FtXym]ymsb "C¥y' F∂ t]cnemWv Adn™ncp∂Xv. B ]mc-

ºcyw Xs∂ 13˛mw \q‰m≠phscbpw ]m›mXy (At¥ymIy≥)

25k` hf-cp∂p

kpdnbm\nbn¬ k`mNcnXw cNn®hcpw \ne\n¿Øp∂p.

"C¥y°mc\mb Xotbm^ntemkns\' B[mcam°n Nne NcnX-

Imc∑m¿ ]kvXmhn°p∂p≠v. InkvXz_vZw 354˛¬ tdmam kmam-

Pym[n]\mbncp∂ tIm¨Ãm≥jykv NIh¿Øn Cu Xntbm^ntem-

kns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ Hcp kwLw BfpIsf FtXym]ym, C¥ym,

BZnbmb \mSpIfntebv°b®p F∂p Adntbmky\mbncp∂ ntem-

tÃm¿Kntbmkp ]dbp∂p. ChnsSbpw "C¥ym' hSt° C¥ytbm,

sXt° Atd_ytbm, GtXym]ym Xs∂tbm Bbncn°phm\mWv

km[yX.

t]cns‚ Ipg∏Ønepƒs∏SptØ≠ c≠p kw`hßƒ bqtdm]y≥

FgpØpImcpsS ]kvXmh\IfSnÿm\am°n Nq≠n°mWn°mw.

Ahbnsem∂p 594˛¬ \ncymX\mb Sq¿knse KnKdn (Gregory ofTours) sNbvXXmWv. C¥ybn¬ tXmamkv At∏mkvXes‚ t]cn-

ep≈ k\ymkmiaw ÿnXnsNbvXncp∂Xmbn Cu KnKdn FSpØp

]dbp∂p. CXp ssaem∏qcn¬ ÿnXnsNbvXncn°mhp∂ HcmiasØ

A\pkvacn∏n°p∂p F∂p NcnXImc∑m¿ a\ nem°nh∂ncp∂p

F¶nepw, hmkvXhØn¬ AXp t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°Sens‚ Atd_y≥

XocØp \ne\n∂ncp∂ am¿tØmΩm «olmbpsS BiasØbmbn-

cp∂p kqNn∏n®ncp∂sX∂p NcnXImc∑m¿ Ct∏mƒ kΩXn°p∂p.

at‰ kw`hw 9˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ DØcm¿≤Øn¬ Cw•≠nse cmPm-

hmbncp∂ B¬Ûp Xs‚ ZqX∑mcmb kn•w, AX¬Ã≥ F∂nh¿

hgn tdmantebv°pw C¥ybn¬ hn. tXmakv, hn. _m¿Øp¬ambn

At∏mkvXe∑m¿°pw t\¿®Ifb®p F∂XmWv. ChnsSbpw

"C¥ym' FtXym]ysbtbm Atd_ymbpsS sX°p`mKsØtbm

Bbncn°Ww Dt±in°p∂Xv.

(d) t]¿jy≥ k`bpsS Adnhv

Cu hnjbw Bkv]Zam°n t]¿jy≥ KŸImc∑mcpsS \ne-

]mSn¬ Hcp hyXymkw hy‡ambn ImWmhp∂XmWv. Ahcn¬

Nne¿ C¥ysb FtXym]ym ˛ Atd_ymsb Dt±in®p ]dbp∂ps≠-

¶nepw, Ahcn¬ `qcn]£Øn\pw C¥ysbbpw, hninjy sXs°

C¥ysbbpw Ipdn®v Adnhp≠mbncp∂p. Cu hkvXpX ]n∂mse

ImWmhp∂XmWv.

ChnsS Hcp kwKXn Hm¿Ωn∏nt°≠Xp≠v. t]¿jy≥ k`bpw

k`m]cambn D]tbmKn®ncp∂Xp kpdnbm\n`mjbmbncp∂p. Cu

26 k` hf-cp∂p

`mjbv°p aq∂p hIt`Zßsf¶nepap≠mbncp∂p. Ahbnsem∂mWp

"AcmsabnIv' F∂p thZ]pkvXI ]TnXm°ƒ ]d™phcp∂ cq]w.

\ΩpsS I¿Ømhns‚ ImeØp ]ekvXo≥ \mńep]tbmKØnencp-

∂Xv CXmbncp∂p. c≠maXv At¥ymIy≥ k`m kwk¿KØn¬

Ign™ph∂ Hcp P\hn`mKØns‚ amXr`mj. kpdnbm\nbpsS

as‰mcp cq]ambncp∂ AXns\ "]m›mXy kpdnbm\n', "At¥ymIy≥

kpdnbm\n' Fs∂ms° ]d™ph∂ncp∂p. DØc saks∏mt´manbm

tIµambn hnIkn®ncp∂XmWv B cq]w. CXns\bmWp 17˛mw

\q‰m≠p apX¬ ItaWbmbn \ΩpsS k` D]tbmKØn¬ hcp-

ØnbXv. kpdnbm\nbpsS aq∂masØ cq]w t]¿jy≥ k`bn¬ ]N-

cn®p. "]uckvXy kpdnbm\n', "I¬Zmb kpdnbm\n' Fs∂√mw

t]cp≈ Cu `mjmcq]amWv C∂pw ]uckvXy (t]¿jy≥) k`-

bn¬ \nehnep≈Xv. tIcfØn¬ tdma≥ ItØmen°m k`bpambn

tN¿∂pIgnbp∂ kpdnbm\nk`mhn`mKhpw Xriq¿ tIµambn

ÿnXnsNøp∂ "s\kvtXmdnb≥' k`bpw CXns\ AhchcpsS

k`m]camb `mjbmbn D]tbmKn°p∂p. Cu aq∂p cq]ßfpw

XΩn¬ en]n kw_‘ambpw, D®mcWaSnÿm\am°nbpw Nne ]Z-

ßfpsS A¿∞hym]vXnbnepw A¬]kz¬∏amb hyXymkßƒ

Nq≠n°mWn°msa¶nepw, Imcyamb A¥cw Ah XΩnens√∂p

]dbmw.

Chbn¬ ]uckvXy kpdnbm\n D]tbmKn®ncp∂ t]¿jy≥ Inkv-

Xym\nIfpsS k`m]mcºcyw ]m›mXykpdnbm\n \ne\n¿Ønb

At¥ymJy≥ kpdnbm\n°mcptSXns\ At]£n®p ]e Imcyß-

fnepw `n∂ambncp∂p. Cu kÌƒ XΩn¬ hfscb[nIw kmayhp-

ap≠mbncp∂p. F∂m¬ Ah c≠pw c≠p kÌfmbncp∂Xn\m¬

Ahsb XΩn¬ Ipgbv°msXbncn°phm≥ \mw ]tXyIw kq£n-

°Ww. Cu KŸØn¬ ]uckvXy kpdnbm\n D]tbmKn®ph∂

k`sb "t]¿jy≥ k`'sbt∂m "]uckvXyk`'sbt∂m BWp hnh-

£n°p∂Xv. ]m›mXy kpdnbm\n`mj D]tbmKn°p∂ k`sb

"At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\n k`'sb∂pw ChnsS FSpØp]dbp∂p.

Cu c≠p kÌfn¬ t]¿jy≥ k`bmWp am¿tXmΩm«olmsb

AXy[nIw _lpam\]q¿∆w ]cnKWn°p∂Xv. CXp kw_‘ambn

tUm. F. anßm\ The Early Spread of Christianity in India bn¬ tN¿Øn-

cn°p∂ ]kvXmh\bpsS Hcp `mKw ChnsS D≤-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. kpdn-

bm\n mj-bpsS ]m›mXyhpw ]uckvXyhpamb c≠p hIt`Zßfpw

\∂mbn ]Tn®v Ahbn¬ e`yamb KŸßfpw a‰p tcJIfpw

27k` hf-cp∂p

]cntim[n®bmfmbncp∂p anßm\. At±lw Cßs\ ]dbp∂p:

"tXmakv A∏kvtXme≥ C¥ybn¬ kphntijtLmjWw \n¿-

∆ln®p F∂Xp ]uckvXyk` \nc¥cw \ne\n¿Øp∂ ]mcº-

cyamWv. tXmakns\∏‰n ]kvXmhn°p∂ bmsXmcp NcnXImc\pw,

Ihnbpw, ]m¿∞\m]pkvXIhpw, Bcm[\mIahpw, GXp Fgp-

ØpImc\pw, At±lsØ C¥ybpambn _‘s∏SpØmsXbncn°p-

∂n√.' anßm\m XpS¿∂p sNøp∂ ]kvXmh\ it≤bamWv. AXp

Zo¿LamIbm¬, AXns\ Cßs\ kwKln°mw. At∏mkvXe≥

]m¿Xybnepw t]¿jybnepw kphntijw ]Ncn∏n®p F∂p A\p-

kvacn°p∂ Nne FgpØpIm¿ t]mepw At±lØns‚ C¥y≥

thesb AhKWn°p∂n√. AXns\ Ah¿ GIIWvTambn Du∂n-

∏dbp∂p. tXmakns‚ t]cv C¥ybpambn _‘s∏SpØn amXamWv

Ahcp]tbmKn°p∂Xv (pp. 15˛16).

tXmakv At∏mkvXes\∏‰nbp≈ Cu \ne]mSp Ko°ntem

]m›mXy kpdnbm\nbntem k`mKŸßƒ Na®h¿ Ahew_n°p-

∂n√. Cu ]cam¿∞w \ΩpsS k`bneSpØ Imeßfnep≠mb kw -

hhnImkßƒ hy‡am°p∂nt√? "tXmakv At∏mkvXe≥ Hcp ]´-

°mc≥ t]mepambncp∂n√; AXn\m¬ At±lØn\v Hcp k`bpw

ÿm]n°phm\hImian√' F∂pw a‰pw At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\n-

°m¿ hmZn°phm≥ aSn°p∂ns√¶nepw t]¿jy≥ InkvXym\nIƒ

AXv Hcn°epw sNøpambncp∂n√.

(e) t]¿jybpsSbpw henb C¥ybpsSbpw tbml∂m≥

Cu t]cp≈ Hcp _nj∏v 325˛se \nJymkp∂ltZmkn¬ kw_-

‘n®v AXns‚ \S]SnIfnsem∏ph®Xmbn 5˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ DØcm¿-

≤Øn¬ sskkn°knse sKemtkymkv (Gelasius of Cyzicus) cNn®

NcnXKŸØn¬ ]dbp∂p. kp∂ltZmkns\∏‰n ChnsS ]cma¿-

in°pI km[ya√. Cu tbml∂ms\ Bkv]Zam°n e`yamb hnhc-

ßƒ FSpØpImWn°mw.

tdmamkmamPyØn¬ CZw]Yaambn IqSnb G‰w henb k`m-

ktΩf\ambncp∂p \nJym kp∂ltZmkv. kmamPyØns‚ ]uckv-

Xy`mKßfn¬ ÿnXnsNbvXncp∂ At¥ymJy≥ k`bv°pw Ae-

Ivkm¥y≥ k`bv°pw B kp∂ltZmkns\°pdn®p a‰p kÌƒ°p-

≠mbncp∂Xnepa∏pdamb _lpam\hpw aXn∏pw D≠mbncp∂p.

Cu kp∂ltZmkn¬ t]¿jybpsS tbml∂m≥ kw_‘n®ncp-

∂Xmbn 4˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ Fhptk_ntbmkpw, B ASnÿm\Ønem-

28 k` hf-cp∂p

bncn°Ww, 12˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\nk`bnse

]finX∑mcmb anJmtb¬ ]mXnb¿°okpw Znh∂mtkymkp _m¿

…o_nbpw FSpØp]dbp∂p. Cu sXfnhpsh®psIm≠p \nJym

kp∂ltZmkn¬ t]¿jy≥ k`sbbpw \ΩpsS C¥y≥ k`sbbpw

tbml∂m≥ ]Xn\n[m\w sNbvXXmbn Nne NcnXImc∑m¿ Nq≠n-

°mWn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. "C¥y' F∂ t]cp aqeap≠mb Nn¥m°p-

g∏w ]cma¿in°p∂ Cu ]mTØn¬ CXpw IqsS ]cntim[n°Ww.

t]¿jybpsS tbml∂m≥ 325˛se kp∂ltZmkn¬ kw_‘n®p

F∂v Fhptk_ntbmkp sNøp∂ ]kvXmh\ X≈n°fbmhp∂-

X√. F∂m¬ At±lw t]¿jybpsS _nj∏mbn amXta tbml-

∂ms\ hnh£n°p∂p≈p. AXp amXamWp alm\mb anJmtb¬

]mXnb¿°okpw _m¿ …o_nbpw FSpØp]dbp∂Xpw. sKem-

tkymkv "henb C¥ym' F∂p IqsS tN¿°p∂p.

ChnsS c≠p ]iv\ßƒ t\cnSp∂p. H∂v, 325˛\p tijw A©mw

\q‰m≠ns‚ DØcm¿≤Øn¬, AYhm H∂c iXm_vZØn\p tijw,

sKemtkymkn\v Cu Adnhv Fßs\ e_v[-ambn? \nJym- kp-∂-l-

tZm-kns‚ aqetcJIƒ kp∂ltZmkn\p tijw tImUoIcn®p

]Ncn∏n®ncp∂pthm? Aßs\ H∂p≠mbn F¶n¬ AXn\papºp 5˛mw

\q‰m≠n¬ k`mNcnXw cNn® kp]kn≤cmb skmtkmsa≥,

tkmIókv, tXthmtZmdntØmkv BZnbmbhcmcpw Cu kw`hw

FSpØpImWn°msXbncp∂sX¥mbncn°mw? c≠v, sKemtkymkp

kqNn∏n°p∂ "henb C¥ym' GXp qhn`mKamWv? Ko°nepw ]m›m-

Xykpdnbm\nbnepw KŸßƒ cNn®h¿ s]mXpth sXt° C¥y-

sbbpw ae¶ck`sbbpw]‰n tIńcp∂n√ F∂v CXn\Iw \mw I≠-

XmWt√m. t]msc¶n¬, "t]¿jybpsSbpw henb C¥ybpsSbpw'

F∂ hnhcWßƒ sIm≠p ]ckv]ckmao]yØn¬ InS∂ncp∂

c≠p tZißfmbncp∂ncn°mw FgpØpImc≥ a\ n¬ I≠ncn°m-

hp∂Xv. AXn\m¬ sKemtkymkp Dt±in®ncn°mhp∂ "C¥y' t]¿-

jybv°SpØp InS∂ncp∂ sXt° Atd_ym Bbncn°phm\mWv

km[yX.

Cu tbml∂ms\∏‰nbp≈ ]cma¿iØn¬ Xmsg∏dbp∂ kwK-

XnIfpw Hm¿Øncn°Ww.

1. \nJym kp∂ltZmkv, A∂p tdmamkmamPyØnse k`bn¬

h∂p IqSnb ]iv\ßƒ°p \nhmcWw I≠p]nSn°phm≥, InkvXp-

aXahew_n°phm≥ Xocpam\n®ncp∂ IpkvX¥ot\mkv NIh¿Øn

29k` hf-cp∂p

hnfn®pIqńb k`mktΩf\ambncp∂p. AXn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-hm≥

tdmamkmam-Py-Ønse k`mt\Xm-°sf NI-h¿Øn £Wn-®n-cp∂p.

F∂m¬ kmamPyØn\p ]pdØp≠mbncp∂ t]¿jy≥ k`mt\Xm-

°sfbpw £Wn®ncp∂Xmbn bmsXmcp sXfnhpan√. amXhpa√,

tdmamkmamPyhpw t]¿jy≥ kmam-Pyhpw XΩn¬ A∂p ssaXo-

_‘an√mXncp∂Xn\m¬, Aßs\ Hcp £Wabbv°pIXs∂

km[yambncp∂n√.

2. t]¿jy≥ k`bpsS `mKambn ^m¿kv (kpdnbm\nbn¬ t]mtd-

kv) Fs∂mcp kwÿm\w t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°Sent\mSp tN¿∂p ÿnXn

sNbvXncp∂-p. t]¿jy-bp-sSbpw "henb C¥y'-bp-sSbpw tbml-∂m≥

F∂ ]tbmKw sIm≠v ^m¿kpw AXn-\-SpØp t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S-

en\p adp-h-i-Ømbn ÿnXnsNbvXn-cp∂ Atd_ybpsS Z£nW

`mKhpw F∂mbncn°Ww sKemtkymkp Dt±in®Xv. A∂v AhnsS

k`m≤y£\mbncp∂ tbml∂m≥ kp∂ltZmkp IqSnb ImeØp

tdmam kmamPymXn¿Øn°p≈nep≠mbncn°bpw, B almkw`h-

sØ∏‰n tI´p, ]tXyI £Ww IqSmsXXs∂, AXn¬ kw_‘n-

°pIbpw sNbvXp F∂p hcmhp∂XmWv.

3. GXmbmepw tbml∂m≥ t]¿jybn¬ aSßn \nJymkp∂l-

tZmkns\∏‰nbp≈ hnhcßƒ AhnSpsØ k`sb Adnbn®Xmbn

sXfnshm∂pan√. kp∂ltZmkn\p tijw 85 sIm√ßƒ Ign™p

amXamWp, 410˛¬ t]¿jy≥k`bpsS kp∂ltZmkv \nJym\n›-

bßsf, hninjym AhnsS AwKoIcn® hnizmk]amWsØ,

HutZymKnIambn kzoIcn®Xv. AXn\m¬ tbml∂m≥ 325˛se kp∂-

ltZmkn¬ kw_‘n®p F¶n¬Xs∂bpw AXpsIm≠p≠mtI≠

]tbmP\w t]¿jy≥ k`bv°p e`n®n√.

"henb C¥y' F∂ ]tbmKwsIm≠p tIcfsØ Dt±in°p∂-

Xmbn ]oent∏mkp hmZn°p∂p. apIfn¬ \evInbncn°p∂ hniZoIc-

WØns‚ shfn®Øn¬ B hmZØn\p hne Iev]nt°≠bmhiy-

an√.

tNmZyßƒ

1. "C¥y' F∂ ]ZwsIm≠pt±in°p∂ \mSpIƒ Gh?

2. B \mSpIfn¬ GXp tZisØbmWp Ko°p `mjbnepw

]m›mXykpdnbm\n `mjbnepw k`mNcnXw cNn®h¿

"C¥y' F∂ ]Zw sIm≠p hnh£n°p∂Xv?

30 k` hf-cp∂p

3. Cu hkvXpX hy‡am°phm≥ Nq≠n°mWn°mhp∂

DZmlcWßƒ Gh?

4. GsX√mamWp kpdnbm\n`mjbpsS aq∂p hIt`Zßƒ?

Ahbntemtcm∂pw BcpsSsbms° D]tbmKØnencn

°p∂p?

5. am¿tØmΩm«olm Hcp ]´°mc≥ t]mepambncp∂ns√∂p

At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\n ]mXnb¿°okv Ahew_n°p

hm≥ apXn¿∂ \ne]mSns‚ ]›mØew F¥v?

6. t]¿jybpsSbpw henb C¥ybpsSbpw tbml∂ms\∏‰n

F¥mWp \ap°p ]dbphm≥ km[n°p∂Xv? At±lw

\nJymkp∂ltZmkn¬ ae¶ck`sb ]Xn\n[m\w sNbvXp

F∂p hmZn°phm≥ \ymbapt≠m?

]mTw 5

C¥y≥ k -bpsS t]¿jy≥ _‘w

]mcw`w ae¶ck`bpsS t]¿jy≥ _‘w At¥ymIy≥

_‘w hmZn°p∂Xn\m[mcw

(a) ]mcw`w

C¥ybnse ]pcmX\k`bv°v BZnaImew apX¬ Xs∂ t]¿-

jy≥ k`bpambn _‘ap≠mbncp∂p F∂Xns\ Hcp NcnXImc\pw

tNmZyw sNøp∂n√. t]¿jybn¬ \n∂p Icam¿§w hSt° C¥ybp-

ambpw IS¬am¿Kw sXt° C¥ybpambpw thgvN ]pe¿ØpI km[y-

ambncp∂p.

F∂m¬ t]¿jy≥ k` BZnaImew apX¬ Xs∂ At¥ymIym-

bpsS A[oiXzw kzoIcn®p Ign™ph∂p F∂pw, AXn\m¬ ae¶c-

k`bpw ]tcm£ambn´mbncp∂mepw, At¥ymIymbpsS taevtImbva

AwKoIcn®ncp∂p F∂pw hmZn°p∂hcp≠v. Cu hmZw FXtØmfw

Igºp≈XmsW∂v Cu ]mTØn¬ ]cntim[n°p∂p.

(b) ae¶ck`bpsS t]¿jy≥ _‘w

C¥y≥k` t]¿jy≥ k`m_‘Øn¬ h∂p F∂Xn\p Nq≠n-

31k` hf-cp∂p

°mWn°mhp∂ BZysØ kw`hw kob¿ńs‚ \mfmKaØn¬ (TheChronicle of Seert) tcJbp≈XmWv (a≤yi-X-I-ßfn¬ t]¿jy-bn¬

hnc-Nn-X-amb Cu KŸw Ncn-X-]-c-ambn hfsc hne-b¿ln-°p-∂-X√).

"ilveq^m, ∏mjm F∂nhcpsS ]mXnb¿°m tkh\ImeØv, GI-

tZiw 295˛\pw 300˛\panSbn¬, t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°Sens‚ Xoc]tZi-

Øp≈ _kmbnse ]finX\mb _nj∏p ZqZn (ZmhoZv) Xs‚

`Zmk\w hn´v C¥ybnte°p t]mhpIbpw AhnsS At\Isc

InkvXpam¿§Ønte°v \bn°pIbpw sNbvXp.' Cu ]kvXmh\

icnbpw AXnseSpØp ]dbp∂ C¥ym \ΩpsS C¥ybpsa¶n¬,

tIcfØnse k`bv°p aq∂mw \q‰m≠ns‚ A¥yL´w apX-

se¶nepw t]¿jy≥ k`bpambn _‘ap≠mbncp∂p.

t]¿jy≥ tcJIfn¬ \n∂pw e`n°mhp∂ a‰p c≠p sXfnhpIƒ

anßm\m Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p. c≠pw 5˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ kw`hn®Xmbn

AhImis∏Sp∂p. B \q‰m≠ns‚ aq∂mw ZiIØn¬ t]¿jy≥

k`bn¬ t]scSpØ Hcp thZ]pkvXI hymJymXmhmbncp∂p

CusimZmZv. At±lw cNn® tdmamteJ\ hymJym\KŸØn¬

it≤bamb Hcp t\m´p am¿Pn\n¬ sImSpØn´p≈Xn]ImcamWv:

"Cu teJ\w C¥y≥ ]ptcmlnX\mb Zm\ntbens‚ klmbtØm-

sS am¿ tImambn Ko°n¬ \n∂pw kpdnbm\nbntebv°p hnh¿Ø\w

sNbvXn´p≈XmWv' (Mingana, op. cit. p.27).

ASpØ sXfnhp t]¿jy≥ k`bn¬ ]kn≤oIcn® aX]camb

KŸßfpw a‰pw C¥ybntebv°pab®ncp∂p F∂XmWv. 470˛\Sp-

Øp t]¿jybn¬ dnhm¿Ujodnse _nj∏mbncp∂ am\m t]¿jy≥

`mjbn¬ aX]camb ]`mjWßfpw, Km\ßƒ, kwKoXßƒ BZn-

bmbhbpw Na®ncp∂p. AXn\pw ]pdta, At±lw Ko°p aqeI-

Øn¬ \n∂pw kpdnbm\nbnte°p KŸßƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp-

ancp∂p. Aßs\ \n¿Ωn® KŸßfpw a‰pw At±lw C¥ybnse

k`bv°pab®psImSpØp (Mingana, ibid. p. 28).

Cu aq∂p tcJIfnepw FSpØp]dbp∂ "C¥ym' \ΩpsS C¥ym

BsW∂v ChnsS iTn°p∂n√. ap≥]mTØn¬ Nq≠n°mWn®

hkvXpXIfpsS shfn®Øn¬ t]¿jy≥k`bn¬ \n∂pw e`yamb

Cu sXfnhpIƒ \ΩpsS C¥ysb kqNn∏n°p∂Xmbncn°msa∂p

amXta ChnsS Dt±in°p∂p≈p. \ΩpsS C¥y Bbncp∂m¬ Xs∂-

bpw, AXp hSt° C¥ytbm sXt° C¥ytbm BImhp∂XpamWv.

sXt° C¥ysb Dt±ins®∂p bmsXmcp kwibhpw IqSmsX

32 k` hf-cp∂p

]dbmhp∂XmWp tImkvamkns‚ km£yw. InkvXz_vZw 520˛\pw

525˛\panSbn¬ sN¶S¬ IS∂p C¥y≥ almkapZw hgn I∏¬

am¿Kw sXt° C¥y kµ¿in® Cu tImkvamkv 535˛\p tijw a‰p

tPmenIfn¬ \n∂pw hncan®p Xs‚ Universal Christian TopographyF∂ KŸw Ko°p `mjbnsegpXn ]kn≤oIcn®p. tImkvamkv

Hcp s\kvtXmdnb\mbncp∂p F∂pw As√∂pw hmZn°p∂hcp≠v.

C. Fw. ]oent∏mkv c≠masØ \ne]mSp icnhbv°phm≥ AXy-

[nIw _≤s∏Sp∂p. F∂m¬ At±lw D∂bn°p∂ \ymbßƒ°v

Ahtb°mƒ kzoImcyamb Hcp adphiw Nq≠n°mWn∏m\p≠v.

sXt° C¥ybnsebpw Atd_y≥ kapZZzo]pIfntebpw a‰pw

kÌsf Bkv]Zam°n tImkvamkv sNøp∂ ]kvXmh\bmWv Chn-

sS ]m[m\yw A¿ln°p∂Xv. ae_m¿, kntem¨, skmt°mSm

Zzo]v, t]¿jy≥ \mSpIƒ F∂o ÿeßfnep≈ k`sb∏‰n

At±lw \¬Ip∂ hnhcWw it≤bamWv. Xt]m_\n F∂ t]cn-

e∂dn™ncp∂ kntemWns\ kw_‘n®p tImkvamkp ]dbp∂p:

t]¿jybn¬ \n∂pw h∂v AhnsS A[nhmkapd∏n®ncp∂ InkvXym-

\nIfpw t]¿jybn¬ \n∂pw \nbanX\mb Hcp ]´°mc\pw Hcp

siΩmi\pw, Bcm[\m kwhn[m\ßfpw AhnsS e`yamWv. ae_m-

dns\°pdn®p, IpcpapfIp hnfbp∂ amenbn¬ k`bpw IeymWm

F∂p t]cp≈ ÿeØp t]¿jybn¬ Ahtcm[nX\mb Hcp _nj-

∏pw Ds≠∂p tImkvamkp hy‡am°p∂p. ChnsS FSpØp]dbp∂

"amen' ae_mdns\ Dt±in°p∂p F∂ hkvXpX NcnXImc∑m¿

H∂S¶w kΩXn°p∂p. AXpt]mse Zosbmkvt°mdokv (skmt°m-

Sm) F∂dn™ncp∂ Zzo]n¬ Ko°p kwkmcn°p∂ Hcp henb

kaqlw InkvXym\nIfpw Ah¿°v B≤ymflnItkh\w \¬Ip-

hm≥ t]¿jybn¬ \n∂pw \ntbmKnXcmb sshZnIcpap≠v. Ch¿-

s°√mw ]pdta, _mIvSnb°mcpw, lqW∑mcpw, t]¿jym°mcpw,

C¥ybnse a‰p ]tZißfn¬s]´hcpw InkvXym\nIfmbn´p≠v.

amXhpa√, t]¿jym tZisØ√mw AkwJyw ]≈nIfpw _nj∏-

∑mcpw FÆØn\XoXamb InkvXob kaqlßfpw ÿnXnsNøp-

∂p. ChnsSsb√mw k`bpsS hn]peX, ]tXyIn®pw t]¿jy≥ k`-

bpsS kpkvamWm¿lamb hnIk\w, shfnhm°phm\mWp tImkv-

amkv bXv\n°p∂Xv (Mingana, pp. 29 ˛ 31).

Hcp kwKXn ChnsS \mw Hm¿Øncn°Ww. 6˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ t]¿-

jybnse k` HutZymKnIambn s\kvtXmdnb≥ \ne]mShew_n®n-

cp∂p. AXn\m¬ tImkvamkp Nq≠n°mWn°p∂Xp sXt° C¥y-

33k` hf-cp∂p

bnepw a‰p ]tZißfnepw InkvXym\nIfp≠mbncp∂p F∂p amX-

a√, B InkvXym\nIsf√mw t]¿jybnse s\kvtXmdnb≥ ]mXn-

b¿°okns‚ A[oiXzw kzoIcn®ncp∂p F∂pamWv. Cu ]cam¿-

∞amWp tImkvamkv Xs‚ ]pkvXIØns‚ t]cpsIm≠p Xs∂

shfnhm°phm\pt±in°p∂Xv. tImkvamkns‚ ]kvXmh\bpsS

Hcwiw amXta ]oent∏mkv D≤cn°p∂p≈p. AXpsIm≠mWv B

KŸImc≥ Du∂n∏dbp∂ hkvXpX At±lw ImWmsXt]mbXv.

6˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ t]¿jybnse s\kvtXmdnb≥ k` hfscb[nIw

hnIkn®ncp∂p F∂p hniZam°phm\mWp tImkvamkv ian°p∂-

sX∂p Xo¿®bmWv.

t]¿jy≥ k`bpsS Cu hf¿® ]e \q‰m≠pImew \o≠p\n∂n-

cp∂p. 6˛mw \q‰m≠n\p tijw t]¿jy≥ k`bpw C¥y≥ k`bpw

XΩn¬ \ne\n∂ _‘w ASpØ bqWn‰n¬ ]cma¿in°p∂p≠v.

ChnsS 779 apX¬ B k`sb Zo¿LImew \bn® XotamØntbmkv

]Ya≥ ]mXnb¿°okp Xs‚ k`sb∏‰n sNbvX Hcp ]kvXmh\

D≤cn°mw. "ssZhta! \o ]cnip≤\mIp∂p' F∂ kvXpXn∏ns‚

Ahkm\Øn¬ "Rßƒ°pth≠n IqinXs\' F∂ `mKw t]¿-

jy≥k` sNm√p∂n√. AXns\∏‰nbp≠mb tNmZyØn\p ]mXnb¿-

°okv Cßs\ DØcw ]dbp∂p. "_m_ntem¨, t]¿jym, A n-

dnbm, kqtcymZbhpambn kmao]yap≈ C¥ym, ssN\m, Sn_‰v,

Xp¿°n, AYhm Cu ]mXnb¿°m knwlmk\Øns‚ A[nImcmXn¿-

Ønbnepƒs∏´p InS°p∂ HcnSØpw AXp]tbmKØnen√'

(Mingana, op. cit. p. 34). CXn¬ \n∂p a\ nem°mhp∂Xv, XotamØn-

tbmkp ]mXnb¿°okp s\kvtXmdnb≥ k`m≤y£\mbncp∂

ImeØp C¥y≥k` At±lØns‚ A[oiXzØn≥ Iogn¬

ÿnXn sNbvXncp∂p F∂m-W-t√m. Cu Ah-ÿ- X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p

tImkvamkp sXt° C¥y kµ¿in® 6˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ \nehnen-

cp∂Xv.

Cu _‘Øn\p tImkvamkns‚ ImeØn\p apºphsc \o≠p

\nev°p∂ NcnXw ImWmhp∂XtX. apIfn¬ FSpØp]d™ ZqZn-

bpsS tkh\cwKw FhnsSbmbncp∂mepw, AXn\v AciXm_vZ°me-

tijw \S∂Xmbn ]mcºcyw DZvtLmjn°p∂ Iv\mbn tXmΩmbpsS

BKa\w tIcfØn¬ \S∂ kw`hamWv. At±lw tIcfØn¬

IpSntbdn∏m¿Ø Hcp P\kaqlsØ \bn®p. Cu ]mcºcyØns‚

hniZmwißƒ NcnX]ca√mbncn°msa¶nepw, B IpSntb‰sØ

kwibnt°≠bmhiyan√. InkvXym\nIsf AXnIqcambn

34 k` hf-cp∂p

]oUn∏n® kmt∏m¿ II (309˛379) t]¿jysb `cn®ncp∂ ImeØp

]oU\Øn¬ \n∂pw c£tXSn Ah¿ tIcfØn¬ h∂Xmbncp∂p

F∂v A\pam\n°phm≥ \ymbap≠v.

Cßs\ Hcp kwLsØ C¥ybnte°b®Xp Ing°ns‚ ImtXm-

en°m BsW∂pw, At¥ymIy≥ ]mXnb¿°okmsW∂pw hmZn°p-

∂hcp≠v. Cu c≠v hmZßfpw tIcfØn¬ \S°p∂Xp amXamWv.

Aßs\ Hcp kwLsØ tIcfØnte°b®Xmbn At¥ymIym

]mXnb¿°okns‚ `mKØp\n∂mIs´ ImtXmen°mbpsS `mKØp-

\n∂mIs´ Bcpw AhImis∏Sp∂n√.

Cu hnjbw ASnÿm\am°n tIcfØn¬ Xs∂ \S°p∂ hmZ-

Øns‚ kz`mhw CXnepw ckIcamWv. Iv\mbn tXmΩmbpsS tImf-

\nsb tIcfØneb® kw`hw A[nIcn®p≈ aq∂p tcJIƒ F.

anwKm\m Early Spread of Christianity bn¬ D≤cn°p∂p. H∂v: 18˛mw

\q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw`Øn¬ Hcp ae¶c k`mwKw FgpXnbXmWv BZy-

sØ ]amWw (43 apX¬ 45 hscbp≈ ]pdßƒ). FgpØpImc≥

]dbp∂p: B tImf\n ImtXmen°mbpsS B⁄m\pkcWw C¥y-

bn¬ h∂p, F∂v. c≠v: AXn\ptijw B \q‰m≠n¬ Xs∂ U®p

]finX\mb Imtdmeqkv jm^p sNbvX At]£b\pkcn®p am¿

tXmΩm IV ae¶ck`sb∏‰nbp≈ Hcp eLphrØm¥w 1721˛¬

kpdnbm\nbnsegpXn jm^n\b®psImSpØp. AXn¬ Iv\mbn

tXmΩmbpsS tImf\nsb tIcfØnte°b®Xv Ddlmbnse A_v-

K¿ cmPmhmbncp∂p F∂p ]dbp∂p (48˛49 hißƒ). 345 ¬ Ddlm-

bn¬ Hcp A_vK¿ cmPmhp≠mbncp∂pthm? Cu tNmZyw am¿tØmΩm

IV D∂bn®ncp∂p F∂p tXm∂p∂n√. aq∂v: 1821 ˛¬ Uªnbp. F®v.

an√ns‚ A`y¿∞\b\pkcn®p ae¶ck`bnse Hcp ]´°mc≥,

A_lmw, ae¶ck`sb∏‰nbp≈ Hcp sNdphnhcWw FgpXn

Ab®p. AXn¬ Iv\mbn tXmΩmbpsS tImf\nsb Ab®Xv "Rß-

fpsS ]nXmhv, C·mtXymkp ]mXnb¿°okmbncp∂p' F∂mWv ]d-

bp∂Xv (50˛mw hiw). Cu ]amWßfntemtcm∂pw AXmsXgpXnb

ImeØp tIcfØnse a\pjy¿ ]pe¿Ønh∂ [mcW ]Xn_nw_n-

°p∂p. Ahsbm∂pw NcnX]cambn hnebp≈X√. aq∂masØ

tcJXs∂ t\m°pI. AXn¬ Hcp C·m-Øn-tbmkv ]mXn-b¿°o-

kns\ 345-˛¬ ImWp-∂Xv Ncn-X-]-cta A√. A∂v At¥ym-Iy-bn¬

"C·mØntbmkv' F∂p t]cp≈ Hcp k`m≤y£\p≠mbncp∂n√.

At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\n ]mXnb¿°ok∑m¿°v Cßs\ Hcp ÿm\-

t∏cv 13˛mw \q‰m≠n¬t]mepan√mbncp∂p.

35k` hf-cp∂p

(c) At¥ymIy≥ _‘w hmZn°p∂Xn\m[mcw

Iv\mbn tXmΩmbpsS tImf\n t]¿jybnse kmt∏m¿ II s‚ ]oU-

\ImeØv AhnsS\n∂pw h∂hcmbncp∂p F∂p kΩXn°p∂ C.

Fw. ]oent∏mkv B kw`hsØ At¥ymIy≥ _‘Øn\p \mµnbm-

bn°mWp∂p (op. cit. pp. 59-64): "In. ]n. 345˛¬ AXmbXv C¥ybpw

ssN\bpw hsc \o≠pInS°p∂ Ingt° C¥ybpsSbpw tae[nIm-

cw At¥ymIymbv°p ]Zm\wsNbvX \nJym kp∂ltZmkn\p

tijw Ccp]Xp h¿jßƒ°Iw Iv\mbntXmΩmbpsS t\XrXzØn¬

ae¶cbn¬ IpSntbdn∏m¿Ø Hcp kwLw kpdnbm\n°m¿ C]Imcw

At¥ymJymbv°p e`yamb A[nImcØn\p NcnXkm£yw hln-

°p∂p.'

A∂ph∂ tImf\n t]¿jy°mcmbncp∂p F¶nepw Ah¿

At¥ymIybpsS ]caamb ta¬t°mbvabn≥ Iogp≈hcmbncp∂p

F∂XmWv ]oent∏mkns‚ hmZw. AYhm B IpSntb‰sØ At¥ym-

Iybv°p t]¿jy≥ k`ta¬ A[oiXzw D≠mbncp∂Xmbn hmZn°p-

hm≥ ]oent∏mkv D]tbmKn°bmWv. Cu \ne]mSp hkvXp\njvT-

amb ]cma¿iamhiyap≈XtX. AXp kw_‘n®p Xmsg∏dbp∂

Imcyßƒ ]tXyIw Hm¿Øncn°Ww.

1. InkvXz_vZw 325˛¬ \nJym kp∂ltZmkp \S∂p. AhnsS

Ccp]Xp \n›bßƒ AwKoIcn°pIbpw sNbvXp. A∂papX¬ a≤y-

iXIßƒ hscbpw B kp∂ltZmkns‚ NcnXw ]Xn]mZn°p∂

]e KŸßfpw Ko°v, eØo≥, kpdnbm\n BZnbmb `mjIfn¬

hncNnXßfmbn´p≠v. Ahbnseßpw At¥ymJymbv°v C]Imcsam-

cp ta¬t°mbva B kp∂ltZmkp \¬InbXmbn ]dbp∂n√. kp∂-

ltZmkv AwKoIcn® 20 \n›bßfnseßpw AXp kqNn∏n°p∂p-

an√.

2. ]oent∏mkv B[mcambn FSp°p∂Xp \nJym kp∂ltZmkn-

s‚ t]cnednbs∏Sp∂ "Ad_n°mt\m≥' kwlnXbmsW∂v

At±lw B KŸØn¬ (op. cit. pp. 53-54) as‰mcp mKØp hy‡am-

°p∂p. "Ad_n°mt\ms‚ hnizk\obXsb Nne KŸImc∑m¿

kwibn°p∂p' F∂v ]oent∏mkv Xs∂ kΩXn°p∂p. Aßs\

kwibn°p∂hcpsS ASnÿm\sas¥t∂m, "Ad-_n-°m-t\m≥'

Fßs\ B[n-Im-cn-I-X-bv°¿l-sa-t∂m ]oent∏mkv Nq≠n°mWn-

°p∂n√. Cu hnjbw kw_‘n®p aqetcJIfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬

Kuchamb Hcp ]T\amWmhiyw. AXp ]oent∏mkv sNøp∂n√.

36 k` hf-cp∂p

3. "Ad_n°mt\m≥' kwlnX \nJym kp∂ltZmknep¤hn®X-

s√∂pw, F∂m¬ AXp ]uckvXykÌfpsSsb√mw \nbakap®b-

amsW∂pw Uo≥ Ãm≥en ]ISn∏n® A`n]mbw ]oent∏mkv D≤-

cn°p∂p. Cu ]kvXmh\ "Ad_n°mt\ms\' kw_‘n®v Hcfhn¬

icnbmsW∂p ]dbmw. F∂m¬ B "\nbakap®bw' FXtØmfam-

sW∂p≈ hkvXpX ]tXyI Nn¥°¿lamWv. "Ad_n°mt\m-

\n¬' 4˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ tImUoIrXamb \nch[n A\pimk\ßfS-

ßp∂p≠v. Ahsb√mw ]uckvXy kÌƒ s]mXpth AwKoIcn°p-

Ibpw sNøp∂p. AXns\∏‰n ChnsS hnhmZan√. F∂m¬ B \nb-

ahn[nItfmSv tN¿Øv At¥ym-Iym-bpsS A[o-iXzw Du∂n-∏-d-bp-

hm≥ th≠n a≤y-i-X-I-Øn¬ Nne XXv]-c-I-£n-Iƒ FgpXnt®¿Ø

GXm\pw IrXnaamb A\pimk\ßfp≠v. Ah ]uckvXy kÌ-

fpsS "\nbakap®b'Ønepƒs∏´tXm F∂XmWv \sΩ kw_‘n®p

]k‡nbp≈ tNmZyw. Cu sshjayw ]oent∏mkv ImWp∂n√.

At±lw D≤cn°p∂ KŸImc∑mcpw AXp a\ nem°p∂n√. Ah-

sc√mw Nn¥m°pg∏Øn¬ InS∂p Ifn°pIbmWv.

4. InkvXz_vZw 9˛mw \q‰m≠n\p apºp "Ad_n°mt\m≥' Du∂n-

∏dbp∂ At¥ymIybpsS A[oiXzmhImiw Bcpw tIńcpt∂bn√.

Cu ]cam¿∞w hy‡am°phm\mhiyamb sXfnhpIƒ \ap°v e`y-

amWv. F∂m¬ B \q‰m≠ntem AXn\SptØm 85˛Hmfw \nbam\p-

imk\ßƒ tN¿Øp≈ Hcp IrXn ]kn≤oIrXambn. AXmWp

"\nJymbpsS Ad_n°mt\m≥' F∂ t]cnednbs∏Sp∂Xv. Ahbn¬

_lp qcn]£hpw 4˛mw \q‰m≠phsc NcnXap≈ \nbahn[nIfmWv.

AhbpsS ]pcmX\Xzw Xs∂ At¥ymIybpsS A[nImckoabv°pw

AhImis∏Sphm≥ th≠n FgpXnt®¿Ø Nne \nbaßfmWp ]oen-

t∏mkv Ahew_n°p∂Xv. AXn\p NcnX]cambn hne I¬∏n°m-

hp∂X√. t]¿jy≥k` At¥ymIyk`bpsS Iogn¬ ÿnXnsNbv-

Xncp∂p F∂p ÿm]n°pIbmWv Cßs\ Iqńt®¿Ø `mKßƒ

sIm≠v At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\nk` Dt±in®Xv. AXn\p NcnX]-

cambn hne I¬∏n°mhp∂X√. t]¿jy≥ k` At¥ymIyk`bpsS

Iogn¬ ÿnXnsNbvXncp∂p F∂p ÿm]n°pIbmWv Cßs\

Iqńt®¿Ø `mKßƒ sIm≠v At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\nk` Dt±in-

®Xv. At¥ymIybv°p amXa√, AeIvkm¥ymbv°pw CXpt]mse

hn]peamb A[nImcmXn¿Øn "Ad_n°mt\m≥' kwlnX \¬Ip∂p-

≠v. t]¿jy≥k` At¥ymIymbpsS Iognepw FtXym]y≥ k` Ae-

Ivkm¥ymbpsS Iognepw Ign™psIm≈Wsa∂mWv AhnsS

37k` hf-cp∂p

sNøp∂ A\pimk\w. At¥ymIy≥ A[nImcw kw_‘n®v Cu

Bibw "lqZmbImt\m≥' KŸØn¬ KntKmdntbmkp _m¿

F_mb kqNn∏n°p∂p. FtXym-]y≥ k`sb Bkv]-Z-am°n

At±lw Xs∂ k`m-N-cn-X-K-Ÿ-Øn-semcp `mK-Øn¬ FSpØp ]d-

bp-∂p. amX-hp-a-√, FtXym]y≥ k`-bpsS \nb-a-K-Ÿ-amb "^nØ-

\-KkvØv' F∂ KŸ-Ønepw AXp tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. FtXym-]y≥

P\Xbn¬ s]´ B¿°pw Xs∂ ta¬∏´ÿm\w sImSpØpIqsS∂p

t]mepw _m¿ F_mb k`mNcnXØnepw, ^nØ\KkvXn¬

XXv°¿Ømhpw FSpØp ]dbp∂p.

5. "Ad_n°mt\m≥' kwlnXbn¬ C¥y Fs∂mcp ]Ztam ae¶-

ck`sb∏‰nbp≈ Fs¥¶nepw kqN\t]meptam Dƒs∏SpØnbnń√.

AXns‚ I¿Ømhn\p sXt° C¥ysbbpw ae¶ck`sbbpw ]‰n-

bp≈ A⁄Xbmbncn°pw ImcWw. saUn‰td\nb≥ kapZØns‚

Ingt°Xocw apX¬ qanbpsS AXn¿Øn hscbpw Ingt°m´p hym]n-

®pInS°p∂ AXn hnkvXrXamb tZiw apgph\pw At¥ymIybpsS

taevtImbva kzoIcn®psIm≈Wsa∂mWv "Ad_n°mt\m≥' A\p-

imk\aSnÿm\am°n 12˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\n

k`bpsS alm\mb anJmtb¬ ]mXnb¿°okv AhImis∏Sp∂Xv.

At±lw Xs∂bpw sXt° C¥ysbbpw ae¶ck`sbbpw]‰n H∂p-

adn™ncp∂n√.

6. AeIvkm¥ymbv°pw At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\nk`bv°pw

]tXyI XmXv]cyap≠mbncp∂ "Ad_n°mt\m≥' kwlnXsb B

kÌƒ ap≥ssI FSpØp ]uckvXy\mSpIfn¬ hym]Iambn ]N-

cn∏n®v AXns‚ B[nImcnIXsb h¿≤n∏n°phm≥ IgnhsX√mw

sNbvXp. AhcpsS iaêsØbmWp ]oent∏mkpw B[mcambn

IcpXp∂ KŸImc∑mcpw ]Xn_nw_n°p∂Xv.

7. At¥ymIybpsS A[oiXzw ASnÿm\am°n ]oent∏mkv

sNøp∂ ckIcamb Hcp ]kvXmh\ (op. cit. pp. 54-55) Cßs\-

bmWv. "_nńjv ayqknbØn¬ 14528˛mw \ºcmbn kq£n°s∏ńcn-

°p∂ In. ]n. 500˛mam≠sØ Hcp kpdnbm\n ssIsbgpØp KŸ-

Øn¬ ImWp∂ IpkvX¥ot\mt∏meoknse ZznXob s]mXpkp∂l-

tZmkv \n›bßfn¬ C]Imcw ]kvXmhn°p∂p. "\nJym Imt\m\p-

Ifn≥]Imcw At¥ymIymk`bv°p \¬Is∏ńcn°p∂ ]m[m\yw

kwc£n°s∏tS≠Xpw AeIvkm¥ymbnse saXm≥ ]uckvXysc

amXw cnt°≠XpamIp∂p.' "Ad_n°mt\m≥' 9˛mw \q‰m≠n\SpØv

At¥ymIymbv°p \¬InbXmb A[nImcw 381˛se IpkvX¥ot\m-

38 k` hf-cp∂p

t∏meokp kp∂ltZmkv Dd∏n®p F∂p hy‡am°phm\mbncn°mw

]oent∏mkv ChnsS ian°p∂Xv. CXn\pth≠n KŸImc≥ _nó-

jp ayqknbwhsctbm In. ]n. 500˛m am≠sØ kpdnbm\n ssIsb-

gpØp KŸØntebvt°m t]mtI≠bmhiyap≈X√.

8. "Ad_n°mt\m≥' hn[nIsf∏‰n Hcp Imcyw ChnsS Hm¿°p∂Xp-

sIm≈mw. FtXym]y≥ k`sb CuPn]vXn¬ \n∂pw ImemImeß-

fn¬ \ntbmKnXcmb tIm]v‰nIv _nj∏∑m¿ `cn®psIm≈Ww;

FtXym]y≥ P\Xbn¬s∏´ B¿°pw ta¬]´ÿm\w \¬IcpXv,

F∂mWv FtXym]y≥ k`sb Bkv]Zam°n "Ad_n°mt\m≥' \¬-

Ip∂ A\pimk\w. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ aq∂mw ZiIw hscbpw

FtXym-]y≥ k` Cu A\p-im-k\w inc mhln®p h∂p. AXn-

\ptijw AhnsS \m´pImcmb _nj∏∑mcpw AhcpsS t\Xmhmbn

FtXym]y≥ tZiob\mbn Hcp ]mXnb¿°okpap≠mbn. C∂v

FtXym]ybnse k` AeIvk¥ymbpsS A[oiXzsam∂pw kΩXn-

°msX Ignbp∂ Hcp kzX¥ tZiobk`bmWv. t]¿jy≥ k`-

sbtbm A¿ta\nb≥ k`sbtbm]‰n ]d™m¬, Ahbnsem∂pw

Hcn°epw At¥ymIybpsS A[oiXzw AwKoIcn®ncp∂n√.

Iv\mbntØmΩmbpsS t\XrXzØn¬ \S∂Xmbn ]mcºcyap≈

kndnb≥ IpSntb‰w ae¶ck`sb t]¿jy≥ k`bpambn _‘s∏-

SpØphm≥ klmbn®ncn°Ww. F∂m¬ A∂p tIcfØn¬ h∂h¿

]oUbpsS ImeØp ]mWc£m¿∞w t]¿jym hn´p F∂√msX,

Ah¿ t]¿jy≥ k`m≤y£s‚tbm a‰mcpsSsb¶neptam A\phmZ-

tØmsS tIcfØn¬ IpSntbdn∏m¿°pIbmbncp∂n√. B IpSntb‰-

hpw At¥ymIybpambn bmsXmcp _‘hpap≠mbncp∂n√.

B IpSntb‰Øn\p apºpXs∂ ae¶ck` tIcfØn¬ ÿnXn

sNbvXncp∂p F∂p \ymbambn Duln°mw. At\I IpSpw_ßsf-

bpwIqń t]¿jybn¬ \n∂pw tIcfØntebv°p bmXbvs°mcpsº-

´h¿ ae¶ck`sb∏‰n t\csØ Adn™ncn°Ww.

tNmZyßƒ

1. ae¶ck` ]pcmX\Imew apX¬ t]¿jy≥ k`bpsS _‘

Øn¬ Ign™ncp∂p F∂p IcpXphm\p≈ \ymbßƒ Gh?

2. \nJymkp∂ltZmkns‚ Imew apX¬ ae¶ck` At¥ym

IymbpsS A[oiXzw HutZymKnIambn AwKoIcn®ncp∂p

F∂p hmZn°phm≥ C. Fw. ]oent∏mkv Ahew_n°p∂

39k` hf-cp∂p

ASnÿm\sa¥v? AXn\v NcnX]cambn F¥p hne Iev]n

°phm≥ Ignbpw?

3. k`bpsS hf¿®sb∏‰n tImkvamkv F¥p ]dbp∂p? At±l

Øns‚ km£yØn¬ \n∂pw ae¶ck`sb∏‰n Fs¥√mw

Imcyßƒ a\ nem°mw?

4. "Ad_n°mt\m≥' kwlnX F∂sX¥mWv? AXpw \nJym

kp∂ltZmkpambn F¥p _‘ap≠v?

]mTw 6

tIcf InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS

]q¿∆Im-e-ß-fnse kmaq-ly-\n-e-hmcw

]mcw`w sNt∏SpIƒ Iv\mbn-sØm-Ω≥ sNt∏Sv Xcn- m-

∏≈n sNt∏-Sp-Iƒ Cc-hn-tIm¿Ø≥ sNt∏Sv hneym¿h´w cmP-

IpSpw_w

(a) ]mcw`w

tIcfØnse InkvXym\nIƒ°p ]q¿∆Imeßfn¬ kmaqlyXe-

Øn¬ kap∂Xamb Hcp ÿm\ap≠mbncp∂p. AXntebv°p e`y-

amb sXfnhpIƒ ]cntim[n°pIbmWv Cu ]mTØnse Dt±iyw.

k¿h][m\ambn CXntebv°p Nq≠n°mWn°mhp∂ sXfnhp

InkvXym\nIƒ°p tIcfØnse `cWØeh∑mcn¬ \n∂pw e`n®

imk\ßfmWv. sNºpXInSpIfn¬ AXXpImeßfnse `mjbp]-

tbmKns®gpXnb \mep imk\ßsf∏‰n \ap°v tcJbp≠v. Iv\mbn-

sØmΩ≥ sNt∏Sv, Xcn-km-∏≈n sNt∏SpIƒ H∂pw c≠pw, Cc-hn-

tIm¿Ø≥ sNt∏Sv ChbmWv B \mep Xmaimk\ßƒ. Chbn¬

Hmtcm∂ns\bpw ]‰nbp≈ eLp hnhcWßƒ ChnsS \¬Ip∂p.

CXn\pw ]pdta, tIcf InkvXym\nIƒ°p a≤yiXIßfn¬

Hcp cmPmhpw cmPhwihpw D≠mbncp∂p F∂p≈ hkvXpXbpw Cu

]mTØn¬ ]cma¿in°p∂p≠v.

(b) sNt∏SpIƒ

kpdnbm\n InkvXym\nIfpsS \mep sNt∏SpIsf∏‰nbmWv

40 k` hf-cp∂p

\ap°v sXfnhp≈Xv. Ahbnsem∂matØXv Iv\mbnsØmΩ≥

sNt∏SmsW∂p IcpXs∏Sp∂p. ImeIaa\pkcn®p ]n∂oSp hcp-

∂Xp Xcn m∏≈n sNt∏SpIfpw, AXn\ptijw CchntIm¿Ø≥

sNt∏SpamWv.

(i) Iv\mbnsØmΩ≥ sNt∏Sv

InkvXz_vZw 345˛¬ t]¿jybn¬\n∂pw Hcp ssIkvXh tImf-

\nsb Iv\mbntØmΩm tIcfØn¬ sIm≠ph∂ ]mcºcyw Ign™

]mTØn¬ hnhcn®n´p≠v. B Iv\mbntØmΩmbv°v A∂sØ tIcf

`cWm[n]≥ sImt®ctIm≥ s]cpamƒ \¬InbXmWv Cu sNt∏Sv.

AXphgn Iv\mbntØmΩmbv°pw A\pNc∑m¿°pambn almtZh¿

]´Ww At±lw Zm\ambn \¬In F∂XmWv sNt∏Sns‚ kmcw.

t]m¿´pKokpImcpsS BKa\Imew hscbpw Cu ]amWw kpdn-

bm\n InkvXym\nIfpsS A[o\Xbnencp∂p. AXn\ptijw AXp

sIm®nbn¬ t]m¿´pKokpImcpsS ssIhiw sN∂ptN¿∂p. kpdn-

bm\n, Xangv, Ad_n Cu `mjIfnsegpXnbXmbn AhImis∏Sp∂

Iv\mbnsØmΩ≥ sNt∏Sp t]m¿´pKokv Kh¿Æ¿ Hcp bqZs\s°m-

≠p t]m¿´pKokv `mjbnte°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøn®v, Hcp ]I¿∏p

t]m¿´pKokv cmPmhns‚ t]¿°b®psImSpØp. Cu X¿Pa Ct∏mƒ

_nójv ayqknbØn¬ kq£n®n´ps≠∂p ]dbs∏Sp∂p. BZytcJ

Ct∏mƒ FhnsSsb¶nepw Dt≠m F∂ hnhcw B¿°pw Adn™p-

IqSm.

Cu sNt∏Sn¬ ]dbp∂Xv almtZh¿ ]´Whpw, AXn¬ ]WnXp-

≠m°nb tZhmebhpw, Nne ]tXyI ]ZhnIfpw Iv\mbntØmΩm-

bv°pw k¥XnIƒ°pw Ft∂°pambn \¬Inbncn°p∂p F∂pw,

tXmΩmbpsS _‘p°ƒ°pw aXm\pbmbnIƒ°pw Nne ]tXyI

AhImißƒ A\phZn®ncn°p∂p F∂pw BsW∂p NcnX]fin-

X∑m¿ ]kvXmhn°p∂p. sNt∏Sns‚ XobXnsb∏‰n Ah¿ GIm`n-

]mbw Ahew_n°p∂n√. InkvXz_vZw 345, 774, 822 Cu XobXnIƒ

Nq≠n°mWn°p∂hcp≠v. Ahsc√mw Xs∂bpw AXp Iv\mbntØm-

Ωmbv°p sImSpØXmsW∂p kΩXn°p∂p.

ChnsS Hcp sshjayap≠v. sNt∏Sv FgpXnbncp∂Xv kpdnbm\n,

Xangv, Ad_n F∂o `mjIfnembncp∂p F¶n¬ XobXnbpsS

]iv\w KpcpXcambncn°pw. InkvXz_vZw 7˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ 4˛mw ZiI-

ØnemWv C…mayaXw Bhn¿`hn®Xpw Ad_n`mjbv°p ]m[m\yw

e`n®Xpw. 345˛¬ B `mjbn¬ tIcfØnsemcp enJnXw D≠mbn

41k` hf-cp∂p

F∂p ]dbp∂Xv AtX]Sn hnizkn°pI km[ya√.

(ii) Xcnkm∏≈n sNt∏SpIƒ

sIm√Øp \n¿anXamb Xcnkm∏≈n°p ÿm\p chnh¿ΩcmPmhv

A\phZn®psImSpØ Nne AhImißfpw, B\pIqeyßfpamWv

Cu sNt∏SpIƒ FSpØp ImWn°p∂Xv. "Xcnkm' F∂Xv "Xokm'

F∂ I¬Zmb kpdnbm\n]ZsØ aebmfoIcn®p]tbmKØn¬

hcpØnb cq]amWv. "sNm∆mb', "icnbmb' F∂√mamWnXns‚

A¿∞w. CXpXs∂bmWv \man∂v D]tbmKn°p∂ At¥ymIy≥

kpdnbm\nbnse "Xoskm' F∂ ]Zw. "Xcnkm∏≈n' F∂p]d-

™m¬ "Hm¿ØtUmIvkp]≈n' F∂p amXamWpt±in°p∂Xv.

at‰Xp ]uckvXyk`bpsa∂t]mse t]¿jybnse s\kvtXmdnb≥

k`bpw "Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k`' F∂p kzbw hnh£n®ncp∂p. sIm√-

sØ Xcnkm]≈n ÿm]n® 9˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ ae¶ck`bpsS D]-

tbmKØnencp∂ I¬Zmb`mjbn¬ Cu t]cp ]NmcØn¬ h∂p.

sNt∏SpIsf∏‰n Cu hnhcßƒ \mw Hm¿Øncn°Ww. 1. H∂mw

sNt∏Sn¬ aq∂p XInSpIfpw c≠mw sNt∏Sn¬ \mep XInSpIfp-

ap≠mbncp∂p. 2. H∂mw sNt∏Snse aq∂p XInSpIfn¬ Ahkm\-

tØXpw c≠mw sNt∏Snse \mep XInSpIfn¬ BZytØXpw \jvS-

s∏´pt]mbn. 3. H∂mw sNt∏Sn¬ _m°nbp≈ c≠p XInSpIfn¬

H∂v tIm´bØp Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k`bptSbpw, at‰Xp Xncph√m-

bn¬ am¿tØmΩm k`bptSbpw A[o\Xbn¬ ÿnXnsNøp∂p. 4.

c≠masØ sNt∏Sn¬ tijn®ncn°p∂ aq∂p XInSpIfn¬ c≠v Hm¿-

ØtUmIvkv k`bpsSbpw, H∂v am¿tØmΩmk`bpsSbpw ssIhiw

kq£n®phcp∂p.

hym]mcnIsf∂ \nebn¬ sIm√sØ InkvXym\nIƒ AhnSp-

sØ XpdapJhpambn _‘s∏´p Pohn®p h∂ncp∂p. sImSpß√q¿

Ign™m¬ sIm√ambncp∂p A∂p tIcfØn¬ ]ikvXn t\Sn-

bncp∂ ][m\ Xpd-apJw. sIm√w tIµ-am°n Pohn-®n-cp∂ InkvXym-

\nIƒ°p kmapZmbnI PohnXØn¬ D∂Xamb ÿm\ap≠mbncp∂p

F∂ hkvXpX Xcnkm∏≈n sNt∏SpIfn¬ \n∂pw hy‡amWv. kap-

ZmbØn¬ am\yX amXa√, ]e \nIpXnIfpw a‰pw ]ncn°phm\p≈

AhImihpw imk\ßƒ Ah¿°p \¬Inbncp∂p. ÿm\p chnh¿-

Ω≥ Ah¿°\phZn®ncp∂ 72 ]ZhnIfpw sNt∏Sn¬ tN¿Øn´p≠v.

sNt∏SpIfpsS Imew kq£vaambn Xn´s∏SpØmhp∂XmIbm¬

tIcf NcnX]TnXm°ƒ Ahbv°p ]tXyI ]m[m\yw I¬∏n-

42 k` hf-cp∂p

°p∂p. ÿm\p chnh¿Ω≥ `cWta‰tijw A©mw h¿jØn¬

Cu imk\ßƒ \¬In F∂p sNt∏SpIƒ hy‡am°p∂p. At±lw

InkvXz_vZw 844 apX¬ 855 hsc cmPy`cWw \SØn F∂p io[c-

tat\m≥ A Survey of Kerala History (National Book Stall, 1976, 122

apXep≈ hißƒ) bn¬ Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p. At±lØns‚

A©mw h¿jw 849 BIbm¬ B h¿jØn¬ sNt∏SpIƒ cNn®p

F∂\pam\n°mw.

(iii) CchntIm¿Ø≥ sNt∏Sv

hoc cmLh NIh¿Øn CchntIm¿Ø\p sImSpØ AhImim-

\pIqeyßfmWv Cu ]amWapƒs°m≈p∂Xv. 14 1/2 C©p \ofhpw

4 C©p hoXnbpap≈ Cu sNt∏Spw Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k`bpsS

A[o\Xbn¬ ÿnXnsNøp∂p.

CchntIm¿Ø≥ 13˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ atlmZb]pcØnse Hcp henb

hmWnPyt\Xmhmbncp∂p. tNccmPm°∑mcpsS Xeÿm\ambncp∂p

atlmZb]pcw AYhm Xncph©n°pfw. Cu sNt∏Snse A\pimk-

\waqew hoccmLh≥ CchntIm¿Ø\p aWnKmasa∂ t]cn¬

]kn≤n ]m]n®ncp∂ Hcp I®hSkwLØns‚ t\Xrÿm\w ]Zm-

\w sNbvXp. InkvXym\nIƒ°p sslµh¿s°m∏w kmapZmbnIambn

hnebpw \nebpap≠mbncp∂p F∂Xn\pw sXfnhmWv Cu sNt∏Sv.

sNt∏Sns‚ ImesØ∏‰n NcnXImc∑m¿ GIm`n]mbw ]ISn∏n-

°p∂ns√¶nepw, AXnep]tbmKn®ncn°p∂ `mjbpsSbpw en]nIfp-

sSbpw ASnÿm\Øn¬ AXp 13, 14 iXIßƒ°p≈n¬ hncNnXam-

bncn°msa∂p \ymbambn A\pam\n°mhp∂XmWv. ta¬hnhcn®

sNt∏SpIfnse A\pimk\ßsfm∂pw C∂p ]k‡nbp≈X√.

F∂m¬ Ah ssIkvXh¿°p ]pcmX\Imew apX¬ Xs∂ tIcf-

Øn¬ kmaqlnI˛kmºØnI PohnXw Bkv]Zam°n kap∂Xamb

hnebpw ÿm\hpap≠mbncp∂p F∂ hkvXpX shfnhm°p∂p. tIc-

fØns‚ NcnXØnepw, X∑qew `mcXkwkvImcØnemIam\hpw,

kpkvacWbv°¿lamb kw`mh\ \¬InbhcmWp tIcfØnse

]pcmX\ InkvXym\nIƒ. Cu ]cam¿∞w \ap°v A`nam\]q¿∆w

Hm¿°mhp∂XtX.

(c) hneym¿h´w cmPIpSpw_w

tIcf InkvXym\nIƒ°p kmaqly PohnXØn¬ ]ikvXamb

\nehmcap≠mbncp∂p F∂ hmkvXhØne[njvTnXamWv Ah¿°p

43k` hf-cp∂p

Xs∂ Hcp cmPhmgvNbp≠mbncp∂p F∂ hmKZXn. InkvXz_vZw 9

apX¬ 14 hscbp≈ \q‰m≠pIfn¬ Ah¿ hfsc sFizcyhpw Hu∂-

Xyhpw ]m]n®ncp∂p. B ImeL´Ønembncn°Ww Ah¿°p kz¥-

amb Hcp cmPhmgvNbpsS ]mcºcyw D≠mbncn°mhp∂Xv. F∂m¬

tIcfØns‚ Hcp hn`mKØnt∑¬ cmjvSobm[n]Xyw \n¿hln®n-

cp∂ Hcp InkvXob cmPmhpw cmPIpSpw_hpw GXm\pw \q‰m≠p-

Imew \nehnencp∂p F∂ hkvXpX ]YaZrjvSym hnizk\oba√.

AXn\m¬ CXp kw_‘ambn e`yamb sXfnhpIƒ ]cntim[nt°-

≠Xp≠v.

CXns\ kzoImcyambn IcpXp∂ NcnXImc∑mcps≠¶nepw, a‰p

]ecpw CXns\ \ncmIcn°p∂hcmWv. 1439 ¬ tdma≥ ItØmen°m

k`m≤y£\mbncp∂ bqPo\nbkv ]m∏m "ainlmbn¬ \ΩpsS

G‰hpw ]nb ]pX≥ `mcXobcpsS ]ikvX NIh¿Ønbmb

tXmΩmbv°v' Hcp IØb®p. 1502˛¬ t]m¿´pKokv P\d¬ hmkvtKm-

UnKmasb tIcf InkvXym\nIfpsS ]Xn\n[nIƒ kµ¿in® Ah-

kcØn¬ AhcpsS cmPmhnt‚sX∂hImis∏Sp∂ Hcp hSn At±-

lØn\p ImgvNh®p. tdma≥ ItØmen°m NcnXImc\mb A -

am≥, DZbwt]cq¿ kp∂ltZmkns‚ NcnXsagpXnb Kphbm, Chcn-

cphcpw CXp NcnX]cambn°cpXp∂p. Cßs\bp≈ hkvXpXIfpsS

ASnÿm\Øn¬ 1911˛¬ hncNnXamb sIm®n sk≥kkv dnt∏m¿´pw

AXp icnhbv°p∂p.

Cu \ne]mSpIƒ kzoImcyambn IcpXp∂h¿ tIcfInkvXym-

\nIfpsS cmPhmgvNsb∏‰n \¬Ip∂ hnhcWw Cßs\ kwKln-

°mw. BZyambn ÿm\w ]m]n® hneym¿h´w cmPmhns‚ Xeÿm\

\Kcw sImSpß√qcmbncp∂p. ]n∂oSp C…maycpambp≠mb kwL-

´\sØ XpS¿∂v Hcp ]pcmX\ ssIkvXh tIµambncp∂ DZbwt]-

cqcnte°v AXp am‰n ÿm]n®p. AhnSpsØ ]≈n InkvXz_vZw

510˛¬ hneym¿h´w cmPmhp ]WnIgn∏n®XmsW∂p ]mcºcyap≠v.

Cu ]mcºcyw NcnX]cambn km[qIcn°mhp∂XmsW∂p tXm∂p-

∂n√. AXp icnbmbncn°Wsa¶n¬, hneym¿h´w cmPhmgvN 520˛

\p apºv AYhm tImkvamkv Z£ntW¥ym kµ¿in°p∂Xn\p apºp

Bcw`n®ncn°Ww. CXpt]mse IcptX≠XmWp tUm. tkhnb¿

IqS∏pg hneym¿h´w IpSpw_sØ∏‰n (`mcX k`mNcnXw, 132˛133

hißƒ) sNøp∂ a‰p ]kvXmh\Ifpw. AhnsS InkvXz_vZw 1500

Ipw`w 2˛mw XobXn hneym¿h´w cmPmhp \mSp \oßn F∂p tcJs∏-

SpØp∂ kvamcIinebpw 800˛\SpØp \ncymX\mb hneym¿h´w

44 k` hf-cp∂p

amØp≈ Xºpcms\∏‰nbp≈ enJnXhpw DZbwt]cqcn¬ ÿnXn-

sNbvXncp∂Xmbn io. ]n. sI. tPmk^v am∏nfbpsS teJ\aSn-

ÿm\am°n At±lw kqNn∏n°p∂p. CsXm∂pw NcnX]cambn

kzoImcyambncn°Wsa∂n√.

"hneym¿h´w ]m\bn¬ Cu cmPhmgvN \n∂pt]mb hnhcw ]cma¿-

in®ncn°p∂Xp tUm. IqS∏pg A®≥ FSpØp ImWn°p∂p. Ah-

km\ambn hmWncp∂ tXmΩmcmPmhp acn°ptºmƒ At±lØns‚

`mcy amXw cmPIpSpw_Ønehtijn®p. B dmWnsb sIm®n IpSpw-

_Ønse Hcp Ipamc≥ InkvXym\nbmb tijw hnhmlw sNbvXp.

AXpaqew sIm®nbn¬ A∂p `cn®ncp∂ cmPmhns‚ AXr]vXn°p

]mXo`qX\mb Ipamc≥ \mSphntS≠Xmbn h∂ kmlNcyØn¬

ZpxJ`cnXbmb dmWn \ncymWw ]m]n®p.

Cu IYIsfm∂pw tIcfØn¬ InkvXob cmPmhp `cn®

kwÿm\w FhnsS Bbncp∂p F∂p hy‡am°p∂n√. 15˛mw iXI-

Øn¬ aq∂p cmPm°∑mcpw HºXv D]cmPm°∑mcpw Nne \m´p ]`p-

°∑mcpw tIcfØnep≠mbncp∂p. Ahcnemcpw InkvXym\nbmbn-

cp∂p F∂p hmZn°m≥ sXfnhn√. tIcfØnsemcp InkvXob cmPm-

hp≠mbncp∂p F∂ hkvXpX \ntj[n°p∂ NcnXImc∑m¿ hneym¿-

h´w `cWm[nImcnIsf InkvXym\nIfmbn a\ nem°p∂n√. Ah-

sc sslµhcmbn B NcnX]finX∑m¿ IcpXp∂p. ap…oßfpw

InkvXym\nIfpambp≠mb kwL´\Øn¬ sIm®ncmPmhp ap…oap-

Isfbpw hneym¿h´w cmPmhp InkvXym\nIsfbpw klmbn®p. G‰p-

apén¬ InkvXym\nIƒ hnPbw ]m]n®Xns\ XpS¿∂v hneym¿h´w

AhtcmSp ]tXyI Icw Bhiys∏SpI amXa√ "am¿tØmΩm

InkvXym\nIfpsS kwc£I\pw XpWbmfnbpamb cmPmhv' F∂

ÿm\t∏cv Ahew_n°pIbpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ B hneym¿h´-

Øns‚ ]n≥KmanIƒ°v Cu NpaXe Imcy£aambn \n¿hln°p-

hm≥ Ign™n√. Cßs\ tIcf InkvXym\nIƒ HcpXcw Ac£n-

Xmhÿbn¬ Ignbp∂ L´Ønembncp∂p t]m¿´pKokpIm¿ tIcf-

ØnemKXcmbXpw, Cu InkvXym\nIƒ t]m¿´pKokv cmPmhns‚

kwc£Ww hmkvt°mUnKma hgn A`y¿∞n®Xpw (L. W. Brown:The Indian Christians of St. Thomas, 1956, p. 14, n. 3 of p. 13).

tIcfØnse InkvXym\nIƒ°v AhcpsS kapZmbØnepƒs∏´

Hcp cmPmhp≠mbncp∂ns√¶nepw Ah¿°p sImSpß√qcnepw

sIm√Øpw a‰p ]e ÿeßfnepw kvacWm¿lamb \nehmcap≠m-

bncp∂p.

45k` hf-cp∂p

tNmZyßƒ

1. Iv\mbnsØmΩ≥ sNt∏Sns\∏‰n \ap°v F¥dnbmw?

AXns‚ XobXn InkvXz_vZw 345 F∂p ¢n]vXs∏Sp∂Xn

eSßp∂ sshjaysa¥v?

2. Xcnkm∏≈n sNt∏SpIƒ Gh? Ah FhnsS ÿnXnsNøp

∂p? AhbpsS ]m[m\yw F¥v?

3. CchntIm¿Ø≥ Bcv? At±lØns‚ t]cn¬ hoccmLh

NIh¿Øn \¬Inb sNt∏Sns‚ ÿnXn F¥v?

4. sNt∏SpIfn¬\n∂pw tIcf InkvXym\nIsf∏‰n Fs¥√mw

Imcyßƒ \ap°v a\ nem°mw?

5. tIcf InkvXym\nIƒ°p a≤yiXIßfn¬ kz¥ambn Hcp

cmPmhp≠mbncp∂p F∂p hmZn°p∂h¿ B cmPhmgvNsb∏‰n

\ne\n¿Øp∂ ]mcºcysa¥v? AXns\ kzoIcn°mØh¿

F¥mWp ]dbp∂Xv?

6. Aßs\ Hcp cmPhmgvNbpsS km[yXsb∏‰n \ap°v F¥p

]dbphm≥ Ignbpw?

46 k` hf-cp∂p

bqWn-‰v 2

6 apX¬ 16 hsc-bp≈

\q‰m-≠p-I-fnse NcnXw

]mTw 1

t]¿jy≥ k`bpw AXnse

ImtXm-en°m ÿm]-\hpw

]mcw`w t]¿jybnse k` _m¿ F_mbbpsS hrØm¥w

AXns‚ sshjayßƒ

(a) ]mcw`w

ae¶ck`bv°p t]¿jy≥k`bpambn thgvNbp≠mbncp∂p

F∂p \mw I≠p. Cu t]¿jy≥ k` Ft∏mƒ, Fßs\ ÿm]nX-

ambn F∂ hkvXpX ChnsS ]k‡amWv.

13˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ Pohn® _m¿ F_mbbpsS NcnXKŸØn¬

Cu tNmZyßƒ A`napJoIcn°p∂p≠v. At±lØns‚ hnhcWw

\ΩpsS k`bn¬ hfsc ]Nmcw e`n®n´p≈XmIbm¬, AXv ChnsS

Npcp°ambn FSpØp ImWn°p∂p≠v. F∂m¬ _m¿ F_mbbpsS

hnhcWw ChnsS NcnX]cambn kzoImcysa∂p IcpXp∂n√. AXn-

s‚ ImcWw ChnsS Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p.

(b) t]¿jybnse k`

tbipInkvXp Pohn®ncp∂ ImeØn\p apºpXs∂ sa s∏mtán-

bmbpsS hS°≥ mKØp ÿnXn sNbvXncp∂ Hcp ][m\ \Kcambn-

cp∂p Ddlmbn AYhm FtU m. Hmtkm¨ (Osrhoene) F∂p

t]cp≠mbncp∂ Hcp sNdnb cmPyØns‚ Xeÿm\ambncp∂ Cu

\KcØn¬ I¿Ømhns‚ acWhpw Dbn¿sØgpt∂ev∏pw Ign™v

A[nIw XmaknbmsX InkvXpaXw ]Ncn®p F∂mWp ]mcºcyw.

AhnSsØ cmPmhmbncp∂ A_vK¿ IpjvTtcmK_m[nX\mbnXo¿-

∂Xpaqew kuJyw ]m]n°phm≥th≠n tbipInkvXphns\ IØp

aqew kao]n®p F∂pw, B ASnÿm\Øn¬ I¿Ømhp Xs∂ \n¿-

tZin®X\pkcn®v injy∑mcnsemcmƒ AhnsSsbØn A_vKdns\

kpJs∏SpØnsb∂pw \memw \q‰m≠nse k`mNcnXImc\mb

47k` hf-cp∂p

ssIkdnbmbnse Fhpkm_ntbmkv Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p. Cu

hrØm¥w B[p\nI NcnXImc∑m¿ hnizk\obambn IcpXp∂ns√-

¶nepw, B BZnaImeßfn¬ Xs∂ B ]tZißfn¬ InkvXpaXw

]Ncn®p F∂ hkvXpX Ah¿ \ntj[n°p∂n√. Ddlmbnbn¬

\n∂pw ssIkvXh anj\dnam¿ A¿ta\nbm, t]¿jybpsS hnhn[

`mKßƒ BZnbmbhbn¬ kphntijtLmjWw \SØn. XZv^-

eambn sa s∏mtánbmbpsS a≤yØn¬ ÿnXnsNbvXncp∂ AUn-

bms_\nbpsS Xeÿm\ambncp∂ A¿t_epw kao]\mSpIfpw

InkvXob hnizmkw kzoIcn°phm\nSbmbn.

k`bpsS t]¿jybnse Cu hf¿®bv°v AhnsS BZy Imeß-

fn¬ \nehnencp∂ cmjvSobm¥co£w A\pIqeambncp∂p. B

ImeßfnehnsS `cn®ncp∂Xp ]m¿Xy≥ hwiPcmb A¿kmknb≥

(Arsacid) cmPm°∑mcmbncp∂p. aX]camb Imcyßfn¬ Ah¿ Hcp-

Xcw \njv]£X ]men®ncp∂Xn\m¬ t]¿jybn¬ k` thKØn¬

hf¿∂p. F∂m¬ 225˛¬ Cubhÿbv°v Hcp hyXnbm\ap≠mbn.

t]¿jybnse ]q¿haXm\pbmbnIfmb k m\nb≥ (Sassanid)cmPm°∑m¿ A¿kmkysc tXm¬∏n®p `cWw ssItb‰p. Cu Ah-

kcØn¬ Ccp]Xne[nIw t]¿jy≥ saXm∑mcp≠mbncp∂p. k m-

\nb≥ `cWm[n]cn¬ ]ecpw InkvXpaXØn\pw InkvXym\nI-

ƒ°pw FXncmbncp∂Xn\m¬ k` ]et∏mgpw ]oU\Øn\pw IjvS-

XIƒ°pw hnt[bambn°gntb≠nh∂p.

t]¿jy≥ k`m ÿm]I≥ am¿ tXmΩm«olm BsW∂v B

k` AhImis∏Sp∂Xmbn apIfn¬ \mw I≠p. At∏mkvXe≥

kphntijtLmjWm¿∞w hSt° C¥ybntebv°p t]mIpwhgn

t]¿jybnse Nne ]tZißfn¬ kphntijw Adnbn®Xmbn ]mc-

ºcyw D≠v. AXn\ptijw B NpaXe BZmbnsb Gev]n®p.

BZmbn Ddlmbn¬ Xmakn®p k`sb \bn°ptºmƒ kzinjy\mb

amdnsb t]¿jybpsS A∂sØ Xeÿm\ambncp∂ skeqjy˛-

ImØnkvt]mWntebv°b®p. Cu skeqjym sXKnkp \ZnbpsS

CcpIcbnepambn sa s∏mtánbmbpsS Z£nW`mKØp ÿnXn

sNbvXncp∂p.

Ddlmbnbn¬ k` thKØn¬ hf¿∂p. AhnsS \n∂pw Aev]w

AIeØn¬ ÿnXnsNbvXncp∂ \nko_n\nepw k` ]ptcmKan®p.

t]¿jy≥ kmamPyØns‚bpw tdmamkmamPyØnt‚bpw AXn¿Øn

]tZißfn¬ t]¿jytbmSp tN¿∂pInS∂ncp∂ Cu \Kcßsf

226˛¬ kmamPyßƒ XΩnep≠mb kwL´\w aqew tdmamkmam-

48 k` hf-cp∂p

Pyhpambn tN¿Øp F¶nepw 363˛¬ tdmamNIh¿Ønbmbncp∂

tPmhnb≥ \nko_n\ns\ t]¿jybv°p hn´psImSpt°≠Xmbn

h∂p. t]¿jy≥k`bpsS kwÿm]\Øn¬ amXa√, XpS¿∂p≈

hf¿®bnepw Ddlmbn°v Hcp ][m\ ]¶p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \nko-_n≥

t]¿jy≥ k`-bpsS ][m\ tIµambn `hn°pIbpw sNbvXp. "t]¿-

jy≥ k` At¥ymIy≥ k`bpsS ]pXnbmbncp∂n√. AXv At¥ym-

IybpsS cW]cn[nbnsemcp ImeØpw Dƒs∏ńcp∂pan√. t]¿jy≥

k` Ddlmbnbnse k`bpsS ]pXnbmbncp∂p' F∂p Uªyq. F.

hnKmw Dd∏n®p ]dbp∂p (An Introduction to the History of the AssyrianChurch, S. P. C. K., 1910, p. 26). DdlmbnbpsS klmbØm¬ ÿm]n-

Xamb t]¿jy≥k` kzbw hf¿∂p hnIkn®p. 4˛mw \q‰m≠mbt∏m-

tgbv°pw kz¥w ImepIfnepd®p \n¬°mhp∂ \ne AXp ]m]n°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp.

ChnsS Hcp Imcyw \mw Hm¿t°≠Xp≠v. 4˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ BZna

ZiIßfn¬ IpkvX¥ot\mkv cmPmhv InkvXpaXw kzoIcn°phm≥

Xocpam\n®p. \nJymkp∂ltZmkv \SØp∂hscbpw, tdmamkmamPy-

Ønse k` BIam\w Htc `cW hyhÿbvt°m ]mcºcy am\Z-

fiØnt\m hnt[bambn´√ Ign™ph∂Xv. Hmtcm tZisØbpw

k` AXXns‚ Np‰p]mSpIƒ°\pkcWambn kzmX¥yw A\p`hn-

®pXs∂bmWp hf¿∂Xv. t]¿jy≥k` hnIkn®Xpw Cu hn[-

Øn¬ amXambncp∂p. F∂m¬ ]n¬°meØp≠mb coXn BZnImew

apX¬ \ne\n∂Xmbncp∂p F∂p hmZn°phm≥ ]ecpw DZyan°p∂Xp

ImWmw. AXn\p ]‰nb DZmlcWamWv KotKmdntbmkv _m¿

F_mb Nq≠n°mWn°p∂ t]¿jy≥ k`mNcnXw.

(c) _m¿ F_mbbpsS hnhcWw

KntKmdntbmkv _m¿ F_mbbpsS t]cp \mw CXn\Iw ]e

XhWbpw I≠XmWv. Hcp ]m›mXy AYhm At¥ymIy≥ kpdn-

bm\n°mc\mb Ct±lw 628˛629 ¬ ÿm]nXamb (]n∂mse

ImWpI) sXKoknse a^nbm\mbpsS knwlmk\Øn¬ 13˛mw

\q‰m≠ns‚ DØcm¿≤Øn¬ Ahtcm[nX\mbn, 1286˛¬ \ncymWw

]m]n®p. sXKoknse a^nbm\mbv°p "Ing°ns‚ ImtXmen°m'

F∂ t]cpap≠mbncp∂p. 9˛mw \q‰m≠n\SpØp tImUoIrXamb

"Ad_n°mt\m≥' kwlnXbpw, ]tXyIn®v AXn¬ At¥ymIy-

bv°p sImSpØncn°p∂ hnkvXrXamb A[nImcmXn¿Ønbpw,

325˛¬ Xs∂ \n›bn®Xmbncp∂p F∂v At±lw IcpXnbncp∂p.

49k` hf-cp∂p

AtXmsSm∏w Ing°ns‚ ImtXmen°mbv°p sXKokv almbnSh-

Ibn¬ ]cn]q¿Æamb Dƒ`cWkzmX¥yw Ds≠∂p≈ \ne]mSpw

At±lw Ahew_n®ncp∂p.

Cu _m¿ F_mb `mjm]chpw, NcnX]chpw, thZimkvX]-

chpw, thZ]pkvXI]chpw a‰pamb ap∏Xn¬∏cw KŸßƒ kpdn-

bm\n `mjbn¬ cNn® tZlambncp∂p. k`mNcnX]cambn At¥ym-

Iy≥ k`bpsSbpw t]¿jy≥k`bpsSbpw NcnXw At±lw kw£n-

]vXambn cNn®n´p≈Xp \ap°v C∂pw e`yamWv. B KŸØns‚

BZy`mKw At¥ymIy≥ ]mXnb¿°okpamcpsSbpw, c≠mw`mKw

t]¿jy≥ ImtXmen°mamcpsSbpw NcnXw ]cma¿in°Ø°hÆ-

amWv AXp IaoIcn®ncn°p∂Xv. t]¿jy≥ ImtXmen°mamcpsS

NcnXw 629 hsc \¬Inbtijw, At±lw 13˛mw \q‰m≠phsc AXp

XpScpIbpw, 629 apX¬ sXKokv a^nbm\mamcpsS NcnXw tN¿°p-

Ibpw sNbvXn´p≠v. ]mXnb¿°okpamcpsS NcnXw 6˛mw \q‰m≠p-

apX¬ At¥ymIy≥ k`bnse kpdnbm\n hn`mKØns‚ A≤y£-

∑mcptSXp amXamWv KŸapƒs°m≈p∂Xv. _m¿ F_mb 1286˛

¬ \ncymX\mbn F¶nepw At±lØns‚ ]n≥KmanIƒ ]mXnb¿-

°okpamcpsSbpw sXKoknse a^nbm\mamcptSbpw NcnXw 1496

hscbpw KŸØns‚ Ccp`mKßfnepambn FgpXnt®¿Øn´p≠v.

t]¿jy≥ k` kz¥wImen¬ \n¬°mhp∂bhÿ ]m]n®

hnhcw _m¿ F_mb Cßs\ \¬Ip∂p. skeqjymbnse BZy-

sØ _nj∏v, \mw CXn\Iw I≠ BZmbnbpsS injy≥ amdn Bbn-

cp∂p F∂v At±lw ]dbp∂p. amdnbpsS ]n≥XpS¿®bn¬ At_m-

kntbmkv, A_lmw, bmt°m_v F∂o aq∂p t]sc At±lw FSp-

ØpImWn°p∂p. Chcn¬ BZysØ c≠pt]cpw tIhew kmµ¿`n-

Iambn At¥ymIybn¬ h®p ÿm\w ]m]n°phm\nSbmbn.

F∂m¬ aq∂ma≥ Cßs\ Ahtcm[nX\mbXv At¥ymIybn¬

h®mbncp∂n√, sbcpitean¬ h®mbncp∂p. bmt°m_p acn°p∂-

Xn\p apºp kz¥w injy∑mcmb BtlmZm_qbn, tImwtbip F∂n-

hsc At¥ymIybntebv°b®p. Ahcnsemcmfns\ At¥ymIy-

bnse ]mXnb¿°okv Xncs™SpØp Xs‚ ]n≥Kmanbmbn hmgn®p

skeqjybntebv°bbv°Wsa∂p \n¿t±in°pIbpw sNbvXp. Ah-

cncphcpw At¥ymIybnseØn Hcp kvt\lnXs‚ IqsS Xmakn-

°ptºmƒ Ahsc t]¿jy≥ Nmc∑msc∂p IcpXn, k¿°mcptZymK-

ÿ∑m¿ Xnc™p. Cu hnhcw aWØdn™ BtlmZm_qbn AhnsS

\n∂pw Hfnt®mSn c£s∏´p sbdpiteanseØn. tImwtbiphns\bpw

50 k` hf-cp∂p

BXntYbt\bpw Kh¨sa‚p \n¿t±in®X\pkcn®p h[n®pIf™p.

tJZIcamb Cu kw`hØn¬ t¢inX\mb ]mXnb¿°okv

BtlmZm_qbnsb hmgn®p t]¿jybnte°bbv°phm≥ sbdpitew

_nj∏n\p \n¿t±iw \¬In. At±lw AXp \n¿hln®p. AtlmZm-

_qbnsb hmgn®p t]¿jybntebv°b®p. CubhkcØn¬ "]m›m-

Xy' _nj∏∑m¿ ]uckvXy k`m≤y£s\ Ahtcm[n°p∂Xp

kw_‘n®v Hcp IaoIcWw \¬In. ÿm\m¿∞n C\ntaem¬

At¥ymIybn¬ t]mtI≠Xns√∂pw, t]¿jy≥ k`m≤y£≥ t]¿-

jybn¬ Xs∂ Ahtcm[nX\mbm¬ aXnsb∂pw Ah¿ \n›bw

sNbvXp. Cu hnhcw Ah¿ ]uckvXysc Adnbn®p. Ing°ns‚ henb

saXmt∏meoØm Bbn Cu hn[Øn¬ \nbanX\mIp∂ tZlw

"ImtXmen°m' F∂ \maw ]m]n®p. Ah¿ ImtXmen°mbv°p ]mXn-

b¿°okn\p Xmsgbp≈ ÿm\w \¬In. Cu \S]Sn ]mXnb¿°o-

kn\p Xr]vXnIcambncp∂pan√. C]ImcamWv t]¿jy≥ k`bpsS

BIam\ t\XrXzw hln°p∂ ImtXmen°m B kmamPyØns‚

Xeÿm\ambncp∂ skeqjym ˛ ImØnkvt∏mWn¬ (Seleucia -Ctesiphon) \nbanX\mbXv.

(d) AXns‚ sshjayßƒ

ckIcamb Cu IY a≤yiXIßfn¬ "Ad_n°mt\m≥'

kwlnX tImUoIrXamb ]›mØeØn¬ ]uckvXy \mSpIfn¬

]Ncn®p. Cu \nbamhen kqNn∏n°p∂ At¥ymIy≥ A[nIm-

cmXn¿Øn ]pcmX\Imew apX¬ ]mh¿ØnIambnØo¿∂ncp∂p

F∂pw, t]¿jybnse kzX¥ ImtXmen°m ÿm]\w \nehn¬

h∂Xp Xs∂ At¥ymIybpsSbpw "]m›mXy' _nj∏∑mcpsSbpw

Zm£nWy at\m`mhw aqeambncp∂p F∂pw ÿm]n°phm≥ IcpXn-

°qńbpfhm°nbXmWnsX∂p \ymbambn Duln°mw. Cu IYbpsS

ASnÿm\Øn¬ _m¿ F_mb Nne Imcyßƒ Nq≠n°mWn°p-

∂Xp it≤bßfmWv. ChnsS D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂ "]m›mXy'

F∂Xv At¥ymIy≥ k`sbbmWpt±in°p∂sX∂v Hm¿Øncn-

°Ww.

1. t]¿jy≥ k` an°hmdpw AXns‚ Bcw`w apX¬ Xs∂

At¥ymIy≥ ta¬t°mbvabn≥Iogn¬ ÿnXnsNbvXncp∂p. 2.

AXn\p t`ZKXnbp≠mbXv Hcp ]tXyI kmlNcyØn¬ amXam-

bncp∂p. hnjaXchpw B]XvIchpamb B kµ¿`Øn¬t∏mepw

A[nImcw ssIshSnbphm≥ At¥ymIy≥ ]mXnb¿°okn\njvSan-

51k` hf-cp∂p

√mbncp∂p. 3. F∂m¬ A∂sØ ÿnXnKXnIƒ th≠hÆw a\-

nem°nb "]m›mXy' _nj∏∑m¿ At¥ymIybpsS CwKnXw ]cnK-

Wn°msX ]uckvXy¿°p ImtXmen°m ÿm]\w A\phZn®psIm-

SpØp. 4. ]mXnb¿°okn\p k`ta¬ BIam\t\XrXzw Ds≠∂p-

hcnInepw At±lØns‚ CjvSØns\Xncmbn Bhiyambn hcp∂

Xocpam\ßƒ saXm∑m¿°p sNømhp∂XmWv. 5. skeqjy≥

ImtXmen°m ÿm]\w ]mXnb¿°ok√, ]m›mXy _nj∏∑mcpsS

BtemN\tbmsS t]¿jybnse saXm∑mcmWp \nehn¬ hcpØn-

bXv.

a≤y iXIßfnse ]uckvXy k`mhrØßfn¬ ]Ncn®ncn°m-

hp∂Xpw _m¿ F_mb B[nImcnIambn°cpXp∂Xpamb Cu IY

hfscb[nIw hna¿i\amhiyap≈XmWv. BtlmZm_qbnbpsS IY

InkvXz_vZw 235 \SpØp \S∂Xmbn´mWp _m¿ F_mb kqNn∏n-

°p∂Xv. F∂m¬ At±lw k`mNcnXsagpXp∂Xp 13˛mw \q‰m-

≠ns‚ DØcm¿≤Øn¬, AYhm BbncØnbºtXmfw sIm√ßƒ-

°p tijamWv. AXn\m¬ Cu hnhcw _m¿ F_mbbv°v Fßs\

Adnbphm\nSbmbn F∂ tNmZyw GXp NcnXImc\pw D∂bn®p

t]mIpw. _m¿ F_mb AXp∂bn°p∂n√; AXn\pØcw \¬Ip-

∂pan√. amXhpa√, At±lw Xs∂ cNn® k`mNcnXKŸØns‚

H∂mw `mKØv At¥ymIy≥ k`mNcnXtØmSp tN¿∂p s]mXp

k`bpsS ]pcmX\Imeßfnse hf¿® ]cma¿in°p∂nSsØßpw

Cu hnhcßsfm∂pw kqNn∏n°p∂n√.

Cu ]cam¿∞ßƒ°pw ]pdta, Cu IY kw_‘n®p Xmsg]d-

bp∂ hkvXpXIƒ ]tXyIw Hm¿Øncn°Ww. 1. "]mXnb¿°o-

kv' F∂ ÿm\t∏cpw AXp hnh£n°p∂ A[nImchpw BZy

\q‰m≠pIfnep≠mbncp∂X√. AXp≠mbncp∂p F¶n¬ k`bnse

sshZnIÿm\nIƒ siΩm»≥, I»oim, saXm≥ F∂o aq∂p Xpd-

Iƒ°pw ]pdta "]mXnb¿°okv' F∂p IqsS tN¿Øp≈ ]mcºcyw

\nehn¬ hcpambncp∂p. "]mXnb¿°okv' F∂ t]cv 5˛mw \q‰m≠p

apX¬ ItaWbmbn tdmamkmamPyØnse k`bn¬ D]tbmKØn¬

h∂p F¶nepw, B ÿm\w ]n∂oSp amXamWp ]tbmKØnembXv.

ChnsS Dt±in°p∂ Bibw DZmlcWwsIm≠p hy‡am°mw.

At¥ymIym Xs∂ BZna\q‰m≠pIfn¬ Hcp saXmk\w amXambn-

cp∂p. F∂m¬ AhnSpsØ _nj∏v tdmamkmamPyØns‚ ]uc-

kvXyhn`mKØns‚ Xeÿm\sa∂ \nebn¬, ItaWbmbn Nne

]cnKW\Iƒ ]nSns®SpØp. Hcp saXmk\w F∂ ÿnXnbn¬

52 k` hf-cp∂p

At¥ymIymbv°v B Imeßfnse√mw at‰Xp saXmk\hpw t]mse-

bp≈ \nehmcta D≠mbncp∂p≈q. AhnSsØ BZysØ k`m≤y-

£\mbn ]tXmkv At∏mkvXe≥ GhmZntbmkns\ \nban®p F∂-

XmWv ]mcºcyw. Cu GhmZntbmtkm At±lØns‚ ]n≥Kman-

Itfm 6˛mw \q‰m≠phscbpw _nj∏∑mcn¬ \n∂pw Xncs™SpØp

\nba\w ]m]n®hcmbncp∂n√. Hcp saXms\ At¥ymIybntem

as‰hnsSsb¶neptam k`m≤y£\mbn Db¿ØpIbmWt√m ]mXn-

b¿°m ÿm\wsIm≠pt±in°p∂Xv. B coXn 5˛mw \q‰m≠n\p

tijw amXw \nehn¬ h∂XmWv. AXn\m¬ 3˛mw \q‰m≠n¬

At¥ymIym ]mXnb¿°okv F∂p hnh£n°p∂Xv 6˛mw \q‰m≠p

apX¬ cq]saSpØ ]Xnhns\ `qXImemt]£nXambn D]tbmKn°p-

∂Xp amXamWv.

2. BZnaImew apX¬ a≤yiXIßƒ hscbpw k`mNcnXw

Ko°p `mjbnepw kpdnbm\n `mjbnepw cNn® At\Icp≠v. Ah-

cn¬ 12˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ Cu hnjbw kvXpXy¿lambn \n¿hln®

At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\n k`m≤y£\mWp alm\mb aoJmtb¬

]mXnb¿°okv. Chcn¬ At\IcpsSbpw KŸßƒ C∂p \ap°p

aqe`mjbnepw ]cn`mjIfnepw e`yßfpamWv. At¥ymIybnse

]mXnb¿°okpw "]m›mXy' _nj∏∑mcpapƒs∏´ Cu kw`hw Ah-

cnemcpw FSpØp ]dbp∂n√. _m¿ F_mb Xs∂ At¥ymIy≥

]mXnb¿°ok∑mcpsS NcnXw ]cma¿in°p∂nSsØßpw Cu

kwKXn kqNn∏n°p∂n√. F¥mWnXns‚ A¿∞w?

3. Cu kmlNcyØnep∂bnt°≠ Nne tNmZyßfnhnsS ]tXy-

Iw ]k‡ßfmWv. _m¿ F_mb FSpØp ]dbp∂ kw`hw

At¥ymIybnse GXp ]mXnb¿°okns‚ ImeØp \S∂p? A∂-

sØ sbcp-itew _nj-∏-∑m-cm-cm-bn-cp∂p? A∂p sbcpiteans‚

ÿnXn F¥mbncp∂p? ]uckvXycpsS k`m≤y£s\ t]¿jybn¬

Xs∂ hmgn®m¬ aXnsb∂p \n¿t±in® "]m›mXy' _nj∏∑m¿

Bsc√mambncp∂p? Ah¿ GXp hn[Ønembncp∂p B Xocpam\Øn-

seØnbXv? kp∂-l-tZmkv IqSn Aßs\ \n›-bn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-

∂pthm? Bbn-cp∂p F¶n¬, B kp∂ltZmkp hnfn®pIqńbXm-

cmbncp∂p? AXp IqSnbsXhnsS sh®v, Ft∏mƒ? Cßs\ kwKX-

ßfmb tNmZyßsfm∂pw _m¿ F_mb D∂bn°pItbm Ahbv-

°pØcw \¬IpItbm sNøp∂n√.

4. c≠pw aq∂pw \q‰m≠pIfnse sbcpiteans‚ ÿnXn ChnsS

A\pkvacWm¿lamWv. InkvXz_vZw 70˛¬ B \KcsØbpw

53k` hf-cp∂p

AXnep≠mbncp∂ sblqZ∑mcpsS tZhmebsØbpw tdma≥ ]S-

bmfnIƒ \njv°cpWw \in∏n®p. AXn\ptijw ItaWbmbn Hcp

P\hn`mKw AhnsS A[nhmkapd∏n®p F¶nepw, 135˛¬ ]´Ww Xs∂

kºq¿ÆhyXnbm\w ]m]n®p. sblqZ∑mcpsS apt∂‰sØ

XSbphm≥ th≠n lZnbm≥ (Hadrian) NIh¿Øn Ahsc AhnsS

\n∂pw _lnjv°cn®v, Cuenbm Im∏nt‰men\m (Aelia Capitolina)F∂ t]cn¬ kqcytZh\p ]XnjvTn® Hcp ]pXnb ]´Ww AhnsS

]WnIgn∏n®p. B \KcØn¬ sblqZ∑m¿°p ]thi\w \ntcm[n-

®ncp∂p F¶nepw, InkvXym\nIƒ°p Xmakn°mambncp∂p. F∂m¬

4˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ BZyL´whscbpw \KcØns‚ ]m[m\yw \jvS-

s∏´p t]mbncp∂p. B Imeßfn¬ ssIkcymbv°mbncp∂p ]me-

ssÃ\n¬ ]m[m\yap≠mbncp∂Xv. sbcpitean¬ _nj∏∑mcp≠m-

bncp∂Xmbn tcJbps≠¶nepw, Ah¿ XpS¿®bmbn k`mt\XrXzw

\¬Inbncp∂pthm F∂Xp Xo¿®bmbn ]dbmhp∂X√. Cu ÿnXn-

bn¬ 3˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ Ign™ncp∂ sbcpitean¬ BtlmZm_qbn

At¥ymIybn¬ \n∂pw HmSnsbØn, AhnsSh®p saXm≥ÿm\w

]m]n®p F∂p _m¿ F_mb 13˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ sNøp∂ ]kvXmh\

]cntim[\m¿lw amXamWv.

5. _m¿ F_mbbpsS IYbn¬ ]dbp∂Xv BtlmZm_qbnsb-

bpw tImwtbiphns\bpw, Ahcnsemcmfns\ ]mXnb¿°okv sXc-

s™Sp°phm≥ th≠n, At¥ymIybntebv°b® bmt°m_p sbcp-

itean¬ h®p ta¬]´ÿm\w ]m]n®bmfmbncp∂p F∂mWv.

bmt°m_v F¥n\p ÿm\m¿∞nIsf At¥ymIybntebv°b®p?

amXhpa√, F¥n\p Xncs™Sp°phm\p≈bhImiw IqsS ]mXn-

b¿°okn\p hn´psImSpØp? Cu tNmZyßfpw _m¿ F_mb ]iv-

\ßfmbn°mWp∂n√. Cu tNmZyØn\v ChnsS ]tXyIamb ]k-

‡nbp≠v. 325˛¬ \S∂ \nJymkp∂ltZmkv At¥ymIybpsS A[n-

ImcmXn¿Øn \n¿Æbn®p F∂mWv "Ad_n°mt\m≥' kwlnXbpsS

Du∂¬. \nJym kp∂ltZmkn\v Hcp \q‰mt≠mfw apºp \S∂Xm-

bncn°Ww Cu kw`hw. B ImeØp \nJym kp∂ltZmkp

\n›bw, Aßs\sbm∂p≠mbn F∂p hmZØn\p th≠n kΩXn-

®m¬ Xs∂bpw, _m[IamIpI km[ya√t√m.

6. aoJmtb¬ ]mXnb¿°okns‚bpw _m¿ F_mbbpsSbpw

]Xn]mZ\Øn¬ \n∂pw, At¥ymIy≥ k`m≤y£∑m¿ 7˛mw \q‰m-

≠n¬ t]mepw At¥ymIybpsS kmamt\y\ kao]]tZißfn¬-

Øs∂ ta¬]´ÿm\ßƒ \¬Inbncp∂ns√∂p kv]jvSamWv. B

54 k` hf-cp∂p

\q‰m≠ns‚ DØcm¿≤Øn¬ kpdnbm\n ]mXnb¿°mÿm\w ]m]n-

®hcnsemcmfmb tkthdntbmkv _m¿ avimt°bmWp kpdnbm\n

k`bnemZyambn, ]mXnb¿°okp Xs∂ ta¬∏´°msc F√mw hmgn-

°Wsa∂p iTn®Xv. AXphsc \nehnencp∂ ]Xnhns‚ ASnÿm-

\Øn¬ ]mXnb¿°okns\ FXn¿Ø ta¬]´°mtcmSv At±lw

]d™ adp]Sn ChnsS it≤bamWv. I¬s°Zq≥ kp∂ltZmkp

aqeap≠mb k`mhn`P\w hsc ]gbcoXn \S∂p h∂ncp∂p F∂p

hcpInepw, AXn\ptijw AXp A\phZ\obas√∂p amXambn-

cp∂p At±lØns‚ \ne]mSv. 451˛¬ I¬s°Zq≥ kp∂ltZmkp

\S∂p F¶nepw, AXpaqeap≈ k`mhn`P\w 536˛emWp \S∂Xv.

AYhm InkvXz_vZw 536 hsc Hmtcm tZiØpw ta¬∏´°msc

hmgn®p h∂Xv AhnShnsSbmbncp∂p. Cu hmkvXhw ]mXnb¿°o-

k∑mcpsS NcnXw ]cma¿in°p∂nSØp tcJs∏SpØp∂ _m¿

F_mbbmWv 3˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ At¥ymIy≥ k`m≤y£≥ skeq-

jy≥ k`m≤y£s\ hmgn®ncp∂p F∂p \n t¶mNw FSpØp

]dbp∂Xv.

Cu \ymbßfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ _m¿ F_mb FSpØp ]d-

bp∂ IY NcnXhncp≤amb sFXnlyambnØ≈n°ftb≠Xp

amXamWv.

tNmZyßƒ

1. t]¿jy≥ k`bpsS ÿm]I\mbn B k` BscbmWp Icp

Xp∂Xv? AXntebv°v B k` Nq≠n°mWn°p∂ \ymb

ßtfh?

2. AtlmZm_qbn ˛ tImwtbip IYsb∏‰n F¥p ]dbphm≥

km[n°pw? AXpsIm≠p _m¿ F_mb F¥p ÿm]n°p

hm\pt±in®ncn°mw?

3. B IY ASnÿm\clnXsa∂p hmZn°m\p≈ \ymbßtf

sXms°bmWv?

4. Hcp ]SØn¬ t]¿jy≥ k`bpsS hf¿®sb, ]tXyIn®pw

sa s∏mtánb≥ tZißfnse hf¿®sb, th≠hÆw I≠p

a\ nem°pI.

55k` hf-cp∂p

]mTw 2

t]¿jy≥ tcJ-Iƒ F¥p ]d-bp∂p?

]mcw`w skeqjy≥ k`bpsS ]q¿hNcnXw ImtXmen°m-

ÿm]\w t]¿jy≥ k`sb kzm[o\Ønem°phm≥ At¥ymIym

sNbvX bXv\ßƒ

(a) ]mcw`w

t]¿jy≥k`bpsS Bcw`hpw B k`bnep≠mb ImtXmen°m

ÿm]\hpw t]¿jy≥ k`mNcnXImc∑m¿ hnhcn°p∂p≠v. ]q¿h-

Imew apX¬ tcJbn¬ h∂ sXfnhpIsf√mw C∂p \ap°p e`yas√-

¶nepw Ahbn¬ NnesX√mw In´mhp∂XmWv. Ahbpw AhtbmSp

tN¿∂p]tbmKn°mhp∂ a‰p tcJIfpaSnÿm\am°n \SØnb ]e

]T\ßfpw ASpØImeßfn¬ ]kn≤oIrXßfmbn´p≠v. Cu hn[-

Øn¬ e`yamb IrXnIƒ IW°nseSpØpsIm≠p t]¿jy≥k`-

bpsS BZna NcnXw Cu ]mTØn¬ kaKambn ]Xn]mZn°p∂p.

4˛mw \q‰m≠p t]¿jy≥ k`mNcnXØn¬ hfsc CcpfS™ Hcp

ImeLámbncp∂p. 339 apX¬ 379 hsc \o≠p \n∂ kmt∏m¿ ZznXo-

bs‚ ]oU\w Ign™p k`bv°v Hcp sFizcy]q¿∆amb kabw

e_v[ambn. A∂p t]¿jy≥ k` hf¿∂p. F∂m¬ B k`sb

At¥ymIy≥ k`bpambn tN¿∂pt]mIp∂Xm°phm≥ Nne bXv\-

ßƒ 5˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ \S∂p F¶nepw, t]¿jy≥ k` Ahsb sNdp-

Øv AXns‚ kzIob kzmX¥yw \ne\n¿Øn. Cu hkvXpXIfpw

Cu ]mTØn¬ ImWmhp∂XmWv.

(b) skeqjy≥ k`bpsS ]q¿hNcnXw

]m¿Xy≥ cmPm°∑mcpsS `cWImeØp t]¿jybn¬ ]e ÿe-

ßfnepw k` hym]cn®ncp∂ hnhcw CXn\Iw I≠pht√m. InkvXz-

_vZw 79˛\pw 116˛\panSbnembncn°mw amdn skeqjybn¬ kphnti-

jtLmjWw \n¿hln®Xv. ]pcmX\ t]¿jy≥ aXtIµambncp∂

B Xeÿm\\KcØn¬ k` BZyImeßfne[nIw i‡n]m]n-

®n√. AXn\m¬ amdn°v Hcp ]n≥Kman \nbanX\mbncp∂pthm, Hcm-

fns\ \nban®ncp∂p F¶n¬ AXmcmbncp∂p, F∂pw a‰pw tcJbn-

en√. amdnbpsS ]n≥KmanIfmbn _m¿ F_mbbpsS enÃn¬ tN¿-

Øncn°p∂ aq∂p t]cnemcpw t]¿jy≥ tcJIfn¬ ImWp∂n√.

Cßs\bp≈ tcJIƒ ]cntim[n®tijw ]kn≤oIcn® c≠p

56 k` hf-cp∂p

KŸßƒ ChnsS kvacWb¿ln°p∂p. Ahbnsem∂v CXn\Iw

Nq≠n°mWn®n´p≈XmWv. W. A. Wigram s‚ An Introduction to theHistory of the Assyrian Church, S. P. C. K., London, 1910. at‰Xv Willian G.Young s‚ Patiarch, Shah and Caliph, Christian Study Center, Rawalpindi,1974. Chcn¬ bßv, amdnbpsS Imetijw skeqjybnep≠mb

BZy _nj∏ns‚ \nba\w Cßs\ hnhcn°p∂p. amdn°p tijw

BZyambn 3˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ Hcp ]´°mc\pw, ]n∂oSv A©p ]´°mcpw,

AXn\ptijw Hcp _nj∏pw AhnsS \nbanXcmbn. B _nj∏v Ccp-

]Xn¬]cw h¿jßƒ tkh\a\pjvTn® tijw t]¿jy≥k`bpsS

BIam\ t\XrXzw AhImis∏´p. Cu hnhcWw hnKmapw AwKo-

Icn°p∂XmWv.

_m¿ F_mb BtlmZm_qbn°ptijw BZyImtXmen°m

Bbn FSpØp]dbp∂Xp ilveq∏msbbmWv. F∂m¬ t]¿jy≥

tcJIƒ ilveq∏msb 3˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ a≤yL´Øn¬ AUnbm-

s_\nbpsS Xeÿm\ambncp∂ A¿t_ense saXmt∏meoØm

Bbn Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p. A∂p skeqjymbn¬ Hcp sNdnb

InkvXob kaqlw amXamWp≠mbncp∂Xv. [\mVy\mb Hcflmb

t\Xmhns‚ A`y¿∞\b\pkcn®p ilveq∏m a\- n-√m-a-\-t msS

Xe-ÿm\w kµ¿in-®p. ]e sshjayßfpw klnt°≠Xmbn h∂p

F¶nepw, At±lw AhnsS c≠p sIm√°mew Ign®pIqń. B Ah-

kcØn¬ AhnsS Hcp ]´°mcs\ hmgn®p \nban°pIbpw sNbvXp.

A¿t_en¬ ilveq∏mbpsS ]n≥Kmanbmbncp∂p AtlmZm_qbn.

At±lhpw skeqjycpsS \n¿_‘Øn\p hgßn 291 \SpØp Ah-

sc kµ¿in®p. Ct±lw skeqjybn¬ BZyw A©p ]´°mscbpw,

Hcp sIm√w Ign™p aSßp∂Xn\p apºmbn Hcp _nj∏ns\bpw

Ahtcm[n®p. ]pXnb _nj∏p ]finX\mb ]m∏m Bbncp∂p. kpdn-

bm\n `mjbnepw t]¿jy≥ `mjbnepw ]m∏mbv°v ]mhoWyap≠m-

bncp∂p F∂p _m¿ F_mb Xs∂ kΩXn°p∂p. At±lw

saXm≥ÿm\w ]m]n®Xp 291˛se∂mWp bßv ]dbp∂Xv. Cu

XobXn F√m NcnXImc∑mcpw kΩXn°p∂n√. GXmbmepw t]¿-

jybpsS Xeÿm\amb skeqjymbn¬ 3˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ahkm-

\tØmSSpØv Hcp _nj∏v Ahtcm[nX\mbn.

(c) ImtXmen°m ÿm]\w

]m∏m t]¿jy≥ k`bpsS BIam\t\XrXzw ]mh¿ØnIam°p-

hm≥ kzbw bXv\n®XmWv skeqjy≥ ImtXmen°m ÿm]\-

57k` hf-cp∂p

Øns‚ Bcw`w. AXp kzbw Db¿Øn°m´phm\p≈ ]m∏mbpsS

bXv\ambn amXw a\ nem°cpXv. A∂sØ t]¿jy≥ kmlNcy-

Øn¬ AXv AXy¥mt]£nXambncp∂p.

tdmamkmamPyØnse ]mXnb¿°mÿm\hpw t]¿jybnse

ImtXmen°mÿm\hpw kam¥c hf¿®Ifmbncp∂p F∂p ]dbmw.

F∂m¬ c≠p kmamPyßfnsebpw kmlNcyw H∂mbncp∂n√.

t]¿jybn¬ ImtXmen°mÿm]\w thKØn¬ cq]saSpØp F∂p

hcpInepw, tdmamkmamPyØn¬ ]mXnb¿°mÿm\w AXns‚ ]q¿-

ÆXbnseØphm≥ IqSpX¬ kabw th≠nh∂p. t]¿jybn¬

k m\nb≥ `cWm[n]¿ A[nImcØn¬ h∂tXmsS AhnSsØ

]q¿haXßƒ°p ]tXyIamb DtØP\w e_v[ambn. B cmPIp-

Spw_Ønse H∂masØ cWm[n]≥ B¿Zpjo¿ (226˛241) kqcys\

k¿thizc\mbn Bcm[n°p∂ A·nt£Xßƒ F√mbnSØpw

]Wn Ign∏n°phm≥ B⁄ \¬In. cmPm[ncmPmhp (Shah - in -Shah AYhm King of kings) F∂ ÿm\t∏cpw kzbw Ahew_n®p.

At±lw InkvXym\nIsf ]oUn∏nt®bv°psa∂p≈ oXn km¿hXn-

Iambn ]c∂ncp∂p. F∂m¬ At±lØns‚ ImeØp ]oU\Øn\p

]Icw InkvXym\nIfpsS \ne\n¬∏n\p \nbam[njvTnXamb Hcp

am¿§w k m\nb≥ cWm[n]¿ ]Jym]n®p. AX\pkcn®p t]¿jy-

bnse ]q¿haXsØ kmamPyØns‚ HutZymKnIaXambn AwKoI-

cn°pIbpw, InkvXpaXØn\p c≠mwInSbnep≈ ÿm\w \¬Ip-

Ibpw sNbvXp. B \nebn¬ k`bpambn Kh¨sa‚n\nSs]Sphm\pw

k`bv°p Khs◊‚pambn _‘w ]pe¿Øphm\pw Hcp Xeh\p≠m-

bncnt°≠Xmhiyambn `hn®p. Cu ÿm\amWp ]m∏m AhImi-

s∏´Xv. tdmamkmamPyØn¬ ][m\ \Kcßfmbncp∂ tdmw, AeIv-

km¥ym, At¥ymIym BZnbmb tIµßfnse saXm∑m¿ Np‰p]m-

Spap≈ ÿeßfn¬ t]cW sNepØn ap≥KW\ ]nSns®Sp°phm≥

iaw XpSßnbncp∂ hkvXpX ]m∏mbpsS Adnhn¬ s]ńcn°mw.

GXmbmepw t]¿jy≥ k` ta¬ BIam\t\XrXzw ]m∏m kzmbØ-

am°phm≥ DZyan®p.

t]¿jybnse Nne _nj∏∑mcpw ]m∏mbpsS A¿°Znbmt°m≥

(Archdeacon) sska¨ _m¿ kmt_mtb Dƒs∏sS Hcp kwLw

sshZnIcpw ]m∏msb FXn¿Øp. CXns‚ êambn t]¿jy≥ k`-

bpsS BZy kp∂ltZmkv 315˛¬ IqSn. ]m∏msb Ip‰°mc\mbn

hn[n®p XcwXmgvØn. ]Icw sskasW skeqjy≥ _nj∏mbn

Db¿Øn. F∂m¬ ]m∏m hn´psImSpØn√. IØpIƒ aptJ\

58 k` hf-cp∂p

"]m›mXy' k`bn¬ ]kn≤nbm¿Pn®ncp∂ t\Xm°fpsS A`n-

]mbw Bcm™p. Ahcn¬ \nko_n\nse bmt°m_v, siΩm»≥

amXambncp∂ At]w, Ddlmbnse klZm F∂nh¿ ]m∏msb ]n≥-

Xmßnbpw At±lØns‚ FXncmfnIsf imkn®pw FgpØpIfb®p.

Cu hn[Øn¬ t]m’ml\w e`n® ]m∏m, ]n≥XpS¿®mhImiw

\¬Imsa∂p≈ Dd∏n¬, sskaWpambn cays∏SpIbpw kzÿm\w

]p\xÿm]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. 328˛¬ \ncymX\mb ]m∏mbpsS A\-

¥cKmanbmbn sska¨ skeqjybnse taev]´ÿm\w ssItb‰p.

sska¨ _m¿ kmt_mtb skeqjy≥ ImtXmen°mÿm\-

Øp]hnjvS\mbt∏mƒ t]¿jybnse `cWm[n]≥, apºp \mw I≠

kmt∏m¿ II Bbncp∂p (309˛379). At±lw t]¿jy≥ aXm\p`mhnbpw,

tdmamkmamPytØmSpw InkvXpaXtØmSpw hntZzjw ]pe¿Ønbn-

cp∂ Bfpambncp∂p. F∂m¬ tdmam kmamPym[n]\mb IpkvX¥o-

t\mkv Pohn®ncp∂nStØmfw Imew kmt∏m¿ Xs‚ at\m`mhw ]I-

Sam°msX Ign™p. amXhpa√, InkvXym\nIsf klXm]]q¿∆w

ho£n°Wsa∂p \n¿t±in°p∂ Hcp IØp IpkvX¥ot\mkv t]¿-

jy≥ jmbvs°gpXnbXmbn Fhpkm_ntbmkp ]kvXmhn°p∂p.

AXp icnsb¶n¬, D∂w sX‰nt∏mbn F∂pthWw ]dbphm≥. t]¿-

jy≥ InkvXym\nIsf tdma≥ kmamPyØns‚ A©mw ]ØnI-

fmbn Ah¿ h¿Ønt®bv°psa∂p≈ òXnbpsS ASnÿm\Ønem-

bncp∂p AhnsS ]oUn∏n®ph∂Xv. B kwibw ÿncoIcn°phm≥

amXta IpkvX¥ot\mkns‚ IØv D]Icn®ncn°bp≈p.

IpkvX¥ot\mkv 337˛¬ \ncymX\mbn. 339 apX¬ 379 hsc

kmt∏m¿ tdmam kmamPyhpambn kpi‡w G‰papń. t]¿jymbnse

InkvXym\nIsf AXn\njvTqcambn ]oUn∏n®p. sska¨ _m¿

kmt_mtb, kmlvtZmkvØv, _m¿ _jvao≥ F∂o aq∂p ImtXm-

en°mamcpw, ]e _nj∏∑mcpw, \nch[n sshZnIcpw, Aflmb°m-

cmbn enÃn¬s∏´ 16,000 Dw enÃn¬s]SmØ thsd At\Imbnc-

ßfpw kmt∏mdns‚ IucyØn\ncbmbnØo¿∂p. cmjvSob cwKØp

t]¿jym ]e Ahkcßfnembn tdmam kmamPyØns‚ ]uc-

kvXyhn`mKßsf InSpInsS hnd∏n®p. At¥ymIy≥ ]tZißsf

sIm≈bSn°pIbpw AhnsS \n∂pw Hcp P\hn`mKsØ ASnaI-

fmbn ]nSn®p t]¿jybn¬ A[nhkn∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp. Ahcn¬

henb ]¶pw InkvXym\nIfmbncp∂p. tdmamkmamPyw ap≥Ime-

ßfn¬ ssIhiam°nbncp∂ t]¿jy≥ ]tZißsf hos≠Sp°pI-

bpap≠mbn. ]n¬°meßfnepw t]¿jy≥ cWm[n]¿ At¥ymIy≥

59k` hf-cp∂p

]tZißfn¬ \n∂pw a\pjysc ASnaIfmbn ]nSn®psIm≠p t]mbn-

´p≠v. Cu InkvXym\nIfmWp t]¿jybn¬ At¥ymIy≥ _‘w

\ne\n¿Øphm≥ A`nejn®Xv.

kmt∏m¿ 379˛¬ NcaaS™tXmsS ]oUbpw GXm≠p ian®p.

apIfn¬ I≠ aq∂p ImtXmen°mamcpsS \n¿am¿P\Øn\p tijw

B knwlmk\w Ccp]Xp sIm√°mew ssh[hyw A\p`hn®p. 399

hscbp≈ Ccp]XpsIm√°mew t]¿jybn¬ aq∂p cmPm°∑m¿

`cWw \SØn. 379 ˛\p tijw Xaqkm, Ibqam, CklmIv F∂o

aq∂p ImtXmen°mam¿ k`bv°p t\XrXzw \¬IpIbpw sNbvXp.

Chcn¬ CkvlmIv ImtXmen°m Bbncp∂ ImeØp CkvUK¿Up

I (Izdgerd I) jm ˛ C≥ ˛ jm ÿm\Øp]hnjvS\mbn (399˛420).

Cu ]pXnb `cWm[n]≥ kam[m\]nb\mbncp∂p. At±lw

tdmamkmamPyhpambn kplrZv_‘w ÿm]n®p. A∂p tdmamkm-

amPyØns‚ Ing-°≥ `mKßsf `cn®ncp∂ A¿°Zntbmkv Xs‚

aI≥ tXthmtZmtkymkn\p t]¿jybn¬ \n∂pw Hcp Syq´sd Bhiy-

s∏SpIbpw CkvUK¿Up Hcmsf AXntebv°p \ntbmKn°pIbpw

sNbvXncp∂p. 408 ˛¬ A¿°Zntbmkv acn®Xn\p tijw tXthmtZm-

tkymkv II tdmamkmamPyØn¬ NIh¿Øn]Zw ]m]n®p. t]¿jy-

bpambp≈ _‘w At±lhpw XpS¿∂psIm≠p t]mbn.

tXthmtZmtkymkp II Xs‚ ]tXyI ZqX\mbn anbm^¿°Ønse

_nj∏mbncp∂ tamdqskmsb 409˛¬ \ntbmKn®p. At±lØns‚

bXv\êambn 410˛¬ t]¿jy≥ k`bpsS Hcp kp][m\ kp∂l-

tZmkp skeqjymbn¬ h®p jm˛C≥˛jmbpsS A\paXntbmSpIqsS

\S∂p.

anbm^¿°Ønse Cu tamdqskm kvacWm¿l\mb Hcp hy‡n-

bmWv. A∂sØ tdmamkmamPyØns‚ Ing°≥ AXn¿Ønbn¬,

HmaoZn\p kao]w ÿnXnsNbvXncp∂ Hcp \Kcambncp∂p anbm^¿-

°Øv. Hcp `njKzc\pw IqsSbmbncp∂ tamdqskm CkvUK¿Uns\

Aeńbncp∂ XethZ\bn¬ \n∂pw hnap‡\m°n At±lØns‚

lrZbw Ih¿∂ tijw, Xs‚ cmjvSob ZuXyw \n¿∆ln°pIbpw,

k`bpsS cW]camb \ne]mSp IaoIcn°p∂Xn\mhiyamb tkh-

\w A\pjvTn°pIbpw sNbvXp. CXnte°p t]¿jy≥ k`bpsS Hcp

kp∂ltZmkv IqSp∂Xn\p th≠ HØmiIƒ At±lw `cWm[n]-

s\s°m≠p sNøn®p.

Ckvlm°p ImtXmen°mbpsS A≤y£Xbn¬ IqSnb Cu

60 k` hf-cp∂p

kp∂ltZmkn¬ \m¬∏Xp _nj∏∑m¿ ]¶psIm≠p. \nJymhnizm-

k]amWhpw cW]camb ]e \n›bßfpw kp∂ltZmkv AwKo-

Icn®p. ImtXmen°mbpsS \ma\n¿t±iw AXmXhkcßfn¬ sNøp-

hm\p≈ AhImiw kmamPym[n]\p hn´psImSp°p∂ \n›bw

aqew t]¿jy≥ k` HutZymKnIamb AwKoIcWw t]¿jybn¬

kw]m]n®p.

t]¿jy≥k`bpsS klIcWw tamdqskmbv°p e`n°phm≥

klmbIamIpsa∂p IcpXn At±lw A©p "]m›mXy' _nj∏∑m-

cpsS IØpIƒ sIm≠ph∂ncp∂p. Ah¿ At¥ymIy≥ "ImtXmen-

t°mkv' t]m¿^ndntbmkv, s_dnbmbnse A°m°ntbmkv, HmaoZo-

se A°m°ntbmkv, Chcpw Ddlmbnbnsebpw sX√mbntebpw taev-

]´°mcpambncp∂p. At¥ymIy≥ k`m≤y£\p "ImtXment°mkv'

F∂ t]cp≠mbncp∂X√. At±lØn\p skeqjybnse ImtXmen-

°mbpsS Xpey\nebps≠∂p kqNn∏n°phm≥ th≠n IØneXv

D]tbmKn®Xmbncn°mw. Cu IØpIfn¬ At¥ymIybv°p t]¿-

jy≥ k` ta¬ A[oiXzap≠mbncp∂p F∂p≈ hmZta D≠mbncp-

∂pan√.

"ImtXmen°m' AYhm "ImtXment°mkv' F∂ ]ZsØ∏‰n Hcp

sNdphnhcWw ChnsS Bhiyambncn°mw. "s]mXphns‚ Bƒ' F∂

A¿∞ap≈ Hcp Ko°v ]ZamWnXv. "]mXnb¿°okv' F∂Xn\p

"]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬ apº≥', "][m\ ]nXmhv' F∂mW¿∞w. Cu c≠p

]Zßfn¬ "]mXnb¿°okv' GItZiw 5˛mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ tdmam-

kmamPyØnepw, "ImtXmen°m' GItZiw 4˛mw \q‰m≠p apX¬

AXn\pshfnbn¬ t]¿jybnepw A¿ta\nbmbnepw D]tbmKØn¬

h∂p. tamdqskm sIm≠ph∂ IØpIfnsem∂v At¥ymIy≥

"ImtXmen°m'bptSsX∂p t]¿jy≥ tcJbn¬ ImWp∂ps≠¶nepw,

AXp tdmamkmamPyØn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp∂ ]Z-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. "ImtXm-

en°m' tdmam-km-am-Py-Øn¬ ]WØns‚ NpaXe hln®ncp∂ Hcp

DtZymKÿ\mbncp∂p F∂p hnKmw A`n]mbs∏Sp∂p. AXp icn-

sb¶n¬, Hcp k¿°mcptZymKÿs‚ t]cp k`m≤y£\p \evIp∂-

X\pNnXsa∂p IcpXnbmbncn°mw B ]Zw tdmamkmamPyØnse

k`bn¬ ]tbmKØn¬ hcmsXbncp∂Xv.

(d) At¥ymIy≥k`bpsS bXv\ßƒ

410˛se t]¿jy≥ kp∂ltZmkv AhnSsØ k`bpsS kzIob

hy‡nXzw ]mh¿ØnIam°n. t]¿jybnse k` BZnbn¬

61k` hf-cp∂p

At¥ymIybpsS ta¬t°mbvabn≥ Iogn¬ ÿnXnsNbvXncp∂p

F∂ hmZw NcnXkXyØn\p hncp≤amWv. At¥ymIym Xs∂ B

AhImihmZw BZna Imeßfn¬ D∂bn®ncp∂X√. F∂m¬

At¥ymIy≥ k`bv°pw t]¿jy≥ k`sb Bkv]Zam°n as‰mcp-

t±iyap≠mbncp∂p.

Cu hkvXpX 4˛mw \q‰m≠nse ]uckvXy k`mNcnXaSnÿm\-

am°n hy‡am°mw. tdmam kmamPyØnse ]uckvXykÌsf

kw_‘n®nStØmfw B \q‰m≠p hfsc ]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂ Hcp

ImeLámWv. AXv thZimkvX]camb hnjbaSnÿm\am°n Nne

][m\ Xocpam\ßƒ kzoIcn®Xn¬ amXa√ ASßnbncn°p∂Xv.

Adntbmkv a°tZm\ntbmkv, At∏men\mdntbmkv BZnbmbhcpsS

D]tZißsf k` Xnckv°cn®Xv B \q‰m≠nembncp∂p. CXpt]m-

se ]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂XmWv k\ymkPohnXmZ¿iØns‚ A∂-

sØ hf¿®. CuPn]v‰n¬ kamcw`n® k\ymk]ÿm\w 4˛mw \q‰m-

≠n¬ Xs∂ AXnthKw ]Ncn®p. B \q‰m≠ns‚ BZyZibn¬

CuPn]v‰n¬ \n∂pw HutK≥ F∂p t]cp≈ Hcp k\ymknhcy≥

]uckvXy\mń¬ t]mbn t]¿jy≥ k`m_‘ØneXp ]pe¿Øp∂

PohnXØn\mcw`w \evIn. F∂m¬ t]¿jybnse ]q¿haXw k\ym-

kPohnXØn\pw _“NcyØn\pw FXncmbncp∂p.

tdmamkmamPyØnse ]uckvXyk`bn¬ k\ymkPohnXmZ¿i-

hpw _“Ncyhpw IpSpw_PohnXtØ°mƒ B≤ymflnIambn ta∑-

bp≈sX∂p kqNn∏n°p∂ Hcp ]mcºcyw 4˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ Xs∂

\nehn¬ h∂p. Cu BZ¿iw ]pe¿Øphm≥ Dt±in®psIm≠p Nne

]mtZinI kp∂ltZmkpIƒ \n›bßƒ ]m m°n. Ahbv°pw

]pdta "At∏mkvtXmenI Imt\m≥' (Apostolic Canons) "At∏mkv-

tXm-enI LS\' (Apostolic Constitution) F∂ t]cn¬ \nbaßfpw

D]tZißfpaSßp∂ IrXnIƒ ]kn≤oIrXßfmbn. Aßs\bp-

≈hbmWv KmwKcm, t\thmt°kdnbm, A¶pdm, sethmZnIym F∂o

ÿeßfn¬ IqSnb ]mtZinI kp∂ltZmkpIƒ. B Iq´Ønepƒ-

s∏SptØ≠XmWv 341˛¬ At¥ymIybn¬ h®pIqSnb Hcp kp∂l-

tZmkv.

Ahbn¬ Du∂n∏dbp∂ PohnXcoXn t]¿jy≥k`sbs°m≠p

kzoIcn∏n°pI F∂Xv At¥ymIy≥ k`bn¬ ]ecpsSbpw XmXv]-

cyambncp∂p. 410˛¬ IqSnb kp∂ltZmkn¬ kw_‘n® anbm^¿-

IØnse tamdqskm AXns\mcpsºńs√¶nepw, 420˛¬ bm_p

Btemlm ImtXmen°mbpsS A≤y£Xbn¬ tN¿∂ kp∂ltZm-

62 k` hf-cp∂p

kns\s°m≠v AXp kΩXn∏n°phm≥ Hcp iaw \S∂p. A∂pw

"]m›mXyk`bnse Hcp saXm≥ tdma≥ NIh¿ØnbpsS ]Xn\n-

[nbmbn t]¿jy≥ `cWm[n]Xnsb kµ¿in°phms\Ønbncp∂p.

B _nj∏p Hmao-Znse A°m-°n-tbm-km-bn-cp-∂p. ]Øpt]¿ amXw

tN¿∂ 420˛se kp∂ltZmkn¬ At±lw HcXnYnbmbn kw_‘n-

®p. ta¬Nq≠n°mWn® A©p ]mtZinI kp∂ltZmkp \n›bß-

sf A°m°ntbmkv kp∂ltZmkns\s°m≠p kzoIcn∏n®p. Cu

hn[Øn¬ At¥ymIymbpsS A[oiXza√, PohnXcoXn AwKoIcn-

°p∂ Hcp kaqlambn t]¿jy≥k`sb cq]m¥cs∏SpØphm\p≈

iaw 420˛¬ \S∂p.

CXns\mcp Xncn®Sn A[nIw XmaknbmsX t]¿jy≥ k`bpsS

`mKØp\n∂pap≠mbn. 424˛¬ ZZvtbip ImtXmen°mbpsS A≤y£-

Xbn¬ 36 _nj∏∑m¿ kw_‘n® as‰mcp kp∂ltZmkp tN¿∂p.

B kabØpw HmaoZnse A°m°ntbmkv t]¿jy≥ `c-Wm-[n-]s‚

]tXyI £W-a-\p-k-cn®p t]¿jybnseØnbncp∂p. F∂m¬ kp∂-

ltZmkn¬ AXnYnbmbn kw_‘n°phm\t±lsØ £Wn°pI-

tbm At±lw AXn¬ k∂nlnX\mIpItbm sNbvXn√. t]¿jy≥

k`bpsS kzmX¥yw IqSpX¬ `ZXcam°phm\pt±in®mbncn°Ww

Cu c≠masØ AhkcØn¬ At±lsØ £Wn°msXbncp∂-

sX∂p NcnXImc∑m¿ A`n]mbs∏Sp∂p.

Cu A`n]mbsØ km[qIcn°p∂Xmbncp∂p t]¿jy≥ k`m

kzmX¥yw Bkv]Zam°n kp∂ltZmkv Ahew_n® \ne]mSv.

ImtXmen°mbvs°Xncmbn ]cmXn tIƒ°phm≥ B¿°pw AhImi-

ans√∂pw, GXp ]cmXnbpw InkvXphns‚ hn[n°p hn´psImSp°pI

amXta BImhq F∂pw B kp∂ltZmkv Xocpam\n®p. Cu

\n›bw aqew t]¿jy≥ k`-bpsS kzmX¥yw B kp∂-l-tZmkp

]cn-]q¿Æ-ambpw Dd-∏n®p ]Jym]n°pIbmbncp∂p. 424˛se Cu

kp∂ltZmkmbncp∂p ImtXmen°msb BZyambn "]mXnb¿°okv'

F∂p kwt_m[\ sNbvXXv.

tNmZyßƒ

1. amdnbpsS tijw skeqjymbnse BZysØ _nj∏v Bcm

bncp∂p? At±lw Fßs\ ImtXmen°m Bbn kzbw Ah

tcm[n®p?

2. kmt∏m¿ II \SØnb ]oU\Øn¬ t]¿jy≥k`bv°p≠mb

A\p`hsa¥v?

63k` hf-cp∂p

3. 410˛se t]¿jy≥ kp∂ltZmkns‚ ]m[m\yw F¥v?

4. t]¿jy≥ k`sb kzm[o\Ønem°phm≥ At¥ymIy≥

k`bn¬s∏´h¿ Fs¥√mw sNbvXp? 424˛se kp∂ltZm

kpaqew B iaßsf GXphn[Ønehkm\n∏n®p?

]mTw 3

t]¿jy≥ k`bpw

s\kvtXm-dnb hnizm-khpw

]mcw`w InkvXpimkvXamkv]Zam°nb kwL´\w tXm¬-

hnsb t\cnSphm\p≈ bXv\w t]¿jybnse At¥ymIy≥ t]an-

Iƒ

(a) ]mcw`w

t]¿jy≥ k` AXns‚ kzmX¥yw 5˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ c≠p hn[-

Øn¬ ]mh¿ØnIam°n. Ahbnsem∂mWp Ign™ ]mTØn¬

\mw I≠Xv. at‰Xv Cu ]mTØn¬ ]cma¿in°p∂p.

tdmamkmamPyØnse k`bn¬ 5˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ c≠p ][m\

kp∂ltZmkpIƒ \S∂p. Ahbnsem∂nt\bpw t]¿jy≥k`

AwKoIcn°p∂n√. amXa√, B kp∂ltZmkpIfn¬ H∂matØ-

Xmb 431˛se Ft∏tkmkp kp∂ltZmkp k`m`wiw sNbvX s\kv-

tXmdntbmkns\ t]¿jy≥k` Hcp k`m]nXmhmbn DZvtLmjn°pI-

bpw sNøp∂p. Cu kw`hw Fßs\ \S∂p? AXns‚ \ymbw F¥v?

Cßs\bp≈ tNmZyßƒ ChnsS ]Xn]mZn°p∂p≠v.

(b) InkvXpimkvXamkv]Zam°nb kwL´\w

424 apX¬ 5˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ GXm≠p a≤yw hscbpw t]¿jy≥

k`bn¬ kvacWm¿lamb kw`hsam∂pw \S∂Xmbn tcJbn√.

F∂m¬ 428 apX¬ tdmamkmamPyØnse k`bpsS ]uckvXy-

hn`mKw cq£amb kwL´\Øn\p hnt[bambn°gn™ncp∂p.

I\yIadnbmans\ "ssZh]khnXn' F∂p hnh£n°mtam F∂Xm-

bncp∂p A∂sØ hnhmZhnjbw. IpkvX¥ot\mt∏meoknse

k`bpsS A≤y£\mbncp∂ s\kvtXmdntbmkv AX\pt]£Wo-

64 k` hf-cp∂p

bambn°cpXmØ Hcp \ne]mSpw, At±lsØ FXn¿Ø AeIv-

km¥y≥ k`m≤y£\mbncp∂ Iqdntemkv AXXy¥mt]£n-

Xsa∂p \njvI¿jn°p∂ Du∂epw Ahew_n®p. Ah¿ XΩn¬

\S∂ thZimkvX]camb G‰pap´¬ 431˛¬ IqSnb F∏tkmkv

kp∂ltZmkp hgn Iqdntemkns‚ hnPbØnepw Iemin®p.

AXns\ XpS¿∂p s\kvtXmdntbmkv k`bn¬ \n∂pw \njv°mkn-

X\mbn.

s\kvtXmdntbmkv thZimkvX]cambn \qX\m`n]mbsam∂pw

]ISn∏n® hy‡nbmbncp∂n√; At¥ymIy≥ thZimkvXw ]pe¿-

Ønb Hcp k`mt\Xmhmbncp∂p. AXn\m¬ B \njvImk\waqew

k`bnse kwhmZw Ahkm\n∏n®n√. AeIvkm¥y≥ thZimkvX-

Øns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ s\kvtXmdntbmkns\ k`m`wiw sNbvX-

Xn\m¬ B thZimkvXw ASnÿm\]cambn°cpXnb F∏tkmkv

kp∂ltZmkns\ At¥ymIy≥ ]£]mXnIƒ \ncmIcn°pIbpw,

XßfpsS ]mcºcyw ]Ncn∏n°phm≥ ZØi≤cmIpIbpw sNbvXp.

AeIvkm¥y≥ ]mcºcyw \ne\n¿Ønbh¿ At¥ymIycpsS kwcw-

`sØ FXn¿Øp. ]n∂oSp c≠p ZiIßƒ°p≈n¬, ]uckvXy¿

AXphscbpw AdnbmsXbncp∂, aq∂masXmcp ]mcºcyw shfn®-

Øp h∂p. AXns\ A∂sØ tdma≥ k`m≤y£\mbncp∂ eotbm

H∂ma≥ Xs‚ Xpwkm (Tom of Leo) bn¬ hniZoIcn°pIbpw 451˛¬

IqSnb Ievs°Zq≥ kp∂ltZmkv henb H®∏mSpIƒ°ptijw

AXwKoIcn°pIbpw sNbvXp. eotbmbpsS XpwkmbpsS shfn®-

Øn¬ Ievs°Zq≥ kp∂ltZmkp 431˛se F∏t mkp kp∂ltZm-

kv Dd∏n®psImSpØ AeIvkm¥y≥ thZimkvXsØ Xg™phnSp-

∂Xpw, At¥ymIy≥ \ne]mSns\ Hcfhn¬ ]oWn∏n°p∂Xpamb

Hcp hnizmk\n¿∆N\w AwKoIcn®p. AeIvkm¥y≥ I£n°Xp

kzoImcyambn√. Ah¿ AXns\ kzoIcn®h¿s°Xncmbn A£o-

Ww t]mcmSn. Cu kmlNcyw 536 hscbpw \o≠p\n∂p. AXn\p-

tijw 451˛se kp∂ltZmkns\ kzoIcn°p∂Xpw \ncmIcn°p∂Xp-

amb c≠p k`mhn`mKßƒ tdmamkmamPyØnepSseSpØp. AXn-

\Iw 475 apX¬ 518 hsc AeIvkm¥y≥ I£n hfscb[nIw apt∂-

dnbncp∂p. At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\nk` 431˛se F∏tkmkp kp∂-

ltZmkns\ AwKoIcn®pw 451˛se Ievs°Zq≥ kp∂ltZmkns\

Xnckv°cn®pap≈ Hcp \ne]mSp Ahew_n®p.

Cu kwhmZßfnse√mw AeIvkm¥y≥ I£n FXn¿Øph-

∂Xp At¥ymIy≥ thZimkvXsØbmbncp∂p. s\kvtXmdnb

65k` hf-cp∂p

hnizmkw F∂ hnh£bn¬ At¥ymIy≥ \ne]mSns\ At¥ym-

Iy≥ kpdnbm\nk` \n¿Zbw Ahtlfn°p∂Xn¬ hfscb[nIw

XmXv]cyw ]Z¿in∏n®ncp∂p. Cu k` At¥ymIy≥ thZimkvXa√,

AeIvkm¥y≥ thZimkvXamWp \ne\n¿Øp∂Xv. I¬s°Zq≥

kp∂ltZmkv DZvtLmjn® hnizmkw s\kvtXmdnbambncp∂p F∂v

At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\nk`bpw AeIvkm¥y≥ k`bpw hncmaw

hn\m hmZn®ph∂p. Cu hmZKXn Igºp≈Xmbn 475 apX¬ 518 hsc

IpkvX¥ot\mt∏meokn¬ `cWw \SØnh∂ kmamPym[n]∑m¿

kΩXn®Xpaqeambncp∂p B Imeßfn¬ 451˛se kp∂ltZmkns\

FXn¿Ø I£n°p ]uckvXy\mSpIfn¬ ]ptcmKan°phm≥ km[n-

®Xv. A∂p AeIvkm¥y≥ ]£Øn\p kvXpXy¿lamb thZ-

imkvX t\XrXzw \evInb almcY\mbncp∂p At¥ymIybnse

am¿ tkthdntbmkv.

(c) tXm¬hnsb t\cnSphm\p≈ At¥ymIy≥ bXv\w

CuZriyamb AeIvkm¥y≥ hnPbw At¥ymIy≥ ]£obsc

]cn`m¥cm°n. AXns\ t\cnSphm≥ Ah¿ kKuchw ]h¿Øn®p.

s\kvtXmdntbmkn\p apºpXs∂ At¥ymIy≥ thZimkvXw hnI-

kn∏n® c≠p thZ]pkvXI ]finX∑mcmbncp∂p X¿koknse

ZotbmtZmtdmkv (Diodore of Tarsus), sam]vkpshkvXobmbnse tXthm-

tZmtdmkv (Theodore of Mopsuestia) Ch¿. Ahsc BZc]q¿∆w kvacn-

®ph∂ Hcp hn`mKw P\ßfpw sshZnIcpw At¥ymIy≥ ]tZiß-

fn¬ hkn®ncp∂p. AhnSßfn¬ Xs∂bp≠mbncp∂ AeIvkm-

¥y≥ I£nbpsS apt∂‰w Ahsc s]mXpth Ievs°Zq≥ ]£hp-

ambn tN¿∂pt]mIphm≥ \n¿_‘nXcm°n. F∂m¬ At¥ymIy≥

]mcºcyØnepd®p \n∂ Nne t\Xm°ƒ FtU m (Ddlmbn) bn¬

]h¿Øn®ncp∂ sshZnI hnZymebsØ AhcpsS thZimkvX]mc-

ºcyw ]Ncn∏n°p∂ ÿm]\ambn cq]m¥cs∏SpØn, XZzmcm

At¥ymIy≥ thZimkvXw hnPbIcambn \ne\n¿Øphm≥ GI-

tZiw 435 apX¬ Xs∂ bXv\n®p. AhnsS ZntbmtZmtdmkns‚bpw

tXthmtZmtdmkns‚bpw thZ]pkvXI hymJym\hpw thZimkvX-

hn⁄m\hpw At≤yXm°ƒ°p ]Zm\w sNbvXp h∂p. F∂m¬

AXns\ FXn¿°p∂ Hcp I£n Ddlmbn¬Xs∂bp≠mbncp∂Xn-

\m¬ At¥ymIy≥ ]£obcpsS iaw ]cn]q¿Æ hnPbw ssIh-

cn®n√.

B Imeßfn¬ t]¿jy≥ k`bv°p AXnt‚Xmb sshZnI ]cn-

66 k` hf-cp∂p

ioe\tIµsam∂pap≠mbncp∂n√. Ah ÿm]n°p∂XpXs∂ hnj-

aIcambn t]¿jy≥k` a\ nem°nbncp∂p. AXn\m¬ t]¿jy-

bnse sshZnI¿ A`yk\w \SØnbncp∂Xv AXn¿Øn ]tZiambn-

cp∂ Ddlmbnse hnZymebØnembncp∂p. Cu ImcWØm¬ 435˛

apX¬ t]¿jy≥k`bnse sshZnI¿ At¥ymIy≥ thZimkvX

]mcºcyØn¬ ]cnioe\w ]m]n®hcmbncp∂p. t]msc¶n¬,

At¥ymIy≥ I£nbn¬s∏´ Nne t\Xm°∑m¿ t]¿jybn¬ A`bw

tXSnbpancp∂p. Ahcnsemcmfmbncp∂p _m¿kuam. Cu tZlw t]¿-

jy≥ k`bn¬ ]kn≤nbm¿Pn°pIbpw 456˛\SpØp \nko_n\nse

saXmt∏meoØm ÿm\Øp]hnjvS\mIpIbpw sNbvXp.

Cu hn[w t]¿jybn¬ A`bw ]m]n® as‰mcmfmbncp∂p \¿-

kmbn. Ddlmbnse kv°qfn¬ At¥ymIy≥ ]mcºcyw \ne\n¿-

Ønb hnipX\mb A≤ym]I\pw Ihnbpambncp∂ Ct±lsØ

h[n°phm≥ FXncmfnIƒ h´wIq´p∂ hnhcw Adn™v At±lw

471˛¬ \nko_n\ntebv°v Hfnt®mSn. AXn\ptijw \¿kmbnbpsS

t\XrXzØnepw _m¿kuambpsS ]n¥pWbnepw \ko_n\n¬ Hcp

henb hnZymebw ÿm]n®v At¥ymIy≥ thZimkvXw ]uckvXy¿

\ne\n¿Øn. hfsc ]ikvXn ]m]n® B kv°qƒ t]¿jy≥ k`-

bv°p At\Iw sshZnI t\Xm°sf ]Zm\w sNbvXp. 489˛¬

ssk\q≥ (Zeno) NIh¿Øn FtU ≥ hnZymebsØ AS®p-

If™p.

ChnsS Nq≠n°mWn®ncn°p∂ _m¿kuamsb \mw hn. Ip¿∫m-

\bnse 5˛mw Xp_vtZ\n¬ kvacn°p∂ _m¿kuambpambn _‘s∏-

SpØcpXv. Ahcncphcpw c≠pXń¬ \n∂ `n∂hy‡nIfmWv.

"t\mºpImc≥' F∂¿∞ap≈ _m¿kuam kpdnbm\n`mj D]tbm-

Kn°p∂ P\ßfpsS CSbn¬ ]NmcØnencp∂ Hcp t]cp amXamWv.

Cu _m¿kuam hfsc Imcy]m]vX\mb Hcp hy‡nbmbncp∂p.

A∂sØ t]¿jy≥ `cWm[n]\mbncp∂ ^ntdmkv (Firoz 459˛486)ambn Ct±lw kvt\l_‘Øn¬ hcnIbpw, Bjm˛C≥˛jmbpsS

D]tZiIkanXnbn¬ ÿm\w B¿÷n°pIbpw sNbvXncp∂p.

_m¿kuam t]¿jy≥k`bn¬ c≠p ]cn]mSnIƒ \S∏nem°p-

hm≥ th≠n A£oWw ]h¿Øn®p. Ahbnsem∂v, At¥ymIy≥

thZimkvXw t]¿jy≥k`bneutZymKnIam°pI F∂Xmbncp∂p.

at‰Xp taev∏´°mcpƒs∏sS F√m sshZnIcpsSbpw hnhmlmh-

Imiw ÿncoIcn°bpambncp∂p. Ch c≠nt\bpw, ]Xn]£ _lp-

am\wt]mepw ]ISn∏n°msX, \nµm]q¿∆w _m¿ F_mb hnhcn°p-

67k` hf-cp∂p

∂p≠v. _“Ncyw hnhmlPohnXtØ°mƒ B≤ymflnIambn ta∑-

bp≈sX∂v 4˛mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ tdmam kmamPyØnse k`-bn¬

]N-cn-®p-h∂ Bi-b-sØ-∏‰n apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n-®n- p-≠-t√m. k\ymk

]ÿm\w Cu BZ¿isØ _es∏SpØnbpancp∂p. t]¿jy≥ k`-

bnepw k\ymkhrØn Bcw`w ]m]n®ncp∂ kmlNcyØn¬ AXn-

s\ XSbpIbmbncp∂ncn°mw _m¿kuambpsS e£yw. AXpt]mse

t]¿jy≥k` tdmamkmamPyØnse k`bn¬ \n∂pw `n∂amb

hnizmkhpw in£W ]mcºcyhpw ]pe¿Øp∂ps≠∂pZvtLmjn°p-

∂Xpw At±lØns‚ Dt±iyambncp∂ncn°mw.

t]¿jy≥k` At¥ymIy≥ thZimkvXw HutZymKnIambn

AwKoIcn°p∂Xp 486˛emsW∂p Xmsg°mWmhp∂XmWv. F∂m¬

AXn\p apºp Xs∂ CXnte°p≈ \o°w _m¿kuam Bcw`n®n-

cp∂p. AsXßs\bmbncp∂p F∂v _m¿ F_mb Cu hn[Øn¬

FSpØpImWn°p∂p. A∂sØ skeqjy≥ ImtXmen°m _mt_m-

hmbn 457˛¬ tdmamkmamPyØnse Nne _nj∏∑m¿s°gpXnb Hcp

IØv _m¿kuambv°p ]nSns®Sp°phm≥ Ign™p. AXn¬ cmP-

tZmlIp‰w ImtXmen°mbpsS ta¬ Btcm]n°mhp∂ Hcp hmNIap-

≠mbncp∂p. _m¿kuam B IØp cmPm[ncmPs\ ImWn®p.

ImtXmen°msb acn°p∂Xphsc tamXnchncen¬ IbdpsIń Xq°n-

bn´p sIm√phm≥ B⁄bmbn. Cßs\ ImtXmen°m knwlmk\w

ssh[hyØn¬ InS∂ X°wt\m°n _m¿kuam ^ntdmkns‚ ]n≥-

_etØmsS k`m`cWw Xs∂ kzmbØam°n Xs‚ e£yßƒ

c≠pw k`bn¬ \S∏n¬ hcpØn. aq∂p ÿeßfn¬ _m¿kuam

kp∂ltZmkpIƒ Iqń At±lØn\\pIqeambn \n›bßƒ

sNøn®p.

_m¿kuamsb FXn¿Øh¿ t]¿jybne[nIsam∂pap≠mbncp-

∂ns√∂p _m¿ F_mb Xs∂ kΩXn°p∂p. Hcp sNdnb \yq\-

]£w, ]tXyIn®p sa s∏t´manbmbpsS hS°≥ ]tZißfn¬,

Aßs\ ÿnXnsNbvXp. Ahscmgn®m¬, t]¿jy≥ k`bmIam\w

_m¿kuambpsS ]cn]mSnIƒ kzoIcn°phm≥ Xbmdmbn. apIfn¬

kqNn∏n® hkvXpXIfpsS shfn®Øn¬ AXp kw`hyambncp∂p.

_mt_mhmbn°ptijw ImtXmen°mÿm\Øp]hnjvS\mb A°m-

°ntbmkv (485˛495) \nko_n≥ kv°qfn¬ ]cnioenX\mbncp∂p

F¶nepw At±lw _m¿kuabpambn cayXbnembn´√ Ign™Xv.

AXpsIm≠mbncn°mw, At±lw ÿm\ta‰tijw, hS°p t_Øv

BtZmbn F∂ ÿeØph®p 486˛¬ Hcp kp∂ltZmkv \SØn.

68 k` hf-cp∂p

AXns‚ \n›bßfmWv t]¿jy≥ k`bn¬ HutZymKnIambnØo¿-

∂Xv. hnizmkw, in£Ww Chsb ASnÿm\am°n B kp∂l-

tZmkv sNbvX Xocpam\ßƒ it≤bßfmWv:

1. XnXzhnizmkhpw tbipInkvXphns‚ BfØhpw Bkv]Zam-

°nbp≈ \n›bw. ssZhw aq∂mfpIƒ tN¿∂p≈ XnXzamWv. tbip-

InkvXp, ]ckv]cw tN¿∂v GI ]m¿kq∏mbn¬ tbmPn®pIgnbp∂

c≠p kz`mhßftX.

2. in£Ww A[nIcn®p≈Xv. saXm∑mcpƒs∏sS F√m sshZnI¿-

°pw hnhmlw sNøphmt\m, hn`mcybmbnØo¿∂pt]mbm¬ ]p\¿hn-

hmlw Ign°phmt\m, Aflmb°msct∏mse AhImiap≠v. _“-

Ncyw BKln°p∂h¿°v AXp Xncs™Sp°msa∂√msX, AXp

\n¿_‘nXam°p∂Xp B]Ønte Iemin°bp≈q F∂ A\p-

`hw \sΩ a\ nem°p∂p. CXmbncp∂p kp∂ltZmkns‚ \ne-

]mSv.

t]¿jy≥k` At¥ymIy≥ thZimkvXw HutZymKnIambn

kzoIcn®v s\kvtXmdntbmkns\bpw a‰v At¥ymIy≥ ]nXm°∑m-

scbpw Hu]NmcnIambn AwKoIcn°p∂Xv 486˛se Cu kp∂l-

tZmkn¬ h®mbncp∂p. AXp 498˛¬ \S∂Xmbn C. Fw. ]oent∏mkv

]kvXmhn°p∂Xns‚ B[mcw Zp¿KlamWv. Cu Xocpam\ßƒ

B k` ]n∂oSpw kp∂ltZmkpIƒ hgn ÿncoIcn®n´p≠v. F∂m¬

493˛¬ Aßs\ H∂p \S∂Xmbn tcJbn√. 497˛apX¬ 502 hsc

ImtXmen°m Bbncp∂ _m_mbn 497˛¬ Hcp kp∂ltZmkv \S-

ØnbXmbn sXfnhps≠¶nepw, AhnsS Cu hnjbßƒ N¿® sNbv-

XXmbn ImWp∂n√. AXpt]mse, "s\kvtXmdnb hnizmkØns‚

skeqjybnse hnPbw Zo¿LImetØ°p \ne\n∂n√' (op. cit. pp.67-69) F∂p ]oent∏mkv sNøp∂ ]kvXmh\bpw hkvXp\njvTa√.

InkvXz_vZw 559˛¬ bmt°m_p _p¿±m\m BlqtZsasb taev]´-

ÿm\Øpb¿Øn F∂pw At±lw t]¿jy≥ cmPhwiØn¬s∏´

Hcmfns\ amtamZokm ap°n k`bn¬ tN¿Øp F∂pw _m¿ F_mb

FSpØpImWn°p∂Xp NcnXkw`hßfmWv. F∂m¬ A∂sØ

s\kvtXmdnb≥ ImtXmen°msb BlqtZta cmPm[ncmP≥ tImkv-

du I (Khosraw I) s‚ km∂n≤yØn¬ thZimkvX]camb hmZ]-

XnhmZØn¬ tXmev]n®p F∂Xv tIhew AXnitbm‡n]camWv.

cmPIpamcs\ InkvXym\nbm°nbXpaqew, sImkvduhns‚ B⁄m-

\pkcWw, AlqtZtasb h[n®pIf™p. AXn\m¬ s\kvtXmdn-

b≥ ImtXmen°mbvs°Xncmbn bmt°m_p _p¿±m\m hn`mh\

69k` hf-cp∂p

sNbvX πm≥ ]mh¿ØnIambn√. ]n∂oSv 628˛629 hscbpw At¥ym-

Iy≥ I£n°p t]¿jybn¬ Imcyamb ]m_eytam kwLS\tbm

D≠mbncp∂n√.

s\kvtXmdntbmkns\ k`m]nXmhmbn AwKoIcn°p∂Xn\v,

At¥ymIy≥ thZimkvX ]mcºcytØmSp≠mb aaXbv°pw ]pdta

t]¿jy≥ k`sb t]cn∏n® c≠p ImcWßƒ Nq≠n°mWn°p-

hm\p≠v. H∂v, t]¿jy≥ k`bpsS kzmX¥yw \ne\n¿ØWsa-

∂p≈ k`mwKßfpsS ss\k¿KnIamb BKlw. A[oiXzw Ah-

Imis∏SmsXsb¶nepw, Hmtcm Imcyßfnepw At¥ymIy≥ ]tZ-

ißfnse _nj∏∑m¿ t]¿jy≥ k`mImcyßfnenSs]Sp∂ coXn

424˛\p apºp \S∂ncp∂p. F∂m¬ AXns\ A∂p \S∂ kp∂l-

tZmkv Ahkm\n∏n®ncp∂p. AXn\ptijw kz¥w Imen¬ \nev-

°p∂ ]mcºcyw \nehn¬ hcpØnbXn\v 486˛¬ aIpSw Nm¿ØpI-

bmbncp∂p. c≠v, t]¿jybnse k` tdmamkmamPyØnse k`bpsS

Hcp `mKas√∂pw t]¿jy≥ `cWm[n]cpsS apºn¬ ImWn®psIm-

Spt°≠Xv B k`bpsS kpc£nXXzØn\v A¥y¥mt]£nX-

ambncp∂p. AXntebv°p hnizmk]chpw in£W]chpamb c≠p

Xocpam\ßfpw ]tbmP\Icßfmbn B k`mt\Xm°ƒ I≠p.

hnizmkaSnÿm\am°n Ah¿ Ahew_n® \ne]mSv At¥ymIy≥

thZimkvXhpw, in£Wamkv]Zam°nbp≈Xv BIam\k`bpsS

]q¿hnI ]mcºcyhpambncp∂p.

(d) t]¿jybnse At¥ymIy≥ t]anIƒ

HutZymKnI t]¿jy≥ k`bpambn tNcmsX\n∂ Hcp sNdnb

\yq\]£w hnizmknIƒ amXta AhnsS D≠mbncp∂p≈p F∂

hkvXpX _m¿ F_mb Xs∂ kΩXn°p∂ hnhcw apIfn¬ kqNn-

∏n®pht√m. Ahcnsemcp henb]¶pw kmt∏m¿ II (309˛379), sImkvdu

I (531˛579), sImkvdu II (590˛627), ChcpsS Imeßfn¬ At¥ymIy≥

]tZißfn¬ \n∂pw h∂htcm AhcpsS k¥m\ßtfm Bbncp∂p.

tdmamkmamPyhpambp≠mb AhcpsS G‰papén¬ At¥ymIy≥

]tZißfn¬ \n∂pw hfscbmfpIsf Cu `cWm[n]≥ ASnaI-

fmbn t]¿jybn¬ sIm≠ph∂v AhnsS Xmakn∏n®ncp∂p. sImkvdu

I Cu hn[Øn¬ sIm≠ph∂h¿°pth≠n "At¥ymIym' F∂ t]cn-

¬ Hcp ]´Ww Xs∂ ]WnXp sImSpØncp∂p F∂p _m¿ F_mb

FSpØp ]dbp∂p.

Cu \yq\]£sØ kwLSn∏n®v At¥ymIy≥ _‘Øn¬ \ne-

70 k` hf-cp∂p

\n¿Øphm≥ \S∂ bXv\amWp 628˛629 ¬ hnPbw ]m]n®Xv. A∂v

At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\n ]mXnb¿°okmbncp∂ AØm\mtkymkv

Kmtamtem tamZqskmsb "Ing°ns‚ henb saXmt∏meoØm' F∂

t]cn¬ hmgn°pIbp≠mbn. Cu tamZqskm sa s∏mtánbmbpsS

hS°p`mKØmbn ÿnXnsNbvXncp∂ sXKokv tIµambn Hcp alm

CShIsb t]¿jybn¬ kwLSn∏n®p. sXKoknse k`m≤y£s‚

t]cv "a^nbm\' F∂p _m¿ F_mb Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p. At±l-

Øn\p "Ing°ns‚ ImtXmen°m' F∂ ÿm\t∏cpw D]tbmKØn¬

h∂ncp∂p. Cu ÿm\nbpsS ]n≥KmanXzw 13˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ ]m]n®-

tZlambncp∂p _m¿ F_mb F∂p apIfn¬ kqNn∏n®n´p≠v.

t]¿jy≥ k` 5˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ DØcm¿≤w apX¬ c≠p kaql-

ßfmbn ]ncn™p Ignbp∂p. Ahbnsem∂p k¿h][m\ambn t]¿-

jy≥ InkvXym\nIfpƒs°m≈p∂XmWv. AXp tbipInkvXphns\

Bkv]Zam°n s\kvtXmdnb \ne]mShew_n°p∂p. in£Wa\pk-

cn®v AXp k`bn¬ BZnaImeßfn¬ \nehnencp∂ coXn ]p\cp-

≤cn®p \ne\n¿Øp∂p. F∂m¬ sshZnIcpsS hnhmlw A[nIcn®v,

_nj∏∑msc kw_‘n®p amXw AXp 9˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ t`Zs∏SpØn,

ta¬∏´°msc√mw AhnhmlnXcmbncn°Wsa∂p≈ \njvI¿j

\nehn¬ hcpØn. a‰p sshZnIcpsS hnhmlw ]p\¿hnhmlw BZn-

bmb hnjbßfn¬ ]q¿h]mcºcyw B k` ]pe¿Ønh∂p.

Ggmw \q‰m≠p apX¬ t]¿jybnse s\kvtXmdnb≥ k` Hcp

henb anj\dnk`bmbn tkh\a\pjvTn®p. t]¿jybn¬ \n∂pw

ssIkvXh anj\dnam¿ ssN\m hscbpw t]mbn kphntijtLm-

jWw \SØn AhnsSsb√mw k`sb ÿm]n®p. AXns‚ eambp-

≠mb k` 10˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ A¥yw hscbpw \ne\n∂ncp∂p. At∏m-

tgbv°pw ssN\bnse cmjvSobm¥co£w ]XnIqeambncp∂Xn-

\m¬ k` AhnsS \mamhtijambnØocphm\nSbmbn.

tNmZyßƒ

1. tbipInkvXphns‚ BfØaSnÿm\am°n tdmamkmamPy

Ønse k`bn¬ \S∂ kwhmZßfnepƒs∏´ thZimkvX

]mcºcyßƒ Gh? Ahbn¬ Ievs°Zq≥ kp∂ltZmkv

GXp ]mcºcy shfn®Ønembncp∂p AXns‚ \n¿hN\w

cq]s∏SpØnbXv?

2. t]¿jy≥k` GsX√mw hn[Øn¬ AXns‚ kzmX¥yw

5˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ ]mh¿ØnIam°n?

71k` hf-cp∂p

3. hnizmk]cambn t]¿jy≥k`bpsS \ne]mSv F¥v? AXv

B k` Fßs\ \nehn¬ hcpØn?

4. sshZnIcpsS hnhmlw Bkv]Zam°n t]¿jy≥ k` \ne\n

¿Øp∂ ]Xnhv F¥v? AXv Fßs\ cq]saSpØp?

5. "Ing°ns‚ ImtXmen°m' F∂ ]tbmKw Ft∏mƒ, GXp

kmlNcyØn¬ D]tbmKØn¬ h∂p?

6. t]¿jy≥ k`bpsS anj\dn ]h¿Ø\sØ∏‰n \ap°v F¥

dnbmw?

]mTw 4

C¥y≥ k`bpsS

]uckvXy k`m _‘w

]mcw`w 16˛mw \q‰m≠phsc C¥ybn¬ h∂ncn°mhp∂

]uckvXy _nj∏∑m¿ t]¿jy≥ tcJIƒ F¥p ]dbp∂p?

1490˛¬ _nj∏n\p th≠n t]mb \nthZIkwLw

(a) ]mcw`w

t]¿jymbn¬ h®p ÿm\w ]m]n®tijw C¥ybnse IeymW-

bn¬ Xmakapd∏n®ncp∂Xmbn tImkvtamkv 520˛\SpØp I≠ _nj-

∏n\p apºpw t]¿jy≥ _nj∏∑m¿ C¥ybn¬ h∂ncn°mw. 345˛¬

Iv\mbn tXmΩm \bn® tImf\nbn¬ Hcp tPmk^v saXm≥ D≠mbn-

cp∂Xmbn ]mcºcyhpap≠v. AXn\m¬ C¥y≥ k` s\kvtXmdnb≥

anj\dnamcm¬ ÿm]nXamsW∂p≈ hmZw km[qIcn°mhp∂X√.

F∂m¬ C¥y≥ k`sb∏‰n NcnXImc≥ A`napJoIcnt°≠ Hcp

tNmZyap≠v. 486˛¬ t]¿jy≥ k` HutZymKnIambn s\kvtXmdnb

\ne]mSv Ahew_n®tijw C¥ybnte°p saXm∑msc Ab®-

Xmcmbncn°mw?

486˛\ptijw Hcp \yq\]£w hnizmknIƒ HutZymKnI k`tbm-

SptNcmsX, At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\nk`bpambn tbmPn®pt]mIp-

hm≥ k∂≤cmbn sa s∏mtánbmbpsS hS°≥ ]tZißfnep≠m-

bncp∂p. F∂m¬ 628˛629 ¬ sXKoknse a^nbm\m Ahtcm[nX\m-

72 k` hf-cp∂p

Ip∂Xphsc, AYhm 142 sIm√°mew Ah¿°p icnbmb kwLS\-

bp≠mbncp∂n√. B ImeL´Øn¬ C¥ybn¬ t]¿jy≥ _nj-

∏∑m¿ h∂ncp∂p F¶n¬ Ah¿ s\kvtXmdnbcmbncn°phmt\

km[yXbp≈p. 629˛\p tijw saXm∑m¿ h∂Xv FhnsS \n∂mbn-

cn°mw? Cu tNmZyamWv Cu ]mTØn¬ ]cma¿in°p∂Xv.

(b) 16˛mw \q‰m≠phsc C¥ybn¬ h∂ncn°mhp∂

]uckvXy _nj∏pam¿

C. Fw. ]oent∏mkv Cu tNmZyØn\p \¬Ip∂ DØcw c≠p

`mKØp\n∂pw h∂ncn°Ww F∂mWv. B DØcw Xs∂ ASpØ

ImeØp ae¶ck`mNcnXw cNn® tUhnUv Um\ntbepw, tUm.

kn. hn. sNdnbm\pw FSpØp]dbp∂p. Cu aq∂pt]¿°pw "s\kv-

tXmdnbw' F∂ ]tbmKw Xs∂ AtcmNIamWv. ]oent∏mkn\v,

CXn\pw ]pdta, ae¶ck` BZnaImew apX¬ At¥ymIybpsS

Iognembncp∂p F∂p ka¿∞n°phm≥ AXnbmb Pn⁄mkbp-

ap≠v.

Cu \ne]mSn\p≈ ]Xy£amb sshjayw CXn\Iw Nq≠n°m-

Wn®n´p≠v. At¥ymIy≥ k`bpambn _‘s∏´ HscgpØpImc\pw

B k`bn¬ \n∂pw 1665 hsc Bsc¶nepw C¥ybn¬ h∂ncp∂Xmbn

AhImis∏Sp∂n√. amXhpa√, sXs° C¥ysb∏‰nsbm ae¶ck-

`sb Bkv]Zam°ntbm Ahcmcpw tIńcp∂Xmbnt]mepw sXfnhn√.

AXn\m¬ s\kvtXmdnb≥ `mKØp\n∂pw Bsc¶nepw h∂ncp∂-

Xmbn t]¿jy≥ k`bn¬s∏´h¿°v Adnhp≠mbncp∂pthm F∂

tNmZyw ChnsS ]k‡amWv.

AXnte°p ]thin°p∂Xn\p apºmbn \ΩpsS aq∂p NcnXIm-

c∑mscbpw ]‰n Hcp Imcyw ]dtb≠Xp≠v. Ah¿ aq∂pt]cpw 628˛\p

tijw t]¿jy≥ s\kvtXmdnb≥ k`bn¬ \n∂pw _nj∏∑m¿ h∂n-

cp∂p F∂v kv]jvSambn kΩXn°p∂p. AXn\m¬ sXKokn¬

\n∂p _nj∏∑m¿ h∂ncp∂pthm F∂XmWp \mw A`napJoIcn-

t°≠ tNmZyw. ChnsSbpw sXKokv ImtXmen°mamcpsS NcnXw

]cma¿in°p∂ _m¿ F_mbbpsS k`mNcnXKŸw Aßs\

Bscbpw B ImtXmen°mamcnemcpw Ab®Xmbn ]dbp∂ns√∂p≈

hkvXpX a\ nem°msX ]oent∏mkn]Imcw FgpXp∂p: "ae¶c-

k` skeqjysb Bibnt°≠nbncp∂p. saXm∑m¿ Ft∏mgpw XpS-

¿®bmbn Inńbncp∂pan√. F∂p amXhpa√, skeqjybnse bmt°m-

_mb ImtXmen°mbpw ae¶ck`sb Ahch¿°p hnt[bhpw

73k` hf-cp∂p

A[o\hpamsW∂v AhImis∏SpIbpw CSbv°nsS saXm∑msc

ae¶cbntebv°v Abbv°pIbpw sNbvXpsIm≠ncp∂p' (Op. Cit. p.75). skeqjybn¬ "bmt°m_mb ImtXmen°m'bv°v Hcp ImeØpw

Bÿm\ap≠mbncp∂n√. CXn\Iw FSpØpImWn® ]cam¿∞ß-

fpsS shfn®Øn¬ ]oent∏mkv ]dbp∂ a‰p Imcyßƒ ]cnKW-

\m¿lßtf A√.

(c) t]¿jy≥ tcJIsf¥p ]dbp∂p?

t]¿jy≥ k`bn¬ \n∂pw e`yamb tcJIƒ Xmsg∏dbp∂ hnh-

cßƒ \¬Ip∂p.

1. apIfn¬ I≠ ^m¿kns\ 5˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ B¿®p_nj∏ns‚

Bÿm\ambn Db¿Ønbncp∂p F∂p 11˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ Pohn®ncp∂

s\kvtXmdnb≥ Imt\m≥ hnZKv≤≥ C_≥˛AXv˛Xøn_pw as‰mcp

Imt\m≥ ]finX≥ A_vZosimbpw FSpØp ]dbp∂Xmbn

anßm\m km£n°p∂p (Op. Cit. p. 64). C¥y≥ k`bpsS NpaXe

hln®ncp∂Xp m¿kp saXmt∏meoØm Bbncp∂p. At±lØns‚

t\XrXzØn¬ C¥ybnse k` hf¿∂p. AXpaqew 7˛mw \q‰m≠n¬

Cutim˛bm_v ]mXnb¿°okv (F. Un. 628˛643) C¥ybv°p Xs∂

Hcp saXmt∏meoØmsb \nban°pIbpw At±lsØ klmbn°p-

hm≥ Bdn\pw ]¥≠n\panSbn¬ kwJy hcp∂ saXm∑msc \¬Ip-

Ibpw sNbvXp. amXhpa√, C¥ybnse saXmt∏meoØm-bpsS

ÿm\w ssN\-bnse saXmt∏meoØmbv°p apºpw, ssN\bnse

Bfnt‚Xp kma¿°≠nse saXmt∏meoØmbv°p apºpambncp∂p

F∂pw C_≥˛AØv˛Xøn_ns‚ ]kvXmh\bSnÿm\am°n

anßm\m ]dbp∂p.

2. Cutimbm_v III (650˛660) C¥y≥ k`bv°pth≠ tkh\w

\¬ImsXbncp∂ m¿kns‚ Xeÿm\ambncp∂ dnhm¿Ujodnse

sskasW imkns®gpXnb IØp hfsc hne]nSn∏p≈ tcJbmbn

NcnXImc∑m¿ ImWp∂p. Cu tcJ ]oent∏mkv kµ¿`w sX‰n®p

tN¿Øn´p≠v (Op. Cit. p. 56). anßm\m AXv Cw•ojn¬ hnh¿Ø\w

sNbvXncn°p∂Xv Cßs\ aebmfØn¬ X¿÷a sNømw:

"ssZhkvt\lnbmb ktlmZcm, ChtbmsSm∏w Cu Imcyßfpw

Hm¿°pI. Xm¶ƒ C¥ybnse At\Iw P\ßƒ°p]Imc]Zam-

tI≠ saXm≥ÿm\w \¬ImsX, imcocnIamb kt¥mjw ]Zm\w

sNøp∂ \izc em`Øn\p th≠n ssZhnIZm\w \ntcm[n°p∂Xp-

t]mse, \nßfpsS Bhiyßƒ RßfpsS ]q¿∆∑m¿ \ndth‰msX-

74 k` hf-cp∂p

bncp∂n´p≠v.... Xm¶ƒ k`m\nbaw AhKWn®Xpaqew C¥ybnse

saXm≥ÿm\w ]n≥XpS¿® apdnbpIbpw icnbmb saXm∑m¿ aqew

e`nt°≠ shfn®w e`n°msX B cmPyw A‘ImcØn¬ IgnbpI-

bpw sNøp∂p. Cu Ahÿbn¬ t]¿jy≥ kmamPymXn¿Øn°-

∏pdw Imem (Kalah) hsc 1200 ]ckmßv (GItZiw 4000 ssa¬)

ZqcØn¬ ÿnXnsNøp∂ C¥ym amXa√, XßfpsS ^m¿kp hsc-

bpw ]Xn®ncn°p∂p' (anßm\m, op. cit. p. 32).

ChnsS D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂ "Imem' kntemtWm, \ΩpsS sIm√w

Xs∂tbm Bbncn°msa∂p NcnXImc∑m¿ A`n]mbs∏Sp∂p. Cu

kqN\bpw 1200 ]ckmßp Zqchpw Cutimbm_v FSpØp ]dbp∂Xp

\ΩpsS C¥ym Xs∂bmsW∂p hy‡am°p∂p. AXn\m¬ CXp

tImkvtamkns‚ km£yw t]mse C¥ysb∏‰n kq£vaambn Icp-

Xmhp∂ Hcp sXfnhmWv.

3. Ggpw F´pw \q‰m≠pIfn¬ t]¿jy≥k` AXy[nIw hf¿∂n-

cp∂ ImeØp C¥ybnse k`bn¬ ]e saXm∑mcpw AhcpsS

t\Xmhmbn Hcp saXmt∏meoØmbpap≠mbncp∂p. B saXmt∏meo-

ØmbpsS ÿm\t∏cv "C¥y apgphs‚bpw saXmt∏meoØmbpw

hmXnepw' (The Metropolitan and Gate of all India) F∂mbncp∂p.

4. t]¿jybnse ImtXmen°mbv°p t]¿jy≥ k` ta¬ tdmam-

kmamPyØnse ]mXnb¿°ok∑m¿°v AhchcpsS k` ta¬ D≠m-

bncp∂Xnepw IqSpX¬ A[nImcw ]tbmKn°mambncp∂p F∂p

410˛tebpw 424˛tebpw kp∂ltZmkpIƒ hy‡am°p∂p. B kp∂-

ltZmkpIsf∏‰nbp≈ hnhcßƒ J. B. Chabot Synodicon Orientale,Paris, 1902, 17 apX¬ 53 hscbp≈ ]pdßfn¬ ImWmw. W. A. Wigram,op. cit. pp. 85-125. CXnt\mSp tN¿Øp t\m°mhp∂XmWv. 424 apX¬

skeqjymbnse ImtXmen°msb "]mXnb¿°okv' F∂pw hnfn®n-

cp∂p (Synodicon Orientale, ibid, p. 51). Cu ÿnXn-bn¬ F√m saXm-

t∏meoØmamcpw B≠nsemcn°se¶nepw ]mXnb¿°okpambn

_‘w ]pe¿Ønbncn°Wsa∂p t]¿jy≥ k`bn¬ \nbaap≠mbn-

cp∂p. Cu hyhÿ Zqcw \nanØw C¥ym, ssN\m BZnbmb ]tZ-

ißfnse saXmt∏meoØmamsc kw_‘n®p emLhs∏SpØn-

bncp∂p. 9˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ tXthmtZmtkymkv ]mXnb¿°okv AXv

Bdp sIm√ßfnsemcn°¬ aXnsb∂p \n¿t±in®p (852˛859). Cu

AhImiw At±lw kma¿°≠, C¥y, ssN\ Cu cmPyßfnse

k`mt\Xm°ƒ°v A\phZn®psImSpØXmbn ]tXyIw FSpØp

]dbp∂p (anßm\m, op. cit. p. 34).

75k` hf-cp∂p

5. F´mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ahkm\Ønepw HºXmw \q‰m≠ns‚ BZy

ZiIßfnepw s\kvtXmdnb≥ k`m≤y£≥, _m¿ F_mb Xs∂

]pIgvØn∏dbp∂ XotamØntbmkv ]Ya≥ ]mXnb¿°okmbn-

cp∂p (780˛823). At±lØns‚ ImeØp t]¿jy≥ k`bpsS

hym]vXnsb∏‰n Ign™ c≠p ]mTßfn¬ kqNn∏n®n´p≠v. Ggmw

\q‰m≠nteXpt]mse A∂pw C¥y≥k`bpsS NpaXe hln®ncp-

∂Xp m¿knse dnhm¿Ujo¿ saXmt∏meoØm Bbncp∂p. Xotam-

Øntbmkv ]mXnb¿°okns‚ ImeØpw AhnSpsØ saXmt∏m-

eoØm skeqjy≥ ImtXmen°msb FXn¿Ø kw`hw D≠mbn.

"Rßƒ tXmΩm «olm sNbvX thebpsS êamWv; amdnbpsS

knwlmk\hpambn Rßƒ°p thgvNbn√' F∂ hmZw dnhm¿U-

jo¿ saXmt∏meoØm D∂bn®p. ChnsS "amdnbpsS knwlmk\w'

F∂p ]dbp∂Xp skeqjysb Dt±in°p∂p. amXhpa√, ^m¿kp

]tZißfnse saXm∑m¿ km[mcW]´°msct∏mse sh≈

hkvXw [cn°pIbpw hnhmlnXcmbn Pohn°pIbpw sNbvXph∂n-

cp∂p. ka¿∞\mb XotamØntbmkv ^m¿kpImsc cays∏SpØn,

B ]tZißƒ°v Dƒ`cWkzmX¥yw A\phZn®psImSpØp.

dnhm¿Ujo¿ saXmt∏meoØm Bbn sskasW At±lw \nban®p.

saXm∑m¿ amwk`£Whpw hnhmlhpw h¿Pn°Wsa∂pw Iºnfn

\n¿ΩnXamb hkvXw thWw [cn°phms\∂pw At±lw A\pim-

kn®p. CXn\ptijw C¥y≥ k`m`cWØn¬ \n∂pw At±lw dnhm-

¿Ujodns\ hnS¿Øn B NpaXe kzbtah \n¿hln°phm≥ Xocpam-

\n°pIbpw sNbvXp.

XotamØntbmkv ]mXnb¿°okns‚ ImeØp sXs° C¥ybn-

epw ssN\bnepw s\kvtXmdnb≥ k\ymknam¿ anj\dnamcmbn

t]mbncp∂p. At±lw k¿_mknse l\m≥˛Cutimbv°v FgpXnb

IØn¬ hntZi tkh\Øn\p kmºØnI sshjayw XS ambn

Nq≠n°mWn®bmfn\p \¬Ip∂ DØcw AXp hy‡am°p∂p.

]mXnb¿°okv ]dbp∂p: "]e k\ymknamcpw hSnbpw n£mS\Øn-

\p≈ k©nbpambn kapZw IS∂v C¥ybntebv°pw ssN\bnte-

bv°pw t]mIp∂p≠t√m....' F∂v (bßv, op. cit. p. 154).

6. Cu ]mXnb¿°okns‚ ImetØm AXn\SptØm Bbncn°-

Ww c≠p t]¿jy≥ saXm∑m¿ Hcp Iq´w P\ßfpambn tIcfØn¬

IpSntbdn∏m¿ØXv. t]mZv, kmt∏m¿ F∂ t]cpIfn¬ Ah¿ Adn-

bs∏ńcp∂p. F∂m¬ "kmt∏m¿', "km_osim' Bbncp∂p F∂p

anßm\m Dd∏n®p ]dbp∂p (op. cit. p. 66). Ah¿ s\kvtXmdnb¿ -

76 k` hf-cp∂p

Bbn-cp∂p F∂pw As√∂pw iTn°p∂hcp≠v. As√∂p hmZn°p∂

BfmWp ]oent∏mkv. XotamØntbmkv hmgn® saXm∑mcpsS

enÃn¬ Cu t]cpIfns√∂p≈XmWp ]oent∏mkv Ahew_n°p∂

Hcp \ymbw. at‰Xv, B ImeØp t]¿jybn¬ "bmt°m_mb°m-

¿'°p s\kvtXmdnbtc°mƒ IqSpX¬ A`nhr≤nbp≠mbncp∂Xn-

\m¬ bmt°m_mb°mcmbncn°Ww Cu saXm∑msc Ab®sX∂p-

≈XmWv. c≠pw Hcpt]mse Igºn√mØ \ymbßfmsW∂p ]d-

bmsX \nhrØnbn√. ]oent∏mkv B[mcambn°cpXp∂ A am≥

Ah¿ s\kvtXmdnbcmbncp∂p F∂p Xs∂bmWv ]d™ncn°p∂Xv.

]oent∏mkns‚ c≠masØ \ymbw H´pw icnb√. XotamØntbmkv

]mXnb¿°okns‚bpw ASpØ ]n≥KmanIfpsSbpw Imew t]¿jy≥

s\kvtXmdnb≥ k`bpsS ipIZibn¬s∏´Xmbncp∂p F∂p _m¿

F_mbbpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬Xs∂ ]dbmhp∂XmWv. 7˛mw \q‰m-

≠ns‚ \mepw A©pw ZiIßƒ apX¬ At¥ymIy≥ k` t]mse

t]¿jy≥ k`bpw C…maycmb Ad_nIfpsS cmjvSob cWØn\p

hnt[bambnØo¿∂ncp∂p. AXn\ptijw GItZiw aq∂p \q‰m≠p-

Itfmfw c≠p kÌfpw kvXpXy¿lambhn[w hf¿∂p. F∂m¬

At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\nk`tb°mƒ kwJym_ew kw_‘n®p

IqSpX¬ henbXp s\kvtXmdnb≥ k`bmbncp∂p. 9˛mw \q‰m≠n¬

At¥ymIy≥ k`m≤y£\mbncp∂ Zoh∂mtkymkp X¬altdm-

tbm 28 h¿jßƒ tkh\a\pjvTn® ImeØp 100 saXm∑msc hmgn-

®Xmbpw, AXn\SpØp s\kvtXmdnb≥ ]mXnb¿°okmbncp∂

bm_mtemtlm At±lØns‚ 24 h¿j°mesØ tkh\Øn¬

125 _nj∏∑msc Ahtcm[n®Xmbpw _m¿ F_mb Xs∂ FSpØp-

ImWn°p∂p. At¥ymIy≥ k`bpsS _‘Ønencp∂ sXKokp

a^nbm\bpsS t\XrXzØn¬ tkh\a\pjvTn® _nj∏∑mcpsS

kwJy 15 Bbncp∂p F∂p _m¿ F_mb kqNn∏n°p∂p. AYhm

hen∏Øn¬ skeqjy≥k`bpsS ]Ønsem∂p amXambncp∂p

sXKoknse k`. At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\nk` AXns‚ aq∂n¬

c≠pambncp∂p.

t]mZp, kmt∏m¿ (AYhm km_osim) F∂o saXm∑mcpw P\ß-

fpw sIm√Ø[nhmkapd∏n®p. Ah¿ A∂sØ cWm[n]\mbncp∂

ÿm\p chnh¿Ω\n¬ \n∂pw 849 ¬ Xcnkm∏≈n sNt∏Sv hmßnb

hnhcw \mw I≠XmWv. Chsc ]cnip≤∑mcmbn tIcfInkvXym\n-

Iƒ ]cnKWn®v, AhcpsS t]cn¬ Nne ]≈nIƒ ÿm]n®ncp∂p.

F∂m¬ 17˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ t]m¿´pKokv k`m[nImcnIƒ CXn¬

77k` hf-cp∂p

AkwXr]vXcmIpIbpw 1599 se DZbwt]cq¿ kp∂ltZmkv, Ah¿

s\kvtXmdnbsc∂p≈ ASnÿm\Øn¬, B ]≈nIfpsS t]cp am‰n

"ImZoim' (]cnip≤∑m¿) ∏≈nIƒ F∂v Ahbv°p \maw \evIpI-

bpw sNbvXp. tIcfØnen∂p ÿnXnsNøp∂ "ImZoim'∏≈nIƒ

1599 ˛\p apºv Cu t]¿jy≥ s\kvtXmdnb≥ saXm∑mcpsS t]cn¬

Adnbs∏ńcp∂hbmWv.

7. HºXmw \q‰m≠n\p tijw ]e iXm_vZ°meßfn¬ ]uc-

kvXysaXm∑m¿ tIcfØn¬ h∂ncp∂pthm, h∂ncps∂¶n¬ Ah¿

Bscms°bmbncp∂p F∂v Hcp \n›bhpan√. F∂m¬ s\kvtXmdn-

b≥ ImtXmen°mbpsS Bÿm\w F´mw \q‰m≠ns‚ DØcm¿≤Øn-

¬ skeqjybn¬ \n∂pw 35 ssa¬ hS°mbn ÿnXnsNbvXncp∂

_mKvZmZnte°p am‰n ÿm]n®p. ]›ntajy≥ \mSpIƒ Ad_nI-

fpsS B[n]XyØn≥ Iogn¬ h∂Xn\ptijw BZysØ \qdn¬]cw

sIm√ßƒ kndnbmbnse Zamkv°kv tIµam°n Ah¿ `cWw \S-

Ønsb¶nepw 750 apX¬ _mKvZmZmbncp∂p AhcpsS Xeÿm\w.

cmjvSob`cWtIµw amdnbXns\XpS¿∂p k`bpw AXns‚ tIµw

\o°pIbmbncp∂p. _mKvZmZn¬ Bÿm\apd∏n® s\kvtXmdnb≥

ImtXmen°m 1129 ¬ tbml∂m≥ saXms\ ae_mdntebv°b®ncp-

∂p F∂v Orienta Christaina II Vol. 1272 ˛se Izsb≥ (Le Quien)Nq≠n°mWn°p∂ hnhcw Pn. ‰n. a°≥kn Christianity in Travancore(p. 7) ¬ kqNn∏n°p∂p.

1295˛¬ tIcfw kµ¿in® am¿t°m t]msfm AhnsS s\kvtXm-

dnb≥ InkvXym\nIsf I≠Xmbn km£ys∏SpØp∂p. 1301˛¬

hncNnXamb Hcp thZhmb\°pdn∏p hØn°m≥ kpdnbm\n tcJIfn-

ep≈Xmbn anßm\ (op. cit. pp. 69-70) ]kvXmhn°p∂p. ]utemkns‚

teJ\ßfn¬ \n∂pap≈ hmb\IfmWv AXpƒs°m≈p∂Xv.

KŸw C¥y≥ \Kcamb inwKfm (sImSpß√q¿) bn¬ h®v Fgp-

Xnbp≠m°nbXmWv. AXp cNn®Xp s\kvtXmdnb≥ ]mXnb¿°o-

kmbncp∂ bm_memlm V s‚bpw C¥y≥ saXmt∏meoØm am¿

bmt°m_ns‚bpw ImeØmbncp∂p (Vatican Syi. Codox XXII). am¿bmt°m_ns\∏‰n At±lw hn. tXmΩkv At∏mkvXes‚ knwlm-

k\Ønencp∂p C¥ybnse ]cnip≤ k`sb \bn°p∂p F∂v

AXn¬ FSpØp ]dbp∂p. Cu tcJbn¬ \n∂pw 1301 ¬ ae¶ck`

t]¿jy≥ s\kvtXmdnb≥ k`bpambn tN¿∂p Ign™ncp∂p F∂p

hy‡amWt√m.

78 k` hf-cp∂p

(d) 1490˛¬ _nj∏n\p th≠nt∏mb \nthZIkwLw

Cu Imeßƒ°ptijw GItZiw Ccp∂qdp sIm√°metØmfw

ae¶ck`bpsS NcnXw ]cma¿in°p∂ ]uckvXy tcJIsfm∂pw

\ap°p e`ya√. F∂m¬ 15˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ A¥yZiIw apX¬

ae¶ck`bpsS hntZi_‘sØ∏‰n \ap°p hy‡amb sXfnhp≠v.

1490˛¬ ae¶ck`bpsS aq∂p ]Xn\n[nIƒ saXms\ e`n°phm≥

th≠n k`bpsS \nthZ\hpambn A∂sØ s\kvtXmdnb≥ ]mXn-

b¿°okv sskasW kao]n®p. AXn\p apºmbn 13˛mw \q‰m≠n¬

s\kvtXmdnb≥ k`bpsS Bÿm\w cmjvSob ImcWßfm¬

sa s∏mtánbmbpsS hS°≥ ]tZißfntebv°p \o°nbncp∂p.

15˛mw \q‰m≠neXp aqkenembncp∂p ÿnXnsNbvXncp∂Xv. ae¶c-

k`bpsS \nthZIkwLw At±lØns‚bSp°tebv°p bmX

Xncn®p.

aq∂p ]Xn\n[nIfnsemcmƒ hgnat≤y \ncymX\mbn. tPm¿Pv,

tPmk^v F∂ t]cpImcmb a‰ncphcpw ]mXnb¿°okns‚ Bÿm-

\ØnseØn \nthZ\adnbn®p. At±lw Ahsc c≠p t]scbpw

]´°mcmbn hmgn®p. am¿ HutKs‚ Zbdmbn¬ \n∂pw tXmakv,

tPm¨ F∂ t]cpIfn¬ saXm∑mcmbn c≠pt]¿°p ]´w sImSp-

Øp tPm¿÷ns‚bpw tPmk^ns‚bpw IqsS ae¶cbntebv°b®p.

tIcfØnseØnbtijw A[nIw XmaknbmsX _nj∏p tXmakv

tPmk^psamcpan®p aqkentebv°p aSßnt∏mbn. 1493˛¬ tPmk^v

C¥ybn¬ Xncns®Øn. Ct±lamWv 1500˛¬ t]m¿´pKokv AUvand¬

]o‰¿ A¬hmdnkp Im_mfpsamcpan®p bqtdm]y≥ ]cyS\w \SØn,

C¥y°mc≥ tPmk^v F∂ t]cp B¿Pn® tZlw.

1502˛¬ sska¨ ]mXnb¿°okp \ncymX\mbXn\ptijw am¿

Genbmkv B ÿm\Øhtcm[nX\mbn. ]pXnb ]mXnb¿°okp

bm_mtemslm, bmt°m_v, Z\lm F∂o aq∂p ta¬∏´°msc

hmgn®p ae¶cbntebv°b®p. Ahcnsemcmfns\ ssN\bntebv°pw

as‰mcmfns\ skmt°mSm Zzo]n-te-°pw, aq∂m-asØ Bfns\ C¥y-

bntebv°pambn Dt±in®ncp∂p. Ah¿ C¥ybnemKXcmbtijw

1504˛¬ C¥y≥ k`sb∏‰nbpw a‰psa√mw hnhcn°p∂ Hcp IØv

]mXnb¿°okn\b®p. B IØv \ap°p e`yamWv. anßm\m (op.cit. pp. 36-42) AXns‚ Cw•ojp hnh¿Ø\w tN¿Øn´p≠v. AXn\-

Iambn 1498 apX¬ t]m¿´pKokpIm¿ tIcfØnseØn AhcpsS

]h¿Ø\amcw`n®ncp∂p. t]m¿´pKokpImcpambn ssaXo_‘Øn-

encp∂ AhÿbmWv Cu IØv ]Xn_nw_n°p∂Xv.

79k` hf-cp∂p

tNmZyßƒ

1. sXKoknse a^nbm\m Bcv? B ÿm\n Fßs\ \nehn¬

h∂p?

2. sXKokp a^nbm\mbpamtbm, At¥ymIy≥ kpdnbm\n

k`m≤y£\pamtbm, ae¶ck`bv°v Fs¥¶nepw _‘w

16˛mw \q‰m≠p hscbpw D≠mbncp∂Xmbn Ah¿°dn™p

IqsS¶n¬, AXn¬\n∂pw F¥mWp \mw a\ nemt°≠Xv?

3. BZnaImew apX¬ Xs∂ At¥ymIybpambn ae¶ck`bv°p

_‘ap≠mbncp∂p F∂p hmZn°p∂hcpsS \ymbßƒ F¥v?

Ahbv°p NcnX]cambn F¥p hne I¬∏n°mw?

4. ae¶ck`bv°p t]¿jy≥ s\kvtXmdnb k`bpambn 16˛mw

\q‰m≠phsc _‘ap≠mbncp∂p F∂Xn\p \ap°p≈

sXfnhpIƒ FSpØp ImWn°pI.

5. "ImZoim' ]≈nIƒ F∂p \ΩpsS k`bnse Nne tZhme

bßƒ°p t]cp e`n®sXßs\?

6. 1490˛¬ ae¶cbn¬ \n∂pw saXm∑m¿°p th≠n t]¿jy≥

s\kvtXmdnb≥ k`m≤y£\mb ]mXnb¿°okns\ ae¶c

k`bpsS Hcp \nth-ZIkwLw kao-]n® hkvXp-X-bn¬ \n∂pw

ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ]q¿h hntZi_‘sØ∏‰n F¥p a\ n

em°mw?

]mTw 5

t]¿jy≥ Ipcn-ip-Iƒ

IpcnipIfnse enJnXßƒ BZy Ipcniv GXv?

ae¶ck`bpsS t]¿jy≥ _‘sØ°pdn°p∂ kvamcINn”-

ßƒ Z£ntW¥ybnep≠v. Ahbn¬ kp]-[m-\-amb H∂mWv I√n-

t∑¬ sImØn-sb-SpØ Nne Ipcn-ip-Iƒ. t]¿jybn¬ ]pcm-X-\-Im-

eØp \ne-hn-en-cp∂ Chsb t]¿jy≥ Ipcn-ip-Iƒ F∂p ]d™p

hcp∂p. CuZr-iy-amb \mep Ipcn-ip-Iƒ ssaem-∏q-cn-epw, tIm´-b-

Øpw, IS-a-‰Øpw, ap´p-Nn-d-bnepw D≈ ]pcm-X\ ssIkvXh tZhm-e-

80 k` hf-cp∂p

b-ß-fn¬ ÿm]n-X-ambn ÿnXnsNøp-∂p-≠v.

16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ Ah-cpsS B[n-]Xyw C¥y-

bn-ep-d-∏n-®-Xn-\p-tijw 1547-˛¬ aZm-kn-semcp Ipcnip Ipgn-s®-Sp-°p-

I-bp-≠m-bn. Xma-kw-hn\m AXns\ ]Ir-Xn-°-Xo-Xamb A¤p-X-i-

‡n-bpsS Dd-hn-S-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ ]mc-ºcyw kwPm-X-am-Ip-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Cu Ipcn-ins\ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ sk‚ v tXmakv au≠nse

Ah-cpsS tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ ]Xn-jvTn-®p. CXns\ "au≠nse Ipcniv'

(Mount Cross) F∂p ]d-™p-h-cp-∂p. ]n¬°m-eØp Cu Ipcn-ins\

ssaem-∏q-cn-tebv°p am‰n.

tIm´bw henb]≈n-bn¬ apI-fn-se-SpØp ]d™ \mep Ipcn-ip-

I-fn-sem∂pw AXn-t\-°mƒ ]g°w Ipd™ as‰m∂pw ImWp-hm-

\p≠v. Ah-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ ]g-°-ap≈ Ipcniv ][m\ tXmtWm-kn\p

Xmsg hS-°p-h-iØp ÿnXnsNøp∂ sNdnb tXmtWm-kn-\-`n-ap-J-

ambn \n¬°p∂ `nØn-ta¬ Hcp B¿®n\p Iogn-embn ]Xn-®n-cn-°p-

∂p. at‰Xv, adp-h-i-Øp≈ tXmtWm-kn\p apI-fn-ep≈ `nØn-bnepw

ÿnXnsNøp-∂p. hS-°p-h-isØ Ipcniv InkvXz_vZw F´m-a-tØtbm

HºXm-a-tØtbm \q‰m-≠n¬ \n¿Ωn-X-am-bn-cn-°m-sa∂p ]pcm-hkvXp

Kth-j-I¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXbpw Xs∂ ]g-°-ap-≈-h-bmWp

at‰ aq∂p Ipcn-ip-I-fpw. F∂m¬ tIm´bw hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬ sX°p-

h-i-Øp≈ Ipcniv at‰ \mep Ipcn-ip-I-fp-sS-b-Xbpw ]pcm-X-\-a-√.

Cu Ipcn-ip-I-fpsS D¤-h-sØ-∏‰n Ah-bn-sem∂v BZy-\n¿Ωn-

Xhpw at‰Xp aq∂pw AXns‚ cq]-Ønepw BIr-Xn-bnepw ]n∂oSp

sImØn-bp-≠m-°n-b-Xp-am-bn-cn-°m-sa-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n ]fin-X-∑m-cp-sS-bn-

S-bn¬ GIm-`n-]m-b-am-Wp-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ Ahbv°p Np‰nepw Xmsg-

bp-am-bn-°m-Wp∂ enJn-X-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am°n c≠v A`n-]m-b-ßƒ

]I-Sn-∏n®n-´p-≠v. AXp-t]mse \mep Ipcn-ip-I-fn-te-XmWv G‰w ]pcm-

X-\-sa∂ tNmZy-Øn\pw c≠p \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂p.

(a) Ipcn-ip-I-fnse enJn-X-ßƒ

anßm\m CXn¬ tcJ-bp≈ Xs‚ D]-\ym-k-sa-gp-Xnb 1925- \SpØp

]fin-X-temIw AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂Xp _¿W-ens‚ ]cn-`m-j-bm-bn-cp-

∂p. ]oen-t∏mkv AXp kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ anßm-\bpw ]oen-

t∏mkpw _¿W-ens‚ ]cn-`mj Hcp hn[-Øn-e√ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-

∂-Xv. ]oen-t∏mkv AXp \¬Ip-∂Xv (op. cit. p. 81) “In punishment bythe Cross (was) the suffering of this one; He who is true God and God above,

81k` hf-cp∂p

and Guide ever pure.” ]oen-t∏mkv Cu hmN-I-Øns‚ ae-bmf hnh¿-

Ø\w Cßs\ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p: ""kXy-ssZ-hhpw taen-∂-SpØ

ssZhhpw Ft∂°pw ]cn-ip≤ hgn-Im-ń-bp-amb Cu GIs‚ IjvSX

Ipcn-in-t∑-ep≈ in£-bm-bn-cp-∂p.'' anßm\m (op. cit. p. 74) ]oen-t∏mkv

D≤-cn-°p∂ BZy-hcn AXp-t]mse \¬Ip-∂p. c≠m-a-tØ-Xn-ß-s\-

bm-Wv. “(He) who (is) the true Christ, and God above, and Guide ever pure.”anßm\m-bpsS D≤-cWn Cßs\ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]cn-`mj sNømw:

""kXy-In-kvXphpw Db-c-Ønse ssZhhpw Ft∂bv°pw ]cn-ip≤ hgn-

Im- n-bp-amb Cu GIs‚ IjvSX Ipcn-inse in£-bm-bn-cp-∂p.'' ]oen-

t∏mkv D≤-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv _¿W-ens‚ hnh¿Ø-\-sa-¶n¬

AXp s\kvtXm-dnb \ne-]m-Sp-ambn tN¿∂p t]mI-bn-√. F∂m¬

anßm\ FSpØp ImWn-°p-∂-Xm-sW-¶n¬, AXp s\kvtXm-dnbm

hnizm-k-Øn\p kzoIm-cy-am-Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AYhm t]¿jy≥ Ipcn-

ip-I-fnse enJnXw s\kvtXm-dnb hnizm-k-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-sW∂p ImWn-

°p-hm≥ ]oen-t∏mkv _≤-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ At±lw AXn¬ hnP-

bn-°p-∂n-√.

Ipcn-ip-I-fnse enJn-X-Øn\p as‰mcp X¿÷a hn≥Ip-h¿Øp

(Winckworth) \¬Ip-∂-Xm-bpw, AXn-s\-bmWp 1950 \SpØp ]finX

temIw s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw L. W. Brown: The IndianChristians of St. Thomas, Cambridge, 1956, p. 80 ¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p.

B X¿÷a, My Lord Christ have mercy on Afrani, son of Chaharbukt theSyrian who cut this (or had this cut) -[Fs‚ \mY-\mb InkvXpth!

CXns\ sImØn-bp-≠m-°nb (A-Yhm sImØn-bp-≠m-°n-®) kpdn-

bm-\n-°m-c≥ Jl¿_p-‡ns‚ aI≥ A^vdm-kn-t\mSp IcpW sNø-

Wta] F∂m-Wv.

Chn-sS-∏-d-bp∂ A^vdm-kv, Ign™ ]mT-Øn¬ I≠ t]mZv

BsW∂p Ncn-X-Im-c-∑mcpw A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. AXp icn-sb-

¶n¬, BZysØ t]¿jy≥ Ipcniv I√n¬ sImØn-sb-Sp-∏n-®Xp

t]¿jy-bn¬ \n∂pw 9˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ C¥y-bn¬ h∂ Hcp s\kvtXm-

dn-b≥ _nj-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. Cßs\ \n¿Ωn-X-amb Ipcn-ins‚ amXr-I-

bn¬ a‰p Ipcn-ip-Iƒ 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ D≠m-°n-b-XmWv C∂p ImWp-

∂ a‰p Ipcn-ip-Iƒ. B Ime-ßƒ°p-tijw ]≈n-I-fnse aZv_-lm-

tbmSp tN¿Øp `nØn-I-fn¬ Ipcnip ÿm]n-°p∂ ]Xn-hp -\n∂p

t]mbn. AXn\p ]Icw ]≈n-Iƒ°p ]pdØp henb I¬°p-cn-ipIƒ

Dd-∏n-°p∂ coXn \ne-hn¬ h∂p. AXv Ct∏mƒ am‰n-bn-cn-°-bm-Wt√m.

82 k` hf-cp∂p

(b) BZy Ipcniv GXv?

CXn-s\-∏-‰nbpw c≠v A`n-]m-b-ßƒ ]fin-X-∑m¿ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v.

Ah-bn-sem∂p hn≥Ip-h¿Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-]m-b-

Øn¬ tIm´bw henb]≈n-bnse ]pcm-X\ Ipcn-in¬ ImWp∂

enJnXw BWp as‰-√m-‰nepw ]g-°-ap-≈-Xv. AXns‚ X¿÷a-bmWv

apI-fn¬ tN¿Øn- p≈ hmN-Iw. F∂m¬ au≠nse Ipcn-ins‚ tIm∏n-

I-fmWp a‰p Ipcn-ip-Ifpw Ah-bnse enJn-X-ß-fp-sa∂p ‰n. sI.

tPmk^v ka¿∞n-®n- ps≠∂p F¬. Uªyp. _u¨ kΩ-Xn-°p∂p.

1580-˛\p tijw BZy Ipcn-ins‚ ]Xn-Iƒ \n¿Ωn®p F∂mWp

tPmk^v hy‡-am-°p-hm≥ bXv\n-°p-∂-Xv. BZysØ Ipcniv 9˛mw

\q‰m-≠n¬ D≠mbn F¶n¬ AXns‚ tIm∏n-Iƒ 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚

Ah-km\L´-Øn¬ amX-amWp \n¿Ωn-®-sX-∂p≈ hmZw hniz-k-\o-

b-ambn tXm∂p-∂n-√.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. t]¿jy≥ Ipcn-ip-Iƒ F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Gh-bmWv? Ah

Fßs\ \ne-hn¬ h∂p?

2. t]¿jy≥ s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ Ipcn-ip-I-fnse enJn-X-ßsf C.

Fw. ]oen-t∏mkv Fßs\ a\- n-em-°p∂p?

3. B enJn-X-ßsf GXp hn[-Øn¬ Ct∏mƒ ]fin-X-∑m¿

hymJym-\n-°p∂p?

]mTw 6

Nne BNm-c-ßfpw

hnizm-k-]-c-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw

]mcw`w ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse Nne BNm-c-ßƒ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS

hnizm-k-]-c-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ Nne A\p-am-\-ßƒ

(a) ]mcw`w

InkvXz_vZw 9˛mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ t]¿jy≥ Ipcn-ip-Iƒ Z£n-

tW-¥y-bn¬ ]N-cn-®ncn°mw. B Ime-ß-fn-se√mw C¥y-bnse k`-

bv°p t]¿jy-bnse s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ k -bp-ambn _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p

83k` hf-cp∂p

F∂-Xn\v AsXmcp sXfn-hmbn Icp-Xp-Ibpw sNømw.

CXn\pw ]pdta k`-bpsS BNm-c-ßƒ hnizm-k-]-c-amb ]mc-º-

cy-ßƒ Ch-sb-∏-‰nbpw Nne hnh-c-ßƒ \ap°p e`y-am-bn-´p-≠v.

\ΩpsS ]q¿∆-∑m¿ BhI kwK-Xn-I-sfm∂pw tcJ-bn¬ hcp-Øn-bn-

cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw, a‰p aq∂p Xpd-I-fn¬\n-∂p-ambn ]e hkvXp-X-Ifpw

\ap°p kn≤n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. H∂v: 13-˛Dw 14-˛Dw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ Z£n-

tW¥ym kµ¿in®v, Ah-cpsS bmXm-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb

bqtdm-]y≥ k©m-cn-I-fpsS IrXn-I-fn¬\n∂pw e`n-°m-hp-∂-h. c≠v:

16-˛mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ C¥y-bn¬ h∂ ]m›mXy anj-\-dn-am-cpsS

IØp-Iƒ, ]_-‘-ßƒ BZn-bm-b-h-bpƒs°m-≈p∂ kqN-\-Iƒ.

aq∂v: 1599-˛¬ \S∂ DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ \n›-b-ßƒ

Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂ kwK-Xn-Iƒ.

Cu aq∂p Xpd-I-fn¬\n-∂p-ambn e`n-°m-hp∂ hnh-c-ß-fpsS ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse Nne BNm-c-ßfpw hnizm-k-]-c-amb

\ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw Npcp-°-ambn Cu ]mT-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-I-bm-Wv.

(b) ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse Nne BNm-c-ßƒ

1293-˛-\-SpØp am¿t°m-t]msfm Z£n-tW¥y kµ¿in-®p. AXn\v

GI-tZiw \mep Zi-I-ßƒ°p apºmbn C∂-sk‚ v III ]m∏m

]uckvXy tZi-ß-fn¬ aX-]-N-cWw \S-Øp-hm-\p-t±-in®v Hcp kphn-

tij kaq-l-Øn\p cq]w\¬In-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-epƒs∏´ Nne anj-\-

dn-am¿ C¥y-bn¬ FØp-I-bp-≠m-bn. ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse Nne BNm-c-

ßƒ FSpØp ImWn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºmbn 13 Dw 14 Dw \q‰m-≠pI-

fn¬ Cu hn[w Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ h∂ ]m›mXy anj-\-dn-am-sc-∏‰n

GXm\pw hnh-c-ßƒ ChnsS \¬I-s´.

]m∏m-bpsS kphn-tij kaq-l-Øn¬s∏´ Nne-¿ ssN\m-bn-te-

bv°p t]mIpw-h-gnbpw a‰p Nne¿ ssN\m-bn¬ \n∂pw tdman-tebv°p

aSßpwhgnbpw sXt° C¥y-bn¬ Ipd-®p-Imew hoXw Xma-kn®p

kphn-tij ]N-c-W-Øn¬ G¿s∏-´p. am¿t°m-t∏mtfm am¿tØm-Ωm-

«o-lm-bp-tS-sX∂p IcpXnh∂n-cp∂ ih-Ip-Socw Z¿in-®-Xm-bpw, s\kv-

tXm-dn-b≥ InkvXym-\n-Ifpw ap…o-ßfpw AsXmcp ]pWy-ÿ-e-am-

bn-°-cpXn AhnsS Xo¿∞m-S\w sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xmbpw ]kvXm-hn-

°p∂p.

C∂-sk‚ v III ]m∏m ÿm]n® anj-\dnkaq-l-Øn¬ sUman-\n-

°≥, ^m≥kn-kv°≥ Cu k\ym-k-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬s]-´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p

84 k` hf-cp∂p

]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Ah-cn¬ BZy-ambn C¥y kµ¿in®Xv tPm¨

tam¨Sn tIm¿hnt\m Bbn-cp-∂p. At±lw ssN\m-bn-tebv°p

t]mIpwhgn 1291-˛¬ GI-tZiw Hcp h¿j-tØmfw C¥y-bn¬ Xma-

kn-®p. A∂p ae-_m-dn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ InkvXym-\n-I-sf-∏‰n At±lw

km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. AXn-\p-tijw tPm¿tU-\kv ssN\m-bn¬-

\n∂pw tdman-te-bv°p≈ aS-°-bm-X-bn¬ Ipsd-°mew sXt°-C-¥y-

bn¬ Xma-kn-®p. 1328-˛¬ At±-lsØ Bhn-t·m-\n¬ hmk-ap-d-∏n-®n-

cp∂ ]m∏m sIm√w _nj-∏mbn Ah-tcm-[n-®p. 1321-˛¬ DssU-\nse

HtUm-dnIv C¥y kµ¿in-®p. At±-lhpw Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse Inkv-

Xym-\n-I-sf-∏‰n Nne hnh-c-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. ]n∂oSv 1348- ¬ tPm¨

acn-t™men sIm√-sØØn Ahn-SsØ InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS kvt\lm-

Z-c-hp-Iƒ B¿Pn-®p.

Cu hn[-Øn¬ C¥y-bnse InkvXym-\n-I-sf-∏‰n e`n® Adn-hns‚

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°-Ww, bqPo-\n-bkv IV ]m∏m C¥y≥ Inkv-

Xym-\n-I-fpsS cmPm-hns‚ t]¿°p IØ-b-®-Xv. B cmPm-hn-s\-∏-‰n-

bp≈ hnh-c-ßƒ CXn-\Iw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p-≠-t√m. GXm-bmepw

13 Dw 14 Dw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ hnc-Nn-X-ß-fmb IrXn-I-fn¬\n∂pw tIcf

InkvXym-\n-I-sf-∏‰n e`n-°p∂ hnh-c-ßƒ ChnsS Ipdn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

1. kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Cu InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p kap-∂-X-amb

ÿm\-am-\-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂p hcp-Inepw Ah¿°p ]e \yq\-

X-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-bn¬ k¿h-]-[m-\-am-bn-cp-∂Xv InkvXp-

a-X-sØbpw InkvXob Pohn-X-sØbpw Bkv]-Z-am°n Imcy-amb

Adn-shm-∂p-a-h¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂p-≈-Xm-Wv.

2. InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ Nne¿°p- am-Xta "I¿Xr-]m¿∞-\'bpw "Ir]-

\n-d™ adn-bta' F∂ At]-£bpw Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. AYhm

Ah¿°p Imcy-amb hn[-Øn-ep≈ InkvXo-b-Po-hn-X-]-cn-io-e\w e`n-

®n-cp-∂n-√.

3. ]k-hm-\-¥cw amXm-°ƒ, inip BWm-bn-cp-∂m¬ 40 Znh-k-

°m-ehpw s]Æm-bn-cp-∂m¬ 80 Znh-k-°m-ehpw ]≈n-bn¬ t]mIp-am-

bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\p-tijw Ah¿ Ip™n-s\bpw sIm≠p ]≈n-bn¬

t]mIpIbpw Ip™ns‚ amtam-Zokm \S-Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-∂n-

cp-∂p. Cu coXnsb DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv \n¿Ø¬ sNbvXp.

4. ]≈n-I-fn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn H∂n-e-[nIw ] -°m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Ah-cn¬ ]mb-°q-Sp-X-ep-≈-bm-fn\p ]tXyI _lp-am\w \¬In-bp-

an-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ "hnImcn', "Akn-Ã‚ v hnImcn' F∂ th¿Xn-cnthm

85k` hf-cp∂p

hcp-am\w kw_-‘n-®p≈ hyXym-ktam \ne-hn-en-cp-∂n-√.

5. ]tc-X¿°p-th≠n \S-Øp∂ im≤w ]Nm-c-Øn-en-cp-∂p. AXp

]´-°m-cpsS Hcp hcp-am-\-am¿§-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

6. ]´-°m-cpsS BZy-Ip¿_m\ BUw-_-c-]q¿∆w \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.

7. InkvXym-\n-Ifpw InkvtX-Xcpw sshZn-Isc AXy-[nIw _lp-

am-\n-®n-cp-∂p.

(c) hnizm-k-a-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ ][m\ Imcy-ßƒ

1. 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIc-f-Ønse k` t]¿jy≥ s\kvtXm-dn-b≥

k`-bpsS `mK-am-bn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. 4˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-L-´w

apX¬ At¥ymIym tIµ-ambn ]uckvXy\mSp-I-fn¬ hnI-kn® Hcp

hnizmk ]mcºcyamWv s\kvtXm-dnbm \ne-]m-sS∂p ]d-bp∂Xv. ]pcm-

X\Ime-ß-fn¬ AXp hf¿Øn-sb-SpØ t\Xm-°-fn¬ AK-K-Wy-

cm-bn-cp∂p X¿io-inse Zosbm-tZm-tdm-kv, sam]vskz-kvØn-bm-bnse

tXthm-tZm-tdmkv BZn-bm-b-h¿. s\kvtXm-dn-tbm-kpƒs∏sS Cu

At¥ym-Iy≥ ]m¿iz-h¿Øn-Isf ae-¶-c-k- m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS enÃn¬

tN¿Øv, Ahsc AXy-[nIw _lp-am-\-]q¿∆w A\p-kva-cn-®n-cp-∂p.

2. "Ir]\nd™ adn-bta' F∂ At]£ ae-¶-c-k` Bcm-[-\m-

`m-K-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-∂n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ AXns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬

"ssZh-am-Xm-hmb....' F∂-Xn\p ]Icw "InkvXp-hns‚ amXm-hmb...'

F∂m-bn-cp∂p sNm√n-h-∂-Xv. ]pcm-X-\-Imew apX¬ s\kvtXm-dnb

\ne-]mSv Ah-ew-_n-®-h¿ hn. adn-bm-ans\ "ssZh-am-Xmhv' F∂p ]d-

bmsX "InkvXp-hns‚ amXmhv' F∂m-bn-cp∂p hnh-£n-®p-h-∂-Xv. ae-

¶-c-k-`bpw AXv AwKo-I-cn-®p-h-∂p.

3. ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bv°p≈ A∏w D≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬

FÆ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-∂n-cp-∂p. CXp ]uc-kvXy-k-`-I-fn-se√mw Xs∂

\ne-hn-en-cp∂ ]Xn-hm-Wv. F∂m¬ ]m›mXy anj-\-dn-am¿ AXv Hcp

]ni-Im-sW∂p apZ-b-Sn®p hna¿in-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ]uckvXy ]mc-

º-cy-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Ah-cpsS A⁄-X-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ hy‡-am-

°n-b-Xv.

4. ]´-°m-cpsS hnhm-lhpw Ah-cn-em-sc-¶nepw ssh[hyw ]m]n-

®m¬ Aß-s\-bp-≈-h¿°p ]p\¿hn-hmlw Ign-°p∂ coXnbpw ae-

¶-c-k-`-bn¬ ]Nm-c-Øn-en-cp-∂p. CXp t]¿jy≥k-`-bn¬ ]pcm-X-\-

Imew apX¬ \ne-hn-en-cp∂ ]mc-º-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXns\ hyXym-k-

86 k` hf-cp∂p

s∏-SpØn ]´-°m-cpsS _“-Ncyw \S-∏n-em-°p-hm≥ 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬

t]m¿´p-Kokv k`m-t\-Xm-°ƒ `Ko-c-Y-]-bXv\w sNbvXp F¶n-epw,

AXp km¿h-Xn-I-am-°p-hm≥ Ah¿°p Ign-™n-√. 1599-˛se DZ-bw-

t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kmWv B DZy-a-Øn\p aIpSw Nm¿Øn-b-Xv.

5. ]´-°m-cpsS ASp-°¬ Ipº-kmcw \S-Øp∂ ]Xnhp ae-¶-c-k-

`-bn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂-X-√. Ipº-kmcw ]uc-kvXy-k-`-I-fn¬ \ne-hn-

en-cp∂p F¶nepw, Hmtcm Ip¿_m-\m-\p-`-h-Øn\pw apºp Ipº-km-cn-

®n-cn-°-W-sa-∂p≈ \n_-‘\ B k`-I-fn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. B coXn-

bmWp ae-¶-c-k` ]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp-Øn-bn-cp-∂-sX∂p \ymb-ambn

Duln-°mw. F∂m¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS t]c-Wm- -e-ambn ]m›m-

XycoXn ae-¶-c-k` Ah-ew-_n-°p-hm-\n-S-bm-bn.

13-˛mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ bqtdm-]y≥ anj-\-dn-am¿ tIc-f-Øn¬ hcp-

Ibpw kphn-tij ]N-cWw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂p hcp-Inepw

Ah-cpsS ]h¿Ø\w A[n-I-Imew \o≠p-\n-∂n-√. eØo≥ ]mc-

ºcyw \ne-\n¿Øp∂ GXm\pw kaq-l-ßsf Ah¿ ÿm]n®p F∂p

Nne Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ AXp ae-¶-c-k-

`sb kmc-ambn _m[n-®n-cp-∂n-√. 1490-˛¬ _nj-∏-∑m¿°mbn ae-¶-c-

k` Hcp \nth-Z-I-kw-LsØ Ab-®Xp aqk-en¬ Bÿm-\-am-°n-bn-

cp∂ _m_n-tem-Wnse s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ASp-

°-te-bv°m-bn-cp∂p F∂p apIfn¬ kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m. Ahn-sS-\n∂pw

h∂ _nj-∏-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ae-¶-c-k-`sb \bn-®n-cp-

∂-Xv.

(d) Nne A\p-am-\-ßƒ

Cu ]cam¿∞w c≠p kwK-Xn-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. H∂v, B Ime-

ß-fn-seßpw ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v At¥ym-Iy≥ k`-bp-ambn bmsXmcp

_‘-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Fs¥-¶nepw _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p F¶n¬

At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bn¬ \n∂pw \ΩpsS C¥y≥k-`-sb-

∏‰n At\z-jWw \S-Øp-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p \ymb-ambn Duln-°mw.

t]msc-¶n¬, At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k` hnizmk hn]-co-X-nI-fmbn

IcpXn Xnc-kvI-cn-®n-cp∂ t]¿jy≥ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑mscbmbn-cp∂p

ae-¶-c-k` ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cmbn Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. B t]¿jy≥ k -bpsS

]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cpsS t]cn¬ hnc-Nn-X-ß-fmb Ip¿_m\XIvkm-Iƒ ae-

¶-c-k-`-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-an-cp-∂p. CXn-ep-ap-]-cn-bm-bn, At¥ym-Iy≥

kpdn-bm\nk` ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cmbn ]cn-K-Wn-®n-cp-∂-hsc ae-¶-c-k`

AXns‚ hnip-≤-∑m-cpsS ]ń-I-bn¬ tN¿Øn-cp-∂p-an-√. Cu hn[-Øn¬

87k` hf-cp∂p

At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`bv°p kzoIm-cy-a-√mØ ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ

ae-¶-c-k` \ne-\n¿Øn-h-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n At¥ym-Iy≥k`-bpsS `mK-

Øp-\nt∂m ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS Hcp hn`m-K-Øns‚ mK-Øp-\nt∂m Fs¥-

¶nepw tNmZy-ap-∂-bn-®-Xmbn bmsXmcp sXfn-hp-an-√. AXn-\m¬

At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm\nk`bv°p 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥yw-h-scbpw

ae-¶-c-k-`-bp-ambn bmsXm-cp-X-c-Øn-ep-ap≈ thgvN-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p

F∂-\p-am-\n-°p-hm≥ \ymb-an-√.

c≠m-a-Xv, 13-˛mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`mw-K-

ß-fmb Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS IrXn-I-fnseßpw B Imewhsc ae-¶-c-k-

`bv°p tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bp-ambn Fs¥-¶nepw thgvN-bp-

≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn hmZn-°p-∂-tX-bn-√. ae-¶-c-k` 4˛mw \q‰m≠p apX-

se-¶n-epw, t]¿jy≥k-`-bpsS kº¿°-Øn¬ Ign-™n-cp-∂p. 5˛mw

\q‰m-≠ns‚ HºXmw Zi-I-Øn¬ B k` HutZym-Kn-I-ambn s\kvtXm-

dn-tbm-kns\ k`m]nXm-hmbn AwKo-I-cn-®-Xn-\p-tijw 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-

h-scbpw ae-¶-c-k` AXp-am-bp≈ _‘-Øn¬ amX-am-bn-cp∂p \ne-

\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. 13 Dw 14 Dw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ae-¶-c-k` kµ¿in® bqtdm-]y≥

t]jn-X-∑m-cm-sc-√m-am-bn-cp∂p? Ah¿ ae-¶-c-k- -sb-∏‰n F¥p-

]-d-bp∂p?

2. B Ime-ß-fn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v GXp hntZi k`-bp-am-bn-´m-

bn-cp∂p kº¿°-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv?

3. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS B Ime-ß-fnse hnizm-km-Nm-c-ß-sf-∏‰n

\ap°v F¥-dnbmw?

88 k` hf-cp∂p

bqWn-‰v 3

ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS

t]m¿´p-Kokv _‘w

]mTw 1

t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS BK-a\w

]mcw`w t]m¿´p-Ko-km-[n-]Xyw ae-¶-c-k-`sb Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-

hm-\p≈ bXv\w

(a) ]mcw`w

t]m¿´p-Kokv P\-d¬ hmkvtKm-Un-Kmam 1498 sabv 21-˛mw XobXn

tImgn-t°m´v BK-X-\m-bn. AXn\ptijw A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX

Z£n-tW¥ym t]m¿´p-Ko-km-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ h∂p. Cßs\ A[n-Imcap-

d-∏n®tijw tIc-f-Ønse ]pcm-X\k`sb kzm[o-\-Øn¬ hcpØn

AXns\ tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk`-bpsS `mK-am-°n-Øo¿°p-hm≥

Ah¿ DZy-an-®p. Cu hkvXp-X-I-fmWv ChnsS ]cm-a¿in-°p∂Xv.

(b) t]m¿´pKo-km-[n-]Xyw

hmkvt°m-Un-Kmam h∂n-d-ßnb tImgn-t°m-Sv, tIc-f-Ønse Hcp

][m-\-`m-KØnt∑¬ cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS Xe-ÿm-

\-ambn-cp∂p. AXv Hcp \√ Xpd-ap-J-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Kmambv°p

I∏-en¬ AhnsS hs∂-ØpI kuI-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p.

bqtdm-∏n¬\n∂pw C¥y-bn-se-Øp-∂Xv B Ime-ß-fn¬ Ffp-∏am-

bn-cp-∂n-√. a≤y-X-c-Wn-bm-gn-bn¬°qsS sN¶-S¬ hgn C¥y-bn¬ h∂p

tNcp-hm≥ km[n-°-Ø°-hÆw kqbkv I\m¬ A∂p shń-Øp-d-

∂ncp-∂n-√. t]msc-¶n¬ sN¶-S¬ IS∂v C¥y≥ alm-k-apZw hgn

C¥ybp-am-bp≈ hmWnPy_‘w Xp¿°n-Iƒ ÿm]n®pIgn-™n-

cp∂p. Aßs\ Z£n-tW-¥y-bpsS hym]mcw apgp-h\pw C…maya-X-

ÿ-cmb Ah¿ ssIb-S°n AXp-aq-e-ap≈ Aan-Xm-Zmbw kzmb-Ø-

am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. CXn-s\mcp hyXym-k-ap-≠m-IW-sa∂v Ipcp-ap-fIp XpS-

ßn-b DXv]-∂-ßƒ hn‰-gn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ZØ-i-≤-cm-bn-cp∂ tIc-fo-b¿°v

]tXyI Xmev]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

C¥y-bp-ambn kº¿°w ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ t]m¿´p-K-en\pw A∂v

89k` hf-cp∂p

BK-l-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 15-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y-L-´-Øn¬ tdma≥

ItØm-en°m k`m-≤y-£-\m-bn-cp∂ \nt°m-fmkv V bqtdm∏v HgnsI-

bp≈ qXesØ apgp-hs\bpw A∂p h≥i-‡n-I-fm-bn-cp∂ kvs]bn-

\n\pw t]m¿´p-K-en-\p-ambn hn`-Pn®psImSpØ Hcp kw`hw \S-∂n-cp-

∂p. kvs]bn-\n\p ]m›m-Xy-tZ-i-ßfpw t]m¿´p-K-en\p ]uc-kvXy-\m-

Sp-I-fp-am-bncp∂p Cu hn[-Øn¬ \n¿t±in-®n-cp-∂-Xv. B tZi-ß-fnse

hn -h-ßƒ kzm[o-\-X-bn¬ hcp-Øp-hm≥ tdma≥ ]m∏m Ah¿°v A\p-

hmZw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ AXn\v Hcp hyhÿ \n›-bn-®n-cp∂p.

AX\pk-cn®v B \mSp-I-fn-se√mw kz¥-sN-e-hn¬ kphn-tij]N-

cWw \SØn a\p-jysc tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ tN¿°p-hm-

\p≈ Npa-Xe B cmPy-ßƒ hln-°-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. "]tZm-hmsZm'

F∂p ]d™ph-cp∂ Cu ]h¿Ø-\-]-cn-]mSn t]m¿´p-Kokv cmPm-

hn\v B \mSp-I-fnse k`-Iƒta¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw A[o-iXzw A\p-

h-Zn-®n-cp-∂p. Cu ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C¥y-bp-ambn hym]m-c-Øn¬ G¿-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw InkvXp-aX ]Nc-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb kuI-cy-ß-f-t\z-

jn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xp hmkvt°m-Un-Km-am-bpsS C¥y≥ kµ¿i-

t\m-t±-iy-Øn-epƒs∏-ń-cp-∂p.

Kmam-bpsS ]cy-S-\-Øn\p Ipd®p apºmbn bqtdm-∏n¬\n∂pw sN¶-

S¬ hgn-b-√msX C¥y-bn-se-Øp-hm-\p≈ am¿§w _m¿Ø-tem-am

Ubkv \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂p. B^n-°-bpsS ]Sn-™m-d≥ Xoc-tØmSp

tN¿∂v, sXt°m´p bmXsNbvXv, B `qJ-fi-sØ- Np‰n C¥y≥

alm-kapZw XcWw sNøp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p B am¿Kw. hnj-a-Xc-sa-¶n-

epw, Xp¿°n-I-fp-ambn G‰p-ap-´msX \n¿±njvS ÿm\-sØ-Øp-hm≥

klm-b-I-am-bn-cp∂p Ubkv \evInb \n¿t±-iw. B hgn D]-tbm-

Kn®v Kmam tIcf-Øn-se-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

C¥y-bn¬ Hcp ssIkvXh kaq-lhpw AXns‚ t\Xm-hmbn Hcp

]apJ cmPm-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂ ipXn bqtdm-∏n¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂-

Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ah-cp-ambn thgvN-bn¬ hc-W-sa∂v Kmam-

bv°p-t±-iy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse am¿ tXmΩm «olm-bpsS ih-

Ip-Socw C¥y-bn-ep-s≠-∂p≈ hm¿Øbpw bqtdm-∏n¬ ]S¿∂ncp-∂-

Xn-\m¬ At∏m-kvtXm-es‚ hnip-≤m-h-in-jvS-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-hm≥

th≠ iaw \S-Ø-W-sa∂pw Kma-mbv°m-K-l-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. X∑qew

tImgn-t°m´p I≠ Hcp sslµh ]qPm-a-µn-csØ Hcp ssIkvXhmcm-

[\mÿe-ambn IcpXn Kmam AXn-\p-≈n¬ ]th-in-°p-Ibpw AXn¬

ÿm]n-X-am-bn-cp∂ Imfn-hn-K-lsØ hn. adn-bm-ans‚ ]Xn-a-bmbn

sX‰n-≤-cn®v AXns‚ apºn¬ hW-ßp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xmbn tcJ-bp≠v.

90 k` hf-cp∂p

amX-hp-a-√, kz`mh-a-ln-a At±lw Z¿in® kh¿W lnµp-°sf At±-

lw InkvXym-\n-I-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hmkvXhØn¬

Kmam C¥y-bn¬ InkvXym-\n-Isf I≠p-ap-´p-Itbm am¿tØm-Ωm-

«olm-bpsS Xncp-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ Z¿in-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-√. hmWn-Py-

]-c-ambpw At±-l-Øns‚ tImgn-t°mSp kµ¿i\w hnP-b-I-c-ambn-cp-

∂n-√. IÆq-cp-ambn _‘w ÿm]n®v C¥y-bp-am-bp≈ hym]mcØn-

\Sn-Ød ]mIn-b-tijw Kmam 1498- ¬ Xs∂ enkv_-Wn-te°p aSßn.

Kmambv°ptijw 1500 am¿®n¬ t]m¿´p-Kokv AUvan-d¬ ]o‰¿

A¬hm-dnkv I_mƒ Hcp ssk\yhpw ^m≥kn-kvI≥ kaq-l-Øn¬

s]´ anj-\dn sshZn-I-cp-ambn tImgn-t°m-s -Øn. ]Xo-£n® kzmKXw

e`n-°m-sX-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿ GXm\pw amk-ßƒ°-I-ambn sIm®n-

bn¬ Ah-cpsS A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-®p. AXn-\p-tijw t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Imcp-

sS cmjvSo-bhpw hmWn-Py-]-c-hp-amb tIc-f-Ønse _‘w sIm®nbp-

am-bn- m-bn-cp-∂p.

I_mfpw A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX t]m¿´p-K-en-tebv°p aS-ßn.

At±-l-Øn-s‚-IqsS tPmk- v, aØn-bmkv F∂o c≠p C¥y≥ Inkv-

Xym-\n-Iƒ bqtdm-∏n\p t]mbn. Ah-cn¬ H∂m-a-sØ-bmƒ "C¥ym°m-

c≥ tPmk^v' F∂ t]cn¬ bqtdm-∏n¬ ]kn-≤n-bm¿÷n-°p-Ibpw

at‰-bmƒ enkv_-Wn¬ h®p \ncym-X-\m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu tPmk-

^m-bn-cp∂p 1490-˛¬ _nj-∏n-\p-th≠n _m_n-tem¨ ]mXn-b¿°okn-

s‚ ASp-°¬t]mb \nth-ZIkwL-Øn¬ \mw apºp-I≠ tZlw.

At±lw bqtdm-∏n¬ C¥y≥k- -sb-∏‰n hkvXp-\n-jvThpw AXn-itbm-

‡n-]-c-hp-amb ]e hnh-c-ßfpw \¬In.

1502 G]n¬ 1˛mw XobXn hmkvt°m-Un-Kmam Hcp h≥ ]S-bpsS

t\Xm-hmbn tIc-f-Øn¬ c≠m-aXpw BK-X-\m-bn. Cu ]mhiyw

At±lw h∂Xp sIm®n-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. a\p-tjym-NnXw t]mep-a-√mØ

\nc-h[n Iqc-Ir-Xy-ßƒ \n¿h-ln®v Xs∂ FXn¿°m-hp∂ i‡n-

Isf `b-N-In-X-cm-°n-b-tijw At±lw sIm®n cmPm-hp-ambn Hcp

kJyw sNbvXp. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p tIcf InkvXym-\n-I-

fpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ Kmamsb kµ¿in®v t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS

klmbw A`y¿∞n-®-Xv. hnhn[ kΩm-\-ßƒ°p ]pd-ta, Ah¿ Xß-

fpsS ]°¬ ÿnXnsNbvXn-cp∂ cmP-Iob sNt¶mepw cmP-]-Xn-Ibpw

Kmamsb Gev]n-®p. Cßs\ ae-¶cInkvXym-\n-Iƒ t]m¿´p-Ko-k-[o-

iXzw kzoI-cn®p IrX-Ir-Xy-cm-bn.

t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ tIc-f-Øn-em-K-X-cmb ka-bØv ae-¶-c-k- bv°p

91k` hf-cp∂p

_m_n-tem-Wn¬\n∂pw h∂n-cp∂ _nj-∏-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1490- \pw

1503-˛-\p-an-S-bn¬ h∂ A©p _nj-∏-∑m-cn-tem-tcmcp-Ø-scbpw ]‰n-

bp≈ hnh-c-ßfnhnsS ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂n-√. Ah-cn¬ am¿ bmt°m_pw

Hcp PqWn-b¿ _nj∏pw t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-ambn CS-s]-ń-cp-∂p. BZy-

Ime-ß-fn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`bv°p t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-ambn kulm¿±-]-c-

amb _‘-am-bn-cp∂p≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. X∑qew C¥y≥ InkvXym-\n-

Iƒ°p ]e ]tbm-P-\-ßfpw e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

(c) ae-¶-c-k-`sb Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ bXv\w

t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS Cu kplr-Zv_‘w ]tXyI Dt±-iy-tØmSp

IqSnbp-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS Nn¥-bn¬, eØo≥ kmwkvIm-cnI

]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ cq]-sa-SpØ k`m-]m-c-º-cy-ßfpw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-

\-ßfpw amXta kzoIm-cy-am-bn- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. AXp-t]m-se, km¿-

h-Xn-I-k` tdma≥ ]m∏m-bpsS A[o-i-Xz-Øn≥Io-gn-en-cn-°-W-sa-∂p-

≈ \ne-]mSpw Ah¿ hnizm-k-]-am-W-am-bn-°-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬

a‰p k`-I-sf√mw eØo≥ coXn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-W-sa-∂-h¿ iTn-°p-

am-bn-cp-∂p. ae-¶-c-k` t]¿jy-bn¬\n∂pw ]m]n-®n-cp∂ ]uckvXy

k`m-]m-c-º-cy-ßfpw t]¿jy≥ k`-bpsS Bcm-[\mcoXn-Ifpw Ah-

bv°p-ap-]cn _m_n-tem¨ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ k`m-≤y-£-\mbn DZv-

tLm-jn-°p∂ ]Xn-hpw, t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿°v Hcp -hn-[-Ønepw hln-

°m-hp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√. CuZri- Im-c-W-ß-fm¬ ae-¶c InkvXym-\nI-

sf-s°m-≠v, Ah¿°-p ]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp∂ coXn-I-fp-t]-£n-®v, Ah¿°-

]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp∂ ]m›m-Xy-co-Xn-Iƒ Fß-s\bpw kzoI-cn-∏n-°p-Ibm-

bn-cp∂p t]m¿´p-Kokv k`m-ta-[m-hn-I-fpsS Dd® \bw.

CXn-tebv°p t]m¿´p-Kokp`mK-Øp-\n∂pw sNbvX aq∂p \S]Sn-

Iƒ ChnsS ]tXyIw A\p-kva-c-W-a¿ln-°p-∂p.

1. ae-¶-c-k-`sb t]m¿´p-Kokp `c-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-°pI

t]m¿´pKo-kp-Im¿ Xß-fpsS `cWw C¥y-bn¬ kpK-a-am-°p-hm≥

]e ÿe-ß-fnepw Xmh-f-ßƒ ]Wn-Xp-d-∏n-®p. Ah-bn¬ k¿∆-][m-

\-ambXv tKmhm Bbn-cp-∂p. 1510-˛¬ B ÿew Ah¿ ]nSn-®-S-°n.

Ita-W-bmbn AXns\ Ah-cpsS ]uc-kvXy-\m-Sp-I-fnse `c-W-tI-

µ-am°n Xo¿Øp. tKmh≥ ]tZ-i-ßfpw IS-tem-c-ßfpw kphn-ti-

jo-I-cn®v Ahn-S-ß-fnse a\p-jy-cn-semcp henb]¶n-s\bpw tdma≥

ItØm-en°m k`mw-K-ß-fm-°n-Øo¿Øp. Aßs\ eØo≥ k`m

]mc-º-cy-ßƒ \ne-\n¿Øp∂ kaq-l-ßƒ°p t]m¿´pKokv anj-W-

dn-am¿ cq]wsImSp-Øp. 1534-˛¬ tKmhmsb Hcp `Zm-k-\-ambn tdmw

92 k` hf-cp∂p

AwKo-I-cn-®p. ]pcm-X\ ae-¶c kpdn-bm-\n-k- bpw tIc-f-Øns‚ IS¬-

Øo-c-ß-fn¬ ssIkvX-h-a-X-a-h-ew-_n-®-hcpw tKmhm Zm-k-\-Øn\p

Iogn-en-cn-°-Ø-°-hÆah¿ hyhÿ sNbvXp. 1558-˛¬ sIm®n tIµ-

ambn Hcp `Zm-k\w \ne-hn¬ hcp-Øn-sb-¶nepw AXp tKmh-mbpsS

Iogn¬ Ign-b-W-sa-∂p≈ hyh-ÿ-bmWv kzoI-cn-®-Xv. Cu hn[-Øn¬

ae-¶ckpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS kzIo-b-Xsb Ah-K-Wn-°p∂ \ne-]mSv

t]m¿´p-Kokv ta[m-hn-Iƒ tdmans‚ kΩ-X-tØmSp IqsS Ah-ew-_n®p.

ae-¶-c-k-`sb BI-am\w eØo≥ ]mc-º-cy-Øn\p hnt[-b-ambn

tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ ebn-∏n-°p-hm≥ hf-sc-b-[nIw bXv-

\n® ]e ]m›m-Xy-cn¬ BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ AK-K-Wy≥ s]s‚-bmtZm

F∂ t]m¿´-pKokv sshZn-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y≥ k`-bpsS ]uckvXy

]mc-º-cy-ß-sf-∏‰n bmsXmcp aXn∏pw Abmƒ°p tXm∂n-bn-cp-∂n-√.

Abmƒ 1516-˛¬ t]m¿´p-Kokv cmPm-hn-\-b® IØn¬ ae-¶-c-bnse

InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p [\-k-lmbw \¬In Ah-sc-s°m≠v eØo≥-

coXn kzoI-cn-∏n-°-W-sa-∂p -hsc \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂p. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬

t]m¿´p-Kokv cmPmhv am¿ bmt°m-_n\v Fgp-Xp-I-bp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬

AXp-sIm≠v Dt±-in® ew D≠m-bn-√. t\sc-a-dn®v, AXp-hsc t]m¿-

´pKo-kp-Im-cp-ambn kulm¿±-X-bn¬ Ign-bp-hm≥ bXv\n-®n-cp∂ saXm-

t∏m-eoØm Ah-cp-ambn a\-kp-sIm-≠-I-ep-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. Cu

hnj-a-k-‘n-bn¬ am¿ bmt°m-_ns\ kam-[m-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥

bXv\n® Nne t]m¿´pKokv sshZn-I-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂p

tPmhm-Im-tcm.

F∂m¬ Ah-cpsS FXn¿∏p-Isf t\cn-Sp-hm≥ th≠n s]s‚-bmtZm

t]m¿´p-K-en¬ t]mbn Ahn-sS-\n∂pw, ae-¶c InkvXym-\n-Isf t]m¿´p-

Ko-kp- -c-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-ambn eØo≥ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ hcp-Øp-hm≥

th≠ A[n-Imc]X-ß-fp-ambn aSßnFØn. Cu X-cp-W-Øn¬ t]m¿-

´p-Kokp cmPmhv am¿ bmt°m-_n\v At±-l-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf

Bkv]-Z-am°n dnt∏m¿´p ka¿∏n-®n-cn-°-W-sa∂v A\p-im-kn-°p∂

IØ-b-bv°p-Ibpw At±-l-Øns‚ \n -lm-b-X-bn¬, B B⁄sb

inc- m-h-ln-°p∂ adp-]Sn \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.

A∂p-≠mb kvac-Wm¿l-amb as‰mcp kw`hw B ImeØp tIc-

f-Øn¬ tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn® _nj-∏∑m¿ XΩn¬ sX‰p-hm-\n-S-bm-b-

XmWv. sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ hkn-®n-cp∂ am¿ bmt°m-_n\pw ]pdsa

sIm√w tIµ-ambn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®n-cp∂ Hcp PqWn-b¿ _nj-∏p-w

A∂p-≠m-bncp-∂-Xmbn apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. At±lw am¿

bmt°m-_ns‚ kuay-a-t\m-`m-hsØ Xnc-kvI-cn-®p≈ Hcp \ne-]m-

93k` hf-cp∂p

SmWv Bcw- -Øn-e-h-ew-_n-®-Xv. F∂m¬ t]m¿´pKokv ta[m-hn-I-fpsS

CwKn-X-Øn\p Iogvhg-ßmsX PohnXw km≤y-a-s√∂p a\- n-em-°nb

At±lw ]n∂oSv Ah-cpsS A\p-`m-hn-bmbn am\- m-¥cw ]m]n®p

F∂v tdma≥ ItØmen°m Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu

hn[-Øn¬ t]m¿´p-Kokp-Im-cpsS BK-a-\-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v GI-tZiw

\mep Zi-I-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ eØo≥]m-c-º-cy-hp-ambn tN¿∂v tdma≥

ItØm-en°mk`-bn¬ ebn-°p-hm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°mØ Hcp hn`mKw

P\sØ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ s]s‚-bmtZm t]mse-

bp-≈-bm-fp-Iƒ°p km[n-®p. Ah-cpsS kl-I-cWw ]n¬°m-e-ß-

fn¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS bXv\-ßƒ°p klm-b-I-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

2. sshZnI ]cn-io-e\ ÿm]-\-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°pI

ae-¶-c-k` _m_n-tem¨ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ B≤ym-flnI ta¬-

t°m-bva-bn≥ Iogn¬ t]¿jy≥ kpdn-bm\nk`-bpsS ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ

\ne-\n¿Øn h∂n-cp∂p F∂ hkvXpX \mw I≠p-I-gn-™p. Ah-

bn¬\n∂pw n∂-amb eØo≥ ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ amX-am-bn-cp∂p tdma≥

ItØmen°mk` AXp-h-scbpw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. B hkvXpX

amXta t]m¿´pKokv k`m-ta-[m-hn-Ifpw cmjvSob c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw

Adn-™ncp-∂p-≈p. CXn\v Hcp hyXymkw hcp-Øn, _m_n-tem¨

]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ Iogn¬\n∂pw ae-¶-c-k`sb tdma≥ ]m∏m-bpsS

Iogn-em-°-W-sa∂pw AXn-tebv°p eØo≥ ]mc-º-cy-ßsf k`-bn¬

]mh¿Øn-I-am-°-W-sa∂pw, Ch c≠pw tN¿Øn-W°n k`sb BI-

am\w t]m¿´p-Kokv `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn\p Iogm-°-W-sa-∂p-ap≈-Xm-

bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS e£yw. Cu Dt±iyw km[n-X-am-IW-sa-¶n¬, k`-

bnse sshZn-I¿°v AXn-\-\p-k-c-W-amb ]cn-io-e\w \evtI-≠-Xp-

s≠∂p t]m¿´p-Kokv t\Xm-°ƒ a\- n-em-°n. Ah¿ 1541-˛¬ sImSp-

ß-√q-cn¬ Hcp skan-\mcn ÿm]n-®p. AXn\p cq]wsImSp-ØXp hn≥-

sk‚ v Un em-tKmkp F∂p t]cmb Hcp ^m≥kn-kv°≥ sshZn-I-

\m-bn-cp-∂p.

ae-¶-c-bn¬ k`m-]-c-amb D]-tbm-K-Øn-en-cp∂ kpdn-bm\n`mjbv°p

]Icw eØo≥`m-jbpw, t]¿jy≥ s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]mc-º-cyßƒ-

°p ]Icw tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bpsS coXn-Ifpw hnZym¿∞nIsf

A`y-kn-∏n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p skan-\m-cnsb hn`m-h\ sNbvX-h-

cpsS \bw. AXn-\m¬ AhnsS ]T\w \S-Ønb bphm-°ƒ ae-¶-c-

kp-dn-bm\nk`-bv°p ]tbm-P\w sNbvXn-√. Ah¿ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-

bn¬ tkh\w A\p-jvTn-®p-an-√. t]m¿´p-Kokv anj-\-dn-am-cpsS ]h¿Ø-

94 k` hf-cp∂p

\-^-e-ambn eØo≥ ]mc-º-cy-Øn-\\p-tbm-Py-ambn tdma≥ ItØm-

en°m-k-`-bn¬ tN¿∂p Ign™ kaq-l-ß-sf-bmWv Ah¿ B≤ym-

fln-Iambn \bn-®-Xv.

sImSp-ß-√q¿ skan-\mcn AXp-sIm-≠p-t±-in® e£y-Øn-seØp-

∂n-s√∂p a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿°v \m¬∏-Xn¬∏cw

sIm√ßƒ th≠nh∂p. AXn-\p-tijw sPkvhn-Ø-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-

Øn¬ Hcp skan-\mcn ssh∏n-t°m- -bn¬ ÿm]n-X-am-bn. 1585- ¬ kam-

cw`n® Cu ÿm]-\-Øn¬ kpdn-bm-\n-`mj Hc-≤y-b\ hnj-b-am-bn-

cp∂p. AhnsS ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿ ae-¶c kpdn-bm-\n-k- sb ipiq-jn-°p∂-

h-cm-IW-sa-∂m-bncp∂p AXn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ \njvI¿jn-X-amb Dt±-iyw.

F∂m¬ B ska-n\m-cn-tbbpw ae-¶-c-k` HutZym-KnIambn \ncm-I-

cn-®p. A∂v k`m-≤y-£-\m-bn-cp∂ t]¿jym-°m-c≥ am¿ A_lmw

AXns\-Xn-cmbn aq∂p Imcy-ßƒ sNbvXp. 1. kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-

\n-Iƒ skan-\mcn A≤y-b-\-Øn-\mbn Ah-cpsS k¥m-\-ßsf Ab-

bv°-cp-sX-∂-\p-im-kn-°p∂ k¿°p-e¿ ]≈n-Iƒ°-b-®p. 2. kpdn-bm-

\n- mj ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-te-°m-h-iy-am-bn-cp∂ KŸßƒ skan-\m-cn°p

hn¬°p-∂Xns\ At±lw \ntcm-[n-®p. 3. AhnsS A≤y-b\w \S-

Øn-b-h¿°v sshZnI]´w \¬Ip-hm≥ At±lw hnk-Ω-Xn-®p.

skan-\mcn hnZym-`ymkw sIm≠p ae-¶ck`sb Iogvs∏-Sp-Øphm-

\p≈ t]m¿´pKo-kp-Im-cpsS bXv\w 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ hnP-bn-®n-√.

3. ]uckvXy _nj-∏-∑m-cpsS BK-a\w \ntcm-[n-°pI

16-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]q¿hm¿≤-Øn¬ c≠p ]uckvXy _nj-∏-∑m¿

ae-¶-c-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn apI-fn¬ I≠p-h-t√m. Ah-cn-sem-cmƒ

BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Imsc FXn¿Øp F¶nepw ]n∂oSv

Ah-cp-ambn cay-X-bn-se-Ønb hnh-chpw \mw I≠p. F∂m¬ ko\nb¿

_nj-∏m-bn-cp∂ am¿ bmt°m-_ns‚ A¥yw A\p-I-ºm¿l-am-bn-

cp∂p. At±lw sIm®n-bnse ^m≥kn-kv°≥ Bi-a-Øn¬ Hcp Xcw

GIm-¥-X-bn¬ GXm-\pw-Imew Ign-®-ti-j-am-bn-cp-∂p sFlnIPohn-

X-tØmSp bmX ]d-™-Xv. sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ \n∂pw At±lw Fßs\

sIm®n-bn¬ Xma-k-am°n F∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ C]-Imcw

A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ][m\

tIµ-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ sImSp-ß-√q¿, sIm√w F∂o \K-c-ß-fn¬\n∂pw

Ah-cn-semcp hen-b-]¶pw a‰p ÿe-ß-fn¬ amdn-Øm-a-kn® kml-

Ncyw A∂v \ne-hn¬ h∂p. X∑qew am¿ bmt°m-_n\p sImSp-ß-√q-

cnse hmkw kpJ-I-c-am-bn-tØm-∂n-bn-√.

95k` hf-cp∂p

Cu A[n-hmk am‰-Øn\p aq∂p Imc-W-ßƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°s∏-

Sp-∂p. 1. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ Ah-cpsS i‡n C¥y-bn¬ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-

hm≥ ani-hn-hmlw Hcp am¿§-ambn kzoI-cn® Ah-cpsS \bw Xßsf

kw_‘n®p ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-hm≥ kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p

Xmev]cy-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS ][m\ tIµ-

ß-fmbn-cp∂ sImSp-ß-√q¿, sIm√w BZn-bmb ÿe-ß-fn¬\n∂p

kpdn-bm\n-°m¿ a‰n-S-ß-fn-¬ Ah-cpsS A[n-hmkw am‰n. 2. t]m¿´p-

Ko-kp-Im-cpsS k`m-]-c-amb CS-s]-S-ens\ kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-I-

fn-semcp henb ]¶pw sNdpØp h∂n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah-cp-ambn, thgvN-

bn¬ hcm-sX-bn-cn-∏m≥ \m´p-In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ bXv\n-®p. 3. t]m¿´p-Ko-

kp-Im-cpsS A[m¿ΩnI-amb Pohn-X-N-cy-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ oXn-aqew AI-

∂p≈ Xmakw Ah¿ A`n-e-jn-®p.

am¿ bmt°m_v 1552-˛¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn. ]n∂oSv GXm\pwImew ae-

¶-c-k-`bv°p ]uc-kvXy- _n-j-∏-∑m¿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. B X°w

t\m°n Cu k`sb BI-am\w eØo≥ ]mc-º-cy-Ønepw tdma≥

ItØm-en°m k`-bpsS mK-ambpw cq]-s∏-SpØn FSp-°m-sa∂v t]m¿-

´p-Ko-k-[n-]-Xn-Iƒ hymtam-ln-®p. ]uckvXy _nj-∏-∑m-cpsS hc-hns\-

bpw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw \nb-¥n-°p-hm≥ Ah¿ bXv\n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. F∂m¬ ae-¶ck` _m_n-tem¨ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ASp-

°¬ _nj-∏n-\p-th≠n At]-£-I-f-b-®p. CXns‚ ê-am-bn-´m-bn-cn-

°Ww 1555- ap-X¬ 1558-˛-\-I-ambn aq∂p ]uckvXy _nj-∏-∑m¿ tIc-

f-Øn-seØn. am¿ tPmk-^v, am¿ Gen-bmkv, am¿ A_lmw F∂o

_nj-∏-∑m¿°p t]m¿´p-Ko-k-[n-]-Xn-I-fn¬\n∂pw hfsc bmX-\-Iƒ

A\p-`-hn-t°-≠-Xmbn h∂p. Cu hkvXpX ASpØ ]mT-Øn¬ ]cm-

a¿in-°p-∂p≠v.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ Fß-s\-bmWv C¥y-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw

Dd∏n®Xv?

2. ae-¶-c-k-`sb Ah-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-Øn\p hnt[-b-ambn

tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bpsS `mK-am-°p-hm≥ t]m¿´p-Ko-

kp-Im¿ Fs¥√mw sNbvXp?

3. am¿ bmt°m-_n-s\-∏‰n \ap°v Fs¥√mw hnh-c-ß-f-dnbmw?

4. ae-¶c kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ Ah-cpsS ]pcm-X\tIµ-ß-fm-bn-

cp∂ sImSp-ß-√qcpw sIm√hpw shSn-bp-hm-\n-S-bm-b-sX-ßs\?

96 k` hf-cp∂p

]mTw 2

16- mw \q‰m-≠nse t]¿jy≥k- bpw

ae-¶-c-k- bpw

]mcw`w t]¿jy≥ k`-bnse hn`-P\w C¥y-bn¬ h∂ t]¿-

jy≥ _nj-∏-∑m¿

(a) ]mcw`w

16-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y-Øn¬ t]¿jy≥ k`-bn-semcp hn`-P-\ap-

≠mbn. B k`-bnse Hcp hn`mKw tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bpambn

tN¿∂p. at‰ hn`mKw kzX-¥-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Cu hn`-P\ hnhcw ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ th≠-hÆw Adn-™n-cp∂p

F∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√. Ccp- m-K-Øp-\n∂pw 16- mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-

Øn¬ saXm-∑m¿ ae-¶-c-bn-te°p \ntbm-Kn-X-cm-bn. F∂m¬ Ah-cn-

em-scbpw ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS t\XrXzw `c-ta-ev]n-°p-hm≥ t]m¿´p-Kok-

[n-Im-cn-Iƒ CjvS-s∏-ń-√. AXp hI-h-bv°msX t]¿jy-bn¬ \n-∂p

h∂ am¿ A_lmw tIc-f-Øn-seØn tdma≥ ]n¥p-W-tbmsS 1597-

hsc k`m-`-cWw \n¿h-ln®p. t]¿jy≥ k`-bpsS hn`-P\w, AXn\p

tijw tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂ t]¿jy≥ saXm-∑m¿ F∂o hnj-b-ßƒ

Cu ]mT-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p.

(b) t]¿jy≥ k`-bnse hn`-P\w

1552- ¬ ae-¶-c-k- m-≤y-£≥ am¿ bmt°m_v \ncym-X-\m-Ip∂Xn\p

apºv 1551-˛¬ A∂sØ s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv sska¨

_m¿ amam, Nc-a-a-S-™-Xns\ XpS¿∂p k`-bnse _nj-∏∑m-cn-semcp

`mKw ]tc-Xs‚ ktlm-Z-c-]p-X≥ sska¨ _m¿ Z\-lmsb ]n≥Km-

an-bmbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. t]¿jy≥k` a≤y-i-X-I-ßƒ apX¬ a‰p

k`-I-fn-se-ßp-an-√m-sX-bn-cp∂ Hcp ]Xnhv \ne-hn¬ hcp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.

k`m-≤y-£s‚ \ncym-Wm-\-¥cw ]n≥Km-an-bmbn Hcp ktlm-Z-c-]pX-

s\ Db¿Øp∂coXn Cu hn[-Øn¬ B k` AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. Cu

s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]Xnhm-bn-cp-∂n-cn°mw A¿°Zn-bm-t°m≥ \nb-a-\-

Ønepw 17-˛mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ am¿tØmΩm saXm-∑m-cpsS Ah-tcm-

[\-Ønepw ae-¶-c-k` \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ bXv\n-®-Xv.

AsX-ß-s\-bn-cp-∂mepw _m_n-tem¨ ]mXn-b¿°okv sska¨

97k` hf-cp∂p

_m¿ Z\-lmsb sXc-s™-SpØp hmgn-®-b-h-k-c-Øn¬ k`-bnse Hcp

`mKw _nj-∏-∑m¿ B \S]Sn-tbmSv hntbm-Pn®v tPm¨ kpem°m

F∂ k\ym-kn-∏´°m-cs\ ]mXn-b¿°mÿm\-tØ°p \ma-\n¿t±iw

sNbvXp. Cu _nj-∏-∑m-cpsS ]hr-Øn°p ]n∂n¬, B tZi-ß-fn-

e∂p aX-]-N-cWI¿Ω-Øn-te¿s∏-ń-cp∂ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°cmb

^m≥kn-kv°≥ anj-\dn sshZn-I-cpsS t]c-W-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B

sshZn-I-cpsS bXv\w hnP-bn-°p-Ibpw tPm¨ kpem°m tdman¬

t]mbn Ahn-sS-h®v bqen-tbmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m∏m-bm¬ 1553-˛¬ ]mXn-

b¿°m ÿm\-Ø-h-tcm-[n-X\mIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-

tijw tdmw \ntbm-Kn® Bwt_mkv _pńKKp _nj∏pw klmd

F∂ sshZn-I-\p-sam-cp-an®p kpem°m ]mXn-b¿°okv kztZ-i-

tØ°p aS-ßn. F∂m¬ AhnsS FØn A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX Ahn-

SsØ cmjvSob `cWm-[n-]¿ At±-lsØ XS-hn-em-°p-Ibpw, XS-

hn¬ h®v Btcm sIme-s∏-Sp-ØpIbpw sNbvXp. tPm¨ kpem-°m-

bpsS ]£Øp\n∂-h¿ AXpsIm≠p `·m-i-b-cm-bn-√. Ah¿ h[n-

°s∏´ tPm¨ kpem-°mbpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmbn A_vZosim saXms\

]mXn-b¿°m -ÿm-\-Ø-h-tcm-[n-®p. ]pXnb ]mXn-b¿°okv Xs‚

\ne-]m-Sp-d-∏n-°p-hm≥ sNbvX ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-sem∂v ae-¶-c-k-`sb

kzm[o-\-Øn-em-°p-hm≥ DZy-an-°p-I-bm-bncp∂p. AXn-te°v At±lw,

Ign™ ]mT-Øn¬ \mw I≠ am¿ tPmk^v, am¿ Gen-bmkv F∂o

_nj-∏-∑msc ae-¶-c-bn-te°p \ntbm-Kn-®p. Ah-cn-cp-hcpw _pń-sKKpw

klm-dm-bp-sam-cp-an®v C¥y-bn-se-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Cu _nj-∏-∑m¿ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bnse ta¬∏-´-°mcm-

bn-´m-bn-cp-∂p ˛ t]¿jy≥ s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ k`-bnse saXm-∑m-cm-bn-

´-√m-bn-cp∂p ˛ C¥y-bn¬ h∂-Xv. F∂m-en-hnsS Hcp kwKXn kvac-

Wb¿ln-°p-∂-Xm-bp-≠v. t]¿jy≥ k`mw-K-ßƒ tdma≥ ItØm-

en°m k -bp-ambn tN¿∂-Xn-\p-tijw tIc-f-Øn-se-t∏mse Ah-cpsS

]pcm-X\ k`m-_-‘sØ Ah-tl-f-\-tbmsS ho£n-®n-cp-∂n-√. 16-˛mw

\q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y-L´w apX¬ Ct∂tbmfw B k` c≠p Xń-emWv

Ign-bp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ AXp kw_-‘n®v B Ime-ßƒ°ptijw t]¿-

jy-bn-semcp XInSw adn-®n-ep-≠m-bn. X∑qew 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tdma≥

ItØm-en°m k`bp-ambn tN¿∂ hn`mKw ]n∂oSv B _‘w Dt]-

£n-°p-Ibpw at‰ hn`mKw tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ ebn-®p-I-

gn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

tdmw ae-¶-c-k-`sb t]m¿´p-Kokv cmPm-hns‚ \nb-¥-W-Øn¬

tKmhm-bpsS A[o-i-Xz-Øn≥ Iogn-em-°n-bn-cp∂ hkvXpX A_vZotim

98 k` hf-cp∂p

]mXn-b¿°okv Adn-™n-cp∂p F∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√. GXm-bmepw

At±lw \ntbm-Kn® _nj-∏-∑m¿ tKmhm-bn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Ahn-

SsØ A[n-]-Xn-Iƒ Ahsc lrZy-ambn kzoI-cn-®n-√. ]Xn-s\´p amk-

tØmfw Imew _mssk-\n-ep≈ Hcp k\ym-kn-a-T-Øn-e-hsc tKmh≥-

k-`m-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ \nb-¥-W-hn-t[-b-ambn ]m¿∏n-®p. kz¥ Pohn-X-N-

cy-sb∏‰n \√ A`n-]m-bw t\Xm-°-fn-ep-f-hm-°m≥ Cu sshZn-I¿°p

Ign™p F¶nepw ae-¶ck` tKmh≥ _nj-∏n\p Iogn¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-

km-[n-]Xy-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-bn-cp∂p F∂ \ymb-Øn¬ Ah¿°p ae-

¶-c-bn-te°p t]mIp-hm≥ A\p-hmZw e`n-®n-√. t]msc-¶n¬, t]m¿´p-

Kokv `c-W-Øn-\-[o-\-ambn Hcp ]m›mXy _nj-∏ns\ ae-¶-c-k-`-

bn¬ \nb-an-°m\m-h-iy-amb \o°w t]m¿´p-Ko-k-[n-]-Xn-Iƒ kzoI-

cn®p- I-gn-™p-an-cp-∂p.

At∏m-tgbv°pw as‰mcp kw`-h-ap-≠m-bn. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m

k`-bp-ambn tNcm-sX-bn-cp∂ sska¨ _m¿ Z\lm ]mXn-b¿°okv

Hcp _nj-∏ns\ ae-¶-c-bn-te-°-b-®p. At±lw t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS

]nSn-bn¬s∏-SmsX ae-¶-c-bn-se-Øn, Ahn-SsØ k`-bp-ambn _‘-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu _nj-∏ns\ t\cn-Sp-hm≥ am¿ tPmk-^ns\

ae-¶-c-bn-te-bv°-b-bv°p-∂Xv ]tbm-P-\-I-c-sa∂p tXm∂nb t]m¿´p-

Kokv ta[m-hn-Iƒ At±-lsØ _pńsKKpw klm-d-bp-sam-cp-an®p tIc-

f-Øn-te-bv°-b-®p. tPmk-^ns‚ IqsS h∂n-cp∂ Gen-bmkv At∏m-

tgbv°pw aqk-en-te°p aS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn-se-Øn-b-tijw Xma-

kw-hn-\m, _pń-sKKp sIm®n-bn¬h®p \ncym-X-\m-bn. tPmk^pw

klm-dmbpw IqsS tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ _nj-

∏ns\ ItØm-en°m k`m-\p- m-hn-bm°n kz¥-\m- n-te°p Xncn-®-b®p.

Cuhn-[-Øn¬ am¿ tPmk^v amXw tIc-f-Øn-e-h-ti-jn-®p. kpdn-

bm\n InkvXym-\n-Isf I≠-t∏mƒ At±lw eØo≥ coXn-Isf \njv-

I¿jn-°msX kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-ßsf \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ DZy-an-®p.

tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bp-am-bp≈ sFIy-Øn\v t]¿jy≥ k-`-

bpsS BNm-c-ßsf Dt]-£n-t°-≠Xv Bh-iy-ambn At±lw Icp-Xn-

bn-√. F∂m¬ AXv t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿°p ckn-®n-√. kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-

bpsS BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ°p ]Icw eØo≥ coXn-Isf tIc-f-

Øn¬ \S-∏n-em-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS e£yw. AXp-aqew 1562˛¬

t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ tPmk-^ns\ hnNm-c-W-bv°mbn sIm≠p-t]m-bn.

hnkvXm-c-Øn-e-h¿ At±-lsØ Ip‰-hm-fn-bmbn hn[n®v A\-¥c \S-

]-Sn-Iƒ°mbn t]m¿´p-K-ens‚ Xe-ÿm-\-amb enkv_-Wn-te-°-b-®p.

Ahn-SsØ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ At±-lsØ \nc-]-cm-[n-bmbnI≠v ho≠pw

99k` hf-cp∂p

C¥y-bn-te-bv°-b-®p.

CXn-\Iw sska¨ _m¿ Z\lm ]mXn-b¿°o-kv, am¿ A_lmw

F∂ as‰mcp _nj-∏ns\ ae-¶-c-bn-te°p \ntbm-Kn-®p. At±lw tIc-

f-Øn-se-Øn, k` At±-lsØ kk-t¥mjw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Ipd®p Ign-™-t∏m-tgbv°pw am¿ tPmk^pw Bh-iy-amb

A[n-Imc]X-ß-fp-ambn aSßnFØn. AXns\ XpS¿∂p ae-¶ck`-

bn-semcp hn`mKw am¿ A_-lm-ap-am-bpw, as‰m∂v am¿ tPmk^p-

ambpw tN¿∂p. Cub-h-k-c-Øn¬ am¿ tPmk^v am¿ A_-lm-ans\-

Xn-cmbn t]m¿´p-Kokv klm-b-a-`y¿∞n-®p. Ah¿ A_-lm-ans\

_‘-\-ÿ-\m°n bqtdm-∏n-te-bv°-b-®p. hgn-at≤y At±lw Hfn-t®mSn

t\sc A_vZotim ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚bSp-°epw ]n∂oSp tdma≥

t]m∏ns‚ k∂n-[n-bn-ep-sa-Øn. F√m ]´Xzÿm\-ßfpw tdman¬-

\n∂pw ]p\-cmbn ]m]n®tijw tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-tbmSp

tN¿∂p _nj-∏mbn am¿ A_lmw 1568- ¬ C¥y-bn¬ h∂p tN¿∂p.

ae-¶-c-bn¬ ho≠pw c≠p ]uckvXy _nj-∏-∑m¿ BK-X-cm-bn.

Cu XhW Ah-cn-cp-hcpw tdman-t\mSp tbmPn®p Ign-bp-∂-h-cm-bn-cp-

∂p. k`sb c≠mbn Xncn®v Hcp `mKw am¿ tPmk-^n-s‚bpw at‰Xp

am¿ A_-lm-an-s‚bpw A[o-\-X-bn-em-°p-hm-\p≈ \n¿t±iw ]m∏m-

bpsS kΩ-X-tØmsS A_vZotim ]mXn-b¿°okv \¬In. F∂m¬

AXp t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿°p kzoIm-cy-am-bn-√. Ah¿ tPmk-^ns\

]nSn®p bqtdm-∏n-te-bv°-b-®p. AhnsS At±-l-Øn\p henb _lp-

am-\hpw AwKo-Im-chpw e_v[-am-bn. tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn¬

At±lsØ Hcp I¿±n-\m-fmbn ]Jym-]n-°p-hm-\mtem-Nn®p hcth

1569-˛¬ At±lw Nc-a-a-S-™p.

(c) C¥y-bn¬ h∂ t]¿jy≥ _nj-∏-∑m¿

am¿ bmt°m-_n\p tijw 16- mw \q‰m-≠n¬ A©p t]¿jy≥ _nj-

∏-∑m¿ tIc-f-Øn-em-K-X-cm-bn. Ah-cn-em¿°pw Xs∂ kz¥-ambn k`m-

t\-XrXzw \¬Ip-hm≥ km≤y-am-bn-√. B A©p _nj-∏∑m-cn¬ am¿

A_lmw 1597- ¬ \ncym-X-\m-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc k`mt\XrXzw \n¿∆ln®p.

t]m¿´pKo-kp-Im-cpsS Akw-Xr]vXn aqew at‰ \mep-t]¿°pw k`-

bn¬ Imcy-ambn H∂pw sNøp-hm≥ Ign-™n-√. Cu hkvXpX apI-

fn¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p-≠v.

am¿ A_lmw tdma≥ ]m∏m-bp-sSbpw A_vZotim ]mXn-b¿°o-

kn-s‚bpw lm¿±-h-amb ]n¥p-W-tbmsS 1568-˛¬ tKmh-bn-se-Øn.

F∂m¬ At±-lsØ tIc-f-Øn-te-°-b-bv°p-hm≥ t]m¿´p-Kokv

100 k` hf-cp∂p

ta[m-hn-Iƒ hnk-Ω-Xn-®p. At±-l-am-Is´ Ahsc Hfn®v ae-¶-c-bn¬

h∂ptN¿∂p. ae-¶-c-k` At±lsØ kzmKXw sNøp-I-bpap-≠m-bn.

am¿ A_lmw Imcy-hn-h-c-ap≈ Hcp tZl-am-bn-cp-∂p. _m_n-tem-

Wnse s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-\m¬ \ntbm-Kn-X-\mbn tIc-

f-Øn-emZyw h∂ At±lw Hcp kt¶m-Nhpw IqSmsX tdma≥ ItØm-

en-°m-k-`-bp-ambn sFIy-s∏-´p. c≠mw ]mhiyw At±lw C¥y-

bn¬ h∂-t∏mƒ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k`m _‘w sIm≠p- amXw

ae-¶ck`m-t\-XrXzw X\n°p e`n-°p-∂Xs√∂p At±-l-Øn\p a\-

n-em-bn. AXp e`n-°p-hm≥ tIc-f-Øn-e∂p ]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ Pkzn-

Ø-cpsS ]n≥XpW AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-sa∂v At±lw Kln-®p. AXp-

aqew Ah-cp-ambn kulm¿±X ]pe¿Øp-hm≥ At±lw bXv\n-®p.

1577-˛¬ At±lw Pkzn-Ø¿°mbn ssh∏n-t°m-´-bn¬ Hc-[n-hmkw

]Wn-I-gn-∏n-®p. Cu ÿm]-\-am-bn-cp∂p ]n∂oSv ssh∏n-t°m´ skan-

\m-cn-bmbn D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ h∂-Xv. GXm-bmepw tKmhm-bnse tdma≥

ItØm-en°m k`m-[n-Ir-X¿ At±-l-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn IqSp-X¬ \S-]-

Sn-I-sfm∂pw FSp-Øn-√. At±lw tKmhm-bpsS A[o-iXzw AwKo-I-

cn-°p-∂-Xmbn kΩ-Xn-®v, Ahn-sS-h®v A©p- h¿j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ \S-

∂p-h∂ s]mhn≥jy¬ Iu¨kn¬ tbmK-ß-fn¬ kw_-‘n®v Ah-

cpsS Xocp-am-\-ßƒ ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-hm≥ _m≤y-ÿ-s\∂p amXw

Ah¿ \njvI¿jn-®p.

am¿ A_lmw tKmh≥ Iu¨kn¬ tbmK-ß-fn¬ an°-t∏mgpw

kw_-‘n-®n-cp-∂n-√. AXv At±-l-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb \yq\-X-bmbn t]m¿-

´pKo-kp-Im¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p. F∂m-¬ Cu ]cm-Xnsb t]m¿´pKokv

Pkzn-Ø-cpsS kvt\l-_‘w hgn At±lw Xg-™p-hn-´p. Bcpw

\yq\X ]d-bp-hm-\n-S-bn-√mØ Hcp hnizm-k-]-kvXm-h\ Pkzn-Ø-cn¬-

°qsS am¿ A_lmw tdman-e-b-®p ]m∏m-bpsS ]oXn Ic-ÿ-am-°n.

Cu hn[-Øn¬ hnj-a-k-‘n-Iƒ XcWw sNbvXpsIm≠n-cp∂ am¿

A_-lm-an-s\-∏‰n s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\p sshckyw

tXm∂pI km≤y-am-bn-cp-∂p. X∑qew At±lw _nj∏v am¿ sskasW

tIc-f-Øn-te-bv°-b-®p. Cu _nj-∏n\v tIcf InkvXym-\n-I-fn-semcp

hn`mKw ]n≥XpW \¬Ip-Ibpw ^m≥kn-kv°≥ anj-\-dn-am¿ At±-

l-hp-ambn kplr-Zv_‘w ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tdma≥ ItØm-

en°mk`-bnse hnhn[ kaq-l-ßƒ XΩn¬ kulm¿±X \ne-\n¿-

Øn-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂p≈ ]c-am¿∞w ChnsS Hm¿°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. t]m¿´p-

Ko-kp-Im¿ am¿ sskasW ]nSn®v BZyw tdman-te°pw ]n∂oSv t]m¿´p-

K-en-te-°p-a-b-®p. C¥y hnSp∂Xn\p apºv At±lw Hcp sshZn-Is\

101k` hf-cp∂p

Xs‚ hnImcnP\-d-embn \nb-an-®v, am¿ A_-lm-an-t\mSpw t]m¿´p-

Ko-kp-Im-tcmSpw ]S- sh-´p-hm≥ th≠ Icp-°ƒ \o°n-bn-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬ B sshZn-I≥ 1596-˛epw, am¿ sska¨ enkv_-Wn¬ h®v

1599˛epw Nc-a-a-S-™-Xn-\m¬ B bXv\w ]cm-P-b-Øn¬ Iem-in-®p.

ae-¶ck`m-`-c-W-Øn¬ am¿ A_-lm-ans\ klm-bn®Xv Koh-dp-

Kokv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu ÿm\n-bm-bn-cp∂p k`-bn¬

F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ ]Z-hn-bpƒs°m-≈p∂ c-W-]-c-amb Npa-X-e-I-sf√mw

\n¿∆-ln-®p-h-∂-Xv. ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂pw Hcp apd-b-\p-

k-cn®v Ah-tcm-[n-X-\m-bn-cp∂ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ t]¿jy-bn¬ \n∂pw

h∂n-cp∂ _nj-∏-∑m-cp-ambn kl-I-cn®v k`m-tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn-®p-h-∂p.

Cu ÿm\w t]¿jy≥ k`-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-XmsW∂v A\p-am-

\n-°phm≥ sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v. tUm. tP°_v sIm√m-∏d-ºn¬ cNn®

Archdeacon of all India Cu hnjbw ka¿∞-ambn ]cm-a¿in-°p∂

hkvXpX ChnsS kvac-Wm¿l-am-Wv. t]¿jy≥ k`-bp-am-bp≈

_‘w aqew tIc-f-Ønse k`-bnepw B ÿm\w \ne-hn¬ h∂p.

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ a‰p k`-I-fn-ep-aps≠-¶nepw Ahn-sS-sbßpw tIc-

f-Øn-sebpw t]¿jy-bn-sebpw k`-I-fn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ `c-W-]-c-amb

Ah-Imiw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Hmtcm ÿe-sØbpw

_nj-∏n-t\mSp tN¿∂v AhnsS P\-ß-fp-ambn kvt\l_‘w ]pe-

¿Øn, CS-h-I-I-fn¬ hnIm-cn-amsc \nb-an-°p-I, \o°pI, ]≈n kw_-

‘-amb a‰p Imcy-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°pI BZn-bm-b-h-sb√mw sNbvXp-

h-∂Xv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p. CXn-t\mSp Xpey-amb Hcp ]mc-

ºcyw FtXym-]y≥ k` kzbm-[n-jvTn-X-am-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc AhnsS \ne-

hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B k`-bn¬ F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ tkh-\-ßƒ CuPn-

]vXn¬\n∂p Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ h∂n-cp∂ _nj-∏-∑m¿ \S-Øp-Ibpw

\m´p-Im-cmb ""C®ntK'' `c-W-]-c-amb Imcy-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp-h-∂n-cp-∂p. CXn-t\mSp kmay-ap≈ Hcp coXn-bm-bn-cp∂p tIc-

f-Ønse k`-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. am¿ A_-lm-ap-ambn Koh-dp-Kokv

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ kl-I-cn®p ]h¿Øn-®p.

am¿ A_lmw tKmhm-bnse s]mhn≥jy¬ Iu¨kn¬ tbmK-

ß-fn¬ km[m-cW ]¶psIm-≈m-sX-bn-cp-∂Xp t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Imsc b-

∂m-bn-cp-∂p. 1585-˛¬ At±-l-Øns‚ kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn-\p≈ hmKvZ-

Øhpw tbmK-ß-fn¬ kw_-‘n-°-W-sa-∂p≈ \n¿_-‘-]q¿∆-amb

\n¿t±-ihpw At±-l-Øn\p tdman¬ \n∂p e`n-®p. AXn-\m¬ B

h¿j-Øn¬ \S∂ tbmK-Øn¬ At±lw k∂n-ln-X-\m-bn. AhnsS

ae-¶-c-k-`sb _m[n-°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ N¿®m-hn-j-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. k`-

102 k` hf-cp∂p

bn¬ ]e \ho-I-c-W-ßfpw ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°-W-sa∂pw, \ne-hn-ep≈

Bcm-[-\m-I-a-ßfpw a‰pw ]e-bn-S-ß-fnepw Xncp-Ø-W-sa∂pw, AhnsS

A\p-im-kn-®n-cp-∂p. Cu ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Imcy-£-a-ambn \S-Øp-∂-Xn-

te°v ssh∏n-t°m´ skan-\m-cn-bn¬ A≤ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp∂ ^m≥knkv

tdmkv F∂ sshZn-I≥ _nj-∏ns\ klm-bn-°-W-sa-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p

Iu¨kn¬ \n›-bw.

^m≥knkv tdm-kn-s\-∏‰n Nne hnh-c-ßƒ ChnsS FSp-Øp-]-d-

b-Ww. Hcp Pkzn-Ø-\m-bn-cp∂ Ct±lw ae-¶-c-k- m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ kvac-

Wm¿l-\m-Wv. ssh∏n-t°m´ skan-\m-cn-bnse A≤ym-]-I-\m-bn-´mWv

\mw At±-lsØ BZyw ImWp-∂-Xv. B \ne-bn¬ At±lw

]m›mXy `mj-Iƒ°pw ]pdta kpdn-bm-\nbpw ae-bm-fhpw D]-tbm-

Kn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ignhp kºm-Zn-®n-cp-∂p. "s\kvtXm-dn-b-cpsS sX‰p-Iƒ'

F∂ io¿j-I-Øn¬ tdmkv Fgp-Xnb KŸ-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpw

am¿ A_-lmapw s\kvtXm-dnb hnizm-k-hn-]-coXw Ah-ew-_n-®n-cp∂p

F∂ hna¿i\w D∂-bn-®n-cp-∂p. Cu ]c-am¿∞-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn ]n¬°m-

e-ß-fn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`m-N-cnXw cNn®-h-cpsS ]tXy-In®pw tdma≥

ItØm-en°m KŸ-Im-c-∑m-cpsS \ne-]m-Sns\ Xnc-kvI-cn-®p-sIm≠v

F¬. Uªyp. _u¨ BZn-bmb NcnX]fin-X-∑m¿ sNøp∂

]kvXm-h\ kvac-Wm¿l-am-Wv. ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ \n∂pw s\kvtXm-dn-

b≥ ]mc-º-cy-ßsf BI-am\w hn]mS\w sNøp-hm≥ ZØ-i-≤-\m-

bn-cp∂ tdmkv 1599-˛se DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p tijw ae-¶-

c-k-`bpsS BZysØ t]m¿´p-Kokv taev]-´-°m-c-\mbn tkh\w A\p-

jvTn®p.

tdm-kns‚ kl-I-c-W-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS \ho-I-cWw \n¿h-

ln-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p 1585-˛se tKmh≥ Iu¨kn¬ \¬Inb A\p-

im-k-\w. F∂m¬ AXp ]hr-Øn-]-Y-Øn¬ hcp-Øp-hm≥ am¿ A_-

lm-an-\p-t±-iy-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-aqew t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS A]oXn

At±lw kºm-Zn-®p. AXn\pw]pdta 1590-˛¬ ssh∏n-t°m´ skan-\m-

cn-bnse sshZnI hnZym¿∞n-Isf ]utcm-lnXy ]Z-hn-bn¬ ]th-in-

∏n-t°≠ Ah-kcw h∂-t∏mƒ, At±lw AXp sNbvXn-√. t]msc-

¶n¬ B h¿j-Øn¬ \S∂ tKmh≥ Iu¨kn¬ tbmK-Øn-tebv°p

e`n® £Ww At±lw \ncmIcn®p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ am¿ A_-

lm-an-s\-Xn-cmbn \nc-h[n ]cm-Xn-Iƒ tKmhm-bn¬ \n∂pw tdman-te-

bv°p t]mbn-cp-∂p. B ImeØv Hcp ap∏-Ønb©p hb- p-Im-c≥

Ae-Ivkokv Un. sat\-kn-kv tKmh≥ B¿®v_nj∏v ÿm\Øp \nb-

an-X-\m-bn. I¿ΩIpi-e-\mb Cu sat\-kokn-s\, am¿ A_-lm-ans‚

103k` hf-cp∂p

Imcy-ßƒ At\z-jn®p Ip‰-°m-c-\m-bn-°-≠m¬ \nb-¥-W-hn-t[-b-

\m-°p-hm-\p≈ Npa-Xe tdmw `c-ta-ev]n-®n-cp-∂p. Cu ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-

em-bn-cp∂p, t]m¿´p-Kokv `c-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-bn, tdma≥ ItØm-

en°mk`-bpsS Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ßsf C¥y-bn¬ ]hr-Øn-]-Y-Øn¬

hcp-Øp-hm≥ D’p-I-\m-bn-cp∂ ]pXnb B¿®v_nj∏v Xs‚ ]h¿-

Ø\]cn-]mSn ka¿∞-ambn Bkq-XWw sNbvX-Xv. F∂m¬ sas\-

kokv DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv \S-Øn-bXpw a‰pw tdmw \evInb

A\p-im-k-\sØ adn-I-S∂v A\-[n-Ir-X-ambn sNbvX \S-]-Sn-I-fm-bn-

cp∂p F∂v ASpØ Ime-ß-fn¬ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m Ncn-X-Im-c-

∑m¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ 16- mw \q‰m-≠n¬ sNbvX

A£-¥-hy-amb A]-cm-[-Øn¬ \n∂pw tdmans\ Hgn-hm-°p-hm-\p≈

Ah-cpsS DZyaw tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`sb kw_-‘n®v Nmcn-Xm¿-

∞yIc-sa-¶nepw, a‰p k`m-]m-c-º-cy-ßƒ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂-X-√.

am¿ A_-lm-ans\ hnkvX-cn®v At±-l-Øns\-Xn-cmbn Fs¥-

¶nepw \S-]Sn FSp-°p-hm≥ t]m¿´pKo-kp-Im¿°p km[n-®n-√. AXns‚

ImcWw At±lw t]m¿´p-Kokv ]nSn-]mSp Ipd-™n-cp∂ A¶-am-en-

bn¬ hkn-®n-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ah¿°p _ew ]tbm-Kn-°m-am-bn-cp∂ sImSp-

ß-√q-cns‚ ]m[m\yw s]mbvt]m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, am¿ A_-lm-an\v

Ahn-S-hp-ambn _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. 1595-˛¬ At±lw tcmK-_m-[n-

X-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Pkzn-Ø-cp-ambn cay-s∏-Sp-Ibpw tdmap-

ambn sFIyw ]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xmbn Nne Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿

A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw, 1597-˛¬ Pkzn-Ø-cpsS _‘w Ah-K-

Wn-®-b-h-ÿ-bn¬ At±lw sFln-I-hmkw shSn-™p. At±-l-am-

bn-cp∂p A`n-hm-Py- a-e-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Ah-km-\sØ _nj-∏v. 16-˛mw

\q‰m-≠nse tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`m-]-Nm-c-I¿ ]uckvXyk`m

]mc-ºcyw \ne-\n¿Øn-h∂ ae-¶-c-k- sb ap´p-Ip-Øn-°p-hm≥ ]tbm-

Kn® AS-hp-Isf ka¿∞-ambn t\cn-Sp-hm≥ bXv\n® Hcp s\kvtXm-

dn-b≥ _nj-∏m-bn-cp∂p am¿ A_-lmw. \nc-h[n sshj-ay-ß-fpsS

a≤y-Øn¬ Pohn-t°-≠-Xmbn h∂ At±lw, tdma≥ ItØm-en°m

k -bp-amtbm t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-amtbm lrZbw sIm≠p tN¿∂p-t]m-

ImsX, kz¥-k-`sb kvt\ln-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ \ne-]m-Sn\v Hcp

]n¥p-S¿®bp-≠m-Ip-hm≥ A∂sØ cmjvSo-bm-¥-co£w A\p-Iq-e-

am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

C¥y-bnse tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`m-[n-Ir-X¿ ae-¶-c-k-`sb

]cn-]q¿Æ-ambpw Iog-S-°p-hm≥ am¿ A_-lm-ans‚ Xntcm-[m\w

ImØn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p F∂p ]d-bmw. 1597 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ tdman¬

104 k` hf-cp∂p

\n∂psam-cm⁄ tKmhmbn-se-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. am¿ A_-lm-ans‚ \ncym-

Wm-\-¥cw Koh-dp-Kokv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS "At∏m-

kvtXm-enI hnIm-cn-bmbn' \nb-an-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p AXnse \n¿-

t±iw. Cu _qfmsb ]n∂oSp t`Z-s∏-SpØn Bsc-sb-¶nepw B ÿm\-

Øp-b¿Øp-hm≥ B⁄ \evIn. F∂m¬ tdmans‚ ]h¿Ø-\-sam-

∂pw t\m°msX am¿ A_lmw, Xs‚ \ncym-W-Øn\p apºm-bn,

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS "hnIm-cn'-bmbn \nb-an-®n-cp-∂p.

amX-hp-a-√, ]uckvXy _nj-∏-∑m¿°v th≠n At±lw _m_n-tem¨

]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ t]¿°v \nth-Z-\-hp-a-b-®n-cp-∂p. Cu hkvXpX

a\- n-em-°nb t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ t]¿jy≥ mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ht∂-

°m-hp∂ _nj-∏-∑m¿ C¥y-bn-en-d-ßm-sX-bn-cn-∏m≥ th≠ \S-]-Sn-

Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. ae-¶-c-k-`-ta¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-

Im¿ hgn tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bpsS ]c-a-hn-Pbw kao-]-`m-hn-bn-

ep-≠m-Ip-sa-∂p≈ ]Xo-£-bn¬ Ah¿ Xr]vXn-b-S-™p.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. t]¿jy≥ k`-bn¬ 1551-˛¬ Fßs\ ]ncnhp≠mbn? AXns‚

]Xym-Lm-X-ambn ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ kw`-hn-®-sX¥v?

2. 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ h∂ t]¿

jy≥ _nj-∏-∑m-cm-sc-√m-am-bn-cp∂p?

3. tdma≥ ItØm-en-°-cm-bn-cp∂ t]m¿´pKo-k-[n-]-Xn-Iƒ B

k`-bp-ambn sFIy-s∏´pIgn™ ]uckvXy _nj-∏-∑msc

ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ kzoI-cn-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xns‚ \ymb-sa¥v?

4. am¿ A_-lm-an-s\-∏‰n Fs¥√mw hnh-c-ßƒ \ap-°-dnbmw?

105k` hf-cp∂p

]mTw 3

]m›mXy anj-\dn ]h¿Ø\w

aqeap≠mb C¥y≥ k`

]mcw`w ^m≥knkv°≥ k\ym-kn-am¿ Pkzn-Ø-cpsS BK-

a\w ^m≥knkv tkhn-b¿ tdm_¿´v Un. t\m_nen C¥y-

bpsS adp-`m-K-ß-fnse the

(a) ]mcw`w

13˛Dw 14-˛Dw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]m›mXy anj-\-dn-am¿ C¥y-bn¬ aX-

]-N-cWw \SØphm≥ Bcw-`n® hnhcw apºp kqNn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. B

the-bpsS êw Zo¿L-\mƒ \o≠p-\n-∂n-√. F∂m¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-

Im-cpsS BK-a-\-sØ-Øp-S¿∂p-≈-b-hÿ hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y-

bn¬ anj-\-dn-am¿ [mcm-f-ambn hcp-Ibpw aX]N-c-W-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-

Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn\ptijw C¥y-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-ß-fnepw

]m›m-Xy-k` kwÿm-]n-X-am-bn.

t]m¿´p-Kokv cmjvSob kwhn-[m-\-hp-ambn hf-sc-b-[nIw tN¿∂p

\S∂ anj-\dn]h¿Ø\w \mep Xpd-I-fn-embn ]ptcm-K-an-®p. H∂v,

t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS t\cn-´p≈ `c-W-Øn≥Iogn¬ ÿnXnsNbvXn-

cp∂ ÿe-ß-fnse ]h¿Ø-\w; c≠v, IS-tem-c-ß-fn¬ ap°p-hcpw

a‰pw BI¿jn-X-cm-I-Ø-°-hÆw \n¿h-ln® aX-]-N-cWw; aq∂v,

C¥y-bpsS Dƒ]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \S∂ the; \mev, InkvXym-\n-Iƒ

A[n-hmkw am‰n-b-Xp-aqew \ne-hn¬h∂ hf¿®.

(b) ^m≥kn-kv°≥ k\ym-kn-am¿

16˛Dw 17-˛Dw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse kphn-tij ]N-cW ]cn-]mSn \n¿h-

ln-®Xv tdma≥ ItØm-en°m anj-\-dn-am-cm-bn-cp-∂p. 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬

amXta t]m´-Ã‚p anj-\dn ]h¿Ø\w C¥y-bn¬ Bcw-`n-®p-≈p.

ItØm-en°m k`-bnse A©p kaq-l-ßƒ Cu ]cn-]m-Sn-bn-te¿-

s∏´p. Ah-cn-em-Zy-ambn cwK-]-th-i\w sNbvXXp ^m≥kn-kv°-cm-

bn-cp-∂p. 1500-˛¬ t]m¿´p-Kokv AUvan-d¬ Imt_m-fp-sam-cp-an®p ]e

^m≥kn-kv°cpw sIm®n-bn-se-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. 1510-˛¬ tKmhm t]m¿´p-

Ko-km[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ h∂-Xns\ XpS¿∂v B kaqlw AXns‚ Hcp

tIµw AhnsS ÿm]n-®p. ]n∂oSv 1542- ¬ Pkzn-Øcpw 1548- ¬ sUman-

\n°cpw, 1572-˛¬ HmK-kvXo-\n-b-cpw, 1612-˛¬ I¿Ω-eo-Ø-cpw, 1640-˛¬

Xobm-Øo-bcpw tKmhm-bn¬ Ah-c-h-cpsS Bÿm-\-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-®p.

106 k` hf-cp∂p

t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ Xß-fpsS B[n-]Xyw C¥y-bn¬ BZyw Dd-

∏n®p aX-]-N-c-W-Øn-te¿s∏-´Xp sIm®n-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. sIm®n cmPm-

hns‚ B\p-Iq-ey-tØmsS Ah¿ AhnsS Hcp tIm´ ÿm]n-®p. AXn-

\p-tijw kpdn-bm-\n-In-kvXym-\n-I-fpsS tIµ-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ sImSpß-

√qcpw sIm√Øpw tIm´-Iƒ ]Wn-Xp. 1505- ap-X¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-km-[n-

]Xyw sXs° C¥y-bn¬ an°-hmdpw ÿnc-]-Xn-jvTn-X-am-bn. AXn\p

tijw 1510-˛¬ Ah¿ tKmhm ]nSn®-S-°n, AXns\ Ah-cpsS `c-W-

tI-µ-am-°n-Øo¿Øp. AXp-ap-X¬ tKmhm-bnepw Np‰p-ap≈ Zzo]p-I-

fnepw t]m¿´p-Kokv anj-\dn]h¿Ø\w Du¿÷n-X-ambn \S-°pI-

bpw B ]tZ-i-ß-fnse a\p-jy-cn-semcp henb ]¶pw InkvXp-aXw

Ah-ew-_n-°p-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn.

kpdn-bm\nInkvXym-\n-I-fpsS tIµ-am-bn-cp∂ sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬

t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ tIm´-bp-≠m-°n-bXv \m´p InkvXym-\n-I-fp-am-bp≈

_‘w i‡n-s∏-SpØn aX-]-N-cWw ZpX-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Dt±-in®p

IqsSbm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu e£yw ]m]n-°p-hm-\p≈ πmt\mSp IqsS-bm-

bn-cp∂p 1541-˛¬ ^m≥kn-kvI≥ anj-\-dn-am-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp

sshZnI]cn-io-e\tIµw ÿm]n-X-am-b-Xv. B hnZym-ebw ae-¶-c-

kpdn-bm\nk`bv°p ]tbm-P\w sNbvXns√-¶nepw eØo≥ ]m-c-º-

cy-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb k`bv°v AXp tkh\w \¬In. 1577-˛¬ sImSp-

ß-√q-cn\SpØv ssh∏n-t°m-´-bn¬ Pkzn-Ø¿°p-th≠n \n¿Ωn-X-amb

ÿm]-\-Øn¬ Hcp skan-\mcn kam-cw-`n® tijhpw sImSp-ß-√q¿

skan\mcn \ne-\n-∂p. F∂m¬ kpdn-bm\nInkvXym-\n-I-fn-semcp

henb ]¶pw sImSp-ß-√q¿ hn´v Dƒ]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n®p

Ign™ hkvXpX \mw I≠-Xm-W-t√m. GXm-bmepw sIm®nbpw

sImSp-ß-√qcpw t]m¿´p-Ko-km-[n-]Xyw \ne\n¿Øp∂ ÿe-ß-fmbn

XpS¿∂p. Cu hn[-Øn¬ ^m≥kn-kv°-cpsS tkh\w Ahn-sS-sb√mw

\ne-\n-∂p.

sIm√Øp t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ ]WnX tIm´-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v

^m≥kn-kv°≥ anj-\-dn-am¿ B `mK-ß-fn¬ aX-]-N-cWw \n¿h-

ln®p. sImSp-ß-√q-¿ t]mse kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS tIµ-

am-bn-cp∂ sIm√Øp-\n∂pw Ah¿ amdn-Øm-a-kn® hnhcw apI-fn¬

Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p-h-t√m. F∂m¬ sIm√w apX¬ I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc-

bp≈ IStem-c-ß-fnse a\p-jy-cpsS CS-bn¬ ^m≥kn-kv°≥ anj-

\-dn-am¿ ]h¿Øn-®-Xns‚ ê-ambn 1535- ap-X¬ 1537 -h-sc-bp≈

ImeØv Ah-cnsem-cp- `mKw InkvXp-a-X-a-h-ew-_n-®p. ]n∂oSv 1544-

˛¬ ^m≥knkv tkhn-b¿ tIc-f-Øn¬ \S-Ønb kphn-ti-j-]-N-c-

107k` hf-cp∂p

W-Øn¬ _m°n-bp-≈h¿ an°-hmdpw H∂-S¶w Xs∂ tdma≥ ItØm-

en-°m-k-`-bn¬ tN¿∂p. AXn-\p-tijw Pkzn-Øcpw AhnsS ]th-

in®p tkhn-b-dns‚ the \ne-\n¿Øn. Ah¿ ap°p-hsc Dt±-in®p

]e ]≈n-Ifpw Nm∏-ep-Ifpw ÿm]n-®p. Cu Ah-k-c-ß-fn-se√mw

^m≥kn-kv°-cpsS thebpw AhnsS \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬

Pkzn-Øcpw ^m≥kn-kv°cpw XΩn¬ Dc- -ep≠mIm-sX-bn-cn-∏m≥

1601-˛¬ tKmhm-bnse sshtkmbn sIm√-Øn\p sX°p≈ ]tZ-i-

ßsf Pkzn-Ø¿°pw hS°≥ ]tZ-i-ßsf ^m≥kn-kv°¿°p-ambn

th¿Xn-cn®psImSp-Øp. AXn-\p-tijw ^m≥kn-kv°¿ Ah-cpsS tZi-

ß-fn¬ GXm\pw CSh-I-Ifpw ÿm]-\ßfpw Df-hm-°n.

(c) Pkzn-Ø-cpsS BK-a\w

1540-˛¬ ]m∏m-bpsS HutZym-KnIm\p-a-Xn-tbm-Sp-IqsS ÿm]n-X-amb

PkznØv (Society of Jesus) kaq-l-Øn¬s∏´ ^m≥knkv tkhn-b-

dns\ t]mƒ III ]m∏m 1541-˛¬ Xs‚ C¥y-bn-sebpw Ing-°≥ ]tZi-

ß-fn-sebpw ]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn \ntbm-Kn-®p. At±lw 1542-˛¬ tKmhmbn-

se-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v Pkzn-Ø-cpsS the C¥y-

bn¬ kam-cw-`n-®p.

t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ hym]m-c-ap-t±-in®p ssaem-∏q-cnepw \mK-]- -WØn-

epw Ah-cpsS A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-®p. B c≠p ÿe-ß-fnepw Ah¿

tIm´-Iƒ ]Wn-Xv, Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ aX-]-N-cWw \S-Øn. Cu ]cn]mSn-

bn¬ HmK-kvXo-\n-b≥, sUma-\n-°¿, ^m≥kn-kv°¿, Pkzn-Ø¿

F∂o \mep kaq-l-ß-fn¬s∏-´-hcpw ]¶p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Ah-bn-tem-

tcm∂pw AX-Xns‚ \nb-¥-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-bn, CS-h-I-Iƒ cq]o-

I-cn-®p. Ch-bn¬ \mK-]-´-W-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ thfm-¶Æn BZy-Im-eØv

Ahn-S-ß-fnse ap°p-hsc Dt±-in-®p≈ Hcp Nm∏-ens‚ Bÿm-\-am-

bn-cp-∂p. AXp ]n∂oSv hn. I\y-I-a-dn-bm-ans‚ t]cn-ep≈ Hcp tZhm-

e-bhpw Xo¿∞m-S-\-tI-µ-hp-ambn hf¿∂p. C∂v AXp hfsc ]kn-

≤n-bm¿÷n®p Ign-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

ssaem-∏q¿ 1606- ¬ am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS t]cp hln-°p∂ Hcp

`Zm-k-\-ambn hf¿∂p. AXn-\-SpØp aZm-kn¬ 1639- ¬ sk‚ v tPm¿Pv

tIm´ (Fort St. George) Cw•o-jp-Im¿ ]Wn-Xp. AXn-\p-tijw aZmkv

ssaem-∏q-cn-t\-°m-f-[nIw ]kn-≤-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. 1642- ¬ AhnsS I∏q-

®n≥ k\ym-k-k-aq-l-Øns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ Hc[nhmkw ÿm]n-

X-am-bn. Cßs\ ssaem-∏q¿ Hcp ssIkvX-h-tI-µ-ambn cq]m-¥cw

]m]n®p F¶nepw, thfm-¶Æn t]mse AhnSw ]ptcm-K-an-®n-√.

108 k` hf-cp∂p

I¿Æm-S-I-Øns‚ Xoc-]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ ]e

ÿe-ß-fn-embn tIm´-Iƒ ]WnXv Ah-cpsS ]nSn-]m-Sp-d-∏n-°p-hm≥

bXv\n-®p. 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Ad-_n-I-fp-sSbpw a‰pw IS¬s°m≈

k¿h-km-[m-c-Wam-bn-cp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Cu tIm -Iƒ Ah-cn¬\n-

∂p-ap≈ c£ Xoc-]-tZ-i-ßƒ°p \evIp-hm≥ klm-b-I-am-bn-Øo-

¿∂p. 1558-˛¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ awK-em-]pcw ssIh-i-am-°n. AhnsS

tIm´bpw Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ tZi-ß-fn¬ ]≈n-Ifpw ÿm]n-®p aX-]-N-

cWw \n¿hln-®p. F∂m¬ Ahn-S-ß-fnse Ah-cpsS hnPbw Xmev°m-

en-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1563-˛\pw 1567-˛-\p-an-S-bn¬ Ct°-cn-bnse \mbIv Cu

tIm´-I-sf√mw ]nSn-s®-SpØv hntZ-in-b-cmb sshZn-Isc Ahn-S-ß-fn¬-

\n∂pw HmSn-®p. X∑qew 1568-˛¬ Im\dm tZi-ß-fn¬ Hcp ssIkvXh

sshZn-I≥ t]mep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

t]m¿´p-Kokp anj-\-dn-am¿ C¥y≥ alm-k-ap-Z-Øns‚ `mc-Xob

Xoc-]-tZ-i-ß-fnse aX-]-N-cW ]cn-]mSn C≥Ukv \Zn- h-scbpw

\n¿h-ln-°p-hm≥ th≠ i≤ ]Xn-∏n-®p. F∂m¬ Ah-cpsS hnPbw

kpJ-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. an° ÿe-ß-fnepw Ah¿ FXn¿∏p-Iƒ t\cn-

tS≠-Xmbn h∂p. X∑qew 16-˛Dw 17-˛Dw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ B tZi-ß-fn-

seßpw k` Imcy-ambn hf¿∂n-√.

(d) ^m≥knkv tkhn-b¿

C¥y-bnse anj-\dn ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw i≤ sNep-

Ønb Pkzn-Ø-cpsS the Imcy-£-a-am-°n-Øo¿Ø c≠p hy‡n-I-

sf-∏‰n Nne hnh-c-ßƒ ChnsS \¬tI-≠-Xm-bp-≠v. Ah-cn-sem∂m-

asØ tZl-amWv ^m≥knkv tkhn-b¿. 1542 sabv amk-mcw-`-Øn¬

C¥y-bn¬ h∂p-tN¿∂ At±lw 1553- -hsc C¥y-bp-ambn D‰-_‘w

]pe¿Øn.

^m≥knse \hmdm F∂ ÿeØp P\n® ^m≥knkv Pkzn-

Øpkaq-l-Øns‚ ÿm]-I-\mb C·m-Øn-tbmkp etbm-f-tbmSp

IqsS ]mco-kn¬ 11 h¿j-ßƒ Ign-®v, B kaq-l-Øns‚ Bcw-`-

Øn¬Øs∂ AXnse AwKXzw kzoI-cn-®p. t]m¿´pKokp tZio-b-

\√m-bncp∂ Ct±lw Xs‚ 32-˛-m-asØ hb- n¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿

B[n-]-Xyapd-∏n-®n-cp∂ C¥y-bn¬ BK-X-\m-bn. kaq-l-ÿm-]-\m-\-

¥cw AXns‚ A≤y-£s‚ \n¿t±-im-\p-k-cWw t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-c-

\m-b- ssk-a¨ tdmUo-sK- n-s\bpw ^m≥knkv tkhn-b-dn-s\bpw

tdma≥ ]m∏m C¥y-bnepw a‰p ]q¿h-tZ-i-ß-fnepw kphn-ti-j-tLm-

jWw \n¿hln-°p-hm≥ ]tXyIw \nb-an-®p. Ch-cn¬ sdmUosKkp

109k` hf-cp∂p

t]m¿´p-Ken¬ Xma-kn®v, anj-W-dn-am¿°p ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn-

te°v tImbnw_m-dm-bn¬ Hcp tImfPp ÿm]n-®p Xs‚ tkh\w

A\p-jvTn-®p. tkhn-b-dm-Is´, C¥y-bn-te°p bmX-bm-hp-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

tKmhm-bn-se-Øn-b-tijw tkhn-b¿ AhnsS kam-cw-`n-®n-cp∂

sk‚ v t]mƒ tImf-Pns‚ ÿm]-I≥ amÃ¿ Untbm-tKm-bp-ambn ]cn-

N-bs∏´p. AXp-aqew At±lw a\- n√ma\t msS B tImf-Pns‚

t\Xm-hmbn Ipd®pImew ]h¿Øn-®p. AXn\ptijw 1544-˛¬ tkhn-

b¿ Xs‚ tPmen-ÿ-e-ambn Dt±-in-®n-cp∂ tIc-f-Øn¬h∂p. Xncphn-

Xmw-Iq-dns‚ Xoc-]-tZ-i-ß-fnse ap°p-h-cpsS CS-bn-ep≈ the

At±lw Gs‰-Sp-Øp. B P\-ß-fn-semcp hn`mKw ^m≥kn-kv°-cpsS

]tNm-Z\w hgn InkvXp-a-X-a-h-ew-_n-®n-cp∂ hkvXpX apI-fn¬ kqNn-

∏n-®p-h-t√m. IS-en¬ \n∂pw ao≥]n-Sn®p D]-Po-h\w Ign-®p-h∂ B

ap°p-h¿°v IS¬s°m-≈-°m-cn¬ \n-∂p-ap≈ c£ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿

\evIp-sa∂v Ah¿ ]Xo-£n-®n-cn-°-Ww. B a\p-jy-cpsS CS-bn¬

tkhnb¿ ]h¿Øn-®p. AXn-\Iw InkvXp-a-X-a-h-ew-_n-°msX Ign-

™n-cp∂ ap°p-h-cn¬ ]Xn-\m-bn-c-Øn-e-[nIw Bflm-°sf Hcp- amk

°me-Øn-\p≈n¬ At±lw amtam-Zokm hgn k`-bn¬ tN¿Øp. B

`mK-ß-fn-se√mw eØo≥ ssIkvXh ]mc-ºcyw Cu hn[-Øn¬

tkhn-b¿ kpÿn-c-am-°n.

tIc-f-Ønse the Xo¿Ø-Xn-\p-tijw tkhn-b¿ \mK-]-´-Whpw

ssaem-∏qcpw kµ¿in-®p. ssaem-∏q-cn¬ am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS ih-

Ip-So-c-sa∂p Icp-X-s∏-ń-cp∂ ÿeØv ]tXyI ]m¿∞\ \S-Ønb

tijw tkhn-b¿ aem-°-bn¬ kphn-tij ]cy-S\w Ign®p. ]n∂o-S-

t±lw 1548-˛¬ C¥y-bn¬ aSßnFØn. Cub-h-k-c-Øn¬ At±lw

sIm®n, _mssk≥, tKmhm, a‰p Xoc-]-tZ-i-ßƒ Chbn¬ GXm\pw

amk-ßƒ Ign-®-tijw 1549 apX¬ 1551 hsc P∏m-\n¬ Xma-kn®v

Ahn-sSbpw InkvXp-a-X-]-N-cW ipiq-j-bn¬ hym]r-X-\m-bn. 1552

Bcw-`-Øn¬ C¥y-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Ønb tkhn-b¿ B h¿j-Øn¬-

Øs∂ bqtdm-∏n-te°p aS-ßn. AXn-\p-tijw C¥y, PkznØp kaq-

l-Øns‚ hntZi t]mhn≥kmbn ]Jym-]n-X-am-Ip-Ibpw AXns‚

]Ya t\Xm-hmbn tkhn-b¿ \nb-an-X\m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu \ne-

bn¬ kvXpXy¿l-amb tkh\w \n¿h-ln® At±lw ssN\m kµ¿in-

°p-hm≥ Dt±-in-®Xv ]mh¿Øn-I-am-ImsX \ncymWw ]m]n®p.

tkhn-b¿ Hcp henb anj-Wdn t\Xmhp amX-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

At±lw hnZym-`ymk ]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw hfsc D’p-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

110 k` hf-cp∂p

km[p-°sf kvt\ln®v hnZym- ymkw aqew Ah-cpsS D∂-a-\-Øn\mbn

At±lw bXv\n-®p. tkhn-b¿ \S-Ønb aX-]-N-c-W-ssi-ensb

hna¿in-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. Ah-cpsS hna¿i\w hkvXp-\n-jvT-hp-am-bn-cn-°mw.

F∂m¬ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k` At±-lsØ AXy-[n-I-w _lp-

am-\n-°p-∂p. a‰p k`mhn`m-K-ßfpw At±-lsØ BZ-cn-°p-∂p. ItØm-

en-°m-k-`-bn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ t]cp hln-°p∂ Xo¿∞m-S-\-tI-µ-

ßƒ tKmhm-bnepw tImØm-dnepw D≈-Xn\pw ]pdta, a‰p ]e ÿe-

ß-fnepw tZhm-e-b-ß-fpap-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ \ma-Øn¬ ]Xn-jvTn-

X-ß-fmb \nc-h[n kvIqfp-Iƒ, tImf-Pp-Iƒ, a‰p ÿm]-\-ßƒ

F∂nh C¥y-bn¬ At\-I-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw ]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-∂p.

tkhn-b-dns‚ Ime-Øp-Xs∂ 1545 apX¬ PkznØv kaq-l-Øn¬-

s∏´ ]ecpw kphn-ti-j-tLmj-Wm¿∞w C¥y-bn¬ h∂p-tN¿∂p.

kaq-l-Øns‚ C¥y≥ s]mhn≥jy¬ F∂ \ne-bn¬ At±lw ]e

anj-\-dn-am-scbpw Xnc-s™-SpØv C¥y-bn-te-bv°-b-bv°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Cßs\ ]e Xpd-I-fn-embn tkhn-b¿ InkvXp-aX ]N-c-

W-Øn-\pth≠n ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p.

(e) tdm_¿´v Un. t\m_nen

C¥ybn¬ kphn-tijw ]N-cn-∏n-°phm≥ D±y-an-°p∂ aX-]-h¿Ø-

I¿ C¥y-bn¬ XmZmflyw ]m]n-°p-∂-Xn\p k∂-≤-cm-bn-cn-°Ww.

Cu Bibw BZy-ambn C¥y-bn¬ Du∂n-∏-d™v B ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ kphn-tijtLmjWw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn\v bXv\n® tZl-am-

bn-cp∂p tdm_¿´v Un. t\m_n-en. C‰m-enb\mb Unt\m-_nen Pkzn-

Øpkaq-l-Øn¬ tN¿∂tijw 1606-˛¬ C¥y-bn¬ Xs‚ anj-\-dn-

the Bcw`n®p.

At±lw sXc-s™-SpØ ÿew a[p-c-bm-bn-cp-∂p. aq∂p Imcy-

ßƒ Unt\m-_nen thK-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°n. 1. InkvXp-aXw C¥y-

bn¬ th≠-hÆw thcq-∂n-bnń-√. AXp Ipsdsbms° ]N-cn-®Xv

km[p-°-fmb a\p-jy-cpsS CS-bn¬ am-X-am-Wv. DXvIrjvS PmXn-bn¬-

s∏-´-hsc InkvXp-aXw kv]¿in-®n-´p-t]m-ep-an-√. 2. CXns‚ ][m\

ImcWw C¥y-bnse P\-ßƒ InkvXp-a-XsØ sshtZ-in-I-ambn a\-

n-em°n hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]m›m-Xy-an-j-\-dn-am¿ Ah-cpsS `mj, thj-

hn-[m-\w, kmwkvIm-cnI am\-Z-fi-ßƒ Chbv°p hnt[-b-cm-Wv.

Chbn¬\n∂pw Ah¿°v Hcp hyXn-bm\w D≠mtb aXn-bm-hq. anj-

\-dn-am¿ C¥y≥ Pohn-X-hp-ambn tN¿∂p t]mI-W-sa-∂p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p

Unt\m-_n-en-bpsS Du∂¬. 3. sslµ-h-k-ap-Zmbw PmXn-bpsS ASn-

111k` hf-cp∂p

ÿm-\Øn¬ ÿnXnsNøp∂p F∂ hkvXpX At±lw \√-hÆw

a\- n-em°n. AXn-\p≈ ]cn-lm-c-ambn Hc-f-hn¬ PmXn-hy-Xymkw

k`-bnepw AwKo-Ir-X-am-I-W-sa∂v At±lw \n¿t±-in-®p.

lnµp-a-X-apƒs°m≈p∂ PmXn-Iƒ ][m-\-ambn _m“-W¿,

£Xn-b¿, sshiy¿, iqZ¿ Ch-bmW-t√m. Ch-cn¬ _m“-W¿

]ptcm-ln-X-cpw, £Xn-b¿ cmP-hw-i-P-cp-am-Wv. Unt\m-_nen £Xn-

b-h¿§-Øn\p Xpey-am-b -Pm-Xn-bn¬ kz¥-\m- n-epƒs∏- n-cp∂p F∂h-

Im-i-s∏-Sp-I-bpw, B ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C¥y-bn¬ £Xn-b-\mbn

Pohn-°p-hm≥ Xbm-dm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±lw a‰p anj-\-dn-am-cn¬

\n∂pw thdn-´v, efnX-Po-hnX km≤y-X-bp≈ Hcp `h\w sXc-s™-

SpØv AhnsS Xma-k-ap-d-∏n-®p. £Xn-bs‚ thj-hpw, ]qWqepw, IpSp-

anbpw AWn™v lnµp-k-ap-Zm-b-Ønse Db¿∂ PmXn-bn¬s∏- -h-cpam-

bn At±lw ]tXyI kº¿°w ]pe¿Øp-hm≥ DZy-an-®p. InkvXp-

a-X-hp-ambn thgvN A`n-e-£n® Xm\q¿ cmPm-hns\ Unt\m-_nen

sslµ-h-co-Xn-bn¬Øs∂ Pohn-°p-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®p. cmPmhp Xs‚

thj-]-In-ń-\p-≈n¬ Hcp Ipcn-ip-amXw [cn-®m¬ aXn-sb∂v At±lw

\n¿t±in®p.

C¥y≥ ]›m-Ø-e-hp-ambn XmZm-fly-ap-≠m-Iphm≥ th≠n Unt\m-

_nen kwkvIr-Xw, Xan-gv, sXep¶v Cu `mj-Ifpw `mc-Xob kwkv-

Im-chpw Nn¥m-]m-c-º-cyhpw \∂mbn hi-am-°p-hm≥ Xoh--bXv\w

sNbvXp. AXp-aqew C¥y≥ P\-X-bpsS B≤ym-fln-I-X-bp-ambn Inkv-

Xp-a-X-apƒs°m-≈p∂ kXy-ßsf kwtbm-Pn-∏n-®v, Ahsb C¥y-

bnse a\p-jy¿°p kpKm-ly-am-°p-hm≥ At±lw DZy-an-®p.

Unt\m-_nen Ah-ew-_n® kphn-tij ]N-c-W-coXn A∂p ]ecpw

tNmZyw sNbvXp. tKmhm-bn¬ AXns\ \n»n-X-ambn hna¿in-°p-∂-h-

cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ PkznØp kaq-l-Øns‚ C¥y-bnse s]mhn-

≥jy¬ AXns\ hne-bp-≈-Xmbn a\- n-em-°n. AXp-t]mse a[p-c-

bn¬ A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ sImSp-ß-√q¿ B¿®v _nj∏pw At±-l-

Øn\p ]n¥pW \¬In. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ AXp kw_-‘-ambn

tKmhm-bn¬ kwhm-Z-ap-≠mbn F¶nepw, Hcp Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-hm≥

km[n-°msX AhnSsØ t\Xm-°ƒ B hnjbw tdmans‚ \n¿t±-i-

Øn-\mbn hn´p. Ahn-sSbpw Hcp hn[nbpw IqSmsX AXv InS-∂p. HSp-

hn¬ 1623-˛¬ KnKdn XV ]m∏m Unt\m-_n-en-bpsS am¿Kw tkm]m-

[nIw AwKo-I-cn-®p. Aßs\ AXp hnPbw ]m]n-®p.

Unt\m-_nen kam-cw-`n® "a[pc anj≥' Xr»n-\m-∏≈n, Un≥Un-

112 k` hf-cp∂p

K¬, X©m-hq¿ BZn-bmb ]e ÿe-ß-fnepw hym]n-®p. AXns‚

]h¿Ø-\-^-e-ambn 1660-˛-Xn-\-I-ambn 11,198 aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-

∂n- p-≠v.

(f) C¥y-bn¬ a‰p `mK-ß-fnse the

t]m¿´p-Kokp anj≥ hSt° C¥y-bn¬ ap…o-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬

\S-Ønb the ck-I-c-amWv. B ImeØv C¥y-bpsS hS-°≥ ]tZ-

i-ß-fn¬ apKƒN-I-h¿Øn-am¿ B[n-]Xyw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. B NI-

h¿Øn-amcn¬ G‰w ]K-¤-\m-bn-cp∂ AIv_¿ Hcp \√ ap…o-ambn-

cp∂p F∂p ]d™pIqSm. F√m aX-ßƒ°pw kzoIm-cy-am-Im-hp∂

XXz-ßƒ tN¿Øn-W-°nb Hcp aX-kw-lnX \n¿Ωn-°-W-sa-∂p-≈Xm-

bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-em-jw. CXn-tebv°v F√m aX-ß-tfbpw

a\- n-em-°-W-sa-∂-t±lw BK-ln-®p. At±lw `cWw \S-Ønbn-

cp∂, 1556 apX¬ 1605 hsc-bp-≈, Ime-L-´-Øn¬ InkvXp-aX

XXzßƒ Kln-°p-hm≥ th≠n At±lw Nne ssIkvXh anj-\-dn-

amsc Xs‚ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ £Wn-®p-h-cpØn Ah-cp-ambn kw`m-j-

W-Ønte¿s∏´p.

1578-˛¬ Pqen-b≥ s]tccm F∂ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m sshZn-

Is\ AIv_¿ ^tØ-∏q¿ knIn-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Xs‚ Bÿm-\-

Øn-tebv°p £Wn-®p. thZ-im-kvX-]-c-amb hnj-b-ß-fm-kv]-Z-am-°n-

bp≈ N¿®-bn¬ th≠X Ign-hp-s≠∂p kzbw tXm∂m-sX-bn-cp∂

B sshZn-I≥ tKmhm-bn¬ Pkzn-Ø-cmb ]fin-Xsc hnfn-°-W-sa-

∂p≈ \n¿t±iw NI-h¿Øn°p \¬In. CXns‚ ê-ambn 1579-˛¬

dqtUmƒ^v AIzn-hm-hm-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ aq∂p Pkzn-Ø¿ N¿®-

bv°mbn AIv_-dn-s‚-b-Sp-°-se-Øn. aq∂p sIm√-°mew Bi-b-hn-

\n-abw \S-Øn-b-tijw Ah¿ `·m-i-cmbn aS-ßn-t∏m-bn. ]n∂oSp

c≠p Xh-W-I-fnepw Cu kwcw`w \S-∂p. AXp-sIm≠pw AIv_-

dn¬ hyXym-k-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-s√-¶n-epw, AXns‚ ê-ambn BKm,

U¬ln, emtlm¿ ]m‰v\m BZn-bmb ÿe-ß-fn¬ InkvXob tZhm-

e-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-X-am-bn. ]n∂oSv jmP-lm≥ c-W-ta-‰-t∏mƒ At±lw

ssIkvX-hsc ]oUn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]≈n-Iƒ AS-®p-]q´phm≥ B⁄

\¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1641 hscbpw Cu Zpc-hÿ \o≠p-\n-∂p.

t]m¿´p-Ko-km-[n-]Xyw \ne-\n∂ Ime-ß-fn¬ _wKm-fnepw kphn-

tij ]N-cWw \S-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-tIm- -I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂

ÿe-ß-fn¬ tUman-\n-°¿, ^m≥kn-kv°¿, Pkzn-Ø¿ F∂o anj-

\dn kaql-ß-fn¬s∏-´-h¿ kphn-tijtLmj-W-Øn-te¿s∏-´p. Ahn-

113k` hf-cp∂p

SpsØ the-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ hym]r-X-cm-bXv HmK-kvXo-\n-b-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

Ah¿ lq•n-bn¬ anj-W-dn-am¿°mbn c≠p aµn-c-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-®p. 1620

Bb-t∏m-tg-bv°pw _wKmfn¬ 14,000 Hmfw InkvXym-\n-I-fp-≠m-

bncp∂p. jmP-lm≥ Cu anj-\dn apt∂-‰sØ XS-bp-hm≥ DZy-an®p

F¶nepw, B \ntcm-[\w 1641-˛¬ ]n≥h-en-®p.

t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS Ime-ß-fn¬ Ah-cpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ \S∂

anj-\dn ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-sb√mw \nb-¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv Ah¿ Xe-ÿm-

\-ambn kzoIcn® tKmhm-bn¬ \n∂p-ambncp-∂p. 1552- t\mSp IqsS

C¥y-bnse t]m¿´p-Ko-km-[n-]Xyw AXns‚ aq¿≤-\yX ]m]n-®n-cp∂p.

1510-˛¬ Ah¿ tKmhm ]nSn-s®-SpØ hnhcw apºp \mw I≠-Xm-Wt√m.

1530˛¬ AXp Xe-ÿm-\-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. 1534-˛¬ tKmhmsb

Hcp `Zm-k-\-ambn t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ Db¿Øn. 1558 ˛¬ AXns\

Hcp s]mhn≥kmbn ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ae-¶-c-k-`sb tKmhm-

bpsS Iogn-em-°n-Øo¿°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS Dt±-iyw.

CXn-te-bv°p≈ ia-am-bn-cp∂p 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ \S-∂-Xv.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ tKmhsb Fßs\ ]Wn-Xp-b¿Øn? AXp

ae-¶ck`sb GsX√mwhn[-Øn¬ _m[n®p?

2. sXt° C¥y-bnse IStem-c-ß-fn¬ \S∂ kphn-tij-

thesb∏‰n \ap°v F¥-dnbmw?

3. ^m≥knkv tkhn-b¿, tdm_¿´p Un t\m_nen Chsc∏‰n

\ap°v e`y-amb hnh-c-ßƒ Gh?

4. t]m¿´p-Kokp ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn≥Io-gn¬ eØo≥ ]mc-º-cy-

Øn\p hnt[-b-ambn Fhn-sS-sb√mw InkvXp-aXw ]N-cn®p?

114 k` hf-cp∂p

]mTw 4

16- Dw, 17- -Dw, 18- Dw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬

tIcfØns‚ cmjvSobÿnXn

]mcw`w t]m¿´pKokp-Im¿ sIm®nsb kzm[o\n® hn[w U®p-

Im-cpsS B[n-]Xyw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ hf¿® Z£n-tW¥ym

hntZ-im-[o-\-X-bn¬

(a) ]mcw`w

InkvXz-_vZ-Øns‚ BZy \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse tIc-f-sØ-∏‰n Nne

hnh-c-ßƒ t\csØ Xs∂ Cu IrXn-bn¬ tN¿Øn- p-≠v. B Imeß-

ƒ°p tijw tNc-am≥ s]cp-am-°-∑m-cpsS \mSmbn GXm\pw \q‰m≠p-

Iƒ tIcfw Ign™p. 10-˛mw \q‰m-≠m-b-t∏m-tgbv°pw AXv sFIyw

\jvS-s∏´ Ah-ÿ-bn-se-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Cu ÿnXn-bn¬ tIcfw Ign-

bp-tºm-gmWv t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ BK-X-cm-b-Xv. AXn\ptijw C¥y

kzX-¥-am-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc tIc-fhpw sXt°¥y BI-am-\hpw hntZ-i-

i-‡n-I-fpsS A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn-cp∂p ÿnXnsNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv.

(b) t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ sIm®nsb kzm[o-\n-®-hn[w

hmkvt°m-Un-Kma 1498-˛¬ tImgn-t°m-´v BK-X-\m-b-t∏mƒ tIc-

fsØ \nc-h[n sNdp-cm-Pm-°-∑mcpw CS]-`p-°-∑mcpw `cn®p h∂n-cp-

∂p. kwJy-bn¬ Aº-tXmfw h∂n-cp∂ Ch¿ B`y-¥-c`cWam-kv]-

Zam°n ]cn-]q¿WkzmX-¥yw -A\p`hn®ph∂n-cp∂psh¶n-epw, Ah-

sc√mw Xs∂ A∂p ]ap-J-cm-bn-cp∂ aq∂p tIc-fob cmPm-°-∑m-

cnsem-cm-fns‚ A[o-iXzw kΩ-Xn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. B aq∂p-t]¿ 16˛mw

\q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ tImgn-t°mSp Xe-ÿm-\-ambn `cn-®n-cp∂

kmaq-Xn-cnbpw, IÆq¿ tIµ-am-°n-bn-cp∂ tIme-Øn-cnbpw Xncp-hn-

Xmw-Iqdns‚ Xncp-hm-Sn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. sIm®n B ImeØv Cu aq∂p-

t]cpsS \ne ]m]n-®n-cp-∂n-√.

hmkvt°m-Un-Km-am-tbbpw t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-scbpw kzmKXw sNøp-

hm≥ kmaq-Xncn hnk-Ω-Xn® hkvXpX apI-fn¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p-ht√m.

AXp-sIm≠v t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ `·m-i-cm-bn-√. Ah¿ kmaq-Xn-cnsb

hn´v BZyw tIme-Øn-cn-sbbpw ]n∂oSp sIm®n-cm-Pm-hn-s\bpw kao-

]n-®p. kmaq-Xn-cnbpambn kulm¿±X-bn-√msX Ign™ sIm®n-cm-Pmhv

kz¥-]m-[m\yw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ Cu X°w ]tbm-P-\-s∏Sp-

Øn. tImgnt°mSns\ XcwXmgvØphm≥ t]m¿´p-Kokp klmbw

115k` hf-cp∂p

sIm®n°p e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

\m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ XΩn¬ tbmPn®p ]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°m-

sX-bn-cp∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ kml-Ncyw t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Imsc hnP-b-]m-

]vX-cm-°n. tIc-f-Øn¬ XpSßn Z£n-tW¥ym apgph\pw kzm[o-\-X-

bn¬ hcpØn H∂c \q‰m-t≠mfwImew B \mSp-I-sf Ah¿ `cn-®p.

AXv kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-Isf kmc-ambn _m[n-®p.

t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS BK-a-\-Im-eØv tIc-f-Ønse ]pcm-X\

InkvXym-\n-I-fn-semcp hen-b-]¶pw sIm®n-cm-Pm-hn-s‚tbm At±-l-

tØmSp tN¿∂p-\n-∂n-cp∂ D]-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cp-sStbm \mSp-I-fn¬ A[n-

h-kn-®n-cp-∂p. hneym¿h-´-Øns‚ Xntcm-[m\tØmsS, Ah¿ BI-am-

\-kw-c-£Ww ]Xo-£n-®n-cn-°m-hp∂Xp sIm®n-cm-Pm-hn¬ \n∂p-am-

bn-cp-∂p. Cu \m´p-In-kvXym-\n-Isf ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn Ah¿ \ne-

\n¿Øn-h∂ Pohn-X-co-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw am‰n, Ah¿ kzoI-cn-®p-h∂

tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk`-bpsS eØo≥ ]mc-º-cy-Øn-em-°p-hm≥

t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ bXv\n-®p. Cu hnja-k‘nbn¬ B InkvXym-\n-

Isf hntZ-io-b-cpsS ]nSn-]m-Sn¬\n∂p hnSp-hn-°p-hm≥ sIm®o-cm-Pm-

°-∑m¿°m-bn-cp∂p [m¿ΩnI Npa-X-e-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ B

cmPm-°-∑m¿ kmaq-Xn-cn-s°-Xn-cmbn klmbw ]m]n®ph∂ t]m¿´p-

Ko-kp-Im-tcmSv IS-∏m-Sp-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. X∑qew t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Imsc

AXr-]vX-cm°n \m´p-In-kvXym-\nIsf kwXr-]vX-cm-°p-hm≥ Ah¿

apXn-cp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Aº-tXmfw hcp∂ sNdp-cm-Py-ßsf Hcp-an®p

tN¿Øv hntZii‡n-Isf sNdp-°W-sat∂m tIc-f-Øns‚ kzmX-

¥yw ]cn-c-£n-°-W-sat∂m D≈ Nn¥ A∂v Bscbpw `cn-®n-cp∂p-

an√.

(c) U®p-Im-cpsS B[n-]Xyw

GXm-bmepw t]m¿´p-Kokv ta[m-hnXzw C¥y-bn¬ imiz-X-am-bn-cp-

∂n-√. Ah¿s°-Xn-cmbn Hcp i‡n Db¿∂p-h-∂p. F∂m¬ AXp

cq]wsIm≠Xv C¥y-bn¬ \n∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-sc-

t∏mse hym]m-c-Øn-\mbn hntZ-iØp \n∂pw h∂ U®p-Im-cm-bn-cp∂p

AXv. bqtdm-∏nse Hcp sNdp-cm-Py-amb tlmf-≠n¬\n∂pw Hcp I®-

h-S-ssk\yw 1604 ˛¬ tImgn-t°m-s´-Øn. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Imsc tXmev-

]n®v sIm®o-cm-Pm-hn-t\mSp≈ ]Iho´p-hm≥ X°w t\m°n-bn-cp∂

kmaq-Xn-cn, Xs‚ e£yw ]m]n-°m-sa∂p Icp-Xn ]pXp-Xmbnh∂

U®p-Im-cp-ambn kJy-Øn¬ ]th-in-®p. CXp-sIm-≠p≈ ]tbm-P\w

s]s´∂v B\p- -hnI-am-bn-√. F∂m¬ 54 sIm√-ßƒ°p tijw 1658˛¬

116 k` hf-cp∂p

U®pIm¿ kntem¨ ]nSn®v t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Imsc AhnsS\n∂pw

XpcØn. AXn\ptijw tIcfw Iog-S-°p-hm-\p≈ \o°w Ah¿ Bcw-

`n®p. 1661˛¬ sIm√-hpw, 1662˛¬ sImSp-ß-√qcpw, 1663-˛¬ sIm®nbpw

IÆqcpw Ah¿ ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øn. Cßs\ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS tIc-

f-Ønse ÿm]-\-ß-sfsb√mw U®p-Im¿ ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp.

sIm®o-cm-Pmhpw tImgn-t°ms´ kmaq-Xn-cnbpw XΩn¬ kulm¿±-

X-bn-se-Øp-∂Xv U®p-Im¿°p ]tbm-P-\-I-c-ambn Ah¿ a\- n-em°n.

AXn-te°p \b-X-¥-X-e-Øn¬ Ah¿ sNbvX bXv\w kê-ambn√.

kmaq-Xn-cn-bm-Is´ U®p-Im-cp-ambn kJyw sNbvXXv Ahsc IÆp-a-

S®p klm-bn-°p-hm-\p-t±-in-®m-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ Xcw Inń-b-t∏mƒ

GXm\pw \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑msc tN¿Øv Ah-cpsS kl-I-c-W-Øn¬

kmaq-Xncn DØ-c-tI-c-f-Ønse U®p-ÿm-]-\-ßsf ]nSn-®-S°n. 1775

Bb-t∏m-tg°pw kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS Cu hnPbw amX-a-√, _nójp-Im-

cpsS apt∂-‰hpw U®p-Im¿°p ]Xn-Iq-e-ambn `hn-®p. Cu hn[Øn¬

U®p-Im¿ tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]n≥am-dp-hm-\n-S-bm-bn.

(d) Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ hf¿®

_nó-jp-Imsc tIc-f-Øn¬ ]th-in-∏n-°m-sX-bn-cn-∏m≥ U®p-Im¿

bXv\n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬ B iaw k^-e-am-bn-√. Xncp-hn-Xmw-

Iq-dns‚ hf¿®-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu U®p ]cm-P-b-Øns\mcp Imc-Ww.

18˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPm-°-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ am¿Øm-fi-

h¿Ωbpw (1729-˛1758), Im¿Øn-I-Xncp\mƒ cma-h¿Ωbpw (1758-˛1798)

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns\ kpi-‡-am-°n-Øo¿Øp. _nó-jp-Im-cp-ambn Xncp-

hn-Xmw-Iq¿ sFIy DS-º-Sn- sNbvXncp-∂-Xn-\m¬ U®p-Im¿°v AhnsS

Hcp ÿm-\hpw ]nSn-®p-]-‰pI km[y-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ Ah¿

tIcfw hnSp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ sIm®n Xpd-ap-Jhpw sX¶minbpw

amXw ssIhiw h®p-sIm≠v a‰p ÿe-ß-fn¬ \ns∂√mw Ah¿

]n≥hmßn.

am¿Øm-fi-h¿a-bpsS henb t\´w Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns\ hf¿Øn-

sb-Sp-Ø-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. sIm√w, sIm´m-c-°-c, Imbw-Ip-fw, Aºe-∏p-g,

sX°pw-Iq¿, hS-°pw-Iq¿, ao\-®n¬ BZn-bmbn A∂sØ Xncp-hn-Xmw-

Iq-dn\p hS°mbn InS-∂n-cp∂ ]Xn-s\m-t∂mfw sNdp-cm-Py-ßsf am¿-

Ømfi-h¿Ω ]nSn-®-S°n Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-t\mSp tN¿Øp. 1741-˛¬

\S∂ sImf-®¬ bp≤-Øn¬ At±lw U®p-Imsc Xo¿Øpw tXmev-

]n®p. Cß-s\-sb√mw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ am\w kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw

AXn¿Øn hnkvXr-X-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Cu cmP-]-ho-W≥ 1757˛¬

117k` hf-cp∂p

sIm®n-bp-ambn Hcp kam-[m\ DS-º-Sn-bn¬ H∏p- h-®p. AXn-\p-tijw

1758-˛¬ At±lw Nc-a-a-S-™p.

am¿Øm-fi-h¿a-bpsS ]n≥Kman At±-l-Øns‚ A\-¥n-c-h≥

Im¿Øn-I-Xn-cp-∂mƒ cma-h¿Ω-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXy-[nIw ]K-¤-\mb

Cu bph-cm-Pmhv 1798 hsc Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns\ Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-amb-

hn[w \bn-®p. AΩm-hs‚ \b-ßƒ \ne-\n¿Ønb Im¿Øn-I-Xncp-

\mƒ ka¿∞-\mb `c-W-I¿Øm-hpw, hn⁄m-\hpw Iebpw ]cn-

t]mjn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-ep-’p-I-\p-am-bn-c-p-∂p. At±lw ]d-hq¿, Be-ßmSv

F∂o \mSp-Iƒ ssIh-i-am-°p-Ibpw sNt¶m-´bpw, I\ym-Ip-am-cnbpw

Iog-S-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sIm®n-bp-am-bp≈ DS-ºSn At±lw ]pXp°n

ÿm]n-®p. Im¿Øn-I-Xn-cp-∂m-fns‚ Ime-Øm-bn-cp-∂p Sn∏pkp¬Øm-

s‚ BI-aWw \S-∂-Xv. AXns\ t\cn-Sp-hm≥ At±lw _nójv

CuÃv C¥ym Iº-\n-bp-ambn kJy-Øn¬ ]th-in®p.

Cu kJyw A∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn\p ]tbm-

P-\-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-aqew Sn∏p-hns\ ssakq-dn-te°p Xncn-®-b-

bv°p-hm≥ km[n-®p. U®p-Im¿ ssIhiw h®psIm≠n-cp∂ sIm®n-

bpw sX¶minbpw Ahcn¬ \n∂p hnS¿Øp-hm\pw Ign-™p. Cu

c≠m-asØ hkvXpX ]tXyIw kvac-Wbv°¿l-am-Wv. ^©p t\Xm-

hmb s\t∏m-fn-b≥ _nó-jp-Im-cp-ambn \S-Ønb bp≤-Øn¬ tlmf-

≠v ^m≥kns‚ ]£w tN¿∂n-cp-∂p. s\t∏m-fn-bs‚ ]cm-P-b-tØm-

sS, At±-lsØ klm-bn® U®p-Im¿°v _nó-jp-Im-cpsS A[o-iXzw

kΩXn®p Ign-™p-h∂ tIc-f-Øn-semcp Xmh-fhpw \ne-\n¿ØpI

km[y-a-√msX h∂p. 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw

_nójp-Im¿ Xß-fpsS B[n-]Xyw tIc-f-Øn¬ ÿm]n®p Ign-™n-

cp-∂p. Cu hkvXpX ]n∂mse ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

(e) Z£n-tW¥ym hntZ-im-[o-\-X-bn¬

16-˛Dw 17-˛Dw 18-˛Dw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ C¥y-bpsS Z£nW`mK-ßƒ

an°-hmdpw BI-am-\w, BZyw t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsSbpw ]n∂oSp U®p-

Im-cpsSbpw A[o-\-X-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-bvXp. 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-

cm¿≤-Øn¬ _nó-jp-Im¿ tIc-f-Øn-em-K-X-cmbn Ah-cpsS B[n-

]Xyw AhnsS ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. Ch-cn¬ _nó-jp-

Im-cpsS i‡n icn-bmbn Dd-bv°p-∂Xv 19- mw \q‰m-≠n-em-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-

sc-∏-‰n-bp≈ hnh-c-ßƒ ASpØ hmey-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v.

Ah¿°p-ap-ºp≈ hntZ-i-i-‡n-I-fn¬ BZy-tØ-Xmb t]m¿´p-Ko-

kp-Im¿ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m hnizm-kn-I-fpw, c≠m-a-tØ-Xmb U®p-

118 k` hf-cp∂p

Im¿ t]m -Ã‚p hnizm-k-a-h-ew-_n-°p-∂-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. t]m¿´p-Kokp-

Im¿°v hmWnPy\n¿h-l-W-tØm-sSm∏w aX-]-N-c-Whpw ][m\

e£yam-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ U®p-Im¿°v Aßs\bp≈ Dt±-iy-sam-

∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. aX-]-c-amb Imcy-ßƒ kw_-‘n®v XØz-Øn-

ep≈ \njv]£X ]men-®p-sIm≠v hym]mcw \n¿h-ln-°p-hmt\

Ah¿ Dt±-in®p≈p. AXn-\m¬ aX-]-N-c-WØn-e-h¿ XmXv]cyw ]Z¿-

in-∏n-®n-cp-∂n-√.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿°v C¥y-bn¬ cmjvSob hnPbw e`n-°p-

hm-\n-S-bmb kml-Ncyw F¥v?

2. Ah¿ HSp-hn¬ C¥y hntS-≠-Xmbn h∂-sX-ßs\?

3. U®p-Im¿ Fßs\ Z£n-tW¥ym ]nSn-s®-SpØp?

4. Ah¿ C¥y hntS-≠-Xmbn h∂-sX-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p?

5. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ i‡n- ]m-]n® kml-Ncyw hnh-cn-°p-I.

]mTw 5

DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv

]mcw`w kp∂-l-tZm-kns\-∏‰n kp∂l-tZm-kn-\p -apºv

kp∂l-tZm-kn¬ \S∂Xv kp∂-l-tZm-kn-\p -tijw

(a) ]mcw`w

ae-¶-c-k`sb t]m¿´p-Ko-km-[n-]-Xy-Øn\p hnt[-b-ambn tdma≥-

ItØm-en°mk`-bpsS `mK-am-°n-Øo¿°p-hm≥ th≠n Hcp \q‰m≠p-

ImetØmfw t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ sNbvX bXv\-Øn\p aIpSw Nm¿-

Øp∂ kw-`-h-amWv 1599-˛¬ \S∂ DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv. am¿

A_lmw 1597 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn. AXn-\p-apºv At±lw

Koh-dp-Kokv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\v k`m`cWw apgp-h-\mbn Gev]n-®n-

cp∂p.

Cu Koh-dp-Kokv, am¿ A_-lm-an-t\m-Sp-IqsS Zo¿L-Imew k`mtk-

h\w \n¿h-ln® A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\-√m-bn-cp-∂p. George of Christ F∂v

119k` hf-cp∂p

tdma≥ ItØm-en°m KŸ-Im-c∑m¿ FSp-Øp-]-d-bp∂ At±lw

sFln-I-hmkw shSn-™n-cp-∂p. AXp kw`-hn-®Xv 1585-˛-se∂pw 1591-

˛-se∂pw ]d-bp-∂-h-cp-≠v. GXm-bmepw 1597-˛\p hfsc apºv At±lw

Nc-a-a-S-™n-cp-∂p. k¿h-k-Ω-X\mb Cu Koh-dp-Kokv A¿°-Zn-bm-

t°ms\ saXm≥ ÿm\-Ø-h-tcm-[n-°p-hm≥ Npa-X-e-s∏-´ F√m-hcpw

\n¿t±-in®p F¶nepw At±lw AXn\p hgn-s∏ń-√. Koh-dp-Kokns‚

\ncym-Wm-\-¥cw At±l-Øns‚ ktlm-Z-c≥ tbml-∂m≥ ÿm\w

]m]n-®v, Aev]-Im-e-Øn-\p-≈n¬ arXyp-hn-\n-c-bm-bn. ]n∂oSv Koh-dp-

Ko-kns‚ A\-¥n-c-h≥ as‰mcp Koh-dp-Ko-kns\ (George of the Cross)am¿ A_lmw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\mbn \nb-an-®p. DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂l-

tZm-kns\ t\cn-Sp-hm-\p≈ lX-`mKyw Ct±-l-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p e`n®Xv.

(b) kp∂-l-tZm-kn-s\-∏‰n

kp∂-l-tZm-kn-s\-∏‰n aq∂p \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ Ah-

ew-_n-°p-∂p-≠v.

(1) AXns\ BI-am\w km[q-I-cn-°p-∂Xv

kp∂-l-tZm-kn-\p-tijw AXns\ \oXo-I-cn-°p-hm\pw B¿®p-_n-

j∏v sat\-ko-kns\ ]iw-kn-°p-hm\pw th≠n Hcp bqtdm-]y≥ KŸ-

Imc≥ A≥t‰mWntbm Un sKmsh-bm, tPm¿tWUm F∂ io¿j-I-

Øn¬ Hcp ]pkvXIw FgpXn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. AXn-e-h-ew-_n-°p∂

\ne]mSp kp∂-l-tZm-kns\ ]pI-gv-Øp∂Xmbn-cp-∂p. ASp-Ø-Im-ew-

h-scbpw tdma≥ ItØm-en°m KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿ s]mXpth AXp \ne-

\n¿Øn-h-∂p.

(2) kp∂-l-tZm-kns\ hna¿in®psIm≠v AXp ae-¶-c-k-`bv°p

\∑-bmbn `hn®p F∂p Icp-Xp-∂-Xv

CXp ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ tIc-f-Ønse kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cmb tdma≥

ItØm-en°m KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿ DZy-an-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS hmZ-KXn Cß-

s\ kwt£-]n-°mw. (a) ae-¶-c-k-`-bn-em¿°pw tdma≥]m-∏m-bpsS

A[o-iXzw kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ ssha-\-ky-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. 16-˛mw \q‰m-

≠n¬ ae-¶-c-k-`sb \bn® ]uckvXy _nj-∏∑msc√m-hcpw AXv

AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. ]pcm-X-\-amb ae-¶-c-k- sb tKmhm-

bpsS Iogn-em°n eØo≥ ]mc-º-cy-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-°p-hm≥ t]m¿´p-

Ko-kp-Im¿ sNbvXph∂ A\-[n-Ir-X-amb bXv\sØ amXta Ah¿

sNdp-Øp-≈q. (b) t]m¿´pKokp-Im-cpsS CuZr-iy- ]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

tdmans‚ A\p-hmZw IqSmsX Ah¿ Imń-°q-ńb A\m-h-iy-ß-fm-bn-

120 k` hf-cp∂p

cp-∂p. (c) Bcm-[-\, hnizm-kw, in£-Ww, k`m-Po-hnXw Ch ASn-

ÿm-\-am°n kp∂-l-tZmkv \ne-hn¬ hcp-Ønb \ho-I-c-W-ßƒ

A∂p ae-¶-c-k-`bn-em-h-iy-am-bn-cp∂p. ]uckvXy _nj-∏-∑m-cpsS

t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw \S∏n¬ hcp-Øp-hm≥ k` Bcw-`n-

®p-an-cp-∂p. B Ah-k-c-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS NcnXw Ah-K-Wn®pw

a\xkm£nsb t`Zn®pw DZ-bw-t]cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv \S-tØ-≠-bm-h-

iyta D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. (d) GXm-bmepw kp∂-l-tZm-kns\ tdmw

HutZym-Kn-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-X-√. AXn-\m¬ kp∂-l-tZm-kn\v

apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Bh-iy-am-bn-cp∂ \ho-I-c-W-ßƒ

kzoI-cn®p sIm≠p ae-¶-c-k` H∂m-Ip-hm-\p≈ am¿Kw Xpd∂pInS-

°p-∂p.

(3) kp∂-l-tZm-kns\ \ncm-I-cn-°-p∂Xv

tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-tbmSp tNcmsX Ign-bp∂ ]mc-ºcyw

\ne-\n¿Øp∂ KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿ s]mXp-hn-ew-Ko-I-cn-°p∂ \ne-]m-Sn-Xm-

sW∂p ]d-bmw. Ah-cpsS hmZ-KXn C]-Im-c-amWv (a) ae-¶ck`-bn-

em¿°pw tdma≥]m-∏m-bpsS A[o-iXzw hnhm-Z-]-c-a-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂

hmZw kXym-[n-jvTnXa√. 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ k`m-N-cnX]chpw thZ-

im-kvX-]-c-hp-amb A⁄-X-bn¬ Ign-™p-h∂ ae-¶ck`mw-K-ßsf

NXp-cp-]mbw ]tbm-Kn®p Iogvs]-Sp-Øp-hm≥ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ A∂p

_≤-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. B \q‰m-≠n¬ Hcp-]t£ am¿ tPmk^v Hgn-

sI-bp≈ _nj-∏-∑m-cmcpw tdmans‚ A[o-iXzw lrZ-b-]q¿∆w A`n-

e-jn-®-h-c-√. \nh¿Øn-bn-√msX h∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Ah¿ sNbvX

]kvXm-h-\-I-sfm∂pw Ah-cpsS bYm¿∞ \ne-]mSp ]I-S-am-°p-∂-

Xp-a-√. CXn\p ]Xy-£-amb sXfn-hmWp 1597-˛¬ \ncym-X-\mb am¿

A_-lm-ans‚ IY. At±lw aq∂p Zi-I-ß-tfmfw t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-

cpsS AS-hp-Isf ka¿∞-ambn t\cn-´-tijw acn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv

Ah-cp-am-bp≈ _‘w hnt—-Zn-®p. (b) ae-¶-c-k`bn-semcp hn`m-Kw

tdman\p Iogvs]-Sphm≥ aSn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂p kΩ-Xn-°-Ww.

F∂m¬ AXns\ FXn¿°p∂ Hcp KWy-amb hn`mKw k`-bn-ep-

≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂ kXy-amWp ]n¬°me NcnXw hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv.

(c) tdma≥ ItØm-en°m KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿ tdmans‚ A[o-i-Xz-hmZw

ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn k¶-ev]n-®p-sIm-≠mWp Ncn-X-sa-gp-Xp∂-Xv.

F∂m¬ tdma≥k`-sb-t∏mse ]ucm-Wn-I-Xzhpw Ncn-X-hp-ap≈

bmsXmcp ]uc-kvXy-k-`bpw AwKo-I-cn-°m-ØXpw B k`-bn¬-

Øs∂ 16-˛mw \q‰m≠p apX-ep-≠mb hn`-P-\-ßƒ°p \nZm-\-hp-amb

Cu hmZsØ B[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn-°-cp-Xn-s°m-≠p≈ \ne-]mSv Ncn-X-

121k` hf-cp∂p

]-c-amb km[q-I-cWw A¿ln-°p-∂-Xmbn Icp-Xp-hm≥ hnj-a-am-Wv.

(d) BtKmf ssIkvX-h-k-`-bp-ambn th≠X _‘-an-√msX Ign-

™n-cp∂ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ A∂p ]e \ho-I-c-W-ßfpw Bh-iy-am-

bn-cp∂p F∂Xn-s\-∏‰n A`n-]mbhyXym-k-an-√. F∂m¬ B hmZ-

Øn-t∑¬ ]uckvXy ]mc-ºcyw \ne-\n¿Øn-h∂ Cu k`sb tdman\p

Iogvs∏-Sp-Øn-sb-¶n¬ amXta AXn\p ]cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-IpIbp≈p

F∂p hmZn-°p-∂Xp icn-b-√. (e) DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kp- aq-e-ap-

≠mb ]tbm-P\w kzmb-Ø-am-°p∂ tdman\v B kp∂-l-tZm-kn-s\-

∏‰n DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-an-s√-∂p≈ hmZw _e-lo-\-am-Wv.

(c) kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p apºv

t]m¿´pKo-kp-Im-cpsS hnizmkw B¿÷n-®n-cp∂ bph-I¿Ω-[o-c-

\mb Ae-Ivkokv Un. sat\-ko-kns\ tKmhm-bpsS B¿®p_nj-

∏mbn 1595-˛¬ tdmw AwKo-I-cn-®p. AXn\papºp Xs∂ am¿ A_-

lmans\ hnizm-k-hn-]-co-Xn-bmbpw tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bv°n-

Xc-\mbpw NnXo-I-cn-°p∂ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ tdman¬ FØn-bn-cp-∂p. saXm-

t∏m-eo-Ømsb hnkvX-cn®p sX‰p-Im-c-\mbn I≠m¬ \nb-¥Whnt[-

b-\m-°n-s°m-≈p-hm-\-\p-im-kn-°p∂ _qfm 1595 P\p-hcn 27- mw XobXn

s¢a‚ v F´m-a≥ ]m∏m- tKm-h≥ B¿®p-_n-j-∏n-\-b-®n-cp-∂Xp sat\-

kokv tKmhm-bn-se-Øn-b-tijw At±-l-Øn\p e`n-®p. F∂m¬ Cu

B⁄-b-\p-k-cn®p kXz-c-\-S-]Sn H∂pw FSp-°msX am¿ A_-lm-

an-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ hnh-cW-ßƒ anj-\-dn-am-cn¬°qsS At±lw tiJ-

cn®p. hr≤-\mb saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Ah-km\w Xma-kn-bm-sX-

bp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂p≈ ]Xo-£-bn¬ B¿®v_nj∏v Cu hn[w ]h¿-

Øn®p F∂p hcmw. Cß-s\-bn-cn-°th 1597 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ as‰mcp

IØv sat\-ko-kn\p tdman¬ \n∂p-a-b-®p. AXn¬ A_lmw \ncym-

X-\m-Ip∂]£w tdman¬\n∂p as‰mcp \S-]Sn D≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc

Xev°me ]m_-ey-tØmsS A¶-am-en-°p -th≠n Hcp At∏m-kvtXm-

enI hnIm-cnsb \nb-an-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥ sat\ko-kns\ A[n-Im-c-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Cu IØv tKmhm-bn¬ h∂ptNcp-∂-Xn\p apºv am¿

A_lmw Nc-a-a-S-™p.

H´pwXma-kn-bmsX sat\-kokv \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-Øp. ssh∏n-t°m´

skan-\m-cn-bn¬ A≤ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp∂ ^m≥knkv tdmkns\ B

ÿm\-tØ°p \ma-\n¿t±iw sNbvXp. am¿ A_lmw, Koh-dp-Kokv

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Npa-Xe G¬∏n-°p∂ hnhcw

tKmhm-bntem tdmantem Adn-™n-cp-∂pthm F∂p \n›-b-an-√. GXm-

122 k` hf-cp∂p

bmepw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS Btem-N-\-b-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n a\- n-√m-a-\-t msS

B¿®p_nj∏pw Koh-dp-Ko-kns\ Xs∂ B ÿm\Øp \nb-an-®p.

F∂m¬ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ ssh∏n-t°m´ skan-\mcn sdIvS-dp-sS

apºn¬ hnizm-k-]-Xn⁄ sNø-W-sa∂p \njvI¿jn-®p. B A\p-

im-k\w \mep amk-ßƒ°p-tijw \n¿h-ln-®p-sIm≈msa-∂p≈ adp-

]Sn \¬In-s°m≠v A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ Xs‚ Npa-Xe sNbvXp-h-∂p.

A¶-am-en-bn¬ Hcp k`m-tbmKw \SØn ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ]n¥pW

At±-l-Øn\p `Z-am-°n.

ae-¶-c-k- sb tKmhm-bpsS Iogn-em-°pI F∂Xp sat\-ko-kns‚

e£y-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1597 Unkw-_¿ amk-Øn¬ Hcp kvt\ln-X-s\gp-

Xnb IØn¬ At±lw sNøp-hm-\p-t±-in-®ncp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-]-cn-]mSn

Cßs\ hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. (1) ae-¶-c-bnse ]≈n-I-sf√mw kµ¿in-°pI.

(2) ioivabpw Zpcp-]-tZ-i-ßfpw Ah-bn¬\n∂pw \o°p-I. (3) ItØm-

en°m hnizmkw P\-ßsf ]Tn-∏n-°p-I. (4) hnizm-k-hn-]-co-X-apƒs°m-

≈p∂ Ah-cpsS ]pkvX-I-ßsf \in-∏n-°p-I. (5) F√m ] -°m-scbpw

tN¿Øp≈ Hcp kp∂-l-tZmkv \S-Øp-I. GXm-bmepw sat\-kokv

ae-¶-c -k-µ¿in-°p-hm≥ Xs∂ Xocp-am-\n-®p. 1598 G]n-en¬ tKmhm-

bn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hm≥ Dt±-in-®Xp Unkw-_¿ 27-˛mw XobXnbn-

emWv km≤y-am-b-Xv. 1599 s^_p-hcn 1˛mw XobXn At±lw sIm®n-

bn-se-Øn. ssh∏n-t°m´ skan-\mcnbnse Xma-k-Im-eØp kpdn-bm\n

InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Ip¿_m\ipiq-j-bn¬ At±lw ]¶p-sIm-≠p.

AXn¬ k -bpsS ]c-am-≤y-£-\mbn FSpØp]d-™Xv _m_n-tem¨

]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ Bbn-cp-∂p. AXp-tI´ sat\-kokv tcmjm-Ip-e-

\m-bn-Øo¿∂ kw`hw Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. A∂p-

t±-in-®Xp 1551-˛¬ tdmap-ambn sFIy-s∏´ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ]n≥Km-

an-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ sat\-ko-kns‚ tIm]-Øn-\-Sn-ÿm-\-an-√m-bn-cp∂p

F∂ hna¿i-\w, tdma≥ ItØm-en°m KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿ D∂-bn-°p∂

hkvXpX ChnsS kvac-Wm¿l-am-Wv. ]›n-ta-jy-bnse A∂sØ

kml-N-cy-Øn¬ \S∂ k`m-]-cn-h¿Ø\w ae-¶ck`sb kv]¿in-

®n-cp-∂n-s√-∂p-≈-XmWv hmkvX-hw. AXp-sIm≠v Cu hna¿i-\-Øn\p

Ig-sºm∂pw I¬∏n-t°-≠-Xn-√.

sat\kokv Hcp kp∂-l-tZmkv \S-Øp-hm≥ th≠ Hcp-°-ßƒ

sNbvXp. sIm®n-cm-Pm-hn¬ \n∂pw ]Xn-Iqe ]Xn-I-c-W-sam∂pw hcm-

sX-bn-cn-∏m≥th≠n ]e ]Im-c-ß-fn-embn cmPm-hn-s\bpw A\p-N-c-

∑m-scbpw At±lw kz]m¿iz-Øn-em-°n. ÿm\w \¬Ip∂ ta¬∏-´-

°m-c-t\mSp ]tXyI hnt[-bXzw ]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂ ae-¶c kpdn-bm-

123k` hf-cp∂p

\n-°m-cpsS Nn¥m-KXn a\- n-em-°nb At±lw sshZn-I-cn¬ Hcp henb

]¶ns\ kz¥- ]-£Øp \n¿Øp-hm≥ Dt±-in-®v, DZ-bw-t]-cq¿, ISp-

Øp-cpØn BZn-bmb ÿe-ß-fn¬ h®v H´p-h-fsc Bfp-Iƒ°p

sshZnIÿm\w \¬In. B h¿jsØ ]oUm-\p-`-h-bm-gvN-bn¬,

]tXy-In®v ZpxJ-sh-≈n-bm-gvN, sIm®n-bnse Kmb-I-kw-L-Øns‚

AI-º-Sn-tbm-Sp-IqsS ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-∏-≈n-bn¬ h®v AXym-I¿j-I-am-

b-hn[w ipiqj \n¿h-ln-®p. a\p-jy-cp-am-bp≈ s]cp-am-‰-Øn¬ Ah-

cpsS t\sc kvt\lhpw `qX-Z-bbpw ]I-Sn-∏n®v Ahsc ]mń-em-°n.

Cu hn[w kz¥-\ne Dd-∏n-®-tijw sat\-kokv A¿°Zn-bm-t°ms\

ka¿∞-ambn Iogvs∏-Sp-Øn. A\-¥cw sImSp-ß-√qsc t]m¿´p-Kokp

tIm´bn¬ Xma-kn®p kp∂-l-tZm-kn-s\s°m≠v AwKo-I-cn-∏n-t°≠

\n›bßƒ btYm-NnXw Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°n.

(d) kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ \S-∂Xv

DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv 1599 Pq¨ 20-˛mw XobXn s]¥n-t°m-

kvXn Ign-™p≈ aq∂mw Rmb-dmgvN apX¬ F´p Znh-k-ß-fn-embn

B¿®p_nj∏p sat\-ko-kns‚ A≤y-£-X-bn¬ \S-∂p. At±-lsØ

klm-bn-∏m\mbn IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ thZ-im-kvXhn-im-c-Z-∑m¿°pw

]pd-ta, ssh∏n-t°m´ skan-\m-cn-bnse A≤ym-]-I-∑m-cmb \mep Pkzn-

Ø-∑m¿, ^m≥knkv tdmkns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ AhnsS k∂n-ln-X-

cm-bn-cp-∂p. ae-¶c k`mw-K-ß-fmb 153 ]´-°mcpw 660 Aflm-b-°mcpw

kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ kw_-‘n-®p. F¥-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p Cu

]Xn-\n-[n-Isf sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-sX∂v \n›-b-an-√.

kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ HºXp tbmK-ß-fn-embn 200 \n›-b-ßƒ AXw-

Ko-I-cn-®p F∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ahsb AwKo-I-cn-®-hn[w tdmkv

Xs∂ Fgp-Xnb IØp-I-fn¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n- p-≠v. AXn-ß-s\-bmWv:

(1) sat\-kokv t\csØ Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°n-bn-cp∂ \n›-b-ß-fm-bn-

cp∂p Ah-bn¬ an°-Xpw. F∂m¬ Ahsb [rXn-bn¬ hmbn-®p-t]m-

b-X-√msX Ahbn-sem∂pw Bkv]-Z-am°n AhnsS bmsXmcp N¿®bpw

\S-∂n-√. Hcp hyXym-khpw Fßpw hcp-Øn-bp-an-√. (2) \n›-b-ßƒ

kp∂-l-tZmkv tbmK-ß-fn¬ hmbn®p F¶nepw ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ Ah

a\- n-em-°p-Itbm Ahsb A[n-I-cn-®p≈ Xß-fpsS ]Xn-I-cWw

]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-√. (3) ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ \n›-b-ßƒ kΩ-

Xn-®-Xmbn H∏p-h-®Xv tdmkpw a‰pw \n¿_-‘-]q¿∆w Ah-tcmSp \S-

Ønb At]£ aqew amX-am-bn-cp-∂p. (4) AwKo-I-cn-®-Xmbn Ah-

Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ Nne \n›-b-ßƒ kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p tijw sat\-kokv

124 k` hf-cp∂p

kz¥-\n-e-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-t®¿Ø-h-bm-Wv.

kp∂-l-tZmkv \n›-b-ßƒ kpZo¿Lw Chn-sS ]cm-a¿in-°pI

km≤y-a-√. hfsc Npcp-°-ambn A©p Imcy-ßƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°mw:

(1) hnizmkw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n: XnXzw, a\p-jym-h-Xm-cw, ssZh-am-

Xmhv, P∑-]m-]w, _kv]p¿°m-\, ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cpsS a≤y-ÿ-X, cq]-

h-W-°w, k`bpw AXns‚ kwL-S-\bpw thZ-]p-kvXI KŸ-ßƒ

F∂o hnj-b-ßfn¬ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-ambn

tbmPn®p t]mI-Ø-°-hn[w Xocp-am\w sNbvXp. (2) k`-bpsS ]c-am-

≤y-£≥ tdma≥ ]m∏m amX-amWv; _m_n-tem¨ ]mXn-b¿°okv

hnizm-k-hn-]-co-Xnbpw ioiva-°m-c-\p-am-I-bm¬ At±-lsØ Dt]-£n-

°-Ww. (3) s\-kvtXm-dn-tbmkv BZn-bmbn ]e-scbpw tN¿Øp≈ t]¿-

jy-bn¬\n∂pw e`n® ae-¶ck`-bnse ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cpsS ]ńI h¿Py-

am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ B ]ńI Dt]-£n-°-Ww. (4) ]´-°m¿°v _“-

Ncyw \n¿_-‘n-X-am-°-Ww. Ah¿ euInI hym]m-c-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-

´p-Iq-Sm. (5) ae-¶-c-k-`sb CS-h-I-I-fmbn Xncn®v Hmtcm CS-h-Ibv°pw

hnIm-cn-amsc \nb-an-°-Ww. Chbv°pw ]pdta C¥y≥ kml-N-cy-

Øn¬ k`-bn¬ \pg™p Ib-dn-bn-cp∂ ]e ]ni-Ip-Isfbpw k`bn¬

\n∂pw Zqco-I-cn-°-W-sa-∂p≈ \n›-bhpw kp∂-l-tZmkv sNbvXp.

(e) kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p tijw

sat\-kokv ]nt∂bpw ]≈n-Iƒ kµ¿in®v DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ \n›-b-

ßƒ a\p-jy-sc-s°m≠p icn-bm-whn[w kzoI-cn-∏m≥ \mep-am-k-°mew

ae-¶-c-bn¬ Xma-kn-®p. t]mb ÿe-ß-fnse√mw At±-l-Øn\p lm¿-

±h-amb kzoI-cWw e`n-®p. a\p-jy¿ Im¨sI At±lw Xs∂ Ipº-

km-cn-°p-Ibpw a‰p-≈-h-sc-s°m-≠p Ipº-km-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

At±lw amtΩm-Zokm \S-Øn; hn. Ip¿_m-\-b¿∏n-®p; Ieym-W-ßƒ

\S-Øn-s°m-Sp-Øp. IuZm-in-I-amb FÆ-bpw, kpdn-bm-\n-bn-te°p

hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-cp∂ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m ]m¿∞-\m-I-ahpw

ae-¶-c-k-`bv°p kΩm-\n-®p.

Ahn-ShnsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ KŸ-ßƒ hcpØn At±-l-tØmSp

IqsS k©-cn-®n-cp∂ tdmkv apX-emb Pkzo-Ø-sc-s°m≠p Xncp-Øn-

°p-Ibpw Akm-≤y-ambntØm∂n-b-hsb Zln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Cu hn[-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-kp-dn-bm-\n-k- bv°p Hcp ]pXnb Bcw`w sat\-

kokv hcp-Øn.

tIcfw hnSp-∂-Xn\p apºmbn sat\-kokv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ k -

bpsS ][m\ `c-W-I¿Øm-hmbn \nb-an-®p. At±-lsØ klm-bn-

125k` hf-cp∂p

∏m≥ Pkzn-Ø-cmb ^m≥knkv tdmkn-s\bpw Ão^≥ _nt´m-tbbpw

\ntbm-Kn-®v, Ch-sc-°q-SmsX A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ ][m\ Imcy-ß-

sfm∂pw sNø-cp-sX-∂p≈ hyh-ÿ-bpw \¬In.

kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p tijw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ sat\-ko-kn-s\bpw

kp∂-l-tZm-kn-s\bpw ]pI-gvØp∂ Hcp IØv tdma≥ ]m∏m-bv°-

b®p. AXn¬ ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS taev]- -°m-c-\mbn sat\-ko-kn-s\tbm

tdmkn-s\tbm \nb-an-°-W-sa-∂p≈ A`y¿∞\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

cp∂p. eØo≥`m-j-bn¬ hnc-Nn-X-amb Cu IØv B `mj hi-a-√m-

sX-bn-cp∂ Koh-dp-Kokv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°ptam?

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. kp∂-l-tZm-kn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ aq∂p \ne-]m-Sp-Isf hne-bn-cp

ØpI.

2. DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv hgn sat\-kokv hnPbw hcn-®-

sX-ßs\?

3. kp∂-l-tZmkv \n›-b-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ]q¿∆-

ÿn-Xn-sb-∏‰n F¥p- ]-d-bp-hm≥ Ignbpw?

4. kp∂-l-tZmkv hgn sat\-kokv Fs¥√mw sNbvXp?

]mTw 6

Pkzo-Ø-cpsS cWw

]mcw`w ^m≥knkv tdmkns‚ t\XrXzw kuay-\mb

Ão^≥ _nt´m A[n-Im-c-t]-an-bmb ^m≥knkv Km¿knb

(a) ]mcw`w

DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kp- hgn t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS Iogn¬h∂

ae-¶-c-kp-dn-bm-\n-k-`sb 1599 apX¬ 1653 hsc Pkzn-Ø¿ `cn-®p.

Cu Npa-Xe hln-®-Xv ][m-\-ambn aq∂p t]cm-bn-cp-∂p. GIm-[n]Xy

`c-W-k-º-Zmbw amXw Adn-™n-cp∂ Ah¿°p ae-¶ck`-bpsS

]tXyI ]mc-ºcyw a\- n-em°n AXns\ sFIy-Øn¬ \ne-\n¿Øp-

hm≥ Ign-™n-√. DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv \n›-b-ßƒ AhnsS

126 k` hf-cp∂p

IqSnb k`m-]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ th≠-hÆw a\- n-em°n kzoI-cn-®Xm-

bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw apI-fn¬ I≠p-h-t√m. Cu ]iv\w t\cn-´p-sIm≠v

B taev]-´-°m-cpsS k`m-t\-XrXzw hnP-b-I-c-am-°p-hm≥ Ahsc

klm-bn-°m-am-bn-cp∂ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ lm¿±hamb kl-I-cWw

Ah-cn-em¿°pw apS-ßmsX e`n-®n-√. A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ \n -l-I-

cWw AXns‚ aq¿≤-\y-X-bn-se-Øn-bXv Km¿kn-bm-bpsS Ime-Øm-

bn-cp-∂p. AXm-bn-cp∂p 1653-˛se hnπ-h-Øn\p \nZm-\-am-bn-Øo¿∂Xv.

(b) ^m≥knkv tdmkns‚ t\XrXzw

sat\-kokv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS `c-W-I¿Øm-

hmbn \nb-an-®Xv Hcp XXvIm-e \S-]Sn amX-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw

tKmhm-bn-te°p aS-ßn-b-tijw A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX 1599 Unkw-

_¿ 20-˛mw XobXn ^m≥knkv tdmkns\ A¶-am-en-bpsS saXm-

\mbn tdmw \nb-an-®p. tKmhm-bpsS Iogn¬ A¶-amen Ccp-∂p-sIm-

≈Wsa-∂m-bn-cp∂p hyh-ÿ. t]msc-¶n¬ 1600 HmK-Ãn¬ ae-¶-c-k`

t]m¿´p-Kokp cmPm-hn\p hnt[-b-ambn Ign-b-W-sa-∂-\p-im-kn-°p∂

B⁄bpw tdmw \¬In. tIc-f-Ønse a\p-jycpsS `mjbpw Pohn-

X-co-Xnbpw Adn-bm-am-bn-cp∂ tdmkns\ Cu ÿm\-Ø-h-tcm-[n-®Xv

Nn¥m-]q¿∆w sNbvX-Xm-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn\p kwi-b-an-√. GXm-bmepw

sat\-kokv AXns\ ]cn-]q¿W-ambn A\p-Iq-en-®p.

F∂m¬ Cu \nb-a-\Øn\p ]nºn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ hyh-ÿ, ae-

¶ck- -bpsS hy‡n-XzsØ am\n-°p-∂-X-s√∂p a\- n-em-°nb tIcf

InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°Xp ckn-®n-√. Cu kµ¿`w tdmkv icn-bmbn D]-

tbmKn®p. Xs‚ kzoIm-cyX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm\pw kz¥-amb ÿm\w

hep-Xm-°p-hm\pw ]cym-]vX-am-b-hn[w ]h¿Øn-®p. A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-

\p-ambn tN¿∂v A¶-am-en-bpsS ]m[m\yw hI-h-®p-X-c-W-sa-∂p≈

\nth-Z\w At±lw tdman\p XpS¿®-bmbn Ab-®p. t]mƒ A©m-a≥

]m∏m 1608 Unkw-_¿ 22-˛mw XobXn ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ÿm\w ]p\-

cp-≤-cn-®p-sIm≠p≈ _qfm ae-¶-cbv°p \¬In. AXp-ap-X¬ ae-¶-c-

k-`m-ta-e-≤y-£≥ tKmhm-bpsS Iogn-se-∂p≈ \ne hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-

Ibpw sNbvXp.

tdmkv sNbvX as‰mcp \S-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p Xs‚ Bÿm\w A¶am-

en-bn¬\n∂pw sImSp-ß-√q-cn-tebv°p am‰n-b-Xv. tIcf InkvXym-\nI-

fpsS ]q¿h-tIµw sImSp-ß-√q-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂p apºp ]kvXm-hn®n-

´p≠v. B ]c-am¿∞-tØ-°mƒ tdmkns‚ Nn¥-bn¬ h∂Xv kpc-

£nX-Xz-am-bn-cp-∂p. t]m¿´p-Kokv `c-W-tI-µ-am-bn-cp∂ sIm®n-bn¬

127k` hf-cp∂p

\n∂pw ZqcØn¬ Hcp sslµh cmPm-hns‚ `c-W-Øn≥Io-gn¬ A¶-

amen ÿnXnsNbvXn-cp-∂p. Bÿm\-am‰w kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-

I-fn¬ ]cn- -h-ap≠m-°ntbm F∂p \n›-b-an-√. F∂m¬ sIm®n-bnse

eØo≥ _nj∏n\v Gsd-°m-e-tØ°v AXp-aqew AXr-]vXn-bp-≠mbn.

1558-˛¬ ÿm]nXamb sIm®n-bnse eØo≥ F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ ÿm\w

A∂p-ap-X¬ AhnsS AXns‚ Bÿm\w \ne-\n¿Øn-h-∂n-cp-∂p.

AXn-\-SpØp sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ AXp-ambn _‘-an-√m-Ø-hn[w tdmkn-

s‚ Bÿm\w D≠m-Ip-∂Xp sIm®n-bnse _nj-∏n\p kt¥m-j-]-

Z-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

tdmkns‚ `c-W-Im-eØp \S∂ aq∂p -Im-cy-ß-fn-hnsS A\p-kva-

c-W-a¿ln-°p-∂p. H∂v: DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkp \n›-b-ß-fn¬

Nne hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ hcp-Øp-hm≥ th≠n At±lw FSpØ \S-]-Sn.

1603-˛¬ tdmkv A¶-am-en-bn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Hcp kp∂-l-tZmkv

hnfn®pIqń. GI-tZiw 300 ]´-°mcpw AXn¬ IqSp-X¬ Aflm-b-]-

Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw ]e Znh-k-ß-fn-embn ktΩ-fn® B tbmKw Cu hnjbw

N¿®-bvs°-SpØp. DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ \n›-b-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw emL-h-s∏-Sp-

Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p tdmkns‚ Dt±-iyw. F∂m¬ Cu kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚

\n¿t±-i-ßƒ tdmkn\p Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn tXm∂n-bn-√. AXp-aqew 1606-

˛¬ tdmkp Xs∂ k`-bpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn-te-°m-h-iy-amb A\p-im-

k-\-ß-fpƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp KŸw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.

c≠v: CS-h-I-X-e-Ønse the. 1603˛¬ tdmkv GXm\pw anj-\-dn-

am-cpsam-cp-an®p ]e ]≈n-Ifpw kµ¿in-®p. Ahn-sS-sb√mw a\p-jysc

hnizmkw ]Tn-∏n-°p-I, k`m-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ hf-cp-hm≥ Ahsc klmbn-

°pI, Ipń-Iƒ°p aXm-`y-k\w \¬IpI BZn-bmb tkh-\-Øn¬

G¿s∏-´p. Cub-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ Ipº-km-chpw Ip¿_m-\m-\p-`-hhpw

k`mw-K-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ tdmkpw kl-Im-cn-Ifpw

AXy-[nIw bXv\n-®p.

Cu Xc-Øn-ep≈ tkh\w ]n∂oSv 1615 apX¬ 1618 hsc A¿°-Zn-

bm-t°m-\p-ambn tdmkv cay-X-bn-em-bn-cp-∂-t∏mgpw \n¿h-ln-®n-cp-∂p.

Pkzo-Ø-cmb GXm\pw sshZn-I¿ ]e CS-h-I-]≈n-Ifpw kµ¿in®v

B≤ym-fln-Ihpw k`m-]-c-hp-amb Pohn-X-Øn¬ a\p-jy¿°p-tØ-P\w

\evIn-b-Xmbn Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p.

aq∂v: A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\p-am-bp≈ _‘w. 1599-˛¬ 1624 hsc-bp≈

tdmkns‚ tkh-\-L-´-Øn¬ AXp inYn-e-am-bn. BZy-ambn AXv 1605-

˛¬ XpSßn 1615 hscbpw \o≠p-\n-∂p. 1609-˛¬ Koh-dp-Kokv B¿®p

128 k` hf-cp∂p

_nj-∏ns\ ]c-ky-ambn FXn¿°p∂ kw`hw kwPm-X-am-bn. tdmkv

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ apS-°n. AXp hI-h-bv°msX Ign™ Koh-dp-

Ko-kv, Pkzo-Ø-cp-ambn kzcp-a-bn-√m-sX-bn-cp∂ ^m≥kn-kv°sc

]oWn-∏n-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn.

Cu ]nW-°-Øn\p Imc-W-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ ÿm\w

]m]n-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv tdmkv, Koh-dp-Ko-kns‚ kz`mh aln-a-sbbpw

Ign-hp-I-sfbpw ]pI-gvØn, ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS BZy-_n-j-∏n-\p -tijw

B ÿm\-Ø-t±-lsØ Ah-tcm-[n-t°-≠-Xm-sW-∂p≈ A`n-]mbw

]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ tae-v]´-ÿm-\-Ø-h-tcm-[n-X-\m-b-tijw

At±lw B Imcyw ad-°p-I -am-X-a-√, A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ F∂ \ne-

bn¬ X\n°p≈ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ hn´p-sIm-Sp-°mØ \bw At±lw

Ah-ew-_n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn¬ £p`n-X-\mb Koh-dp-Kokv D±n-

jvS-Imcyw t\SnFSp-°p-hm≥ th≠n ^m≥kn-kv°sc Iq´p-]n-Sn-°p-

I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-aqew hnPbw e`n-°m-sXbn-cp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬

At±lw 1615-˛¬ CuÃ¿Zn\w tdmkp-ambn cay-s∏-´p.

B¿®p_nj∏pw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\p-ambn sshc-ky-Øn-en-cn-°p-

tºmƒ kap-Zm-b-Ønse Hcp hn`mKw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ ]£-Øp-

\n-∂n-cp∂p Ft∂m¿Øn-cn-°-Ww. AXp kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ sFIysØ

kmc-ambn _m[n-®n-cp-∂p.

]n∂oSv 1618- ap-X¬ tdmkns‚ \ncym-W-Imew hscbpw Ah¿ XΩn¬

tbmPy-X-bn-em-bn-cp-∂n-√. B h¿jØns‚ Unkw-_¿ amk-Øn¬

tdmkv tKmhm-bn-te°p t]mtI-≠-bm-hiyw t\cn-´p. B¿®p_nj-

∏ns‚ CuZriy-amb Akm-∂n-≤y-Øn¬ k`m-Im-cy-ßƒ t\m°p-hm≥

\nb-an-t°-≠Xv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ Bbn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ tdmkv

AX√ sNbvX-Xv. ssh∏n-t°m´ skan-\m-cn-bpsS sdIvS-tdmSv k`m

Imcy-ßƒ t\m°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXp Koh-dp-Ko-

kn\p ckn-®n-√.

tdmkv 1624 s^_p-h-cn-bn¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn. Ncaw ]m]n-°p∂Xn\p

apºv, ]n≥Kman \nb-an-X-\m-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ]mc-º-cy-a-

\p-k-cn®v, A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ k`m-Im-cy-ßƒ t\m°-Ww, F∂v Hcp

IS-em-kn¬ Fgp-Xn-h-®n-cp-∂p.

(c) kuay-\mb Ão^≥ _nt´m

^m≥knkv tdmkns‚ ]n≥Kman Ão^≥ _nt´m 1624 sk]v‰w-

_¿ 29-˛mw XobXn tKmhm-bn¬h®v ÿm\w ]m]n-®-tijw \hw-_¿

129k` hf-cp∂p

20-˛mw XobXn ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Npa-Xe ssItb-‰p.

ae-¶-c-k-`-bp-ambn \√ ]cn-N-b-ap≈ tZl-am-bn-cp∂p _nt´m. A¿-

°-Zn-bm-t°m-\p-ambn cay-X-bn¬ t]mI-W-sa∂v a\x-]q¿∆w Dt±-in®v

At±lw ]h¿Øn-®p. ][m\ Xocp-am-\-ß-sf√mw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-

\p-ambn N¿® sNbvX-ti-j-am-bn-cp∂p At±lw FSp-Øp-h-∂Xv. Ah¿

XΩn-ep≈ sFIyw _nt´m-bpsS kl- P-kzn-Øsc Aº-c-∏n-°p-

∂Xpw AX-bpw- th-s≠∂v Ah-sc-s°m≠p ]d-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-

cp-∂p.

Ah¿ XΩnepw sshc-ky-Øn¬ h∂ Nne Ah-k-c-ß-fp-≠m-bn.

AXn\pw ][m-\- Im-cWw lrZ-b-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-ń¬ hntZ-io-bsc

hniz-kn-°p-hm≥ Hcp-sº-SmsX kz¥-\ne Dd-∏n-°p-hm≥ Koh-dp-Kokv

bXv\n-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\p-th≠n At±lw sNbvXXv CS-∏≈n tIµ-

am°n "hn. tXmakv At∏m-kvtXm-es‚ kaqlw' F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp

k\ymk]ÿm\w kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-hm≥ ian-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Bcpw

sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-hm-\n-S-bn-√mØ Cu kwcw-`sØ Bcw-`-Øn¬ _nt´m-

bpw Pkzn-Øcpw t]m’m-ln-∏n-®p. F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv B kaqlw

hgn B¿®p_nj-∏n-s\-Xn-cmbn ]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp kwL-S\ D≠m-

Im-hp∂ km≤yX At±lw a\- n-em-°n, B kaq-lsØ \ncp-’m-

l-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ bXv\n-®p. B¿®p_nj-∏ns‚ A\p-a-Xn-tbm-Sp-Iq-sS-

thWw AXn¬ AwK-ßƒ tNcp-hm≥ F∂p \njvI¿jn-®p. Cu Ah-

k-c-Øn¬ Pkzn-Øsc AI‰n a‰p kaq-l-ßƒ hgn Xs‚ ]ÿm-\-

Øn\p tdmans‚ AwKo-Imcw hmßp-hm≥ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ ia-

ßƒ \S-Øn. CXp a\- n-em-°nb _nt´m Ip≤n-®p.

F∂m¬ At±lw kam-[m-\Imw£n Bbn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Zo¿L\m-

fsØ ]nW-°-Øn-\-h-kcw sImSp-Øn-√. 1640 Pqsse 25-˛mw XobXn

Koh-dp-Kokv \ncym-X-\m-Ip-∂-Xp-h-scbpw _nt´m At±-l-hp-ambn cay-

X-bn¬Øs∂ Ign-™p. Koh-dp-Ko-kns‚ A\-¥n-c-h≥ ]d-ºn¬ tXma-

kns\ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\mbn _nt´m \nb-an-®p. Cu \nb-a\w \S-

Øm-sX-bn-cn-°p-hm≥ _nt´mbv°p km[n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]I-tem-a‰w

IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ]n¥pW Pkzn-Ø¿°p e`n-°p-hm≥ th≠n At±lw

Icp-Xn-°qń CXp sNøp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂p ]d-bp∂ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-

cp-≠v. AsX-ß-s\-bn-cp-∂mepw _nt´m kuay-ambn A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-

\p-ambn CS-s]´p F∂ hkvXpX kvac-Wm¿l-am-Wv.

1641 Unkw-_¿ 2˛mw XobXn Ão^≥ _nt´m \ncymWw ]m]n®p.

130 k` hf-cp∂p

(d) A[n-Im-c-t]-an-bmb ^m≥knkv Km¿knb

_nt´m Pohn-®n-cp-∂-t∏mƒØs∂ ]n≥Km-an-Xzm-h-Im-i-tØmsS

klmbn Bbn \nb-an-X-\m-bn-cp∂p Km¿kn-b. AXn-\m¬ _nt´m-

bpsS \ncym-Wm-\-¥cw Ime-hn-fw_w IqSmsX At±lw ae-¶-c-k-

`m-`-cWw Gs‰-Sp-Øp. Km¿knbm 11-˛¬]cw h¿jßfmbn k`sb

`cn-®p-h-csh 1653 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXyw \S-∂p.

Cu Ime-a-Xbpw Km¿kn-bmbpw tXmakpw XΩn¬ ]nW-ßn-Øs∂

Ign-™p. AXn-\p- Im-c-Ww, A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ bmsXm-cp kl-Ic-

Whpw IqSmsX kzXth `cn-°-W-sa-∂p≈ Km¿kn-bm-bp-sSbpw, ]c-

ºmc-K-X-ambn A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\p ae-¶-c-k- -bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Ah-

Imi-ßƒ ]cn-c-£n-°-W-sa-∂p≈ tXma-kn-s‚bpw ZrV-\n-›-b-am-

bn-cp-∂p. _nt´m-bpsS ImeØv At±lw ap≥Km-anbpw A\p-`-hn-®n-

cp∂ ]mcº-cym-[n-jvTn-X-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Hcp ]pXnb B¿®p

_nj∏p h∂tXmsS \jvS-s∏-ń-s√-∂p≈ \ne-]m-Sn¬ tXmakv Dd®p

\n∂p. F∂m¬ Ah-sbm∂pw hn´p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥ Km¿knbm Xbm-

dm-bp-an-√.

B¿®p-_n-j∏v ]mc-º-cysØ am\n-°m-sX-bn-cp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ sIm®n cmPm-hn-s‚bpw hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPm-hn-s‚bpw

]n¥p-W-bn¬ At±-lsØ hnj-an-∏n-°p-hm≥ h´w-Iq-ń. Cß-s\-bn-

cn-°th 1645-˛¬ sIm®n hgn- h∂ C¥y-bnse t]m¿´p-Kokv sshtkm-

bnsb tXmakv \nc-h[n ]´-°m-tcmSp IqsS kao-]n-®p Km¿kn-bm-bn-

s°-Xnsc ]cmXn t_m[n-∏n-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ CS-s]-S¬aqew B¿®p

_n-j∏v GXm\pw hyh-ÿ-Iƒ FgpXn Ahbv°p hnt[-b-ambn cay-

X-bv°p≈ kΩXw aqfn. Ah-sb√mw Km¿kn-bmbv°-\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp-

∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah- aqew kulm¿±X \ne-hn¬ h∂n-√.

tXma-kns\ sUma-\n-°cpw I¿Ω-eo-Øcpw klm-bn-°p-hm≥ Xbm-

dmbn. CX-dn™ Km¿knbm IqSp-X¬ t£m`n®p F¶nepw, I¿Ω-eo-

Ø-cn¬°qsS A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ Xs‚ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ tdman-se-Øn-®p.

aq∂p I¿Ω-eo-Ø-sc, Hcmƒ tdman-epw, Hcmƒ t]m¿´pK-ens‚ Xe-

ÿm-\-amb enkv_-Wn-epw, aq∂m-a≥ tKmhm-bnepw tXma-kn-\p-th≠n

hmZn-°p-hm≥ Ah¿ `c-ta-ev]n-®p. F∂m¬ Ahn-sS-sb√mw Km¿kn-

bmbv°pw [mcmfw ]nSn-]m-Sp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ CXp-sIm-s≠m∂pw

ê-ap-≠m-bn-√. tXma-km-Is´ au\-a-h-ew-_n-°msX 1648-˛\pw 1649-˛-

\p-an-S-bn¬, tdmΩp-ambn kº¿°-an-√mØ tIm]v‰nIv ]mXn-b¿°okv,

At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm\n ]mXn-b¿°o-kv, _m_n-tem-Wnse s\kv-

131k` hf-cp∂p

tXm-dn-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv F∂o ]uc-kvXy-k-`m-≤y-£-∑m¿s°√mw

ae-¶-c-k-`bv°p _nj-∏-∑msc Ab®p klm-bn-°Wsa∂p≈ A`y-

¿∞\ Ab-®p. Cu IØp-Iƒ D±njvS ÿm\-ß-fn-se-Øn-bn-cp-

∂pthm?

F¥p sNø-W-sa∂p \n›-b-an-√msX tXmakv Ipg-ßp∂ L´-am-

bn-cp∂p AXv. ê-]-Z-ambhn[w Xs‚ a’cw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-hm≥

At±lw Hcp am¿§w I≠p. AXm-bn-cp∂p am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS

t]cn¬ Xs‚ ap≥Kman kam-cw- n-®n-cp-∂Xpw B¿®p-_n-j-∏n-s\-Xn-cmbn

]c-nW-an-t®-°m-sa∂p _nt´m kwi-bn-®-Xp-amb CS-∏-≈n-bnse k\ym-

k-k-aq-l-Øn¬ tNcpI F∂-Xv. AXn¬ AwK-am-Ip-∂-Xn\v B¿®v

_nj-∏ns‚ A\p-hmZw thW-sa-∂p≈ hyhÿ tXmakpw IqsS-bp-

≈-hcpw t\sc AXn-ew-Ln-®p. CS-∏-≈n-bntebpw A¶-am-en-bn-tebpw

kaq-l-∏-≈n-Isf A¿°Zn-bm-t°m\pw ]`r-Xn-Ifpw ssIh-i-am-°n.

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-s‚ -ta¬ \nb-a-a-Sn-ÿm-\-am°n \S-]Sn FSp-°p-hm≥

ImØn-cp∂ Km¿knb CX-h-k-c-am-°n 1650 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ tXma-kns\

hnkvX-cn®p Ip‰°m-c-\mbn hn[n-®p. B ]≈n-Iƒ-ta¬ \ntcm-[\w

G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AX-h-K-Wn®p tXmakpw A\p-bm-bn-

Ifpw AhnsS Xma-kn®v Ahn-SsØ Bflob ipiq-j-I-sf√mw Ia-

ambn \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.

1652-˛epw Ah-sc-Ø-Ωn¬ cay-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ sIm®n-bnse t]m¿´p-

Kokv Iym]v‰≥ Hcp hn^-e-iaw \S-Øn. ]n∂oSv A[nIw Xma-kn-

bmsX 1653-˛se hnπhw s]mń-∏p-d-s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. t]m¿´p-Kokv B¿®v_nj-∏-∑m-sc-∏‰n F¥-dnbmw?

2. Ahcpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑mcpw XΩn¬ F¥p-sIm-≠mWp

cay-s∏´p Ign-bm-Xn-cp-∂Xv?

3. B¿®p_nj∏p Km¿kn-bmbpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ tXmakpw

XΩn-ep-≠mb ]nW-°-Øns‚ Imc-W-sa¥v?

132 k` hf-cp∂p

bqWn-‰v 4

am¿tØmΩm InkvXym\nIƒ

c≠p X´p-I-fn¬

]mTw 1

1653- se hnπhw

]mcw`w Al-Ø-≈m-bpsS BK-a\w P\-t£m` ]I-S\w

am¿tØmΩm H∂-m-a≥

(a) ]mcw`w

ae-¶-c-k-`-sb-∏‰n t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ I≠ Dt±iyw 1599-˛se DZ-

bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kp -hgn Ah¿ hnP-b-]q¿hw t\Sn-sb-SpØp

F¶nepw, AXn-s\mcp Xncn-®-Sn-bp-≠m-bn. AXm-bn-cp∂p 1653-˛se

hnπhw ]I-Sn-∏n-®Xv. kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-Iƒ an°-hmdpw H∂-

S¶w ]¶p-sIm≠ B kw -hsØ Fß-s\bpw t\cn-Sp-hm≥ Km¿knbm

XpSßnb t]m¿´pKokv k`m-[n-Ir-X-tc-°m-f-[nIw tdmw Xs∂ ]c-am-

h[n ]h¿Øn-®p. AXp-aqew kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ `qcn-]-£sØ tdma≥

ItØm-en-°mk`m-_-‘-Øn-tebv°p XncnsIhcp-Øp-hm≥ km[n-®p,

F¶nepw KWy-amb as‰mcp mKw AXn\p Iogvh-g-ßn-bn-√. B hn`mKw

A∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ B]-Xv°-c-sa-∂p-Xs∂ ]d-bm-hp∂ B

\ne-]m-Sn¬ Hcp Zi-I-Øn-e-[nIw Ign-™-tijw Ita-W-bmbn

At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bp-am-bp≈ thgvN-bn-tebv°p \oßn.

Cßs\ 17-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤yw hscbpw GI-am-bn-cp∂ ae-¶-c-kp-

dn-bm\nk` AXn-\p-tijw c≠mbn ]ncn-™p.

ChnsS c≠p tNmZy-ß-fp-Zn-°p-∂p. H∂v, ae-¶-c-k- -bn¬ Cu ]ncnhv

Fß-s\-bp-≠mbn? c≠v, t]¿jy-bnse s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ k`-bp-ambn

_‘-Øn-en-cp∂ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Hcp hn`mKw Fßs\, t]m¿´p-Ko-

kp-Im-tc-°mƒ At\-I-a-Sßp hotdmsS B k`sb PpKp-]vkm-h-l-

ambn NnXo-I-cn-°p∂ At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bp-sS he-bn¬s∏-

Sp-hm-\n-S-bm-bn? Cu tNmZy-ßƒ c≠pw Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-

°p-∂p-≠v. BZy-ambn k`-bn¬ ]ncn-hp-≠m-b-hn[w ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

(b) Al-Ø≈mbpsS BK-a\w

B¿®p-_n-j∏v Km¿kn-bmbpw A¿°Zn-bm-t°m≥ tXmakpw XΩn-

133k` hf-cp∂p

ep≈ hSw-hen AXns‚ aq¿≤\y-Xbn-se-Øn-bn-cp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn-

embncp∂p Al-Ø≈m ]Xy-£-\m-Ip-∂-Xv. A-Ø≈m F∂p Ad_n

`mj-bnepw Abn-Øm-emlm F∂p I¬Zmb kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw

(At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ CuØ-temtlm F∂m-bn-cn-°-Ww)

]d-™p-h-cp∂ Cu tZlw Bcm-bn-cp∂p? At±lw Fßs\ B ka-

bØv C¥y-bn¬ h∂p? Cu tNmZy-ßƒ°v Htc DØcw Ncn-X-Im-c-

∑m¿ \¬Ip-∂n-√. A\n-tj[y sXfn-hp-Iƒ AXp kw_-‘-ambn

\ap°p e`n-®n-ń-√.

C. Fw. ]oen-t∏mkv ]d-bp∂p: "At±lw \nc-h[n ]oU-Iƒ

kln®p he™n-cp∂ Xs‚ k`sb tdmam-bpsS \pI-Øn¬\n∂pw

c£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Cd-ßn-∏p-d-s∏-ń-cp∂' At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm\n

k`m-≤y-£≥ C·m-Øn-tbmkv ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn-cp∂p F∂p ae-

¶-c-k-`mw-K-ßƒ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p (p. 147). hkvXp-\n-jvT-a-√mØ H∂p

a\p-jy≥ hniz-kn-®-Xp-sIm≠p amXw hkvXp-\n-jvT-am-sW∂p hcp-

∂-X-√-t√m. F∂m¬, B t]cn-semcp ]mXn-b¿°okv At¥ym-Iy≥

kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xm-tbm, B Ime-ß-fn¬ GsX-¶nepw

]mXn-b¿°okv C¥y kµ¿in-®-Xmtbm tcJ-bn-s√∂p am¿ C·m-

Øn-tbmkv bmt°m_v XrXo-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv dºm-\mbn tIc-f-

Øn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ ImeØp ]kvXm-hn-® kw`hw Cu Fgp-Øp-

Im-c\p t\cn- -dn-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. 1648- 49 ¬ tXmakv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥

ae-¶-c-bn-tebv°p _nj-∏ns\ Ab®p klm-bn-°-W-sa∂v sNbvX

A`y¿∞-\-bv°p-Ø-c-ambn ]mXn-b¿°okp Xs∂, Xs‚ kz¥w k`-

tbm-Sp≈ IS-∏m-Sp-I-sfm∂pw IW-°n-se-Sp-°msX, Cu kml-k-Øn\v

Hcp-sº-Sp-sa∂p hniz-kn-°p-hm≥ kmam-\y-_p≤n A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√.

AXn-\m¬ ]oen-t∏m-kns‚ \ne-]m-Sns\ Ah-K-Wn-°msX Xc-an-√.

ASp-Ø-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]e tdma≥ ItØm-en°m Ncn-X-Im-c-∑mcpw

Al-Ø-≈m-sb-∏‰n sXfn-hp-≈-Xmbn Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ah¿ ]d-

bp-∂Xv Al-Ø≈m At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bnsemcp ta¬∏´-

°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂-tijw 1631-˛¬ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bp-ambn

sFIy-s∏´p Ign™ tZl-am-bn-cp∂p F∂m-Wv. B Ime-Øn-\-SpØp

\S∂ kpdn-bm\n ]mXn-b¿°m sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ ÿm\m¿∞n-bmbn

\n∂p ]cm-Pn-X-\m-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v Al-Ø≈m ItØm-en°mk`m-

_-‘-Øn¬ ssItdm-bn¬ Ign-bth ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS \nth-Z\w tIm]v-

‰nIv ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\p e`n-®p. ]mXn-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂pw hnhcw

a\- n-em-°nb Al-Ø≈m C¥y-bn-tebv°p ]pd-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p

F∂v Ah¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. Cu IYbpw hniz-k-\o-b-ambn

134 k` hf-cp∂p

tXm∂p-∂ns-√∂p ]d-bp-hm≥ Rßƒ aSn-°p-∂n√.

GXm-bmepw Al-Ø≈m 1662-˛¬ C¥y-bn-se-Øn-b-tijw kqd-

‰n¬h®p t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ At±-lsØ _‘-\-ÿ-\m-°n. Ahn-sS-

\n∂pw ssaem-∏q-cn¬ FØn®v AhnsS GXm-\pw-Imew XS-¶-en¬

h®p. tKmhm-bn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn hnkvX-cn®p th≠ \S-]Sn At±-l-

sØ-∏‰n kzoI-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS Dt±-iyw.

CXn-\Iw ae-¶-c-bn¬\n∂pw Xo¿∞-mS-\m¿∞w ssaem-∏q-cnse

am¿ tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS I_-dnSw kµ¿in-°p-hm≥ t]mbn-cp∂ c≠p

sshZn-I hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ bmZr-—n-I-ambn At±-lsØ I≠p-ap-ń. Cń

F∂pw Ipcy≥ F∂pw ]oen-t∏mkv Ah-cpsS t]cp-I-sf-SpØp ]d-

bp∂p. Al-Ø-≈m-bn¬ \n∂pw hnh-c-ßƒ a\- n-em-°nb siΩm-

»-∑m¿ At±lw Gev]n® IØp-ambn tIc-f-Øn-tebv°p aS-ßn.

IØp hmbn®tijw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ ta¬∏-´-°m-cs‚ BK-a-\-

hm¿Ø kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ DS-\ofw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. Cu kw`hw, A∂v

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\v kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ ]I-S-amb t\XrXzw D≠m-bn-cp∂p

F∂ hmkvXhw hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xm-W-t√m. B¿®p_nj-∏p-am-bp≈

Ass\Iyw Cu hm¿Øm-hn-X-c-W-Øn\v A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ IqSp-

X¬ t]cn-∏n-®n-cn-°mw. AXp-t]mse, B¿®p-_n-j-∏n-t\m-Sp≈ A]oXn

a\p-jysc At±-l-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn I¿tΩm-∑p-J-cm-°n-bp-an-cn-°mw.

GXm-bmepw P\-Xm-a-≤y-Øn¬ henb tImfn-f-°-ap-≠m-bn. AXp

Km¿kn-bm-tbmSpw t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cmb Pkzn-Ø-tcmSp s]mXp-shbp-

ap≈ ]Xn-I-c-W-a-√m-sX, tdman-t\m-Sp≈ sshcp-≤y-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂p

ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿ hf-sc-b-[nIw

_≤-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. F∂m¬ Ign™ ]mT-ß-fn¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®Xpw

B KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿ Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂-Xp-amb hkvXp-X-I-fpsS shfn-

®-Øn¬, tXmakv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\pw At±-l-tØmSp ]tXyI aaX

]pe¿Øn-b-hcpw A∂p tdmans\ lrZ-b-]q¿∆w A\p-Iq-en-°p-am-bn-

cp∂p F∂p IÆp-a-S®p ]d-bpI km≤y-a-√. tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-

k- -tbmSpw eØo≥ ]mc-º-cy-tØm-Sp -t]mepw Bflm¿∞-amb ]oXn

\ne-\n¿Øp-∂-h¿ k`-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂Xn\p kwi-b-an-√.

F∂m¬ kap-Zmbw BI-am\w tdmans\ D≈p-sIm≠v BZ-cn-®n-cp∂p

F∂p iTn-°p-∂Xp icn-bm-bn-cn-°p-hm≥ Xc-an-√. t\sc-a-dn-®v, t]¿-

jy≥ k`-bp-sStbm at‰-sX-¶nepw ]uc-kvXy-k-`-bp-tStbm _‘w

XpS¿®-bmbn e`n-°p-sa-∂p-d-∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂p F¶n¬, t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-

Imsc amX-a-√, tdman-s\bpw BI-am\w \ncm-I-cn-°p-hm≥ k∂-≤-

amb Hcp hn`mKw ae-¶-c-k-`-bn-se-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p F∂ ]c-am¿∞-

135k` hf-cp∂p

amWp NcnXw hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂-Xv, B hn`mKw tXma-kns‚ ]nºn¬

\n -tµlw AWn-\n-c-°p-Ibpw, At±lw Ah¿°p t\XrXzw \¬Ip-

Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p. kap-Zm-bsØ apgp-h-s\bpw AXn-epƒs∏-Sp-

Øp-hm-\p≈ ia-amWv A∂p kap-Zmb t\Xm-°ƒ sNbvXXv. B

ia-Øn¬ Ah¿ ]cm-Pn-X-cmbn F∂p ]n∂mse ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

(c) P\-t£m`w ]I-Sn-X-am-Ip∂p

tIcf-Ønse kpdn-bm-\n-In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ Xßsf B≤ym-fln-I-

ambn \bn-∏m-s\-Ønb ]uckvXy taev]-´-°m-cs\-∏-‰n-bp≈ Nn¥-

bm¬ hio-Ir-X-cmbn Cf-In-Øp-S-ßnb ka-b-Øm-bn-cp∂p t]m¿´p-

Ko-kp-Im¿ Al-Ø-≈msb hnkvX-cn®p th≠ \S-]Sn FSp-°p-hm≥-

th≠n tKmhm-bn-te°v \o°n-b-Xv. ssaem-∏q-cn¬ \n∂v Al-Ø≈m

Ab-®n-cp∂ IØn¬ At±lw tdma≥ ]m∏m-bn¬ \n∂pw F√m A[n-

Im-c-ßfpw ]m]n® "C¥y-bp-sSbpw ssN\m-bp-sSbpw BI-am\ ]mXn-

b¿°okv' C·m-Øn-tbmkv BWv Xms\∂pw kzbw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-

bn-cp-∂-Xmbn tdma≥ ItØm-en°m Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-

°p-∂p. ]uc-kvXy-k-`-Iƒ tdma≥ k`m-≤y-£s\ BtKm-f-k-`-bnse

Hcp ]mXn-b¿°o-kmbn amXta Icp-Xp-∂p-≈p. AXn-\m¬ Ah-cn-

emcpw tdma≥ ]m∏m-bn¬ \n∂pw A[n-Imcw ]m]n®p F∂p kΩ-Xn-

°m-dn-√. Al-Ø≈m Bcp Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂mepw, At¥m-Iy≥ kpdn-

bm\n ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ t]cn¬ Cßs\ Hcp ]kvXm-h\ sNbvXn-

´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXp kXym-hÿ ]Xn-_nw-_n-°p-∂-X-√. Cu ]kvXm-

h-\ Al-Ø≈m sNbvXn-cp∂p F¶n¬, B ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-

°Ww ]oen-t∏mkv Al-Ø-≈msb At¥m-Iy≥ kpdn-bm\n k`m-

≤y-£-\mbn NnXo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ apXn-cp-∂Xv.

tdmap-am-bp≈ _‘-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂mepw, ]uckvXy ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬-

s∏´ Hcp taev]- -°m-cs\ thW-sa∂v kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ _lp- q-cn-]£w

t]cpw A∂p Nn¥n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. A∂sØ kml-Ncy kΩ¿±-am-

bn-cp∂p tdmap-ambn Hcp [mc-W-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn¬ aSn ]Z¿in-∏n-°mØ

ÿnXn, k`-bn¬ cq]w-sIm-≠Xp tdman-t\m-Sp≈ kvt\lw aqe-am-bn-

cp-∂n-√.

AlØ≈mbpsS IØn¬ At±-lsØ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS ]nSn-

]m-Sn¬\n∂pw hnSp-hn-°p-hm≥ tIcf InkvXym-\n-Iƒ th≠Xp sNø-

W-sa-∂-`y¿∞n-®n-cp-∂p. AXp km[n-°p-hm≥th≠n bXv\n-°p-hm≥

Hcp henb P\-]-hmlw sIm®n-bn-tebv°p \oßn. AXn-\Iw Al-

Ø-≈msb hln-®n-cp∂ I∏¬ sIm®n-bn-se-Øn. At±-lsØ hnap-

136 k` hf-cp∂p

‡-\m-°p-hm≥ Ah¿ B¿®p-_n-j-∏ns‚ klmbw tXSn. t]m¿´p-

Kokv hnt[-b-Xz-Øn¬ Ign-bp∂ ae-¶-c-k- -bn¬ t]m¿´p-K-ense cmPm-

hns‚ tcJm-aq-e-amb A\p-hmZw IqSmsX bmsXmcp saXm-s\bpw

]th-in-∏n-°p-I-bn-s√∂v Km¿knbm hy‡-am-°n. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Imsc

]nW°n \m´p-In-kvXym-\n-Isf klm-bn-°p-hm≥ sIm®n-cm-Pmhv apXn-

cp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Km¿knbm \nc-kn® Imcyw t]m¿´p-Kokp ta[m-hn-

Ifpw Xnc-kvI-cn-®p. _e-ap-]-tbm-Kn®p saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb hnSp-hn-

°phm≥ \m´p-Im¿ ian-t®-°p-hm-\p≈ km[yX aW-Ø-dn™ A[n-

]-Xn-Iƒ At±-lsØ Npa-∂n-cp∂ I∏¬ hn´p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ B⁄bpw

\¬In. Cub-h-k-c-Øn¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ Al-Ø-≈msb h[n®p

kap-Z-Øn¬ XmgvØn-sb-∂p≈ ipXn Btcm P\-Xm-a-≤y-Øn¬

]d™p ]c-Øn. AXp-tI´ sIm®o-cm-Pmhv AXy-[nIw tJZn-®p. Inkv-

Xym-\n-Iƒ Iq -ambn a´m-t©-cn-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]≈n-bn¬ IqSn F¥p

sNø-W-sa-∂m-tem-N\ Ign-®p. AXns‚ Ah-km\w Ah¿ Hcp Iq´

]Xn⁄ \S-Øn. CXn-s\-bmWp "Iq\≥Ip-cnipkXyw' F∂p ]d-

™p-h-cp-∂-Xv.

Cu ]Xn⁄ \S-Ønb hn[-sØ-∏‰n GIm-`n-]mbw Ncn-X-Im-c-

∑m-cp-sS-bn-Sbnen-√. ae-¶-c-bn¬ ]N-cn® hn[-Øn-e-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv.

1653 P\p-h-cn 3˛mw Xob-Xn-bmWv kw`hw \S-∂-Xv. `·m-i-cmb P\-

°q´w A∂p a´m-t©-cn-bnse ]≈n-b-¶-W-Øp-IqSn, Ahn-sS-\n-∂n-cp∂

kzev]w Ncn™ Ipcn-in-t∑¬ Ib-dp-Iƒ Zo¿L-ambn sIń Hmtcm-cp-

Øcpw AXn¬ ]nSn-®p-sIm≠p i]-Y-hm-NIw Dcp-hn-´p. as‰mcp ]mc-

ºcyw CXp kw_-‘-am-bn-´p-≠v. A¿°Zn-bm-t°m-\pƒs∏sS sshZn-

Icpw BZyw h∂p-tN¿∂ P\-ßfpw ]≈n-b-IØp Ibdn Ahn-sS-

h®p ]Xn⁄ FSpØp F∂v AXv Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p. B ka-bØp

]≈n°p ]pd-Øp-\n-∂-h¿ Ipcn-in¬ Ib-dp-sIń B i]-Y-Øn¬ ]¶p-

sIm-≠n-cn-°mw.

B ]Xn-⁄-sb-∏-‰nbpw Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ GIm-`n-]m-b-a√ tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. AXv B¿®p-_n-j∏v Km¿kn-bm-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w

hnt—-Zn-°p-∂Xpw Pkzn-Ø-cp-am-bp≈ thgvN Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂Xpw,

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-s\- amXw t\Xm-hmbn kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p

F∂v tdma≥ ItØm-en°m Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. a‰p-

≈-h-cpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ AXp tdmap-am-bp≈ _‘-sØbpw

ths≠∂p hbv°m-\p-t±-in-®p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ae-¶-c-k-`-bn-e∂p aq∂v

A`n-]m-b-ß-sf-¶nepw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v kwi-b-an-√. Ah-

bn-sem∂p eØo≥ ]mc-º-cy-tØbpw tdmam A[o-i-Xz-sØbpw BZ-

137k` hf-cp∂p

cn-®n-cp∂p F∂p ]d-bmw. c≠m-asØ \ne-]mSv Pkzn-Øsc hn´v

tdmans‚ t\cn-´p≈ t\XrXzw kzmKXw sNøp-am-bn-cp∂p. aq∂m-a-

tØXp tdman-t\bpw \ncm-I-cn-°p-hm≥ apXn-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu aq∂v

A`n-]m-b-°mcpw ]Xn-⁄-bn¬ ]¶p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. Ah-sc√mw Htc-

hn-[-Øn¬ B i]-YsØ a\- n-em°n F∂-\p-am-\n-°p-hm≥ \ymb-

an-√.

B kw`-h-Øn\p tijw B¿®p-_n-j∏v Km¿kn-bm-bp-ambn kl-

I-cn-°p-hm≥ Ipsd-°m-e-tØ°v hf-sc-bm-fp-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√m-sb∂v

F√m-hcpw kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p-≠v. 200-˛-Hmfw Aflm-b-°mcpw 15-˛\pw 25-

˛\pw CS-bn¬ ]´°mcpw amX-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p Nnecpw 1000 -Hmfw

Aflm-b°mcpw 15 ]´°m-cp-sa∂p a‰p Nnecpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p.

(d) am¿tØmΩm I

1653 P\p-hcn 3˛mw XobXn a´m-t©-cn-bn¬ h®p \S∂ kXy-]-

Xn⁄ tXmakv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\v Hcp henb hnP-b-am-bn-cp-∂p.

kap-Zmbw an°-hmdpw apgp-h\pw At±-l-Øns‚ t\XrXzw kzoI-cn®p.

km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ \S-°pI km[y-a-√mØ Hcp kw`-h-am-bn-cp∂p

AXv. ]n∂oSv Hcp amk-tØmfw Ign™v CS-∏-≈n∏≈n-bn¬ \S-ØpI

]Xn-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂ aq∂p t\mºn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n-®p-Iq-Snb P\-k-aq-

lhpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ k`-bpsS `c-W-I¿Øm-hmbn DZvtLm-

jn®p. AXn\pw ]pdta tXma-kns\ klm-bn-°p-hm≥ \mep ]apJ

sshZn-I¿ tN¿∂p≈ Hcp Iu¨kn-ens\ P\-ßƒ sXcs™-SpØp

\nb-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ipd-hn-e-ßm-´p- ]-d-ºn¬ Nm≠n, AI-∏-d-

ºn¬ thßq¿ Koh-dp-Ko-kv, ISp-Øp-cp-Øn- I-S-hn¬ Nm≠n, I√n-t»cn

B™n-en-aq- n¬ Cń-sØm-Ω≥ C-h-cm-bn-cp∂p B \mep- t]¿. Chsc

sXc-s™-SpØXv 1653 tabn¬ \S∂ Be-ßm-´p-tbm-K-Øn¬ h®m-

bn-cp∂p F∂p Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-cp-≠v.

AsX-ß-s\-bn-cp-∂mepw Be-ßm-´p-tbmKw sabv 22-˛mw XobXn

ktΩ-fn-®p. AXns‚ hni-Z-hn-h-c-ß-sfm∂pw \ap°p e`n-®n-ń-√. Hcp

Imcy-Øn¬ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ GIm-`n-]mbw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXv

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ tXma-kns\ ]¥≠p ] -°m¿ tN¿∂v F∏n-kvtIm-

∏¬ ÿm\-Øp-]-hn-jvS-\m°n F∂p-≈-Xm-W-v. B ]¥≠p ]´-°m-

cn¬, A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ klm-bn-°p-hm≥ \nb-an-X-cmb \mew-K-°-

Ω-‰n-bn¬ sshZn-I-cp-apƒs∏-ń-cp∂p F∂p Xo¿®-bmbpw ]d-bmw.

AYhm Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-°-Ø-\m¿ Ah-cn-sem-cm-fm-

bn-cp-∂p.

138 k` hf-cp∂p

]¥≠p ]´-°m¿ tN¿∂v taev]-´-°m-cs\ hmgn-°m-tam F∂

tNmZyw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p. ]mSn-s√∂p A∂sØ hn`-P-\-Øn¬s∏´

Ccp Iqćpw kΩ-Xn-°pw. Cu sshjayw t\cn-Sp-hm≥ ]oen-t∏mkv

sNøp∂ bXv\w ChnsS kvac-Wm¿l-am-Wv. At±lw ]d-bp-∂p. "icn-

bmb At∏m-kvtXm-enI ssIsh∏p aqew ÿm\w km[q-I-cn-°-s∏-

Sp-∂-Xp-hsc ]´w sImSp-°p-I, hnip-≤ -ssXew IqZmi sNøpI apX-

emb ÿmt\m-NnX ipiq-j-Iƒ \S-Ø-cp-sX-∂p≈ ]tXyI \n_-

‘-\-tbm-Sp-IqSn XmevIm-enI saX-m\mbn Koh-dp-Kokv A¿°-Zn-bm-

t°ms‚ ]n≥Kman-bmb tXmΩm A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ \nb-an-®n-cn-

°p∂p' F∂v Al-Ø≈m Xs‚ IØn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp∂p (op. cit.pp. 147-148). C]-Imcw A\p-im-kn-°p∂ Hcp IØv Al-Ø≈m

\¬Inbn-cp∂p F∂ hkvXpXsb tdma≥ ItØm-en°m KŸ-Im-c-

∑m¿ tNmZyw sNøp-∂p. Al-Ø≈m Hcp IØp- am-Xta sImSp-Øn-

cp-∂p≈p F∂pw, \ap°p e`y-amb B IØn¬ C]-Imcw Hcp ]kv-

Xm-h\ ImWp-∂n-s√-∂p-am-W-h¿ hmZn-°p-∂-Xv. Be-ßm´p IqSnb

tbmK-Øn¬ Cń-sØm-Ω≥ IØ-\m¿ Cu Bi-b-apƒs°m-≈p-∂Xpw

Al-Ø-≈m-bp-tS-sX-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amb Hcp IØp hmbn-°p-

I-bp-≠m-bn. AXp hymP-\n¿Ωn-X-am-bn-cp∂p F∂-h¿ Dd-∏n-®p- ]-d-

bp∂p. F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ hmgvN-bv°p -ti-jhpw kz¥w \ne ÿm]n-

°p-hm≥ am¿tØmΩm H∂m-a≥ X¥-ßƒ ]tbm-Kn-®-Xmbn Ah¿

Btcm-]n-°p-∂p≠v.

ChnsS Hcp kwKXn Hm¿°-Ww. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿°v 1653 ASp-

Øp≈ Ime-ß-fn¬ sXt° C¥y-bn¬ k¿hm-[n-]Xyw Xs∂-bp-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v Ah¿s°-Xn-cmbn i_vZ-ap-b¿Øp-hm≥ tIc-f-Øn-

semcp i‡n-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. B kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Ahsc FXn¿-

°p-hm≥ apXn¿∂-h¿ sNbvX-sX√mw km[q-I-cn-°-Ø-°tXm hna¿i-

\m-Xo-Xtam Bbn-cp∂p F∂p hmZn-t°≠ Imcy-sam-∂p-an-√. t]msc-

¶n¬, tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk` Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ BtKm-f-k-`-bpsS

Ncn-X-Øn¬ \n¿Wm-b-I-ambn Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ ]e \S-]-Sn-I-sfbpw

C∂p \oXo-I-c-W-a¿ln-°p-∂-h-bmbn k`-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-p-an√.

ho¿∏pap-ńb Ah-k-c-Øn¬ tIcf InkvXym-\n-Iƒ 1658-˛epw AXn-

\p-ti-jhpw h√ sX‰pw sNbvXp-t]mbn F¶n¬, AXv A∂sØ

tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`m-t\-XrXzw Ah-sc-s°m≠p sNøn-®-Xm-bn-

cp∂p F∂pthWw ]d-bp-hm≥.

Cu hmkvX-hsØ-t∏mse Kuc-h-X-c-ambn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-t°-≠-

XmWp ]oen-t∏mkv D∂-bn-°p∂ \ymbw. tXma-kns\ tkm]m-[nIw

139k` hf-cp∂p

saXm-\mbn Ah-tcm-[n-°p-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp∂p F∂-Xm-Wt√m

At±-l-Øns‚ \ne-]m-Sv. AXn-s\-∏‰n c≠p Imcy-ßƒ ]d-tb-≠-

Xp≠v. H∂v, B IØn¬ Imcy-am-bn-s´m∂pw ]d-bp-∂n-√. A¿°-Zn-bm-

t°m\p apºn-√m-sX-bn-cp∂ Hc-h-Imihpw AXn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-an√.

"saXm≥' F∂ ]Zw amXw At±-l-Øn\p \evIp-hm-\p≈ A\p-hm-

Z-am-W-Xn¬ FSpØp ]d-bp-∂-Xv. c≠v, C]-Im-c-samcp Iev]\ Fgp-

Xp-hm≥ Al-Ø-≈mbv°p ae-¶-c-k-`- ta¬ Fs¥-¶nepw A[n-Im-c-

ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂pthm? tdma≥ ]m∏m-bn¬ \n∂pw A[n-Imcw e`n-®-Xmbn

Al-Ø≈m Ah-Im-i-s∏-´p F∂v ItØm-en°m KŸ-Im-c-∑mcpw,

At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°o-sk∂ \ne-bn¬ At±-l-Øn-\-[n-Im-c-ap-

≠mbn-cp∂p F∂v ]oen-t∏mkpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ch-bn-sem∂pw Ncn-

X-]-c-ambn ÿm]n-®n-´p-≈-X-√. AXn-\m¬ Al-Ø-≈m-bpsS IØn-

s\-∏‰n AXv icn-sb-¶n¬, Hcp apS-¥≥\ymbw FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-hm≥

Ah-kcw \¬In F∂p amXta ]d-tb-≠-Xp-≈p.

]¥≠p ]´-°m¿ tN¿∂v am¿tØmΩm H∂m-as\ F∏n-kvtIm-

∏¬ ÿm\-Øp-b¿Ønb kw -hsØ hfsc \nµm-]q¿hw hnh-cn-°p∂

tdma≥ ItØm-en°m Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ C∂p-ap-≠v. Ah-cp-sSbpw ]q¿h-

∑m¿ tN¿∂p sNbvX ]hr-Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p AsX-∂p≈ hmkvXhw

]Xn-]-£sØ Ah-tl-fn-°p-hm-\p≈ hyK-X-bn¬, Ah¿ ad-∂p-t]m-

Ip∂p F∂p tXm∂p-∂p. F∂m¬ B kw`-hsØ km[q-I-cn-°p-

hm≥ Bcpw apXn-cp-∂n-s√-∂p-≈-XmWv hmkvX-hw. tdma≥ ItØm-

en°m k -bp-ambn tNcmsX Ign-bp∂ ae-¶-c-kp-dn-bm\n k`m-hn- mKw

B hmgvN-bpsS ]n≥Xp-S¿®-°m-cmW-hsc∂h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. Cu

]c-am¿∞w Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-t\mSp tN¿∂p as‰mcp Imcyw A\p-

kva-c-W-a¿ln-°p-∂p-≠v. ]´-°m¿ amXw tN¿∂v taev]-´-°msc hmgn-

°p∂ kw`-h-ßƒ ssIkvX-h-k-`-bpsS BZna \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-ep-≠m-

bn-´p-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, A∂v k`-bpsS kp]-kn≤ tIµ-am-bn-cp∂

AeIvkm-¥ymbn¬ _nj-∏-∑msc hmgn-®n-cp-∂Xv Ahn-SsØ ]´-

°mcpsS Iu¨kn-em-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v A\n-tj-[y-amb sXfnhv

\ap°v e`y-am-Wv. _nj-∏-∑msc hmgn-°p-∂Xp kw_-‘n-®p≈ \nbaw

BZy-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-®Xp 325-˛¬ \S∂ \nJym kp∂-l-tZm-km-bn-

cp-∂p. B kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ ]¶p-sIm≠ Ae-Ivkm-¥y≥ k`m-≤y-

£-\m-bn-cp∂ Ae-Ivkm-≠-dn-s\-t∏mepw F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ ÿm\-Ø-

h-tcm-[n-®Xv Ahn-SsØ ]´-°m-cpsS Iu¨kn-em-bn-cp-∂p. \nJym

kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ \n¿t±-in-®Xpw B ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]n¬°m-esØ

k` \ne-\n¿Øn-h-cp-∂-Xp-amb \nb-a-sh-fn-®-Øn¬ am¿tØmΩm H∂m-

140 k` hf-cp∂p

as\ 1653-˛¬ F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ ÿm\-Øp-b¿Øn-b-hn[w icn-bm-bn-cp-

∂n-s√∂p Xo¿®-bmbpw ]d-bmw.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXyw Fß-s\-bmWv \S-∂Xv?

2. B kw`hw F¥mWv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv?

3. Al-Ø≈m Bcm-sW∂p Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn

°p∂p?

4. At±lw tIc-f-Øn-te-°-b-®-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ IØn-s\-

∏‰n Fs¥√mw hnh-c-ßƒ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ FSpØp ]d-

bp∂p?

5. am¿tØmΩm H∂m-as\ hmgn-®-Xmcv? B kw`-h-Øns‚ ]›m-

Ø-e-sa¥v?

]mTw 2

tXm¬hnsb t\cn-Sp-hm-\p≈

tdmans‚ bXv\-ßƒ

]mcw`w Km¿kn-bm-bpsS bXv\-ßƒ tdmans‚ I¿Ω-Ip-i-e-

amb CS-s]-S¬ am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS hnj-a-k‘n

(a) ]mcw`w

B¿®p-_n-j∏v Km¿kn-bmbpw At±-l-Øns‚ kl-Im-cn-I-fmb

PkznØcpw F¥p-sN-ø-W-sa-∂-dn-bmsX hnj-an® Hcp L -am-bn-cp∂p

AXv. F∂m¬ 1659 sk]vXw-_¿ 3˛mw XobXn Km¿knbm \ncym-X-

\m-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºv Ipsd \jvS-sams° \nI-Øp-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\p

Ign-™n-cp-∂p. 1657 apX¬ I¿Ω-eo-Ø¿ tIc-f-Øn-em-K-X-cmbn Ah-

cpsS ]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-®p. AXn\p apºp-Xs∂ ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-

°-Ø-\m¿ am¿tØm-Ωmsb Dt]-£n®v adp-hiw tN¿∂n-cp-∂p. CXp-

aqew I¿Ω-eo-Ø-cpsS I¿Ω-]-cn-]m-Sn°v At±-l-Øns‚ kl-I-cWw

\n¿tem]w e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

tPyjvTm-\p-P-∑m-cpsS a°-fm-bn-cp∂p am¿ tXm-Ωmbpw ]d-ºn¬

141k` hf-cp∂p

Nm≠nbpw. amX-hpa-√, am¿ tXm-Ωmsb klm-bn-°p-hm≥ \nb-an-X-

cmb, k`-bnse ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ \n∂n-cp-∂, \mep- ]-´-°m-cn¬ G‰w

][m\n Bbn-cp∂p Cu Nm≠n-°-Ø-\m¿. At±-l-Øns‚ ]cn-h¿Ø-

\-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v tijn® aq∂p-t]-cn¬ Cń-sØm-Ω≥ Hgn-sI-bp≈

c≠p-t]cpw adp-hiw tN¿∂p. 1657 apX¬ 1663-˛¬ U®p-Im¿ tIc-f-

Øn-em-[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-∂Xp hscbpw am¿ tXmΩmbv°p \nc-h[n

bmX-\-Iƒ kln-t°-≠-Xmbn h∂p. AXn-\p-tijw 1665-˛¬ sbdp-i-

te-anse am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv hcp-∂Xp hscbpw At±-l-Øn\v icn-

bmb Bizmkw e`n-®n-√. 1661-˛¬ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m- -`mKw hf-sc-

b-[nIw i‡n]m]n-®p. B Ah-k-c-Øn¬ At±-l-sØbpw Cń-sØm-

Ω≥ IØ-\m-scbpw A]m-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-Øs∂ FXn¿∏n\p ia\w hcp-

Øn-°-f-bm-sa-∂p-hsc tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`mt\XrXzw Nn¥n®p.

AXp \S-°m-sX-t]m-bXv tJZ-I-c-am-bn-t∏mbn F∂p kqNn-∏n-°p∂

tdma≥ ItØm-en°m KŸ-Im-c-∑m-cp-s≠-¶nepw AXns\ ssZh-\n-

tbm-K-ambn adp-hiw Icp-Xp-∂p.

(b) Km¿kn-bm-bpsS bXv\-ßƒ

hnπhw \S-∂p-I-gn-™-bp-Ss\ AXns\ ASn-®-a¿Øp-hm≥ Km¿-

knbm t]m¿´pKokv klmbw A`y¿∞n-®p. \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS

kl-I-c-Whpw tXSn. tKmhm-bnse A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ th≠ Btem-N-

\bv°p tijw _e-ap-]tbmKn-°phm≥ ]‰nb Ah-k-c-a√ AsX∂pw

AXn-\m¬ Pkzn-Ø-c-√mØ a‰p tdma≥ ItØm-en°m kaq-l-ß-

fpsS kl-I-c-W-Øn¬ ]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn\p ian-°-W-sa∂pw Km¿-

kn-bmsb D]-tZ-in-®p. AXv B¿®p-_n-j-∏n\v Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn tXm∂n-

bn-√. F∂m¬ kz¥w hiw icn-sb∂p ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ th≠n t]m¿-

´p-Kokv cmPm-hn-s‚bpw tdma≥ ]m∏m-bp-tSbpw ASp-°-te°p Xs‚

skI-´-dnsb \ntbm-Kn-®p.

CXn-\Iw tKmhm-bnse k`m-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Nne ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-W-°n.

am¿ tXmΩm-bp-ambn k‘nBtem-N\ \S-Øp-hm≥ BZyw tPm¨

dwtK-en-s\bpw ]n∂oSp tPm¨ Un. enkvt_m-hm-sbbpw tIc-f-Øn-

te-°-b-®p. Ch-cn¬ BZysØ Bfn\v H∂pw sNøp-hm≥ Ign-™n√.

c≠masØ tZlw am¿ tXm-Ωm taev]- -ÿm-\-]-c-amb tkh\w A\p-

jvTn-°-cp-sX∂v \njvI¿jn-®-tijw At±-lsØ ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS B¿-

®p-_n-j-∏mbn \nb-an-°p-hm≥ tdman-t\mSp ip]m¿i -sN-øp-sa-∂p≈

hyh-ÿ-bn¬, hnπ-h-sØ-∏‰n Hcp £am-]-W-°Øp tKmhm-bn-te-bv°-

t±-l-sØ-s°m-≠-b-∏n-®p. Cu IØp am¿ tXmΩm -Xs∂ Fgp-Xn-b-

142 k` hf-cp∂p

Xm-bn-cp-∂pthm F∂p \n›-b-an-√. `mhn-sb-∏‰n Hcp Xn´-hp-an-√m-sX-

bn-cp∂ A∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ tPm¨ Un. enkv_mthm ]d™

Xc-Øn-e-ßs\ Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-hmw. F∂m¬ ]n∂oSp am¿ tXm-Ωm

AXn¬\n∂pw ]n∑m-dn.

tKmh≥ A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS bXv\w Cuhn[w hn^-e-amb kml-N-

cy-Øn¬ Ah¿ tdman-t\mSp t\cn´p ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ]iv\-Øn¬

]th-in-°p-hm≥ A`y¿∞n-®p. th≠ kl-I-c-Whpw hmKvZm\w

sNbvXp.

Km¿knbm AS-ßn-bn-cp-∂n-√. kz¥w hiw _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]cym-

]vX-am-b-sX-√mw sNøp-∂-Xn-\-t±lw Xbm-dm-bn. _ew \S-°m-sX-h∂

kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ]Ww-sIm≠p Imcyw-t\-Sp-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\p ]bm-

k-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Cuhn-[-Øn¬ Km¿knbm hcn® henb hnP-b-am-bn-

cp∂p ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-°-Ø-\m-scbpw a‰pw kz]m¿iz-Øn¬ hcp-Øn-

b-Xv. Nm≠n-bpsS Cu am‰-Øn¬ ]cn-`-hw ]I-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm-s≠-gp-Xnb

Cń-sØm-Ωs‚ Hcp IØv ]oen-t∏mkv D≤-cn-°p-∂p (pp. 151-152).

(c) tdmans‚ I¿Ω-Ip-i-e-amb CS-s]-S¬

17-˛mw \q‰m-≠m-b-t∏m-tgbv°pw t]m¿´p-K-ens‚ i‡n Ipd™p

XpSßn. AXn-ep-ap-]cn, ]uc-kvXy-\m-Sp-I-fn¬ kphn-ti-j-the \n¿h-

ln-°p-∂-Xn\p a‰p tZio-b-tcbpw Dƒs∏-SpØn t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS

IpØI Ah-km-\n-∏n-°pI km[y-sa∂p tdman\p a\- n-em-bn. Cu

Dt±-iy-tØmsS 1622-˛¬ hnizm-k-]-N-c-W-k` (Un- t]m-∏-vKm≥Um

ôsU) tdmw ÿm]n-®p. CXn-\p-ti-j-am-bn-cp∂p 1647-˛epw 1649-˛epw

tXmamkv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥, Pkzn-Ø¿°p ]Icw I¿Ω-eo-Øsc

ae-¶-c-k-`-bn-te°p \ntbm-Kn-°-W-sa∂p \n¿t±-in-°p∂ IØp-Iƒ

tdman-te-bv°-b-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Cu ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tdma≥ \nb-¥-W-

Øn\p hnt[-b-ambn t]m∏-Km≥Um-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ I¿Ω-eo-

Øsc tIc-f-Øn-te-°-b-®m¬ Ahn-SsØ Ipg∏w Xocp-sa∂v A[n-

Im-cn-Iƒ Nn¥n-®p.

hfsc hnZ-Kv[-am-bn-Øs∂ tdmw ]h¿Øn®p F∂p ]d-bmw. IW-

°p-Iq-´-en¬ ]ni-sIm∂pw hc-cp-sX∂p IcpXn GXm\pw I¿Ω-eo-

Øsc c≠p kwL-ß-fmbn tIc-f-Øn-te°p hn´p. lnbm-kn¥v F∂

sshZn-Is‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬s∏-´-h¿ t]m¿´p-K¬ hgnbpw tPmk^v

sk_Ãn-bm-\nbpw IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-hcpw kndnbm, Cdm≥ Cu ]tZ-

i-ßƒ hgnbpw bmX-bm-cw-`n-®p. Ah-cn¬ BZyw C¥y-bn-se-Ønb

sk_Ãn-bm-\nbpw kl-N-c-∑mcpw 1657 Bcw-`-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬

143k` hf-cp∂p

h∂ptN¿∂p.

t]m¿´p-Ko-k-[n-]-Xn-Iƒ A∂sØ kml-Ncyw a\- n-em-°n,

t]m∏-vKm≥U-bm¬ \ntbm-Kn-X-\mb sk_-Ãn-bm-\n°p k¿h-k-l-

I-c-Whpw \¬In. sIm®n cmPym-[n-]\pw At±-lsØ klm-bn-°p-

hm≥ Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂p. ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n Dƒs∏sS ]e ]´-°mcpw k`m-

X-e-Øn¬ At±-lsØ ]n≥Xmßn. ]e ]≈n-Ifpw At±lw kµ¿-

in®p Ahsb kz]-£-Øm-°n.

sk_-Ãn-bm-\n-bpsS hnP-b-Øn\p k¿h-]-[m-\-amb ImcWw am¿

tXm-Ωm-bpsS F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ ÿm\-km-[p-Xsb tNmZyw sNøp-hm-

\p≈ km[y-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXns\ At±-lhpw IqsS-bp-≈-hcpw

AXy-[nIw NqjWw sNbvXp. "NpΩm saXms‚' IqsS \n¬°p-∂Xp

\nµy-sa-∂p≈ ]√hn Atcm-N-I-ambn tXm∂n-b-h¿ sk_-Ãn-bm-\n-

bpsS ]£Øpw, AXns\ AX-Xs∂ hI-h-bv°msX kzmX-¥y-

Øn-\p-th≠n \n∂-h¿ am¿ tXm-Ωm-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn≥ Iognepw

XpS¿∂p. Cu hn[-Øn¬ 1658 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ sk_-Ãn-bm\n Xs‚

dnt∏m¿´p ka¿∏n-°p-hm≥ tdman-te°p t]mIp-∂-Xn-\Iw kap-Zm-b-

Øn-semcp \√-`mKw am¿ tXm-Ωmsb hn´p tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-hiw

tN¿∂p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv GI-tZiw c≠p amk-ßƒ°p-≈n-embn

lnbm-kn-¥ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn≥Iogn¬ ]pd-s∏-ń-cp∂ Hcp I¿Ω-eo-

Øm-kw-Lhpw tIc-f-Øn-se-Øn. Ah-cn-cp-h-cp-sSbpw ]h¿Ø-\-^-

e-ambn t]m¿´p-Kokv ]n≥Xp-W-tbmsS sIm®n-cm-PyØpw hS-°pw-Iq¿

cmPyØpw am¿ tXmΩm ]th-in-®p-Iq-sS-∂p≈ \ntcm-[-\m⁄ Ahn-

S-ß-fn-se cmPm-°-∑m¿ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. F∂m¬ B cmPy-ß-fnepw

tIc-f-Ønse a‰p ]e sNdp cmPy-ß-fnepw am¿ tXm-Ωm-bpsS A\p-

bm-bn-Iƒ hkn-®n-cp-∂p.

tdman\p t\cn´p hnt[-b-\m-bn-cp∂ sk_-Ãn-bm-\nsb 1659 Unkw-

_-dn¬ ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS B¿®v _nj-∏mbn tdmw Ah-tcm-[n-®p. t]m¿´p-

Ko-kp-Im-cpsS FXn¿∏p-≠m-tb-°p-sa-∂p≈ `bw-aqew B ipiqj

H®-∏m-sSm∂pw IqSm-sX-bm-bn-cp∂p \S-Øn-b-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw 1661

sabv amkw 14-˛mw XobXn ]pXnb B¿®v_nj∏v sIm®n-bn-seØn

k`m- -cWw ssItb-‰p. AXn-\Iw 1658- ¬ kntem-Wn¬\n∂pw t]m¿´p-

Ko-kp-Imsc HmSn-®n-cp∂ U®p-Im¿ tIc-fhpw Iog-S-°p-hm-\p≈

km[yX t]m¿´p-Ko-k-[n-]-Xn-Iƒ ap≥I-≠n-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. AXp kw`-

hn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºmbn ae-¶-c-k-`sb tdman\p kzm[o-\-am-°n-sIm-Sp-

°p-hm≥ th≠ klmbw sk_-Ãn-bm-\n°p \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\-h¿ Xbm-

dm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu e£y-Øn\p hne-ßp-X-Sn-bmbn \n∂n-cp∂ am¿ tXmΩm-

144 k` hf-cp∂p

tbbpw Cń-sØm-Ω-s\bpw A]m-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ sIm®n cmPm-hn-

t\mSp tN¿∂v Ah¿ h´w-Iq-ńb kw`hw tdma≥ ItØm-en°m Ncn-

X-Im-c-∑mcpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v. 1661 HIvtSm-_¿ 9˛mw XobXn

Ah-cn-cp-h-scbpw kqX-Øn¬ h[n°phm≥ \S-Ønb KqVm-tem-N\

]mh¿Øn-I-am-bn-√. Ah¿ c£-s∏-´-hn[w ]oen-t∏mkv hnh-cn-°p-∂p

(Op. cit. p. 154.). sIm®n-cm-Pm-hns‚ Bÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂ Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d-

bn¬ cmPmhv B⁄m-]n-®-X-\p-k-cn®v Ahsc _‘-\-ÿ-cm-°n-bn-

cp-∂p. B Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Ah-sc-°≠p A¥y-bmX ]d-bp-hm-s\-

Ønb apf-¥p-cp-Øn-°m-cmb c≠v Aflmb kvt\ln-X-cp-ambn Ah¿

hkvX-ßƒ ssIamdn Ccp-hcpw ÿew hn´p. ]n∂oSp Imcyw a\- n-

em-°nb A[n-]-Xn-Iƒ tcm£m-Ip-e-cmbn Aflm-b-°m¿°p ]lcw

\¬In kz`-h-\-ß-fn-te-°-b-®p. AhnsS InS-∂n-cp∂ am¿tØm-Ωm-

bpsS ta\mhpw a‰p km[-\-ßfpw A·n-°n-c-bm-°n. Ah-cpsS tIm]m-

·nsb `mKn-I-ambn amXw ian-∏n-®p. Cu kw`-h-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ "ta\m-hn-\n-X-sb-¶n¬ saXm-s\X!' F∂ ]g-samgn ]N-cn-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

CXn-\p-tijw Ipsd-°mew am¿ tXmΩm ae-tbm-c-ß-fn-sem-fn®p

]m¿Øp. B Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ At±-lsØ ]nSn®p sImSp-°p-hm-\p≈

Npa-Xe apf-¥p-cp-Øn, I≠-\mSv ]≈n-°msc sIm®ncmPmhv G¬∏n-

®n-cp-∂p. Cßs\ A[n-I-\mƒ am¿ tXmΩmbv°p Ign-tb≠nh∂n-√.

1663 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ U®p-Im¿ sIm®n ssIh-i-am°n. AXp-aqew Hc-f-

hn¬ am¿ tXm-Ωmbv°v Bizmkw e`n-®p.

(d) am¿ tXmΩm-bpsS hnj-a-k‘n

am¿ tXmΩmsb Hcp hnhm-Z-]p-cp-j-\m-bn-´mWv Ncn-X-a-dn-bp-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ hiw a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ tcJ-

I-sfm∂pw Xs∂ \ap°p e`n-®n-ń-s√-∂p-≈-XmWp tJZ-I-c-amb ]c-

am¿∞w. 1653 sabv 22- \p \S∂ At±-l-Øns‚ ÿm\m-tcm-l-Wm-\-

¥cw Fs¥-√m-amWp kw`-hn-®-sX∂p \ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I-∑m¿ Fgp-Xn-

h-®n-ń-√. X∑qew At±-lsØ \njvI-cpWw hna¿in-®p-h∂ anj-\-dn-

am-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ amX-am-i-bn-t°≠nhcp∂ KXn-tI-Sn-emWp Ncn-

Xm-t\z-jn-Iƒ Ign-bp-∂-Xv. Ah FX-tØmfw hkvXp-\n-jvTam-Wv;

FX-tØmfw AXn-i-tbm-‡n-]-ctam hymP-\n¿Ωn-Xtam BWv F∂p

\n¿Æ-bn-°pI Ffp-∏-a-√. F∂m¬ Ah-bpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX kΩ-

Xn-°p∂ ]e KŸ-ßfpw ASp-Ø-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-ß-fm-

Ip-∂p≠v. Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw Cu KŸ-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-K-s∏-

Sp-Øn-bn-´p-ap-≠v.

145k` hf-cp∂p

GXp Ncn-X-Im-c\pw Hcp Imcyw kΩ-Xn-°-Ww. am¿ tXmΩm-bpsS

1653-˛se ÿm\m-tcm-lWw, AXp sXt‰m icntbm Bbn-cp-∂m-epw,

At±lw kzb-ambn FSp-Ø-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√. ae-¶-c-k-`-bm-I-am\w

Btem-Nn®p sNbvX ]h¿Ø-\-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. B ÿm\m-tcm-l-

W-Øn\p t\XrXzw \¬In-bn-cp-∂-h-cn-sem-cmƒ ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-°-

Ø-\m-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂p \ymb-ambn A\p-am-\n-°mw. B \S]-Snsb

XpS¿∂v GXm\pw Imew k` an°-hmdpw BI-am\w At±-l-tØmSp

tN¿∂p-an-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv At±-lsØ hn´v B¿®p_nj∏v Km¿kn-bm-

bp-tStbm t\sc tdman-s‚tbm `mKØv B P\-ß-fn¬ Hcp hn`mKw

amdn-\n∂v am¿ tXm-Ωm-tbbpw A\p-bm-bn-I-sfbpw Ip‰w-]-d-bp∂ Hcp

]mc-º-cy-amWp tIc-f-Øn¬ kwPm-X-am-b-Xv. B ]mc-º-cysØ AX-

h-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ hn[-Øn¬ BZ-c-]q¿∆w ImWp-hm≥ adp-`m-K-Øn\p

Ign-bp-∂n-s√∂p ]d-bmsX \nhr-Øn-bn-√.

Hcp Imcyw IqsS ChnsS A\p-kva-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. am¿ tXm-Ωmtb-

bpw At±-l-Øns‚ t\XrXzw kzoI-cn®p Ign-bp∂ hn`m-K-tØbpw

A]-e-]n-°p∂ KŸ-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ henb ]¶pw tdmans‚ taevt°mbva

k`-bv°-\p-t]-£-Wo-b-sa∂v DZvtLm-jn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. F∂m¬

BtKmf ssIkvX-h-k-`-ta¬ tdman\v A[o-i-Xz-ap-s≠-∂p≈ \ne-

]mSv A∂sØ Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ ae-¶-c-bn-emcpw th≠-hÆw a\- n-em-

°pItbm Kuc-h-]q¿∆w ]cn-K-Wn-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-cn-°p-hm-\n-S-bn√.

ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Ncn-Xhpw ]uc-kvXy-kz-`m-hhpw RvPn-°msX tdmw

Ahsb _lp-am-\n-®p ]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂p F¶n¬ AXn-t\mSp tN¿∂p

t]mIp-hm≥ k`-bn¬ hf-sc-t]cpw hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂p ]d-

bmw. F∂m¬ AXp tdmw A∂m-Is´, ]n¬°m-e-ß-fn-em-Is´ kΩXn-

°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂p tIc-f-Ønse tdma≥ ItØm-en°m hn`m-K-Øn-

s‚ A\p-`hw hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂p. sk_-Ãn-bm-\n-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-

^-e-ambn am¿ tXm-Ωm-bpsS I£n-bn¬\n∂pw adp-`m-K-tØbv°v Hcp

P\-]-hm-l-ap-≠m-b-Xns‚ ImcWw tdman-t\m-Sp≈ ]Xn-]-Øntb-°m-

f-[nIw am¿ tXm-Ωm-bpsS ÿm\-\yq-\-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ a\x-]bm-k-am-

bn-cp-∂p. AXp a\- n-em-°nb At±lw P\-Xm-a-≤y-Øn¬ ]I-Sn-X-

amb B ]Xn-I-c-WsØ \o°p-hm≥ Nne X¥-ßƒ ]tbmKn®n-

cp∂p F∂p tcJ-Iƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. Ah-bn-sem∂p 1658-˛¬

sk_-Ãn-bm\n tdman¬ t]mbn-cp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ \S∂p F∂mWv

]d-bp-∂-Xv. CS-∏≈n ]≈n-bnse aq∂p t\mºn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v (CS-

∏-≈n-bn¬ aq∂p t\mºp-Im¿°p-th≠n Hmtcm h¿jhpw Nne ]cn-]m-

Sn-Iƒ \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂p A\p-am-\n-°p-hm≥ X° sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`y-

ß-fmWv) AhnsS IqSn-bn-cp∂ P\m-h-en-bpsS apºn¬ Al-Ø-≈m-

146 k` hf-cp∂p

bp-tS-sX∂hIm-i-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp Iev]\, apZn-X-amb Hcp Ih-dn¬ am¿-

tØmΩm ]Im-i\w sNbvXp. Al-Ø≈m acWkm-≤yX ImWp∂

]£w AXp kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºm-bn, tXmakv A¿°-Zn-bm-

t°ms\ ]mXn-b¿°m-ÿm-\-Ø-h-tcm-[n-°p-hm≥ tdma≥]m∏m At±-

lsØ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p F∂m-bn-cp∂p Iev]-\-bpsS

kmcw. Cu hn[-Øn¬, a\p-jysc Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ am¿ tXmΩm

Hcp X¥w ]tbm-Kn-®p.

as‰m∂v 1659- ¬ Km¿kn-bm-bpsS \ncym-W-Øn-\p-tijw \S-∂-Xmbn

tcJ-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. am¿ tXmΩm Xs‚ ÿm\-sØ-∏‰n tNmZyw D∂-bn-

®-h-cpsS kwibw \o°p-hm≥ as‰m-cp iaw \S-Øn. B Ah-k-c-

Øn¬ tdma≥]m∏m t\cn´v B ÿm\w ÿnco-I-cn®p F∂-Xm-bn-

cp∂p hmZ-K-Xn. A∂sØ ]m∏m-bpsS ap≥Km-an, Xs‚ \ncym-W-Øn\p

apºm-bn, Cu hkvXpX tcJ sNbvX IØp-ambn kzk-tlm-Z-c-]p-

Xs\ tIc-f-Øn-te-°-b-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂-h-Im-i-s∏-´p. CXn-tebv°p

]m∏m-bpsS ktlm-Z-c-]p-X-\mbn A`n-\-bn-°p-hm≥, B ImeØp I®-

h-S-Øn-\mbn sIm®n-bn-se-Øn-bn-cp∂ Hcp A¿ao-\n-bs\ D]-tbm-Kn®p

F∂mWv IY.

Cu c≠p IY-Ifpw, am¿ tXmΩm h©\ ]tbm-Kn®p F∂p hmZn-

°p-hm-\p≈ sXfn-hp-I-fmbn ItØm-en°m KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿ Nq≠n-°m-

Wn-°p-∂Xv AtX-]Sn icn-b-√. Ah \S∂ kw`-h-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬,

am¿ tXm-Ωmbv°v 1653 sabv 22-˛mw XobXn k`-bm-I-am\w tN¿∂p

\evInb DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ A\p- -hn-t°≠n h∂ hnj-

a-k-‘n-bpsS sXfn-hp-I-fmbncp∂p Ahsb-∂p-thWw a\- n-em-°p-

hm≥.

aq∂m-a-sXmcp kw`hw IqsS tdma≥ ItØm-en°m Ncn-X-Im-c-

∑m¿ am¿ tXm-Ωm-sb-∏‰n ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. AXp hy‡-am-°p-hm≥

Nne Ncn-X-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ A\p-kva-cn-°-Ww. F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ ÿm\

km[p-Xsb tNmZyw sNøp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ AXns\ t\cn-Sp-hm≥

]uc-kvXy-_n-j-∏ns\ e`n-°p-∂-Xn-tebv°v At±lw IØp-I-f-b-®p-

sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 1665-˛-h-scbpw Ah-cn-em-cn¬\n∂pw bmsXmcp

]Xn-I-c-Whpw D≠m-bn-√. ]¥-≠p-sIm-√-ßtfmfw Imew sshj-

ay-ßƒ t\cn-´-tijw At±-l-Øn\v ss\cmiyw D≠mbn F∂p- hcmw.

AXns‚ e-ambn At±lw ]p\-sscIyw Dt±-in®p Pkzn-Øsc kao-

]n®p F∂mWp IY. Hcp IØp-ambn Ah-cpsS ASp-°-tebv°v am¿

tXmΩm Hcp IØ-\msc Ab-®p. am¿ tXmΩm Aßs\ sNbvXp

F¶n¬, AXn-s\-∏‰n AZv`p-X-s∏-tS-≠-Xn-√.

147k` hf-cp∂p

AXn-\p-tijw A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX sbdp-i-te-anse am¿ KotKm-

-dn-tbmkv F∂ At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k- -bnse Hcp taev]- -°mc≥

tIc-f-Øn-em-K-X-\m-bn. AXn¬ kwXr-]vX-\mb am¿ tXmΩmbpw A\p-

bm-bn-Ifpw B ]uckvXy _nj-∏ns\ kk-t¥mjw kzoI-cn-®p.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. 1653-˛se hnπ-hsØ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ B¿®p_nj∏v

Km¿knbm Fs¥√mw sNbvXp?

2. hnπ-hsØ tXmev]n®v ae-¶-c-k-`sb kzm[o-\-Øn¬ hcp-

Øp-hm≥ tdmw ssIh-cn® \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Gh?

3. "hnizm-k-]-N-c-W-k`' F∂p ]d-™m-se-¥mWp a\- n-em-

t°-≠Xv?

4. tPmk^v sk_Ãn-bm-\n-sb-∏‰n \ap°v F¥-dnbmw?

5. am¿ tXmΩm I \p Iq\≥Ip-cn-ip-k-XysØ XpS¿∂v A\p-`-

hn-t°-≠n-h∂ hnj-a-X-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?

]mTw 3

ae-¶-c-k` hn -Pn-X-am-Ip∂p

]mcw`w U®p-Im-cpsS hnPbw ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n _nj-∏m-Ip∂p

am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ BK-a\w

(a) ]mcw`w

am¿ tXm-Ωmbv°p th≠n-bn-cp-∂Xp c≠p Imcy-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. 1.

F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ ÿm\-\yq-\-Xsb ItØm-en°m hn`mKw D∂-bn®p

NqjWw sNbvXp-h-∂-Xns\ t\cn-Sp-I. 2. cmP-Iob i‡n-Iƒ aX-]-

c-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ ]th-in®p a\p-jysc tlan-°p-∂-b-h-ÿ-bn-√m-

sX-bm-Ip-I. 1663-˛¬ U®p-Im¿ sIm®n-bnse t]m¿´p-Kokp Xmhfw

Iogvs]-SpØn Ahsc Ahn-sS-\n∂pw _ln-jvI-cn-®-tXmsS c≠m-

asØ sshj-ay-Øn\v Hcphn[w ]cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-bn.

Cu U®p-hn-Pbw as‰mcp ]iv\w Df-hm-°n. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m

hn`m-K-Øn\v t\XrXzw sImSpØp am¿ tXm-Ωm-bp-ambn G‰p-ap´p-hm≥

148 k` hf-cp∂p

\m´p-Im-c\mb Hcp _nj∏v Ah-tcm-[n-X-\m-bn. AXp a‰m-cp-a-√, ]d-

ºn¬ Nm≠n Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. taev]´ÿm\-Øp-]-hn-jvS-\mb DSs\

At±lw kz¥w ]nXr-k-tlm-Z-c-]p-X-\mb am¿ tXm-Ωm-tbbpw Cń-

sØm-Ω-s\bpw apS-°n. AXp-aqew BI-aWw Hcp ]Sn- IqsS aptºm-

´p-\o-ßn. AXn-\p-tijw am¿ tXm-Ωm-sb-∏‰n ]d-bm-hp∂ sshIeyw

ÿm\\yq\X amX-a-√, k`m-`w-i-hpw -Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.

aq∂p sIm√-tØmfw am¿ tXmΩm Cub-h-ÿ-bn¬ Ign-tb-≠-

Xmbn h∂p. B L´-Øn¬ _nj∏v Nm≠n (C-t±-l-sØ-bmWv Ae-

Ivkm-≠¿ Un Imwt]m F∂p ]m›mXy Fgp-Øp-Im¿ FSp-Øp-]-d-

bp-∂-Xv) am¿ tXm-Ωmsb ASn-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-sX√mw sNbvXp-

sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Cub-h-k-c-Øn-em-bn-cn-°-Ww, Ign™ ]mT-Øn¬

I≠]Imcw, At±lw Pkzn-Ø-cp-ambn ]p\-ssc-Iy-s∏-Sp-hm≥ Nn¥n-

®n-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xv.

(b) U®p-Im-cpsS hnPbw

B¿®p_nj∏v tPmk^v sk_-Ãn-bm\n am¿ tXm-Ωm-bvs°-Xn-

cmbn hfsc apt∂-dn-h-∂-b-h-k-c-Øn¬ U®p-hn-Pbw D≠m-bn. 1663

P\p-hcn 7˛mw XobXn Ah¿ sIm®n ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. DS-s\-Xs∂ Ah¿

sIm®n-bn¬ A o n-bnse ^m≥kn-kns‚ \ma-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂

tZhm-e-b-sam-gnsI F√m ]≈n-Ifpw \in-∏n-®p. \mtem At©m ^m≥-

kn-kv°¿°p ]pdta hntZ-io-b-cmb F√m anj-\-dn-amcpw FXbpw

thKw sIm®n hnS-W-sa∂v B⁄bpw \¬In. B¿®p-_n-j∏v sk_-

Ãn-bm-\nbpw kl-an-j-\dn sshZn-I\pw aX-]-h¿Ø-I-sc∂ \ne-bn¬

tIf-Øn¬ XpS¿∂p tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥ A\p-hmZw A`y¿∞n-

®Xv U®-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ \ncm-I-cn® kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Ah¿°pw tIc-f-

Øn¬\n∂pw t]mtI-≠-Xmbn h∂p.

sk_-Ãn-bm\n tIc-f-tØmSp bmX ]d-bp-∂-Xn\p apºmbn

tdma≥ ItØm-en°m kpdn-bm-\n-hn-`m-K-Øn\p th≠n c≠p Imcy-

ßƒ sNbvXp. H∂maXp ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠nsb F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ ]Z-hn-

bn-ep-b¿Øn. k -bpsS Bh-iy-Øn-\p- th≠nhcp∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-

cn-°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\v tdmans‚ A\p-aXn t\csØ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-

Xn-\m¬, B kµ¿`-Øn¬ ]tXy-I-ambn A\p-hm-Z-sam∂pw thW-am-

bn-cp-∂n-√. ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n _nj-∏n-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ

Cu ]mT-Øn¬ ]n∂mse tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. c≠maXv, At±lw _nj∏p

Nm≠n-bp-sam-cp-an®v sIm®n-bn¬ t]mbn U®p Iam-≠¿ P\-d¬ dnPn-

t¢m-^n-s\-bpw, U®p Nmssπ≥ _mƒUyqkn-s\bpw I≠v tdma≥

149k` hf-cp∂p

ItØm-en°m hn`m-K-Øn\p kwc-£Ww \evI-W-sa-∂-t]-£n-°p-

Ibpw Ah-cn-cp-hcpw AXp `c-ta-ev°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sk_-Ãn-bm\n

_mƒUyq-kp-ambn \SØnb kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ At±lw am¿ tXmΩm-

tbmSp tN¿∂pIgn™ hn`m-K-sØ-∏‰n sNbvX ]kvXm-h\ F¬.

Uªyp. _u¨ FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. "ItØm-en-°-cmb Rßsf

FXn¿°p∂-h-sc∂ \ne-bn¬ Ah-cp-ambn t]m -Ã‚p-Im-cmb \nßƒ-

°v sFIyw km≤y-sa∂p \nßƒ°p tXm∂p-Ibpw, B ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ Ahsc klm-bn-°p-hm≥ \nßƒ t]cn-X-cm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvtX-

°mw. F∂m¬ hnizm-k-am-[m-c-am°n \nßƒ°-h-cp-ambn bmsXmcp

[mc-Wbpw D≠m-IpI km[y-ta-b-√. Ah¿ InkvXob hnizmk

kmcmw-isØ cq]-ß-sfbpw Ipcn-in-s\bpw hW-ßp-∂-Xnepw t\mºv

BN-cn-°p-∂-Xnepw ]tc-X¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]m¿∞-\bpw Ip¿_m-

\bpw \S-Øp-∂-Xnepw ¢n]vX-s∏-SpØn°gn-bp-∂-h-cm-Wv.' sk_-Ãn-

bm-\n-bpsS Cu ]kvXm-h\sb U®p-t\-Xm-°ƒ Kuc-h-]q¿∆w ]cn-

K-Wn-®n-cp-∂mepw Cs√-¶nepw, am¿ tXm-Ωm-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈

k`bv°p e`n-°mambncp∂ B\p-Iq-ey-ßsf hnLv\-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥

sk_-Ãn-bm\n ka¿∞-ambn ]h¿Øn-®p. U®p-Im-cpsS `c-W-Im-e-

a-Xbpw ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse A∂sØ Ccp-I-£n-I-fn¬ tdma≥ ItØm-

en°m hn`m-K-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cn¬\n∂pw IqSp-X¬ klmbw e`n-

®-Xv. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-sc-t∏mse, Ah¿ am¿ tXm-Ωm-tbbpw A\p-bm-

bn-I-sfbpw t\sc D]-Z-hn-°p-hm≥ apXn¿∂n√ F∂p ]d-bmw. U®p-

Im-cpsS B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ am¿ tXm-Ωmbv°pw ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ°pw Nne

Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ e`n-®n-cp-∂p-. F∂m¬ At∏m-sg√mw Ah¿ KWy-

amb XpI-Iƒ _nj-∏n¬\n∂pw ]W-ambn hmßn h∂n-cp-∂p.

_nj∏p Nm≠n Pohn-®n-cp-∂n-S-tØmfw Imew U®p-Im¿ At±-

lsØ ]e-hn-[-Ønepw klm-bn-®n-cp-∂p. CXn\p ]‰nb DZm-l-c-W-

amWv B _nj-∏ns‚ ktlm-Z-c-]p-X-\mb ]d-ºn¬ amXyp-hns\ ]n≥-

Km-an-bmbn Ah-tcm-[n-°p-hm≥ At±lw sNbvXp-h∂ ia-ßƒ°v

cmjvSob ]n≥_ew Ah¿ \n¿tem]w \¬In-b-Xv. 1657 apX¬ ae-

¶-c-k-`-bnse tdma≥ ItØm-en°m hn`m-KsØ kzm[o-\-Øn-em-°n-

bn-cp∂ I¿Ω-eo-Ø-cm-bn-cp∂p _nj∏p Nm≠n-bpsS e£y-Øn\p XS-

-ambn \n-∂-Xv. tdmans‚ t\cn-´p≈ `c-W-Øn≥Io-gn¬ ]h¿Øn-

®n-cp∂ t]m∏vKm≥Um-bm¬ \ntbm-Kn-X-cm-bn-cp∂p B I¿Ω-eo-Ø¿.

B Ah-k-c-Øn¬ tdmans\ hI-h-bv°msX ktlm-Z-c-]p-X-s\tbm

a‰m-sc-sb¶n-eptam _nj∏p Nm≠n hmgn-®n-cp∂p F¶n¬ B DZy-a-

Øn\p U®p-Im¿ ]n≥XpW \evIp-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ B kml-

150 k` hf-cp∂p

kØn\p Nm≠n Hcp-ßp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. At±lw tdmans‚ hniz-kvX-`-

S-\m-bn-Øs∂ h¿Øn-®p. I¿a-eo-Øsc A]-e-]n®pw tdmans\ ]pI-

gvØnbpw Xs‚ tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®p. \ntj-[m-fl-I-ambn _nj∏p

Nm≠nbpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw Icp-Xn-h∂ I¿a-eo-Ø-cpsS ]h¿Ø\w-

aq-e-ap≈ ]tbm-P\w tdmw A\p-`-hn-®p-h-∂-Xn-e-S-ßp∂ sshcp≤yw

Ah-cmcpw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øn-cp-∂n-√.

U®p-Im-cpsS c-W-Im-e-Øv, Ah-cpsS Adn-thmSpw Adn-hn¬s∏Sm-

sXbpw, ]m›m-Xy-an-j-\-dn-am¿ tIc-f-Øn¬Øs∂ Nne ÿe-ß-fn¬

]h¿Ø\w \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿s°√mw kpdn-bm-\n- InkvXym\n-

Isf kw_-‘n®v Hcp Dt±-iyta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. AXv Cu k`sb

AXns‚ ]q¿h-N-cn-X-hp-ambn Ign-hXpw _‘-s∏-SpØn C¥y≥

kml-N-cy-Øn¬ hf-cp∂ Hcp kpi-‡- ssIkvX-h-k-aq-l-am-°n-

Øo¿°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√. t\scadn®v, t]m¿´p-

Kokv cmP-In-co-S-Øn\p hnt[-b-amtbm A√m-sXtbm, Ccp-hn-`m-K-ß-

sfbpw tdman\p Iogn-em-°pI F∂Xp amX-am-bn-cp-∂p. U®p-Im-cpsS

B[n-]Xyw aqew t]m¿´p-Kokp hnt[-bXzw A[n-Iw-\mƒ \o≠p-\n-

∂n-s√-¶nepw, tdma≥ A[o-iXzw \ncm-I-cn-°p∂ k`m-]m-c-ºcyw tIc-

f-Øn¬ hf-cp-hm≥ th≠ B\p-Iqeyw AXp-aqew e`y-am-bn-√.

bqtdm-]y≥ anj-\-dn-am-tcm-Sp≈ U®p-Im-cpsS at\m-`m-h-Øn\pw

hyXnbm\ap-≠m-bn. 1663 apX¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ ]h¿Øn®ph∂ I¿-

a-eo-Ø¿ U®p-Im-cp-ambn [mc-W-bn-se-Øp-hm≥ sNbvX ia-ßƒ

ê-]-Z-am-bn-√. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ C∂-sk‚ v XII (1691-˛1700)ap≥ssI-sb-SpØp ]h¿Øn®Xp-aqew 1698 G]n¬ 1˛\v U®p-K-h-

¨sa‚ v sk_-Ãn-bm-\nbpw _nj∏p Nm≠nbpw A\p-`-hn-®n-cp∂

kzmX-¥y-ßƒ, Nne hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°p hnt[-b-ambn, I¿a-eo-Ø-cmb

GXm\pw anj-\-dn-am¿°pw Ah-tcm-Sp-IqsS Hcp _nj-∏n\pw A\p-h-

Zn-®p. CXns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-c-√mØ bqtdm]y≥ anj-

\-dn-am¿°pw Hcp hntZ-iob _nj-∏n\pw \n¿_m[w ae-¶-c-k-`bv°p

t\XrXzw sImSp-°m-hp∂ Ahÿ \ne-hn¬h∂p. Cu hn[-Øn¬

tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk`bpw U®p-Imcpw XΩn¬ Dd-∏mb [mcW

Df-hm-Ip-Ibpw tIc-f-Ønse tdma≥ ItØm-en°m hn`mKw AXns‚

]q¿h-N-cn-X-hp-ambn _‘-an-√mØ k`m-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ ÿnco-Ir-

X-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.

(c) ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n _nj-∏m-Ip∂p

B¿®p-_n-j∏v sk_-Ãn-bm\n tIcfw hntS-≠-Xmbn h∂-t∏mƒ,

151k` hf-cp∂p

At±lw t\XrXzw \evInh∂ k`m hn`m-K-Øn-\p-th≠n sNøm-am-

bn-cp∂ GI \S-]Sn \m´p-Im-c-\mb Hcm-fns\ F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ ÿm\-

Øpb¿Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-tebv°v At±lw ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-°-

Ø-\msc Xnc-s™-SpØp hmgn® hnhcw CXn-\Iw \mw I≠-Xm-W-

t√m. c≠p ]´-°m-cpsS kl-I-c-W-Øn¬ sk_-Ãn-bm-\n, Nm≠nsb

_nj-∏mbn (B¿®p-_n-j-∏m-bn-´-√) Ah-tcm-[n-®p. "saKm-dm-bnse

_nj∏v' F∂ ÿm\-t∏cpw "A¶-am-en-bpsS At∏m-kvtXm-enI hnIm-

cn' F∂ \nebpw sk_-Ãn-bm\n At±-l-Øn\p \evIn. tdmans‚

hy‡-amb B⁄-bpsS shfn-®-Øn-e-√msX am¿ tXm-Ωm-bpsS

ÿm\w ÿnco-I-cn-°p-Itbm a‰m-sc-sb-¶nepw saXm≥ÿm-\-Øp-

b¿Øp-Itbm sNøp-∂-X-s√∂p ]pXnb _nj∏v ]Xn⁄ sNø-W-

am-bn-cp-∂p. ÿm\-ta-‰-bp-Ss\ am¿ tXm-Ωm-sbbpw At±-l-Øns‚

A\p-N-c≥ Cń-sØm-Ω≥ IØ-\m-scbpw k`m-`wiw sNbvXv _nj∏p

Nm≠n kwXr]vXn AS-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Nm≠n°p ipiq-j-Iƒ \n¿_m[w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-

bXbpw kpdn-bm-\n-`mj hi-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn¬ Ihn-™p≈ hnZym-`ym-

k-]-c-amb \ne-hmcw H∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ At±-l-Øn\p

am¿ tXm-Ωmbv°v FXn-cmbn ]e ÿe-ß-fnepw apt∂-dp-hm≥ U®p-

Im-cp-sSbpw Nne \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw ]n≥XpW Hc-f-hn¬ e`n-

®n-cp-∂p. hnZym-`ymkw Ipd-hm-bn-cp∂p F¶nepw tdmap-am-bp≈ thgvN-

bn¬ ]e Imcy-ßfpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-sa-∂p≈ ]Xo£ At±-l-

Øn\p≠mbn-cp-∂p. Ah-bn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p ktlm-Z-c-]p-Xs\ ]n≥Km-

an-bm°n \nb-an-°pI F∂-Xv. AXp \S-°msX h∂ hnhcw apI-fn¬

kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m.

A∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ F∏n-kvt°m-∏¬ ]Z-Øn-te-bv°p-b-

¿Øp-hm≥ ae-¶-c-bn-em-scbpw I¿Ω-eo-Ø¿ I≠n-√. Nm≠nsb klm-

bn-°p-hm\pw At±-l-Øns‚ Ime-tijw ]n≥Km-anXzw ]m]n-°p-hm\pw

sIm≈m-hp∂ Hcmsf Xnc-s™-Sp-t°-≠Xv Bh-iy-ambn Ah¿ Icp-

Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ I¿Ω-eo-Ø¿ d^m-tb¬ ^nsK-

sdtUm Un k¬Km-tUmsb 1677 ˛¬ B ÿm\-tØbv°v sXc-s™-

SpØp tdmans‚ A\p-hm-Zhpw hmßn. Cu d^m-tb¬ t]m¿´p-Kokp

amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°v C¥y-bn¬ h®p P\n® Bfmbncp∂p F∂-√msX

C¥y≥ hwi-P-\m-bn-cp-∂n-√. t]msc-¶n¬ Bfns‚ kz-`m-hsØ∏‰n

]e Btcm-]-W-ßfpw D∂-bn-®p-an-cp-∂p. CsXm∂pw hI-sh-bv°m-sX,

I¿Ω-eo-Ø¿ Bfns\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw Xnc-s™-Sp-∏ns\ tdmw

ÿnco-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ AXp _nj∏v Nm≠n°pw U®p-

152 k` hf-cp∂p

Im¿°pw, a‰p- ]-e¿°pw Xr]-vXn-I-c-a-mbn-cp∂n√. d^m-tb-ens\ hmgn-

°p-hm≥ Bcp-an-√m-sX-bn-cp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ I¿Ω-eo-Ø¿ Im\-

dm-bnse At∏m-kvtXm-en-I-hn-Im-cnsb tlan®v At±-l-sØ-s°m≠p

ÿm\w sImSp-∏n-®p. GXm-bmepw 1687-˛¬ _nj∏v Nm≠n \ncy-mX-

\m-Ip∂ Imew-h-scbpw Ah¿ XΩn¬ cay-X-bn¬ h∂n-√. d^m-tbepw

Nm≠nbpw XΩn¬ amX-a-√, Nm≠nbpw I¿Ω-eo-Øcpw XΩnepw, d^m-

tbepw I¿Ω-eo-Øcpw XΩnepw sshc-ky-Øn¬ FØp-Ibpw B

Ah-ÿ-bn¬ 1697˛¬ d^m-tb¬ sFln-I-hmkw shSn-bp-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

(d) am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ BK-a\w

1665-˛¬ \ncmi-\mb am¿ tXm-Ωm, Pkzn-Ø¿ hgn tdma≥ ItØm-

en-°m-k-`-bp-ambn tN¿∂p-t]m-Ip-∂- hkvXpX- t]mepw Nn¥n-®n-cn-°m-

hp∂ kµ¿`-Øn¬, Hcp ]uc-kvXy-_n-j∏v tImgn-t°m´p h∂n-d-ßn-

b-Xm-bp≈ hm¿Ø At±-l-Øn\p e`n-®p. At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-

k-`-bn¬s∏´ sbdp-itew _nj-∏m-bn-cp∂p B taev]-´-°m-c≥. c≠p

k\ymkn ]´-°m-tcm-Sp-IqsS tIc-f-Øn-se-Ønb am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-

kn-s\, \nc-h[n ]´-°m-cm¬ A\p-K-X-\mbn am¿ tXmΩm kzoI-cn-®p.

AXp-aqew tdma≥I-tØm-en-°m-hn-`m-K-hp-ambn sFIy-s∏-´p-t]m-Ip-hm-

\p≈ km[yX am¿ tXm-Ωm-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn≥Iognep≈ k`m-hn-

`m-K-Øn\p \jvS-s∏´p F∂p tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m- KŸImc-∑m¿

tJZ-]q¿∆w tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. F∂m¬ AXns‚ adp-hiw Ah¿

ImWp∂n√.

am¿ tXm-Ωmbpw am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkpw ]c-kv]cw kl-I-c-W-

Øn¬ A∂papX¬ k`m-tk-h-\-Øn¬ hym]r-X-cmbn. CXp-aqew ae-

¶-c-k-`-bnse kzmX-¥y-Imw-£n-Iƒ k`m-]-c-ambn Hcp ]pXnb Ncn-

X-Øn-¬ ]thin®p. AXp-h-scbpw ae-¶-c-k-`bv°p t\cn´p _‘-

an-√m-sX-bn-cp∂ At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bp-am-bp≈ thgvN-bn¬

k`-bnse Hcp hn`mKw Imeq∂n F∂p ]d-bmw. Cu hn[-Øn¬ tIc-

f-Ønse ]pcm-X-\-k-`-bm-I-am\w 16-˛mw \q‰m≠p hsc AXn-\p-≠m-

bn-cp∂ k`m-]-c-amb hntZ-i-_-‘sØ ]msS Dt]-£n-®p.

]pXnb saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Dt±iyw At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm\n

k`bpsS Bcm-[-\-I-a-ßfpw a‰p ]mc-º-cy-ßfpw tIcfØnse k`-

bn¬ ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ AXp [rXn-bn¬

\S-∏n¬ hcp-ØpI km[y-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kn\p ae-

¶-c-k- -bp-ambp≈ CS-s]-S-en\p kpdn-bm-\n- mj klm-b-I-am-bn-cp-∂p.

153k` hf-cp∂p

t]¿jy≥k` D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-∂Xv B `mj-bpsS Hcp hI-t`-Z-am-bn-cp-

∂-Xn-\m¬ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-am[m-c-am°n am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kn\p sshj-

ay-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ Bcm-[-\bpw a‰p ]e ]mc-º-cy-ßfpw

ASn-ÿm-\-am°n At±-l-Øn\p kmh-Imiw th≠n-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-

\Iw a\p-jy¿°p ]cn-Nn-X-ambncp∂ coXn-Iƒ amXta Bcw-`-Øn¬

At±lw Ah-ew-_n-®p-≈q. F∂m¬ ] -°m-cpsS Bcm-[-\-bnse hkv-

X-ßƒ, hn. Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ ]pfn-∏p≈ A∏w, k`m-]-©mwKw Ch-

sb√mw At±lw t`Z-s∏-SpØn kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bp-am-bp≈ sFI-cq]yw

]p\-x-ÿm-]n-®p. Ch-bnepw At¥ym-Iy≥ k`bpw t]¿jy≥ k`bpw

XΩn¬ kmc-amb kmay-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xm-Wv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kn\v

ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ AwKo-I-cWw e`n-®Xv. At±lw tdma≥ ]m∏m-bm¬

\ntbm-Kn-X-\m-sW∂v am¿ tXm-Ωmbpw CńsØmΩ≥ IØ-\mcpw IqSn

]d™p a\p-jysc I_-fn-∏n-®-Xp-aq-e-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p tdma≥

ItØm-en°m Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ Bt£-]n-°p∂ hkvXpX ChnsS

hnkva-cn-°p-∂n-√. Cu ]kvXm-h-\-bv°m-[m-c-ambn am¿ tXm-Ωmsb

hna¿in®ph∂ anj-\-dn-am-cpsS km£y-ßƒ Ah¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-

°p∂p. F∂m¬ B tcJIsf√mw GI-]-£o-b-amb sXfn-hp-I-ft√

F∂p tNmZn®pt]mIpw.

ChnsS Hcp ]c-am¿∞w A\p-kva-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ]Xn-]-£-_-

lp-am-\-tØm-Sp-IqsSØs∂ AXv FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°p-I-bm-Wv. 16-˛Dw

17- Dw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse tIcf InkvXym-\n-Iƒ k`m-N-cn-X-tam, tdma≥

ItØmen°m-k-`-bp-sSbpw ]uc-kvXy-k-`-I-fp-sSbpw sshZn-Im-[n-Im-

c-a-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ ]mc-º-cy-ssh-hn-≤ytam H∂pw a\- n-em-°n-

bn-cp-∂-h-c-√. Ahsc F√m D]m-b-ß-fp-ap-]-tbm-Kn®p tdma≥ ItØm-

en°m k`-bn-em-°p-hm-\p≈ DZy-a-am-bn-cp∂p t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Imcpw

tdmans‚ t\cn-´p≈ `c-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-cmb I¿Ω-eo-Øcpw \n¿h-

ln-®-Xv. Cu DZy-a-ßsf sNdp-°p-hm≥ am¿ tXm-Ωm-bpsS I£n°p

hfsc sshjayw XcWw sNtø-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. sXt‰m, icntbm F∂

]cn-Nn-¥\w hnj-b-am-°msX Ah-cpsS \ne-]m-Sns\ _lp-am-\-]q¿∆w

a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ ian-°p-I-bmWv \mw sNtø-≠-Xv.

am¿ tXmΩm-bpsS ÿm\w am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv ÿnco-I-cn®p

F∂pw Cs√∂pw A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp∂ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-cp-≠v. F∂m¬

Cs√∂p hmZn-°p-hm≥ sXfn-shm-∂p-an-s√-∂p-≈-XmWv ]c-am¿∞w.

Ah-cn-cp-hcpw Bdp sIm√-ß-tfmfw Imew kl-I-cn®p ]h¿Øn®p

F∂-Xv ÿm\w ÿnco-I-cn®p F∂-Xn\p aXn-bmb sXfn-hm-Wv. am¿

KotKm-dn-tbmkv 1671 G]n¬ amkw 24- \v \ncym-X-\mbn hS-°≥]dhq¿

154 k` hf-cp∂p

]≈n-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏-´p. c≠p sIm√-ßƒ°p tijw 1673

G]n¬ 22-˛mw XobXn am¿ tXmΩm Nc-a-a-S-bp-Ibpw, A¶-amen ]≈n-

bn¬ At±-l-sØ I_-d-S°pI-bp-ap-≠m-bn. 1653-˛se kXy-]-Xn⁄

\ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥, _e-lo-\XIƒ°p hnt[-b-am-bn-´mbn-cp∂ncn°m-

sa-¶n-epw, am¿ tXm-Ωmbv°p km[n®p. AXn¬ IrX-Ir-Xy-\m-bn-Øs∂

At±lw sFln-I-hmkw shSn™p.

am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv, am¿ tXm-Ωm-bp-ambn tN¿∂v, tdma≥ ItØm-

en°m k`-bvs°-Xncmbn ae-¶-c-k-`sb ]uckvXy ]mc-º-cy-Øn-ep-

d-∏n-°p-hm≥ ]e-hn-[-Ønepw ]h¿Øn-®p. t]¿jy≥ k`bpw

At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`bpw XΩn¬ \ne-hn-en-cp∂ `mj-bpsS

kmayhpw ]mc-º-cy-ß-fnse s]mXp-hmb sFIyhpw At±-l-Øns‚

bXv\-ßsf hnP-bn-∏n-®p. 1668 sabv 5˛mw XobXn am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv

]d-hq¿, apf-¥p-cp-Øn, I≠-\m-Sv ]≈n-Iƒ°-b® Hcp s]mXp teJ-

\-Øn¬ At±-l-Øn-s‚- \ne]mSv hy‡-am-°n. B te-J-\-Ønse

]k-‡-amb `mKw kpdn-bm\n aqe-Øn¬\n∂pw hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv

C. Fw. ]oen-t∏mkv D≤-cn-°p-∂p-≠v (Op. cit. pp. 160 apX¬ 164 hsc

hi-ßƒ ImWpI). AhnsS Du∂n-∏-d-bp∂ Bibßfn-h-bm-Wv.

(1) ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS BZysØ 1600 sIm√-°mew Cu k` tdma≥

ItØm-en°m k`-bpsS `mK-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. B Ime-ß-fn¬ Cu k`

\ne-\n¿Øn-bn-cp∂ BNm-c-ßsf t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ t`Zs∏-Sp-Øn-bXv

A\-[n-Ir-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. B Ime-ß-fn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`m-_-‘-Øn¬

Pohn®p acn-®-h¿ InkvXo-b c£°¿l-c-t√? (2) Cu Ime-sa√mw

ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse ]´-°msc \nb-am-\p-k-cWw hnhmlw sNøp-hm≥

k` A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂p. tdma≥ ItØm-en-°-cm-I-s´, "]´-°m-cp-sSbpw

siΩm-»-∑m-cp-sSbpw hnhmlw hntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p∂p.' X∑qew Akm-

∑m¿KnI Pohn-X-Øn\v Ah¿ t]cn-X-cm-Ip-∂p. (3) ae-¶-c-k` BN-

cn®ph∂ t\mºp-Isf Ah¿ t`Z-s∏-SpØn. henbt\mºn¬ t]mepw

a’yhpw el-cn-]-Zm¿∞-ßfpw Ah¿ Bl-cn-°p-∂p. (4) hnizm-k-]-

c-ambn tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`bpw kpdn-bm-\n-k-`bpw XΩn-ep≈

hyXym-k-ßƒ as‰mcp teJ-\-Øn¬ hy‡-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn am¿

KotKm-dn-tbmkv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. (5) \mw hniz-kn-t°-≠Xv tdmam-

k-`-bn-e-√, ImtXm-en-Ihpw ss«ln-I-hp-amb GI hnip≤ k`-bn-

em-Wv.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. U®p-Im¿ \ΩpsS k`bv°v F¥p ]tbm-P\w sNbvXp? tdma≥

155k` hf-cp∂p

ItØm-en°m hn`m-K-Øn-s\-s¥√mw B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ \evIn?

2. ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠nsb GXp-hn-[-Øn¬ \ap°p hnebncpØmw?

3. am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ BK-a\w aqew k`-bv°p-≠mb \∑

sb¥v?

]mTw 4

am¿tØmΩm _nj-∏-∑m¿

]mcw`w 17-˛Dw 18-˛Dw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]cm-P-b-a-S™ am¿ K_n-

tbens‚ bXv\w apt∂‰w ]m]n® At¥ym-Iy≥ kndn-b≥ bXv\w

(a) ]mcw`w

am¿ tXmΩm H∂m-as‚ \ncym-Wm-\-¥cw At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Kman-

I-fmbn A©p am¿ tXmΩm saXm-∑m¿ 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥ywh-

sc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`sb \bn-®p. Ah-cn¬ c≠m-a\pw

aq∂m-a\pw Imcy-am-bn-s´m∂pw \n¿h-ln-®n-√. \mem-a≥ Zo¿L-Imew

k`bv°p t\XrXzw \evIn. At±-l-Øns‚ ImeØp s\kvtXm-dnb≥

]mc-ºcyw ae-¶-c-bn¬ ]p\-xÿm]n-°p-hm≥ _m_n-tem-Wn¬ \n∂p

h∂ am¿ K_n-tb¬ sNbvX bXv\w B _nj-∏ns‚ Xntcm-[-m\tØm-

sS A¥yw ]m]n-®p. A©pw Bdpw am¿ tXmΩmam¿ ]m]vX-cmb

t\Xm-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

ae-¶-c-k` hn -Pn-X-ambn F¶nepw Ccp-hn- m-K-ß-fn-sem∂pw k -bpsS

]q¿h-N-cnXw hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw A¿∞-]q¿hw hne-

bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvX-tijw AXm-Xns‚ \ne-Iƒ Ah-ew-_n-°p-I-

bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. A∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ AXn-\p≈ Ignhpw Ah¿°p-

≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k -bp-ambn tbmPn® hn`m-K-Øn\v

Nn¥m-]-c-amb t\XrXzw anj-\-dn-am¿ \¬In. at‰ hn`mKw At¥ym-

Iy≥ kpdn-bm\nk -bm¬ \ntbm-Kn-X-cmbn h∂ ]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬\n∂pw

Nne Imcy-ßƒ a\- n-em-°n. F∂m¬ `c-W-]-c-amb k`mkzmX¥yw

ssIsh-Sn-b-W-sa∂v Ah¿°p-t±-iy-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m

hn`m-K-Øns‚ k¿h-]-[m-\-amb A`n-emjw tdmans‚ Iogn¬ \m´p-sa-

Xm-∑m¿ thW-sa-∂p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. F¥n\v tdmans‚ Iogn¬ Ign-b-

W-sa∂ tNmZyw Ah¿ D∂-bn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

156 k` hf-cp∂p

17-˛Dw 18-˛Dw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ Ccp-I-£n-Ifpw XΩn¬ tbmPn-°-W-

sa-∂p≈ BKlw Ccp-`m-K-Øn¬s∏-´-h¿°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬

AXp InkvXob sFIy-sØ-∏‰n thZ-im-kvX-]-c-am-bp≈ Nn¥-bn¬

\n-∂p-ap-¤-hn-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√. H∂p-In¬ kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-Iƒ

Hcp-an®p Ign-b-W-sa-∂p≈ Nn¥, As√-¶n¬ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-\p-th-≠n-

bp≈ A`n-hmRvO ˛ CXm-bn-cp∂p Ahsc t]cn-∏n-®-ncp∂Xv. Cu

hn[-Øn-ep≈ sFIy-e-_v[n°p th≠n 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥yw-h-

scbpw Btem-N-\-Iƒ \S-∂p-h-∂p. Ah-bn-se√mw tdma≥ ItØm-

en-°m- -`m-K-Øn\p tdman¬\n∂pw AwKo-I-c-Ww thW-sa∂ \n¿_-

‘-am-bn-cp-∂p. at‰ `mK-Øn\v B \n¿_-‘sØ ]uc-kvXy-k-`-I-

fpsS ]mc-º-cy-sh-fn-®-Øn¬ t\cn-Sp-hm-\p≈ XmWntbm hn⁄m-

\tam D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-an-√. AXp-aqew Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ B `mKw

Nm™pw Ncn™pw Ign-™-tX-bp-≈p. ae-¶-c-k-`m-N-cnX ]Xn-]m-Z-

\-Øn¬ Cu ]c-am¿∞w ]tXyIw i≤bv°¿l-am-Wv. AXp IW-

°n-se-Sp-Øn-cp∂p F¶n¬ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿°v

]Xn-]£ _lp-am\w \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠v Cu k`-bpsS NcnXw

]cm-a¿in-°pI km[y-am-bn-cp-∂p.

(b) 17-˛Dw 18-˛Dw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬

am¿ tXmΩm H∂m-as‚ ]n≥Kman am¿tØmΩm c≠m-a≥ Bbn-cp-

∂p. At±-lsØ am¿ tXmΩm H∂m-a≥ am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv \ncym-

X-\m-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºv At±-lhpw tN¿∂v t\csØ Xs∂ hmgn-®n-

cp∂p F∂p ]oen-t∏mkv ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p (Op. cit. p. 167). F∂m¬

Cu hmgvN F∂p \S∂p F∂v Cu Ncn-X-Im-c≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-

∂n-√. am¿ tXmΩm H∂m-a≥ 1670 taSw 12-˛\v Imew sNbvXp F∂mWp

]oen-t∏mkv A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu Xob-Xnbpw Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿

s]mXpsh icn-h-bv°p-∂n-√.

am¿ tXmΩm c≠m-as‚ hmgvNsb kw_-‘n®pw Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿

XΩn¬ A`n-]m-bm-¥-c-ap-≠v. ]oen-t∏m-kns‚ \ne-]mSp kzoI-cn-°m-

Ø-h¿ Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p. am¿ tXmΩm H∂m-a≥ Nc-a-a-S-™-bp-Ss\

At±-l-Øns‚ ktlm-Z-c≥ ]n≥Km-anXzw Gs‰-Sp-Øp. Hcm-gvN-bv°p-

≈n¬ ]pXnb t\Xmhv CSn-tb‰p acn-®-Xn-\m¬ tImX-aw-K-eØp h®p

\S∂ k`m-tbmKw am¿ tXm-Ωm-bpsS Hcp ktlm-Z-c-]p-Xs\ t\Xr-

ÿm-\-Øp-]-hn-jvS-\m-°n. Cu IY icn-sb-¶n¬, ]oen-t∏m-kns‚ A`n-

]mbw km[p-hm-bn-°-cp-Xp-hm≥ am¿tØmΩm H∂m-a\pw am¿ KotKm-

dn-tbmkpw tN¿∂v c≠m-fp-Isf taev]- -ÿm-\-Ø-h-tcm-[n-®n-cn-°-Ww.

157k` hf-cp∂p

CXn-s\m∂n\pw \ap°p sXfn-hn-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Cu hnjbw hnSp-hms\

\nhr-Øn-bp-≈p.

am¿ tXmΩm c≠m-as\ Bcv Ft∏mƒ hmgn-®n-cp-∂mepw A∂sØ

tdma≥ ItØm-en°m hn`m-K-Øns‚ t\Xm-°-fm-bn-cp∂ Nm≠n _nj-

∏pw 1678-˛¬ B _nj∏v \nb-an-®n-cp∂ ktlm-Z-c-]p-X≥ A¿°-Zn-bm-

t°m≥ amXyphpw At±-lsØ BZ-cn-®n-cp-∂p. _nj∏v Nm≠n 1687-˛-

emWp \ncymWw ]m]n-®-Xv. AXn-\p-apºp am¿ tXmΩm c≠m-as\

Xs‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn Ah-tcm-[n®v Ccp-hn-`m-K-ß-fpw XΩn¬ tbmPn-

∏n-°p-hm≥ _nj-∏p- Nm≠n A`n-e-jn-®n-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXp \S°msX

h∂-Xns‚ Imc-W-ß-fn-te-°n-hnsS ]th-in-°p-∂n-√. Ah ChnsS

]k-‡-hp-a-√. A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ amXyp, am¿ tXm-Ωmsb ]mem-bn¬

h®v I≠v At±-l-tØmSp kwkm-cn® hkvXpX tdma≥ ItØm-en°m

Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. B Ah-k-c-Øn¬ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥

am¿ tXm-Ωm-bpsS ssIapØn _lp-am\w ]Z¿in∏n®p. ]n∂oSp amXyp-

hn-s\-Xn-cmbn I¿Ω-eo-Ø¿ D∂-bn® Btcm-]-W-ß-fn-sem∂v, Cu

Imc-W-Øm¬, Abmƒ ItØm-en-°m -k-`-tbmSp k¿hX hniz-kvX-

\-s√-∂p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

1686-˛¬ am¿ tXmΩm c≠m-a≥ \ncym-X-\m-bn. At±-lsØ \ncWw

]≈n-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-®p. AXn-\Iw 1685-˛¬ At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm\n

k`-bnse ta¬]´-°m-c\m-bn-cp∂ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkpw am¿ Cuhm-

\n-tbmkpw tIc-f-Øn¬ h-∂p. Ch-scbpw Ah¿°p apºp h∂n-cp∂

A¥-tbm-kn-s\bpw a‰pw Bkv]-Z-am°n ]n∂mse ]cm-a¿in-°p-

∂p≠v. Ch-cn¬ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv c≠m-gvN-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ tIc-f-

Øn¬ Pohn-®n-√. At±lw Nc-a-a-S™p tImX-aw-K-eØp kwkvI-cn-

°-s∏-´p. F´p sIm√-ßtfmfw tIc-f-°-c-bn¬ Pohn® am¿ Cuhm-\n-

tbmkv \n¿h-ln® c≠p ][m\ kwK-Xn-Ifnsem∂v 1686-˛¬ am¿

tXmΩm c≠m-a-s\bpw 1688-˛¬ am¿ tXmΩm \mem-a-s\bpw hmgn-°p-

∂-Xn-\p≈ F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ t\XrXzw \¬In-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

am¿ tXmΩm aq∂m-a≥ ÿm\w ]m]n-®-tijw c≠p-sIm√°mew

amXta Pohn-®n-cp∂v k`sb \bn-®p-≈p. At±-l-Øns‚ Nc-a-Øn-

\p-tijw Ah-tcm-[n-X-\mb am¿ tXmΩm \mem-a≥ \mev]Xp h¿j-

tØmfw k`bv°p t\XrXzw \¬In. B Ime-L-´-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p

s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ hnizm-kn-bm-bn-cp∂ kpdn-bm-\n-°m-c≥ am¿ K_n-

tb¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂p ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS `cWw ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-hm≥

iaw \S-Øn-b-Xv. CtX-∏-‰n-bp≈ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ Xmsg tN¿Øn-

´p-≠v. am¿ K_n-tb-ep-ambn G‰p-ap-t´-≠n-h∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ am¿

158 k` hf-cp∂p

tXmΩm klm-b-a-`y¿∞n-®p-sIm≠v At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm\n ]mXn-

b¿°o-kns‚ t]¿°p kpdn-bm\n `mj-bn-se-gp-Xnb c≠p IØp-I-f-

b-®p. A∂p e`y-am-bn-cp∂ U®p-I-∏¬ am¿§w hn´ B IØp-I-fn-

sem∂pw kpdn-bm\n ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ASp-°-se-Øn-bn-√. 1709-˛-

se-gp-Xnb BZytØXp BwÃ¿Um-an¬ sN∂p-tN¿∂p. sseU≥ k¿-

h-I-em-im-e-bnse kpdn-bm\n hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p hmbn-°p-hm≥ ]‰nb

KŸ-i-I-e-ambn AXns‚ A®-Sn® ]Xn-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ h∂p.

1720-˛-e-b® at‰ IØv tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bpsS ssIhiw

e`n®p. tdmanse t]m∏v-Km≥Um KŸ-im-e-bn¬ AXp kq£n-®n-´p-

s≠∂p ]d-bp-∂p. IØp-Iƒ c≠nepw am¿ K_n-tb-en-s\-Xn-cmbn

k`m-hn-izmkw ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ ]m]vX-cmb saXm-∑m-scbpw ]´-°m-

scbpw ae-¶-c-bn-te-bv°-b®p k`sb klm-bn-°-W-sa-∂-t]-£n-®n-

cp-∂p.

1728- ¬ am¿ tXmΩm \mem-a≥ \ncym-X-\m-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºv At±lw

am¿ tXmΩm A©m-as\ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn hmgn-®n-cp-∂p. ao\w 13-˛mw

XobXn Nc-a-a-S™ am¿ tXmΩm \mem-as\ I≠-\mSp ]≈n-bn¬

kwkvI-cn-®p. At±lw amX-ambn ]n≥Km-ansb hmgn-®Xp icn-bm-bn√

F∂ ]cmXn kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ ]ecpw ]I-Sn-∏n-®p. am¿ tXmΩm H∂p

apX¬ A©p- h-sc-bp≈ saXm-∑m-cn-em¿°pw icn-bmb F∏n-kvtIm-

∏¬ ÿm\-an-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂p IcpXnh∂ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m

hn`mKw Cu Btcm-]Ww D∂-bn-°p-hm≥ a\p-jysc t]cn-∏n-®n-cn°mw.

Cu hnjbw Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp≈ B hn`m-K-Øns‚ \ne-]mSv 1665-

˛¬ am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ BK-a-\-sØ-Øp-S¿∂p-≠mb k`m

]ncnhp ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ Np‰p-]m-Sn¬, tP°_v sIm√m-]-d-ºn¬ (TheArchdeacon of All India, Kottayam, 1972, pp. 146-147) Cßs\ Nq≠n-°m-

Wn-°p-∂p. am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv bmt°m-_mb hnizmkw ae-¶-c-bn¬

]th-in-∏n-®p. Aßs\ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ a’cw Ita-W-bmbn

ioiva-bn¬ ]Xn-®p. AXp-aqew am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-IfpsS kaq-

l-Øn¬ hnizm-k-hn-]-co-Xn-Iƒ \pg™p Ibdn. hymP-sa-Xm-∑m¿

tXmΩmsb A\p-Iq-en-®-hsc "]pØ≥Iq-‰p-Im¿' F∂pw am¿ Ae-

Ivkm-≠-dns\ A\p-k-cn-®-hsc "]gbIq‰p-Im¿' F∂pw ]d-™p-h-

cp∂p.

Hcp hiØv sIm√m-]-d-ºn-e-®s‚ Hcp \√ ]pkvX-I-am-Wv TheArchdeacon of All India. F∂m¬ adp-h-iØv BI-am\w tNmZyw sNøm-

hp∂ CXp-t]m-se-bp≈ ]e kvJen-X-ß-fpap-s≠∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv,

At±-l-tØm-Sp≈ _lp-am\w \ne-\n¿Øns°m≠p Xs∂-bm-Wv.

159k` hf-cp∂p

At±-lØns‚ ]cm-a¿iw tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k` amXta icn-

bmb k`-bm-bn-´p≈p F∂ \ne-]mSv ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb kXy-ambn

Ah-ew-_n-®p-sIm-≠p-≈-Xm-Wv. ]uc-kvXy-k-`-I-sf√mw Hcp t]mse

tNmZyw sNøp∂ Cu A`n-]m-b-K-Xn-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂

Ncn-X-]-T\w hkvXp-\n-jvT-am-Ip-I-bn-√. ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ "ioiva'-bp-

≠mbn. "ioiva' F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w "apdn-°¬' AYhm "hn`-

P\w' F∂-sX. ae-¶-c-k-`-bn-ep-≠mb "ioiva-'bn¬ tdma≥ ItØm-

en°m hn`m-Khpw AXn-s\-Xn-cmbn \n∂ hn`m-Khpw Hcp-t]mse "ioiva'-

bn¬ ÿnXnsNøp-∂p. Ah-bn-sem-∂n\pw at‰-Xn-t\-°mƒ ta∑-b-h-

Im-i-s∏-Sp-hm-\n-√. "]pØ≥ Iq‰p-Im¿', "]gb Iq‰p-Im¿' F∂o ]tbm-

K-ßƒ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-´-h¿, Ah-cpsS \nem-

]mSp IqSp-X¬ ]pcm-X-\-sa∂p iTn-°p-hm≥, GI-]-£o-b-ambn D]-

tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp-Øn-b-Xp -am-X-am-Wv.

am¿tØmΩm saXm-∑m-cpsS ÿm\-km-[p-X-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ tdma≥

ItØm-en°m hn`m-K-Øns‚ A`n-]mbw a‰p Nne Ncn-X-Im-c-∑mcpw

\ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ bXv\n-°p-∂p-≠v. Hcp saXm-s\, Bhiyw h∂m¬,

hmgn-°p-∂-Xv k`-bpsS A[n-Im-c-Øn¬s∏-´-Xm-Wv. B XØz-Øns‚

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp am¿tØmΩm saXm-s‚bpw ÿm\w Akm-[p-

sh∂p Icp-tX-≠-bm-h-iy-an-√. AXp BsW∂p hmZn-°p-∂Xv Zpcp-t±-

i-y]-c-am-sW∂v F√m Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-scbpw Dt±-in®p ]d-™p-Iq-Sm-

sb-¶nepw, kZp-t±iy t]cn-X-a-√. am¿tØmΩm saXm-∑m-cn¬ A©p

apX-ep-≈-h-sc-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]cm-a¿iw C\n-bp-samcp ]mT-Øn-tebv°p \oń-

sh-®p-sIm≠p am¿ K_n-tb-en-s\-∏‰n Nne hnh-c-ßƒ ChnsS

FSpØp ImWn-°mw.

(c) ]cm-P-b-a-S™ am¿ K_n-tb-ens‚ bXv\w

am¿ K_n-tb-ens‚ ]h¿Ø\w kw_-‘n®p e`n-°m-hp∂ G‰w

B[p-\nI ]cm-a¿iw, tXmakv ]≈n-∏p-dØpIpt∂-ens‚ KŸ-Øn¬

[A Double Regime in the Malabar Church (1663- 1716), Alwaye 1982. pp. 136apX¬ 147 hsc ]pd-ß-fn¬] ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]fin-tXm-Nn-X-ambn

hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp∂ Cu KŸhpw, sIm√m-]-d-ºn-e-®s‚ ]pkvX-I-sØ-

∏‰n apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® hna¿i-\-Øn\p XnI®pw A¿l-amWv.

KŸ-I¿Ømhv am¿ K_n-tb-en-s\-∏‰n Cu hnh-c-ßƒ tN¿°p∂p.

1708 Unkw-_¿ amk-Øn¬ At±lw aZm-kn¬ \n∂pw sIm√-Øp-

h∂ptN¿∂p. t]¿jy≥ s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ k`-bpsS Genb X(1700˛1720) ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ A[n-Im-c-ko-a-bn¬s∏´ HmZp¿ _nPm-

160 k` hf-cp∂p

\nse _nj-∏mbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-th am¿ K_n-tb¬,

t]¿jy-bnse tdma≥ ItØm-en°m hn`m-K-Øns‚ ]mXn-b¿°okv

tPmk^v c≠m-a≥ (1696-˛1713) hgn k`m-]-cn-h¿Ø\w sNbvX-Xmbn

Ah-Im-i-s∏- p. ]mXn-b¿°o-kn¬IqsS tdmans‚ AwKo-I-c-W-°-Øp-

e-`n-°p-hm≥ th≠n K_n-tb¬ Hcp hnizmk]kvXm-h\ t]m∏-

Km≥Um-bv°-b-®Xp Xr]vXn-I-c-am-bn-√. AXp XncpØn as‰mcp ]kv-

Xm-h\ Ab-bv°p-hm-\p≈ \n¿t±iw ssIbn¬ In´p-∂-Xn\papºv

K_n-tb¬ C¥y-bn-tebv°p ]pd-s∏-´p Ign™p. bmX Xncn-®-t∏mƒ

At±-l-Øns‚ ]°¬ tPmk^v c≠m-a≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚

km£y-]-Xhpw t]m∏-Km≥Um kwL-t\-Xm-hns‚ Hcp IØp-ap-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. Ch- aqew am¿ K_n-tb-en\p tIc-f-Ønse kpdn-bm-\n-°m-

cmb tdma≥ ItØm-en-°-cpsS CS-bn¬ kzmKXw e`y-ambn.

K_n-tb-ens‚ hc-hp-aqew am¿ tXmΩm \mem-as‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn≥

Iogn¬s∏´ k`m-hn- m-K-Øn\pw sshj-ay-ß-fp-≠m-bn. B Iq -Ønse

Nne ]≈n-Ifpw P\-ßfpw Cu ]uc-kvXy- _n-j-∏ns\ kzoI-cn-∏m≥

Xbm-dm-bn. B kµ¿`-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p klm-b-Øn-\mbn am¿ tXmΩm

\mem-a≥ At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm\n ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ kao-]n-°p-

hm≥ bXv\n-®-Xv. F∂m¬ AXv ê-]-Z-am-bn-√.

ChnsS Hcp tNmZyw D∂-bn-°mhp∂-Xp≠v. ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS NcnXw

CXn-\Iw \mw I≠-hn-[-sa-¶n¬, am¿ tXmΩm \mem-a\p am¿ K_n-

tb-en-t\mSp AXr-]vXn-bp-≠m-Ip-hm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v? 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-

h-sc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ hntZ-i-_‘w

t]¿jy≥ k`-bp-am-bn-´m-bn-cp-∂nt√? 1665-˛¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂

At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-°m-c-\mb am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kn\p ae-¶c

k`-bp-ambn CS-s]-Sp-hm≥ kuIcyw \¬In-bXp `mjbpw ]e ]mc-

º-cy-ßfpw kw_-‘n®p t]¿jy≥ k`bpw At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm\n

k`bpw XΩn¬ \ne-hn-en-cp∂ kmay-am-bn-cp-∂nt√?

Cu ]iv\-Øn-\p-Ø-c-ambn aq∂p- Im-cy-ßƒ Hm¿°-Ww. H∂v,

am¿ K_n-tb¬ h∂Xp ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS `cWw ssIb-S-°p-hm-\m-

bn-cp∂p. AXns\ k¿h-i-‡n-bp-ap-]-tbm-Kn®p sNdp-°p-hm≥ am¿

tXmΩm apXn¿∂Xv GXp `c-W-I¿Ømhpw sNøp-hm-\n-S-bp≈ \S-]-

Sn-bm-Wv. c≠v, K_n-tb¬ s\kvtXm-dn-b-\m-bn-cp-∂p. 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-

ap-X¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ s\kvtXm-dnbm hnizm-ksØ hfsc lmky-

ambn NnXo-I-cn®p h∂n-cp-∂p. 1599-˛se DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv

ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬\n∂pw s\kvtXm-dnb \ne-]m-Sns\ ]msS D∑q-e\w

sNøp-hm≥ th≠ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-sf√mw Ah-ew-_n-®p-an-cp-∂p. aq∂v, am¿

161k` hf-cp∂p

KotKm-dn-tbmkv tIc-f-Øn-em-K-X-\mb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ t]¿jy≥k-

`bpw At¥ym-Iy≥k-`bpw XΩn-ep≈ kmayw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-

sb-¶n¬ AXn-\p-tijw 1685-˛¬ h∂ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Ah XΩn-

ep≈ hyXymkw hy‡-am-°n. B hyXymkw, apsºmcp ]mT-Øn¬

]cm-a¿in-®n-cp-∂p. AXv k¿h-]-[m-\-ambn tbip-In-kvXp-hn-s\-∏-‰n-

bp≈ D]-tZ-i-Øn-e-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. 431-˛¬ \S∂ Ft^-tkmkv kp∂-

l-tZm-kns\ kzoI-cn-°p∂ At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS \ne-

]m-Sm-bn-cp-∂p am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv, B kp∂-l-tZm-kn-\p-ap]-cn-bmbn

451- ¬ \S∂ I¬s°-Zq≥ kp∂-l-tZm-kns\ DZvtLm-jn-°p∂ tdma≥

ItØm-en°m hn`m-KsØ FXn¿Øp-sIm≠v, Du∂n-∏-d-™Xv. 5˛mw

\q‰m-≠n¬, A∂sØ tdmam kmam-Py-Ønse k`m- km-l-N-cy-Øn¬

\S∂ c≠p k`m-k-tΩ-f-\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p 431- -sebpw 451- -sebpw kp∂-

l-tZm-kp-Iƒ. Ch c≠n-s\bpw tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k` HutZym-

Kn-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°p-sa-¶nepw, Ah-bn¬ A[nIw ]m[m\yw B

k` I¬∏n-®p-h-∂Xv 451- se kp∂-l-tZm-kn-\m-bn-cp-∂p. At¥ym-Iy≥

kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bm-Is´ 431-˛se kp∂-l-tZm-kn-s‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

451-˛se kp∂-l-tZmkns\bpw AXns\ AwKo-I-cn® k`-I-sfbpw

amX-a-√, 431-˛se kp∂-l-tZm-kns\ kzoI-cn-°msX Ign™ t]¿-

jy≥ k`-tbbpw \nin-X-ambn hna¿in®ph∂p.

At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bp-am-bp≈ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS thgvN

am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv h∂p-tN¿∂ 1665- ap-X¬ kam-cw-`n®p F¶n-epw,

B k`-bpsS hnizm-km-Nm-c-ßƒ Ah-bpsS X\n-cq-]-Øn¬ ChnsS

]I¿Øp-hm≥ DZy-an-®Xv 1685-˛¬ h∂ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Bbn-cp-

∂p. B ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn¬ tbip-In-kvXp-hn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ D]-tZ-isam-

gnsI a‰p kp]-[m\ Imcy-ß-fnse√mw Xs∂bpw am¿ Cuhm-\n-

tbmkpw am¿ K_n-tbepw XΩn¬ tbmPy-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬

tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bp-ambn tdmans‚ BtKm-fm-[o-iXzw apX-

emb Nne ][m\ hyXym-k-ßƒ, am¿ K_n-tbepw am¿ Cuhm-\n-

tbmkpw ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXn-cp∂ k -Iƒ°p-≠v. Cu kXyw th≠-

hÆw ae-¶-c-bn-emcpw A∂p a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂n-√. C∂pw tdma≥

ItØm-en°m KŸ-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ ]ecpw AXp Kln-°p-hm≥ ian-

°p-∂n-s√-∂p-≈Xv tJZ-I-c-amb ]c-am¿∞-am-Wv.

16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂v ae-¶-c-k-`sb \bn-°p-hm-s\m-

cp-sº´ am¿ A_-lm-an-s\-bmWv am¿ K_n-tb¬ A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-

∂-Xv. c≠p-t]cpw D≈n¬ s\kvtXm-dn-b-cm-bn-cp-∂p. tdma≥ ItØm-

en°m k`-bpsS tIc-f-Ønse sI´p-d-∏ns\ t`Zn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bmsX

162 k` hf-cp∂p

h∂-Xn-\m¬, Ccp-hcpw B k`-bp-ambn sFIy-s∏-´-h-sc∂v `mhn-®-

Xp-am-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. GXm-bmepw ae-¶-c-bnse c≠p k`m-hn-`m-K-ß-

fn¬\n∂p-ambn 22 ]≈n-Iƒ am¿ K_n-tb-ens\ A\p-Iq-en-®p. 1731-

˛¬ tIm´-b-Øp-h®v At±lw arXn-b-S-™p. sNdnb]≈n-bn¬ At±-

lsØ kwkvI-cn-®p. 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ kn. Fw. Fkv. anj-\-dn-am¿

h∂-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWp am¿ K_n-tb-ens‚ Hm¿Ω-s∏-cp-∂mƒ Ita-W-

bmbn AhnsS C√m-sX-bm-b-Xv.

(d) apt∂‰w ]m]n® At¥ym-Iy≥ kndn-b≥ bXv\-ßƒ

1665-˛¬ am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv h∂-Xn-\p-tijw At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-

bm-\n-k` ae-¶-c-k-`-sb-∏‰n tI´p-Xp-S-ßn-b-Xns‚ e-ambn h∂ Hcm-

fm-bn-cp∂p A¥-tbmkv F∂p A\p-am-\n-°mw. XnI™ At¥ym-

Iy≥ t]an-bmb ]oen-t∏mkv Cu A¥-tbmkv "GXp k`-°m-c-\m-

bncp∂p Ft∂m, Hcp ]ptcm-ln-X≥ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sht∂m bmsXm-

∂pw B¿°pw \n›-b-an√' F∂p ]kvXm-hn-°p∂p (op. cit. p. 168).F∂m¬ 1678- ¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂ Cubm-fns\ "A¥-tbmkv _mhm'

F∂p ae-¶-c-bnse a\p-jy¿ hnfn-®p-h-∂p. Hcp ap≥tIm-]nbpw aZy]m-

\m-k-‡-\p-amb Cubmƒ I√-S-bm-‰n¬ apßn-a-cn-®p. AsXms° Fß-

s\-bn-cp-∂mepw A¥-tbm-kn\p ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ A\p-bm-bn-Isf

e`n®p. "I√-S hen-b-∏≥', "]pØ≥Imhp hen-b-∏≥' Fs∂-√m-ap≈

t]cp-I-fn¬ Abm-fpsS Hm¿Ω BtLm-j-]q¿∆w Nne ]≈n-I-fn¬

C∂pw BN-cn®p hcp∂p.

Cu A¥-tbm-kn-s\-∏‰n ]≈n-∏p-dØp Ipt∂-e-®≥ Nne hnh-c-

ßƒ \¬Ip-∂Xp (op. cit. pp. 155-156) ChnsS ]k-‡-ß-fm-Wv. am¿

tXmΩm c≠mas‚ Ime-Øm-bn-cp∂p Cubmƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ h-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬ At±-lsØ Cubmƒ saXm-\mbn Icp-Xn-bn-√. Xm≥ Xs∂

"]mXn-b¿°okv' BsW∂p `mhn-®p-sIm-≠v, am¿ tXmΩm Bscbpw

sshZnI ]Z-hn-bn-te-°p-b¿Øn-t∏m-I-cp-sX∂v Abmƒ B⁄m-]n-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. CsXm∂pw hI-h-bv°msX Hcn-°¬ At±lw tImX-

aw-K-eØp h®p \n¿h-ln® ]´wsImS ipiq-jm-k-a-bØv A¥-

tbmkv Hcp Nqc¬ hSn-bp-ambn aZv_-lm-bn¬ ]th-in-®p. ÿm\m¿∞n-

I-sfbpw saXm-s\bpw Ahn-sS-\n∂pw ASn-t®m-Sn-®p. t]m∏-Km≥Um

KŸ-im-e-bn-ep≈ Hcp tcJ-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWp KŸ-Im-

c≥ Cu IY FSpØp ]d-bp-∂-Xv. B tcJ Xs∂ am¿ tXmΩm-bpsS

t\sc-bp≈ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m sshcmKy ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \n¿Ωn-

X-am-sW∂p hcmw. F∂m¬ AXp icn-sb-¶n¬, Hcp kwKXn hy‡-

163k` hf-cp∂p

am-Ip-∂p. bqtdm-]y≥ anj-\-dn-am-sc-t∏m-se, At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-

\n-°mcpw tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂-Xn-\p-tijw \m´p-Im-cpsS k`m-]-c-amb

A⁄-X-tbbpw hocm-cm-[\m kz`m-h-tØbpw hf-sc-b-[nIw NqjWw

sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

Cu A¥-tbmkv Zpjvt]cp \nanØw kz¥-\m-ń¬\n∂pw _ln-

jvIr-X-\mb Hcp bmt°m-_mb ]´-°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂v kndn-b≥

\mSp-I-fn-e∂p ]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ I¿Ω-eo-Ø¿ Adn-bn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn

]≈n-∏p-dØp Ipt∂e-®≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. A¥-tbm-kns‚

IqsS Abm-fpsS Hcp ktlm-Z-c\pw C¥y-bn¬ h∂v, Im´p-a-ßm´p

IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂pw IeymWw Ign®v ChnsS A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp-

∂-Xmbn L. W. Brown (‘The Indian Christians of St. Thomas’, Cambridge,1982, p. 30) ]d-bp-∂p.

A¥-tbm-kn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]cm-a¿i-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hcp Imcyw

hy‡-am-Ip∂p F∂p ]d-bmw. 1665-˛-\p-tijw ae-¶-c-k` kz¥ -

Imen¬ \n¬°m-hp∂ Hcp kaq-l-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-cp-∂n-√. At¥ym-Iy≥

kpdn-bm-\n-k`m ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ \n∂pw kpdn-bm-\n-`mj kwkm-cn-°m-

hp∂ Bcpw-Xs∂ h∂n-cp-∂mepw, B Bfn\p ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬

kzmKXw e`n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Cub-h-ÿbv°p kp\n-›n-X-amb ASn-ÿm\w 1685- \p tijw \ne-

hn¬ h∂p. am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv, am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv F∂o taev]-

´-°m-cpsS BK-a\ hnhcw apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m. Ah¿ At¥ym-

Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂pw, Ah-cn¬ _tk-en-tbmkv Hcp

a^n-bm\m AYhm ImtXm-en-t°mkv Bbn-cp∂p F∂p-ap≈ hkvXp-

X-Isf tNmZyw sNøp∂ C Uv Fw. ]mtd-ńs‚ (ae-¶-c-\-km-Wn-

Iƒ hmeyw 3, 1976, 21-˛22 hi-ßƒ) \ne-]mSv ChnsS Ahew-_n-°p-

∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ ChnsS Hcp tNmZyw D≠mIp-∂p-≠v. F¥n-\mWv

A∂v At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm\n k`m≤y£≥ Hcp ImtXm-en-t°m-

kns\ ae-¶-c-bn-te-bv°-b-®Xv? ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Ahÿ AXn-\Iw

Ipsd F¶nepw a\- n-em-°n-bn-cn-°m-hp∂ At±lw Hcp-t±-iy-tØm-

sS-bm-bn-cn-°Ww Ah-cn-cp-h-scbpw IqSn Ab-®-Xv. AXp ae-¶-cbn¬

taev]-´-ÿm\w \evIn AXp-aqew k`sb kzm[o-\-Øn¬ hcp-Øp-

hm-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

GXm-bmepw am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv H∂pw sNøp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bm-Im-sX,

BK-a-\m\-¥cw c≠m-gvNIƒ°p-≈n¬ \ncym-X-\mbn F¶n-epw, am¿

Cuhm-\n-tbmkv F´p sIm√-ßtfmfw ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-®p.

164 k` hf-cp∂p

Ct±-l-amWv At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS hnizm-k-]-chpw a‰p-

amb ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ ]I¿Øp-hm≥, am¿ KotKm-dn-

tbmkv Bcw-`n® the hy‡-ambn ]ptcm-K-an-∏n-®-sX∂p apI-fn¬

I≠p-h-t√m. CXn-tebv°p am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Du∂n-∏-d™ Bdv

Bi-b-ßƒ ]oen-t∏mkv FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-∂p (op. cit. p. 169). ]≈n-∏p-

dØp Ipt∂-e-®s‚ KŸ-Øn¬ (op. cit. p. 157) ]Øp- Im-cy-ßƒ

Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. c≠p KŸ-Im-c-∑mcpw XΩn¬ henb hyXym-

k-ß-fn-√. ]oen-t∏mkv ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂-hsb ChnsS Ipdn-°p-∂p.

(1) hnizm-k-]-amWw FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-∂, ImtXm-en-Ihpw ss«ln-Ihpw

Bb GI hnip≤ k` tdmam-k-`-b-√; AXv \nJym, IpkvX-¥n-t\m-

t∏m-eo-kv, Ft∏-kq-kv F∂o aq∂p kp∂-l-tZm-kp-I-fw-Ko-I-cn® XØz-

ß-fn-e-[n-jvT-nX-amb s]mXp-k-`-bm-Wv. (2) tbip-InkvXp GI-bmfpw

GI kz`m-h-hp-amWv; AYhm Ie¿s∏m Ipg-®ntem IqSm-sXbpw H∂n-

s‚bpw KpW-Ønt\m ]q¿W-Xbvt°m wKw hcm-sXbpw, ssZh-Xzhpw

a\p-jy-Xzhpw InkvXp-hn¬ Ahn-`m-Py-ambn tbmPn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. (3)

]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv ]nXm-hn¬\n∂p ]pd-s∏´p, ]nXm-hn-t\mSpw ]pX-

t\mSpw IqsS al-Xzo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. (4) cq]-h-W°w sX‰m-Wv. (5)

]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS Ahn-hm-lnX PohnXw ImtXm-en-Itam Imt\m-

\n-Itam A√. (6) hn. Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ ]pfn-∏p≈ A∏w -thWw D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥.

Ch-bn¬ c≠mw kwK-Xn-bpsS BZy- mKw s\kvtXm-dn-b -k- bv°p

amX-a-√, tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`bv°pw kzoIm-cy-a-√. Cu hmkvX-

h-am-bn-cp∂p am¿ K_n-tb¬ \evInb Du∂¬. AXns\ t\cn-Sp-hm≥

am¿ tXmΩm \mem-a≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-t\mSp sNbvX A`y¿∞\

ê-]-Z-am-bn-s√-¶nepw, ae-¶-c-k` K_n-tb-ens‚ FXn¿∏ns\ AXn-

Po-hn®p ]ptcm-K-an-®p. Cu hn[-Øn¬ At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-

bpsS apZ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ ]Xn-™p.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. c≠pw, aq∂pw, \mepw am¿ tXm-Ωm-am-sc-∏‰n \ap-s°-¥-dnbmw?

2. am¿ K_n-tb¬ F¥p km[n-°p-hm-\p-t±-in-®n-cn -°Ww?

At±lw ]cm-Pn-X-\m-Ip-hm-\n-S-bm-b-sX-ßs\?

3. At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm\n k`m-]m-c-º-cy-ßƒ GXp-hn-[-amWp

ae-¶ck` kzoI-cn-°p-hm-\n-S-bm-bXv?

165k` hf-cp∂p

]mTw 5

tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k- -bp-ambn

tN¿∂ kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿

]mcw`w tIc-f-Ønse k`bpw t]m∏-Km≥Um kaqlhpw

t]m¿´p-Kokv Pkzn-Ø¿ ho≠pw tIc-f-Øn¬

(a) ]mcw`w

1599-˛¬ \S∂ DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv apX¬ 1659-˛¬ B¿®p

_nj∏v Km¿knbm \ncym-X-\m-Ip-∂-Xp-hscbpw ae-¶-c-k` t]m¿´p-

Ko-km-[n-]-Xy-Øn\p hnt[-b-ambn tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬

ebn®p Ign-™n-cp-∂p F∂-XmWp ItØm-en°m KŸ-Im-c-∑m-cpsS

\ne-]m-Sv. 1653-˛¬ \S∂ Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXysØ A\-[n-Ir-X-amb

Hcp a’-c-ambn NnXo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Ah¿ ian-°p-∂p. B a’-cw

Xs∂bpw tdman-\p -t\-sc-b-√, t]m¿´p-Kokv ta[m-hn-Xz-tØmSpw Pkzn-

Ø-tcmSpw tIc-fo-b¿°p-≠mb Aa¿j-]-I-S-\-ambn DZvtLm-jn-°p-

I-bmWv Ah-cp-sS F√mw e£yw.

Cu \ne-]m-S√ \mw Ah-ew-_n-°p∂-Xv. NcnXw ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-

Xn¬ ChnsS A¥¿eo-\-amb hyXymkw th≠-hÆw \mw a\- n-em-

°n-bn-cn-°-Ww. Ign™ ]mT-Øn¬ c≠p KŸ-Im-c-∑msc Bkv]-Z-

am°n Hmtcm hna¿i\w Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-cp-∂p. B hn[-Øn¬ FSpØp

]d-bm-hp∂ a‰p ]e-cp-ap-≠v. Ah-cpsS Ncn-X-]-cm-a¿isØ s]mXp-

hn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øn-s°m-≠p-thWw \ΩpsS \ne]mSp hy‡-am-°p-hm≥.

aq∂p Imcy-ßƒ Ah-sc-∏‰n ]d-bmw. (1) Ah¿ tdmans‚ BtKmfm[oi-

Xz-hmZsØ Hcp hnizm-k-k-Xy-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p. X∑qew B¿®p-

_n-j∏v sat\-kokv DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv \S-Øn-b-hn[sØ

tNmZyw sNbvXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, B kp∂-l-tZm-kn-s\bpw AXp-aqew

ae-¶-c-bn¬ \ne-hn¬h∂ HutZym-KnI tdma≥ A[o-i-Xz-sØbpw

Ah¿ BI-am\w icn-h-bv°p-∂p. (2) Cu ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 1653-˛se

Iq\≥Ip-cnipkXysØ tdma≥ B[n-]Xyw Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-

cp-∂n-s√∂p ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ Ah¿ AXy-[nIw D’mlw ]Z¿in-∏n-

°p-∂p. (3) tdman-s\-t∏mse ]ucm-Wn-IXzw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-hm-\¿l-

X-bp≈ Hcp k`m-hn-`m-KsØ tdman\p Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ t]m¿´p-

Kokv Pkzn-Ø¿t°m a‰p bqtdm-]y≥ I¿Ω-eo-Ø¿t°m F¥-h-Imi-

am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX-∂p≈ tNmZyw Ah¿ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√.

AYhm k`m-]-c-amb ap≥hn-[n- ASn-ÿm-\-am°n amX-amWv B KŸ-

166 k` hf-cp∂p

Im-c-∑m-sc√mw NcnXw Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv. C\n-bp-sa-¶nepw CXn-s\mcp

hyXym-k-ap-≠m-Ip-sa∂p ]Xo-£n-°mw.

\ΩpsS \ne-]mSv CXp- am-X-am-Wv. am¿tØmΩm «olm-bm¬

ÿm]n-X-sa∂p ]mc-º-cy-ap-≈Xpw ]pcm-X-\-Im-ew apX¬ t]¿jy≥

k`-bp-ambn _‘w ]pe¿Øn-°-gn-™-Xp-amb ae-¶-c-k-`sb 16-˛mw

\q‰m-≠n¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ A\-[n-Ir-X-ambpw

_eap]-tbm-Kn®pw tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bpsS `mK-am-°n-Øo-

¿Øp. k`m-N-cn-X-]-c-amb hn⁄m\cmln-Xyhpw Ign-hp-tISpw aqew

ae-¶-c-k` B ÿnXn-bn¬ Ac- \q-‰m-≠n-e-[nIw Imew Ign™p

F¶n-epw, AXn\ptijw Hc-h-kcw e`n-®-t∏mƒ, 1653-˛¬ kap-Zmbw

an°-hmdpw BI-am\w Xs∂ B _‘w Dt]-£n-®p. F∂m¬ Cu

hn[w tdman-\p-≠mb ]cm-P-bsØ t\cn-Sp-hm≥ tdmw t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-

Im-c-√mØ a‰p bqtdm-]y≥ tZio-b-cmb anj-\-dn-amsc D]-tbm-Kn®p

sNøm-hp∂ ia-ß-sf√mw \SØnsb-¶n-epw, kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ GI-

tZiw ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw hcp∂ hn`mKw tdma≥ ]tem-`-\-Øn\p Iogvs∏-

ń√. B hn`m-K-Øn\v B Ime-ß-fn-seßpw th≠X thZ-im-kvX-

]-chpw k`m-N-cn-X-]-c-hp-amb Adn-shm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶n-epw,

AXp ]uc-kvXy-k`m kz-`mhw \ne-\n¿Øn kzmX¥yw A\p-`-hn®p

Ign-bp-hm≥ A`n-e-jn-®p. F∂m¬ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bp-ambn

tN¿∂v AXp-aq-e-ap≈ ]tbm-P-\-a-\p- -hn-°p∂ hn`mKw AXns‚ \ne-

]m-Sns\ _lp-am-\-]q¿hw a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ CXp-h-scbpw bXv\n-°p-

∂n-s√∂p ]d-tb-≠-Xm-bp-≠v.

(b) tIc-f-Ønse k`bpw t]m∏-Km≥Um kaq-lhpw

1653-˛se Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXy-Øn-\p-ti-jw, ae-¶-c-k-`bpw t]m¿´p-

Ko-kp-Imcpw, ]tXy-In®p Pkzn-Øcpw XΩn¬ sX‰n. Pkzn-Ø¿°p

]Icw t]m∏-Km≥Um-bm¬ \ntbm-Kn-X-cmb tdma≥ ItØm-en°m

hn`mKw tdmap-am-bp≈ Ah-cpsS _‘w t]m∏-Km≥Um hgn \ne-

\n¿Øp-hm≥ XpS-ßn. 1704- -hscbpw \o≠p-\n∂ B kwhn-[m\w I¿-

Ω-eo-Ø-cn¬ IqsS-bm-bn-cp∂p ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°n-b-Xv. 1659- ap-X¬ 1663-

hsc tPmk^v sk_Ãn-bm-\nbpw AXn-\p-tijw 1687- -hsc ]dºn¬

Nm≠nbpw I¿Ω-eo-Ø-cp-am-bp≈ thgvN-bn¬ k`m- -cWw \n¿h-ln®p.

Ct±-l-Øn\v H∂p-In¬ ktlm-Z-c-]p-X≥ amXyp-hns\, As√-¶n¬

FXn¿`m-K-Øns‚ A∂sØ t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ am¿ tXmΩm c≠m-

a≥ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bp-ambn sFIy-s∏-Sp∂]£w At±-

lsØ ]n≥Km-an-bm°n k`m-t\-XrXzw Hcp \m´p-Im-cs\ Gev]n-°-

167k` hf-cp∂p

W-sa∂v BK-l-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. I¿Ω-eo-Ø-cpsS FXn¿∏p-aqew AXp

\S-∂n-s√∂p amX-a-√, Ah-cpsS \n¿t±-im-\p-k-cWw \nb-an-X-\mb

d^m-tb¬ Ah¿t°m ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse tdma≥ ItØm-en°m hn`m-

K-Ønt\m Xr]vXn \¬In-bn-√. amXyp-hns\ saXm-\m-°p-∂-Xn\p I¿Ω-

eo-Ø¿ ]Xn-Iq-en-°p-I -am-X-a-√, At±-l-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn ]e Btcm-

]-W-ß-fp-ap-∂-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. GXm-bmepw _nj∏v Nm≠n 1678-

˛¬ amXyp-hns\ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\mbn \nb-an-®p. Cu hn[-Øn¬ k`m-

`-cWw apgp-h\pw Hcp \m´p-Im-cs\ Gev]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

I¿Ω-eo-Ø-cpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏p aqew saXm≥ÿm-\-Øp-]-hn-jvS-

\mb d^m-tb-en-s\-Xn-cmbn ]cm-Xn-Iƒ ]I-Sn-X-am-bn. Ah¿ Xs∂

At±-lsØ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈ dnt∏m¿´v tdman-te-°-b-®p.

AXp-aqew t]m∏-Km≥Um t\XrXzw d^m-tb-en-s\-Xn-cm-bp≈ ]cm-

Xn-Iƒ At\z-j-Whn-t[-b-am-°p-hm≥ th≠n apKƒ]-tZ-isØ

At∏m-kvtXm-enI hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ IptÃm-Un-bkv ]n≥slmsb

\ntbm-Kn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ dnt∏m¿ńs‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 1694-˛¬

t]m∏-Km≥Um kaqlw d^m-tb-ens\ kkvs]≥Up sNbvXv At±-

l-Øn\p ]Icw ]n≥slmsb \nb-an-®p. _nj∏v ]n≥slm tIc-f-

Øn¬ h∂n-√. F∂m¬ _nj∏v d^m-tb¬ 1695-˛¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn.

d^m-tb-ens\ kkvs]≥Up sNbvX hnhcw Adn-bp-∂-Xn\p apºv

At±lw arXn-b-S-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

d^m-tb-en\p ]Icw Hcp \m´p-Im-cs\ F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ ÿm\Ø-

h-tcm-[n-°p-hm≥ t]m∏-Km≥Um kaqlw Dt±-in-®n-√. Ah-cpsS A`n-

]m-b-Øn¬ A°m-e-ß-fn¬ _nj-∏mbn \nb-an-°p-hm≥ th≠

tbmKyX C¥y-bn-em¿°pw Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. X∑qew 1698-˛¬

U®p-Imcpw tdmap-ambn \S∂ Icm-dns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ C‰m-en-b-\mb

BRvP-eqkv ^m≥knkv F∂ I¿Ω-eoØm sshZn-Is\ tdmw ae¶-

c-k-`-bpsS _nj-∏mbn \ntbm-Kn-®p. 1700 Unkw-_-dn¬ At±-lsØ

sXc-s™-SpØ hnhcw tIc-f-Øn-e-dn-bn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ t]m∏-

Km≥Um kaq-l-Øns‚ Cu \S-]-Snsb C¥y-bn¬ A∂p k`m-t\-

XrXzw \¬In-h∂ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cmb taev]-´-°m¿ A\p-`m-h-]q-

¿∆w ho£n-®n-√. A∂v C¥y-bn¬ tKmhm-bnse B¿®p_nj∏pw

sIm®n-bnse _nj∏pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-. Ah-cn-cp-hcpw BRvP-eqkv

^m≥kn-kns\ saXm≥-ÿm-\-Ø-h-tcm-[n-°p-hm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-®p.

ChnsS Hcp Imcyw Hm¿Øn-cn-°-Ww. sIm®n-bnse _nj∏v A∂p

sIm®n-bn-em-bn-cp-∂n√ hkn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. At±lw tKmhm-bn¬ Xma-kn-

®p-sIm≠v tIc-f-Ønse eØo≥ InkvXym-\n-Isf IØp-Iƒ hgn

168 k` hf-cp∂p

\bn-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p. U®p-Im-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ h∂n-cp∂ sIm®n-

bn¬ A∂v t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿°v kzmX¥yw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

BRvP-eqkv ^m≥kn-kns\ hmgn-®Xv BZm-bpsS sska¨ F∂

I¬Zmb B¿®p_nj-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu sska¨ Bcm-bn-cp∂p?

At±lw s\kvtXm-dn-b-\m-bn-cp-∂pthm? tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk`-

bpsS sFIyw kzoI-cn® I¬Zm-b-\m-bn-cp-∂pthm? Cu tNmZy-ß-sf-

√mw D∂-bn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. ItØm-en°mk`-bp-ambn tN¿∂ I¬Zm-b-

\m-bn-cp∂p F∂ \ne-]mSv tdma≥ ItØm-en°m KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿

s]mXpth Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂p. GXm-bmepw 1701 sabv 22-˛\v Be-ßm´p

]≈n-bn¬ h®v B¿®v_nj∏v sska¨ t]m∏-Km≥Umbm¬ \n¿t±-

in-X-\m-bn-cp∂ BRvP-eqkv ^m≥kn-kns\ tIc-f-Ønse kpdn-bm-

\n-°m-cmb tdma≥ ItØm-en-°cpsS saXm-\mbn Ahtcm-[n®p. Cu

I¿Ωw \n¿h-ln® ]≈n-bn¬ h®p- X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p 48 sIm√-ßƒ°p

apºv am¿ tXmΩm H∂mas\ ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n Dƒs∏sS ]¥≠p ]´-

°m¿ tN¿∂p hmgn-®-sX∂v ChnsS Hm¿°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. B kw`-

hsØ 1701-˛¬ \S∂ ]cn-]mSn Bkq-XWw sNbvX-h¿ hnkvar-Xn-bn-

em-gvØp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂p ]d-bmw.

CXnepw tJZ-I-c-am-bn-cp∂p B¿®v_nj∏v sska-Wv At±lw

sNbvX klm-b-Øn\p I¿Ω-eoØ¿ \¬Inb ]Xyp-]-Im-cw. Cu

hkvXpX ]≈n-∏p-dØp Ipt∂-e-®s‚ A Double Regime in the MalabarChurch (op. cit. pp. 96-101) --˛¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. BZm-bn-bpsS

sskasW Hcp hnj-a-k-‘n-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn®p F¶nepw tdma≥

ItØm-en°mk` At±-lsØ hniz-kn-®n-√. X∑qew BRvP-eq-

kns‚ ÿm\m-tcm-lWw Ign-™-bp-Ss\ Ah-cn-cp-hcpw IqSn hmcm-

∏p-gbv°p t]mIp-I-bpw, Ahn-sS-\n∂pw sskasW I∏¬am¿§w

t]m≠n-t®-cn-°-b-bv°pIbpw sNbvXp. AhnsS At±lw ^©p Kh¿-

Æ-cpsS XS-¶-en¬ 1720- hsc \n -lm-b-\mbn Ign-™-tijw arXyp-

hn-∂n-c-bmbn. sXmÆq-dn\p ta¬ h-b- p-≠m-bn-cp∂ sskasW h[n®v

Hcp InW-‰n¬ \nt£-]n®p F∂p Nne-cpw, £oWm-h-ÿ-bn¬ sh≈w

tImcp-hm≥ t]mb sska¨ InW-‰n¬ hoWp Nc-a-KXn ]m]n®p

F∂p a‰p- Nn-ecpw ]d-bp-∂p. sska¨ s\kvtXm-dnb hnizm-kn-bm-

bn-cp∂p F∂v aW-Ø-dn™ I¿a-eo-Ø¿, At±-lw- aqew tIc-f-

Ønse k`-bn¬ D≠m-Im-am-bn-cp∂ `hn-j-yØp-I-sfm-gn-hm-°p-hm≥

th-≠n, Ah-cpsS Imcyw t\Sn-sb-Sp-Ø-ti-jw, Bfns\ tIc-f-Øn¬

\n∂pw Ft∂-bv°p-ambn am‰p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂-\p-am-\n-®p-t]m-Ipw.

GX-S-hp-ap]-tbm-Kn®pw ae-¶-c-k-`sb BI-am-\-tam, AXn-semcp

169k` hf-cp∂p

hn`mK-sØtbm, kzm[o-\-Øn¬ h®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ t]m¿´p-Kokv

Pkzn-Ø-sc-t∏mse C‰m-en-b≥ I¿Ω-eo-Øcpw ]h¿Øn®p F∂

]c-am¿∞-amWv Cu kw`hw shfn-hm-°p-∂-Xv.

GXm-bmepw BRvP-eqkv ^m≥knkn\v ae-¶-c-bnse k`sb

A[n-I-\mƒ \bn-°p-hm≥ km[n-®n-√. AXns‚ ][m-\- Im-cWw

t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cmb Pkzn-Øcpw tdmans‚ A[o-\-X-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-

®p-h∂ t]m∏-Km≥Um kaq-l-Øm¬ \ntbm-Kn-X-cmb I¿Ω-eo-Øcpw

XΩn¬ \ne-hn¬h∂ hSw-hen ian-∏n-°p-hm≥ tdman\p Ign-bm-™-

Xm-bn-cp-∂p. 1653-˛se Iq\≥Ip-cn-ip-k-XysØ XpS¿∂v kpdn-bm\n

InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS hnizmkw \jvS-s∏-ń-cp∂ Pkzn-Ø¿, tIcf

InkvXym-\n-Isf tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn-te-°m-I¿jn-°p-hm≥

I¿Ω-eo-Ø-cpsS tkh\w tdmw D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xns\ FXn¿Øn-cp-∂n-

s√-¶nepw C¥y≥k-`sb I¿Ωo-e-Ø¿°p hn´p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥ Ah¿

°p Xmev]-cy-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. U®p-Im-cpsS apt∂‰w t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-

cpsS sskzc-hn-lm-csØ sIm®n apX-emb Nne tIµ-ß-fn¬ am-Xta

XS-™n-cp-∂p-≈p. AXn-\m¬ a‰v tIµ-ß-fn¬ t\Xm-°-∑m¿°v A[n-

hm-k-ap-d-∏n®v tIcfk`sb \bn-°pI km[y-sa∂v Ah¿ a\- n-em-

°n-bn-cp-∂p. t]msc-¶n¬, t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS at\m- mhw Gsd-°psd

Adn-™n-cp∂ tdmw BRvP-eqkv ^m≥kn-kns\ sImSp-ß-√q¿

B¿®p_nj∏pw sIm®n-bnse _nj∏pw \nb-an-X-cm-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc, XmXv-

Im-en-I-ambn amX-am-bn-cp∂p \ntbm-Kn-®-Xv.

(c) t]m¿´p-Kokv Pkzn-Ø¿ ho≠pw tIc-f-Øn¬

BRvP-eq-kn\p t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂ hnj-a-ÿnXn tdmans‚ Ai-‡-

X-bpsS ê-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p ]d-bmw. 15-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ t]m¿´p-K-ep-

ambn \ne-hn¬ hcp-Ønb [mc-Wsb adn-I-S∂p ]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥

18- mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Im-e-Øp-t]mepw tdman\p Ign-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.

AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p BRvP-eqkv ^m≥kn-kns\ XmXvIm-enI

]m_-ey-tØmsS amXw \nb-an-®-Xv.

1608-˛¬ ^m≥knkv tdmkv c≠p- Im-cy-ßƒ sNbvXn-cp∂ hnhcw

Hcp ap≥]m-T-Øn¬ FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-®n-cp-∂p. H∂m-a-Xv, At±lw Hcp

saXm-k\w amX-ambn tdmw AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp∂ A¶-amensb Hcp

B¿®v_nj-∏ns‚ Bÿm-\-am-°n. c≠m-a-Xv, B Bÿm\sØ

sImSp-ß-√q-cn-te°p am‰n. 1659-˛¬ B¿®p_nj∏v Km¿knbm \ncym-

X-\m-b-tijw AhnsS, B \q‰m-≠n¬, Hcp ]n≥Km-anbpw Ah-tcm-[n-

X-\m-bn-√. Cu Ipdhp \nI-Øp-hm≥ kzoI-cn® CS-°me \S-]-Sn-I-

170 k` hf-cp∂p

sfm∂pw th≠X ]mh¿Øn-I-am-bn-√. GXm-bmepw 1698-˛¬ tdmapw

tlmf≠pw XΩn-ep-≠mb Icm-dns‚ ]tbm-P\w t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿-

°pw e`y-am-I-W-sa-∂p≈ Dt±-i-yØn-em-bn-cn-°Ww, 1701 ˛¬ t]m¿´p-

Kokv cmPmhv, Aº-e-°ms´ Pkzn-Ø-cpsS skan-\mcn Xe-h≥ tPm¨

dn_o-tdmsb sImSp-ß-√q¿ B¿®v_nj∏v ÿm\-tØbv°v \ma-\n¿-

t±iw sNbvXp. s¢a‚ v ]Xn-s\m∂m-a≥ ]m∏m (1700-˛1721) AXw-Ko-I-

cn®p dn_o-tdmsb XXvÿm-\Øp \nb-an-®p. Cu \nb-a-\-hn-hcw 1703

P\p-h-cn-bn¬ BRvP-eq-kns\, dn_otdm Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

B h¿jØnse Pqsse-bn¬ ÿm\w]m]n®v BRvP-eq-kn¬ \n∂pw

ae-¶-c-k-`m-`-cWw dn_otdm Gs‰-Sp-Øp. CtXmsS Cu I¿Ω-eoØm

_nj∏v hnc-‡-\mbn hcm-∏p-g-bnse Hcp k\ym-k-a-T-Øn¬ kzÿ-

hr-Øn-bn¬ ]th-in-®p.

B¿®v_nj∏v dn_otdmbv°p c≠p Imc-W-ß-fm¬ ae-¶-c-bnse

kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS `cWw \n¿h-ln-°pI km[y-am-bn-√.

(1) kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-I-fn-semcp \√ ]¶pw U®p-Im-cpsS A[n-

Imckoa-bn¬ hkn-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah-cpsS A\p-hmZw IqSmsX,

dn_o-tdmbv°p kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sm-am-bn-cp-

∂n-√. U®p-Im¿ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-c-\mb dn_o-tdmbv°p th≠ A\p-

hmZw \evIp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. (2) kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ Xs∂bpw

Hcp KWy-amb `mK-Øn\p t]m¿´p-Kokp Pkzn-Ø-tc-°mf[nIw

kvt\l-a-t\m-`m-h-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv I¿Ω-eo-Ø-tcm-Sm-bn-cp-∂p. A¿°-

Zn-bm-t°m≥ ]d-ºn¬ amXyp-hn\v, \mw apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≈ Imc-

W-ß-fm¬, I¿Ω-eo-Ø-tcmSp Xmev]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. At±lw

dn_otdmsb A\p-Iq-en-°p-hm≥ Xbm-dm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ AXp-sIm-

≠p≈ ]tbm-P\w B¿®p_nj-∏n\p e`n-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv 1706-˛¬

At±lw \ncym-X-\m-bn.

hcm-∏p-g-bn¬ kzÿ-\mbn Ign-™p-h∂ BRvP-eqkv t]m∏-

Km≥Um t\Xm-°-fp-ambn _‘w ]pe¿Øn Xs‚ tPmen F¥m-bn-

cn-°-W-sa∂p \n¿t±-in-°p-hm≥ A`y¿∞\ Ab-®p. dn_o-tdm-bp-ambn

tN¿∂pt]mIp-hm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn® tIcf InkvXym-\n-Ifpw BRvP-

eq-kn-\-\p-Iq-e-ambn ]h¿Øn-®p. CXns‚ F√mw ê-ambn 1709-˛¬

At±-l-Øn\p c-Wm-h-Imiw \¬Ip∂ A[n-Im-c-]Xw tdmw Ab®p

F¶nepw B ]amWw 1711-˛¬ am-X-amWp BRvP-eq-kn\p e`n-®-Xv.

Cu ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Zo¿L-\mƒ k`m-`-cWw \S-Øp-hm≥ At±-l-

Øn\p Ign-™n-√. 1712- ¬ HIvtSm-_¿ 27- \v BRvP-eqkv Nc-a-a-S™p.

AXn-\p-tijw 1716 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ tPm¨ dn_otdm Nc-a-KXn ]m]n-

171k` hf-cp∂p

°p-∂-Xp-h-scbpw, At±-l-Øn\p kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS

`cWw \S-Øp-hm≥ Ign-™n-√. tImgn-t°ms´ kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS A[n-

Imckoa-bn¬ ÿnXnsNbvXn-cp∂ Aº-e-°ms´ Pkzo-Ø-cpsS

Bÿm-\Øp Xma-kn-®p-sIm≠v U®p-Im¿°p cmjvSob ta[m-hn-Xz-

an-√m-sX-bn-cp∂ ÿe-ß-fnse InkvXym-\n-Isf amXw At±lw \bn-

®p. BRvP-eqkv ^m≥kn-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn t]m∏-Km≥Um

kaqlw 1770 hsc Bscbpw \n¿t±-in-®n-√.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. 1653-˛se Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXy-sØbpw AXns\ XpS¿∂p-≠mb

k`m ]ncn-hn-t\bpw Bkv]-Z-am°n tdma≥ ItØm-en°m Ncn-

X-Im-c-∑m¿ Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ \ne-]mSv F¥v? AXns\ Fß

s\ hne-bn-cpØmw?

2. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bp-ambn tN¿∂p-\n∂ ae-¶c kpdn-

bm\n InkvXym-\n-Isf I¿Ω-eo-Ø¿ cn-®p-h∂ NcnXw hy‡-

am-°pI.

3. Pkzn-Øcpw I¿Ω-eo-Øcpw XΩn¬ hSw-h-en-bp-≠m-Ip-hm≥

Imc-W-sa¥v? AXv Fßs\ ]hr-Øn-]-Y-Øn¬ h∂p? ae¶-

c-k-`-bnse tdma≥ ItØm-en°m hn`m-KsØ AsX-ßs\

_m[n®p?

]mTw 6

D]-kw-lmcw

]mcw`w 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠p- h-sc-bp≈ hntZi_‘w 16-˛mw

\q‰m≠p- ap-X-ep≈ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m_‘w 17-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-

ap-Xep≈ At¥ym-Iy≥ _‘w

(a) ]mcw`w

am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS t]jn-X-hr-Øn-bn¬ Bcw`w Ipdn-°p-

∂-Xmbn ]mc-º-cy-ap≈ C¥y≥k`-bpsS NcnXw 18-˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚

a≤yw hscbpw Cu hmey-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-®n-´p-≠v. Cu Ime-L-´-

Øn¬ k¿∆]-[m-\-ambn ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂Xv ae-¶-c-k-`m-N-cn-X-am-Wv.

172 k` hf-cp∂p

AXn-t\m-Sp-tN¿Øv 16-˛mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ C¥y-bpsS ]e- `m-K-ß-

fnepw tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk` ]N-cn® hkvXp-Xbpw CXn¬ Nq≠n-

°m-Wn-°p-∂p.

ae-¶-c-k-`bv°p 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bmbn aq∂p hntZ-i -k-`-I-

fpambn _‘-ap≠mbn. AXp-aqew 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc GI-am-bn-cp∂

Cu k` hn`-P\hnt[-b-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. hn`-P\w amX-a-

√, ]Xn\mdmw \q‰m-≠p- h-sc-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS kz`m-

hhpw, hy‡nXzw t]mepw, BI-am\w AXn-\p-tijw hyXym-k-s∏´p.

(b) 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ hntZ-i-_-‘-ßƒ

C¥y-bnse k` BZy-ambn ÿm]n-®Xv am¿tØmΩm «olmbm-

sW-∂p≈ ]mc-ºcyw ]pcm-X\ tcJ-I-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-a-s√-¶nepw AXn-

\p-t]m-Xv_-e-I-ambn \mep Imcy-ßƒ Nq≠n°m-Wn-°mw.

1. "bqZmkv tXma-mkns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ' F∂ ]pcm-X\ IrXn-

bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ At∏m-kvtXm-e≥ ]©m-_pƒs∏-sS-bp≈

C¥y-bpsS hS°p ]Sn-™m-d≥ tZi-ß-fn¬ kphn-tij tLmjWw

\n¿h-ln-®-Xmbpw Ahn-sS-\n∂ptam ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬\n∂p Xs∂-

bptam At±lw sXt° C¥y-bn-ep-sa-Øn-b-Xmbpw A\p-am-\n-°pI

km[y-am-Wv.

2. saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fp-ambpw ]›n-ta-jy-bpambpw InkvXp-

a-X-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\p hfsc apºp-ap-X¬ Xs∂ Z£n-tW-

¥ybv°p hmWn-Py-_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ InkvXz_vZw H∂mw

\q‰m-≠n¬ ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬ \n∂pw At∏m-kvX-e\p tIc-f-Øn¬

hcpI km≤y-am-bn-cp-∂p.

3. At∏m-kvtXm-e-≥ ÿm]n-®-Xmbn ]mc-º-cy-sa-SpØp ]d-bp∂

]meq¿t]m-se-bp≈ tZhm-e-b-ß-fn¬ At±-lsØ A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p∂

Nne hkvXpXIƒ \ne-\n-ev°p-∂-Xmbn Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ Ah-Im-i-

s∏-Sp-∂p.

4. am¿tØmΩm «olmsb C¥y-bpsS At∏m-kvX-e-\mbn 4˛mw

\q‰m-≠p- ap-X-se-¶nepw Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ \n -tµlw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-

°p∂p.

16-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS hntZ-i-_-‘-am-kv]-Z-

am°n Cu hnjbw ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿ s]mXpth kΩ-

Xn-°p-∂Xpw kΩ-Xn-t°-≠-Xp-amb ]c-am¿∞-ßƒ Cu IrXn-bn¬

173k` hf-cp∂p

tN¿Øn-´p-≈-hsb Xmsg Ipdn-°p-∂p.

1. ae-¶-c-k-`bv°p 4˛mw \q‰m-≠p- ap-X-se-¶nepw t]¿jy≥ k`-bp-

ambn _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

2. t]¿jy≥ k`-bn¬ skeqjym tIµ-am°n 4˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚

Bcw-`-Im-e-Øn-\-SpØv ImtXm-en°m ÿm]\w \ne-hn¬ h∂n-cp-∂p.

X∑qew ae-¶-c-k-`-bp-am-bp≈ t]¿jy≥ k`-bpsS _‘sØ \nb-

¥n-®n-cp-∂Xp skeq-jy≥ ImtXm-en-°m-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂p \ymb-ambn

A\p-am-\n-°mw.

3. a‰p tZi-ß-fn-se-∂-hÆw, t]¿jy-bnepw k` ]N-cn-®Xpw hf¿-

∂Xpw kzX-¥-am-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p F¶n-epw, t]¿jy≥\mSp-Iƒ°p

sXm´p-]-Sn-™m-dmbn InS-∂n-cp∂ At¥ym-Iy≥ tZi-ß-fnse k`-bp-

ambn 424 hscbpw skeq-jy≥ k` -ku-lm¿±-X-bn¬ Ign-™n-cp-

∂p. F∂m¬ 424-˛epw 486-˛-ep-ambn \S∂ c≠p t]¿jy≥ k`m kp∂-

l-tZm-kp-Iƒ hgn B k` AXns‚ kzmX¥ysØ hy‡-am-b-hn[w

Dd-∏n®p ]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ch-bn¬ c≠m-asØ kp∂-l-

tZmkv, 431-˛¬ tdmam kmam-Py-Ønse Ft^-tkmkp kp∂-l-tZm-

kns\ \ncm-I-cn-°p-Ibpw, AhnsS k`m-`wiw sNbvX s\kvtXm-dn-

tbm-kn-s\bpw At±-l-tØmSv A`n-]mb sFIy-ap≈ t\Xm-°-sfbpw

k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cmbn ]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu kw`hsØ

t]¿jy≥ k`-bpsS s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ hnizm-km-h-ew-_-\-ambn tdmam-

km-am-Py-Ønse k` a\- n-em-°n.

4. skeq-jy≥ k`-bpsS Cu Xocp-am-\-tØmSp tbmPn-°m-sX-bn-

cp∂ Hcp sNdnb \yq\-]£w InkvXym-\n-Iƒ t]¿jy-bn¬ sa -

s∏m-t´m-an-bm-bpsS hS-°≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 486 apX¬ 628

hsc-bp≈ 142 sIm√-°mew Ah¿°p icn-bmb kwL-S-\tbm t\Xr-

Xzw \¬Ip-hm≥ Ign-hp≈ Bfp-Itfm D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. B `mK-Øp-

\n∂pw Hcp taev]-´-°m-c-s\bpw ae-¶-c-bn-e-b®p k`m-_‘w \ne-

\n¿Øp-hm≥ 628 -hsc AXn\p km≤y-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

5. F∂m¬ 628- \p tijw skeq-jym-tbmSv tNcmsX \n∂ t]¿jym-

bnse \yq\-]£w P\-ßƒ At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS `mK-

am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw Ah¿°p t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v A∂sØ kpdn-

bm-\n-k-`m-≤y-£≥ AØm-\mtkymkp Kmtamtem ]mXn-b¿°o-kv,

tamdq-skmsb sXKo-kns‚ a^n-bm\m AYhm "Ing-°ns‚ ImtXm-

en°m' Bbn \nb-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

174 k` hf-cp∂p

6. a^n-bm-\m-bpsS Iogn-en-cp∂ k` skeq-jy≥ k`-bpsS GI-

tZiw ]Øn-sem∂p hen-∏-Øn-e-[nIw Hcn-°epw ]m]n-®n-cp-∂n-√.

skeq-jy≥ k` 6˛mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ 10-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-

ß-fn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw hf¿∂p. AXns‚ anj-\-dn-the C¥ym, ssN\m

BZn-bmb hnZq-c-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hym]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C…m-ay-cmb

cmjvSob `c-W-ta-[m-hn-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-ap≈ ]mXn-Iq-ey-ßƒ, at‰Xp

]uc-kvXy-k- sbbpw t]mse Cu k`bpw A\p- -hn-t°-≠-Xmbn h∂-

Xpaqew AXp £oWm-h-ÿ-bn¬ ]Xn-°p-hm-\n-S-bm-bXp amX-am-Wv.

ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS hntZ-i-_‘w Bkv]-Z-am°n AXp ]pcm-X-\-Im-

ew-ap-X¬ At¥ym-Iym-bpsS A[o-iXzw BZ-cn-®p-sIm≠p≈Xp amX-

am-bn-cp∂p F∂p hmZn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. AXns\ B[m-c-am°n ae-¶-c-

k-`m-N-cnXw ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xn\p _≤s∏-Sp∂ tZl-amWv C. Fw.

]oen-t∏m-kv. 9˛mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc A⁄m-X-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp \nb-a-kw-

ln-X-bnse Nne A\p-im-k-\-ß-fmWv At±lw Xs‚ hmZ-K-Xn°p

sXfn-hmbn FSp-°p-∂Xv. 4˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tImUo-Ir-X-amb \nc-h[n

\nb-am-\p-im-k-\-ß-tfm-Sv, At¥ym-Iy≥ k`bv°p t]¿jy≥ k`

taepw Ae-Ivkm-¥y≥ k`bv°v FtXym-]y≥ k`- taepw \nXym[o-

i-Xz-ap-s≠-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ GXm\pw IrXna \nb-a-ßƒ tN¿Øv

9˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ krjvSn® "Ad-_n-°m-t\m-\mWv' Cu \nb-am-h-en.

325- ¬ \S∂ \nJym-kp-∂-l-tZm-kns‚ t]cn¬ B kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚

B[n-Im-cn-IX Ah-ew-_-am°n B IrXn-bpsS- c-N-bn-Xmhv AXns\

ka¿∞-ambn cNn-®p. AXn¬ At¥ym-Iybv°p saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ kap-

Z-Øns‚ Ingt° AXn¿Øn apX¬ `qan-bpsS ]q¿∆m¥yw hsc tae-

[n-Im-c-ap-s≠∂pw AXn-\m¬ t]¿jy≥ k`bpw A¿tΩ-\n-b≥ k`-

bpw At¥ym-Iybv°p Iogvs∏ń-cn-°-W-sa∂pw A\p-im-k-\-ap-s≠-

¶nepw ae-¶-c-k-`-sb-∏‰n Hcp sNdnb kqN-\- t]m-ep-an-√. B IrXn-

bpsS \n¿Ωn-Xm-hn\p tIc-f-Ønse k`-sb-∏‰n Hc-dn-hp-an-√m-sX-bn-cp-

∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww CXn\p Imc-Ww.

"Ad-_n-°m-t\m≥' kwln-X-bn¬ t]¿jy≥k` At¥ym-Iybv°p

Iogvs]-ń-cn-°-W-sa-∂p≈ \njvI¿jsb _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ a≤y-i-

X-I-ß-fn¬ \n¿Ωn-X-am-b, Ncn-Xm-[n-jvTn-X-a-√m-Ø, IY-I-fmWv _m¿

F_mb t]¿jy≥ k`-bp-sSbpw Ahn-SsØ ImtXm-en°m ÿm]-

\-Øn-s‚bpw Bcw-`-N-cn-X-ambn \evIp∂ hnh-c-Ww. Ah-sbm∂pw

bYm¿∞-N-cn-X-hp-ambn _‘-ap-≈-X-√.

sXKo-kn¬ a^n-bm\m \nb-an-X-\m-b-tijw 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc

ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm\n k`-bp-am-tbm, B k`m-

175k` hf-cp∂p

_-‘-Øn-en-cp∂ sXKokp almbnSh-I-bp-amtbm Fs¥-¶nepw

_‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂pthm F∂-XmWp \sΩ kw_-‘n®p ]k-‡-

amb tNmZyw. Cu tNmZyw, tIc-f-Ønse k`m-kw-_-‘-amb I£n-a-

’-c-Øn¬ ]Xn-]-£sØ tXm¬∏n-°p-hm≥ th≠n \mw ChnsS D∂-

bn-°p-∂Xp amX-amWv. C¥y-bnse \ΩpsS ]q¿∆-∑m¿ Ncn-X-\n¿Ωm-

W-Øn\p klm-b-I-amb tcJ-I-sfm∂pw Imcy-ambn kq£n-®n-ń-s√-

¶nepw, At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm\nk`-bn¬s∏-´-h¿ tIhew Aß-s\-

bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. 15- mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥yw-h-sc-bp≈ At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-

bm-\n-k-`-bpsS NcnXw Ah¿ FgpXn kq£n-®n-cp-∂Xv C∂p \ap°p

e`y-am-Wv. AXn-se-ßpw-Xs∂ At¥ym-Iymbvt°m sXKo-knt\m ae-

¶-c-bp-ambn Fs¥-¶nepw _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂p ImWn-∏m≥

bmsXmcp sXfn-hp-an-√. Cu c≠p tIµ-ß-fn¬\n∂pw 15-˛mw \q‰m-

≠ns‚ A¥yw-h-scbpw tIc-f-Øn¬ _nj-∏-∑m¿ h∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn

Ah¿°m-Is´ \ap-°m-Is´ tcJ-bn-s√-¶n-epw, B Ime-ß-fn¬ ae-

¶-c-k-`bv°p skeq-jy≥ ImtXm-en-°m-bp-ambn _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p

F∂v A\p-am-\n-°-Ø° tcJ t]¿jy≥k-`-bv°p-≠v. Ipsd-sb√mw

\ap-°p-ap-≠v.

Cu hkvXp-X-I-fmWv Cu IrXn-bn¬ FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

Ch-bn¬\n∂pw 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS hntZ-i-_-

‘sØ Bkv]-Z-am°n \ap-s°¥p ]d-bp-hm≥ Ignbpw?

(c) 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠p- ap-X-ep≈ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m _‘w

16- mw \q‰m-≠n-ep-≠mb t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS BK-a-\sØ XpS¿∂p

tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bpsS km∂n≤yw tIc-f-Øn¬ \ne-hn¬

h∂p. CXp-≠mb hnhcw Cu IrXn-bnse aq∂mw bqWn-‰n¬ ]cm-

a¿in-®n- p-≠v. t]m¿´pKokp anj-\-dn-am-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\w-aqew 1599- se

DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kp- hgn ae-¶c kpdn-bm-\n-k` t]m¿´p-Kokp

cmP-`-c-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-ambn tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn¬ ebn®p.

Cu kw`-h-Øns‚ ]nºn¬ c≠v Bi-b-ßƒ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿

\njvI¿jn-®n-cp-∂p. (1) k`m hnizm-kw, Bcm-[-\, PohnXw Ch-bn-

se√mw ae-¶-c-k` t]¿jy≥k-`-bn¬\n∂pw ]m]n-®n-cp∂ ]mc-º-

cy-ßsf t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ \ne-\n¿Øn-h∂ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-

k-`-bpsS ]mc-º-cy-ß-fp-ambn tN¿∂p t]mI-Ø-°-hÆw hyXn-bm-\-

hn-t[-b-am-°-Ww. (2) BtKmfk` tdman\p Iogvs∏-ń-cn-°-W-sa-∂p≈

tdma≥ ItØm-en°m \ne-]mSv ae-¶-c-k` AwKo-I-cn-®p ]mh¿Øn-

I-am-°-Ww. CXn-tebv°p ae-¶-c-k` t]¿jy≥ k`m-≤y-£-\mb

176 k` hf-cp∂p

_m_n-tem¨ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ Hcp ioiva-°m-c\pw hnizm-k-hn-]-

co-Xn-bp-ambn a\- n-em°n ]cn-Xy-Pn-°-W-sa∂p iTn-®p.

Cu c≠p e£y-ß-fpw \S-∏m-°p-hm-\p≈ hnhn[ bXv\-ß-fm-bn-

cp∂p 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ \n¿h-ln-®-Xv. Ahbv°p

aIpSw Nm¿Ønb kw`-h-am-bn-cp∂p 1599-˛se DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-

tZm-kv. F∂m¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ Cuhn[w sNbvX ]hr-Øn-I-

sf√mw A\-[n-Ir-Xhpw ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS kzIob hy‡n-XzsØ Ah-

tl-fn-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu ]c-am¿∞w tdma≥ ItØm-en°m

KŸIm-c-∑m¿t]mepw C∂v Hc-f-hn¬ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬

Ah¿ tdmans\ Cu hna¿i-\-Øn¬\n-∂p-sam-gn-hm-°p-hm≥ _≤-s∏-

Sp-∂p. tdmans‚ BtKm-fm-[o-i-Xz-hmZw Hcp ]uc-kvXy-k-`bpw AwKo-

I-cn-°m-ØXpw ]m›m-Xy-k` GI-]-£o-b-ambn Ah-ew-_n®v ]uc-

kvXy-k-`-I-sf-s°m≠p kΩ-Xn-∏n-°p-hm≥ `Ko-c-Y-bXv\w sNøp-

∂Xpw amX-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ Imń-

°q- nb A\¿∞-Øn\p tdman\p bmsXm-cp-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-hp-an-s√-∂p≈

hmZw kzoIm-cy-a-√.

t]m¿´p-Kokv ta[m-hn-Xz-sØbpw, AXn-t\m-Sp- tN¿∂p tdma≥

A[o-i-Xz-sØbpw, tNmZywsNbvX kw`-h-am-bn-cp∂p 1653-˛se Iq\-

≥Ip-cnip kXyw. kap-Zmbw an°-hmdpw BI-am\w tbmPn®p \n¿h-

ln-®, A∂sØ i]Yw tdman-s\-Xn-cm-bn-´m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂p ÿm]n-

°p-hm≥ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m ]fin-X-∑m¿ bXv\n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬

Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw B kw`-hsØ "Xncp-k-`-'bvs°-Xn-cm-bp≈ a’-c-

am-bpw, AXn-t\mSp hniz-kvXX ]pe¿Øp∂ k`m-hn- m-KtØmSp ]Xn-

]-£-_-lp-am-\-w t]mepw ImWn-°m-sXbpw, NnXo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ sNøp-

∂ bXv\w tJZ-I-c-am-sW∂p ]dbmsX \nhr-Øn-bn-√.

tIc-f-Ønse kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-I-fn-sem-cp-`mKw amX-a√

C¥y-bnse tdma≥ ItØm-en°mk` Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xv. eØo≥ ]mc-

º-cy-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb k`m-hn-`m-K-ßƒ tIc-f-Ønepw C¥y-bpsS

a‰p ]e `mK-ß-fnepw 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠p -ap-X¬ kwÿm-]n-X-ambn hf-

cp-∂p. Ah-bpsS Bcw-`hpw Cu IrXn-bn¬ Npcp-°-ambn hnh-cn-®n-

´p≠v.

(d) 17-˛mw \q‰m-≠n-ep-≠mb At¥ym-Iy≥ _‘w

ae-¶-c-k-`bv°p ]pcm-X-\-Imew apX¬ At¥ym-Iy≥ k`-bp-ambn

_‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂ hmZw km[q-I-cn-°p-hm≥ th≠ bmsXmcp

sXfnhpw At¥ym-Iy≥ k`-bpsS `mK-Øp-\nt∂m ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS

177k` hf-cp∂p

`mK-Øp-\nt∂m e`y-a-√. 9˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ hnc-Nn-X-amb \nJym-bpsS

"Ad-_n-°m-t\m≥' kwln-X-bn¬ tN¿Øn-´p≈ Nne IrXn-a-hn-[n-Iƒ

amX-am-W-Xn-\m-[m-cw. F∂m¬ 1665-˛¬ At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-

`-bnse taev]-´-°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂ sbdp-i-te-anse am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv

tIc-f-Øn-em-K-X-\m-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂v B _‘w \ne-hn¬ h∂p.

1653-˛se Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXy-Øn-e-¥¿eo-\-amb i]-YsØ \ne-

\n¿Øp-hm≥ DZy-an® ae-¶ck`m-hn-`mKw ]pXnb _‘-Øn¬ ]th-

in-®v, AXn¬ Ita-W-bmbn hf¿∂p. t]¿jy≥ k`-bp-amtbm tdma≥

ItØm-en°m k`-bp-amtbm thgvN-bn-√m-sXbn-cp∂ am¿ KotKm-dn-

tbmkv hfsc kq£va-X-tbm-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p ae-¶-c-k-`-bp-ambn CS-

s]-´-Xv. `mj-bp-sSbpw ]e k`m-]m-c-º-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw kmayw t]¿-

jy≥k-`bpw At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`bpw XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv

At±-l-Øn\p klm-b-I-am-bn-Øo¿∂p! t]m¿´p-Kokv klm-b-tØmsS

tdma≥ ItØm-en°m hn`mKw s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ \ne-]m-Sn-s\-Xn-cmbn

]I-Sn-∏n-®p-h∂ hntZzjw tIcf InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ kpÿn-c-am-°p-

hm≥ At±-l-Øn\p Ign-™p. AXp-t]mse tdma≥ ItØm-en°m

k`-tbm-Sp≈ sshc-kyhpw At±lw Ah-cn¬ ZrV-X-c-am-°n. Cu

hn[-Øn¬ k`m-\u-I-bpsS KXn Xncn-®p-hn-Sp-hm≥ am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-

kn\p km[n-®p.

F∂m¬ 17-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ae-¶-c-k-`sb At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm\n

k`-bpsS hnizm-k-]-chpw Pohn-X-]-c-hp-amb ]mc-º-cy-Øn-ep-d-∏n-°p-

hm≥ IqSp-X¬ hnP-b-I-c-ambn ]h¿Øn-®Xv 1685-˛¬ tIc-f-Øn-em-K-

X-\mb am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-km-bn-cp-∂p.

18-˛mw \q‰m≠p apX-ep≈ C¥y≥ k`m-N-cn-Xw ASpØ hmey-

Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. am¿ tXm-Ωm-«olm C¥ybn¬ kphn-ti-j-tLm-jWw \S-

Ønsb∂ ]mc-º-cy-Øn-\m-[m-c-ambn GsX√mw hkvXp-X-Iƒ

Nq≠n°m-Wn°mw?

2. 16- mw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ ae-¶-c-k- m-N-cn-X-hp-ambn _‘-ap≈

t]¿jy≥ k`-sb-∏‰n Fs¥√mw Imcy-ß-fmWp \ma-dn-™n-

cn-t°-≠Xv?

3. 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Imcpw 17-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬

tdma≥ ItØm-en-°-cmb I¿Ω-eoØm anj-\-dn-amcpw ae-¶-c-

178 k` hf-cp∂p

k-`sb tdman\p Iogn-em°n \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ sNbvX bXv\-

ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

4. 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc t]¿jy-bnse s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ k`-bp-ambn

thgvN-bn-en-cp∂ ae-¶-c-k- -bn-semcp hn`mKw 17- mw \q‰m-≠ns‚

a≤y-L´w apX¬ Fßs\ At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS

thgvN kzoI-cn-°p-hm-\n-S-bmbn?

179k` hf-cp∂p

KŸ-kq-NnI

Cu KŸ-Ønse \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂-Xn\v CXns‚ cN-

bnXmhns\ klm-bn-®n-´p-≈Xpw hmb-\-°m¿°p ]tbm-P-\-]-Z-am-Im-

hp-∂-Xp-amb IrXn-I-fpsS Hcp sNdnb enÃv amX-am-Wn-hnsS tN¿°p-

∂-Xv.

1. kpdn-bm\n aqe-Øn¬ e`n-°m-hp-∂h

Cu \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw Zi-Iw- ap-X¬ At\-I-iXw hmey-ß-fn-

embn aqe-`m-j-I-fnepw ]m›mXy `mj-I-fnse hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fn-ep-

ambn, ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p-h-cp∂ Hcp _“mfi KŸ-k-©-b-amWv Cor-pus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. LOUVAIN tIµ-ambn \n¿h-

ln-°p∂ Cu ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn¬ kpdn-bm\n `mj-bn¬ hnc-Nn-X-

amb hfsc KŸ-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Scriptores Syri F∂ io¿j-

I-Øn¬ ]e Tomus Ifnep-ambn tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ IrXn-Ifn¬

an°Xpw ChnsS D]-tbm-K-]-Z-am-Wv. Ah-bn¬ NneXp amXw Xmsg

Ipdn-°p-∂p.

Brooks, E. W. (ed) Historia Ecclesiastica Vulgo Adscripta, I, CSCO,Vol. 83, Sc. Sy. Tom, 38, 1919.

Brooks, E. W. (ed) Historia Ecclesiastica Vulgo Adscripta, II,CSCO, Vol. 84, Sc. Sy. Tom 39.

Chabot, I. B. (ed) Chronicon Anonymum, Pseudo DionisianumVulgo Dictum, I, CSCO, 91 Sc. Syr. Tom 43, 1953.

Chabot, I. B. (ed) Chronicon Anonymum, Pseudo DionisianumVulgo Dictum, II, CSCO, 104, Sc. Sy. Tom. 53,1952.

Chabot, I. B. (ed) Chronicon Anonymum ad annum Christi, 1234Pertnens, I, CSCO, 81, Sc. Sy. Tom. 36, 1953.

Chabot, I. B. (ed) Chronicon Anonymum ad annum Christi, 1234Pertnens, II, CSCO, 82, Sc. Sy. Tom. 37, 1916.

Chabot, J. B (ed) Chronique de! MICHEL LE SYRIEN, Paris, 1899-1910.

InkvXz_vZw 1166 - 1199 hsc At¥ym-Iy≥

kpdn-bm\nk`m-≤y-£-\m-bn-cp∂ henb

am¿ anJmtb¬ ]mXn-b¿°okv cNn®

180 k` hf-cp∂p

kpkva-c-Wm¿l-amb k`m-N-cnX KŸ-am-

WnXv.

Chabot, J. B. (ed) Synodicon Orientale, Paris, 1920. a≤y-Z-iI-

ßƒ hsc-bp≈ t]¿jy≥k`m kp∂-l-

tZm-kp-IfpsS hnh-c-ß-f-S-ßp∂ kp]-[m\

HutZym-KnI KŸ-am-Wn-Xv.

Gregorios, Bar Ebroyo F¢n-knbm-kvXn°o (k-`m-N-cn-Xw). 1496

hscbp≈ At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-

bpsS hnh-c -ß-fnXn¬ tN¿Øn´p≠v.

ssIsb-gpØp]Xn, ]mºm°pS.

Voobus, Arthur (ed) The Synodicon in the West Syrian Tradition, I,CSCO, 367, Sc. Sy. Tom 161. Louvain, 1975.

Voobus, Arthur (ed) The Synodicon in the West Syrian Tradition,II,Sc. Sy. Tom. 163, 1976. a≤yi-X-I-ßƒh-

sc-bp≈ At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k- -bpsS

\nb-am-hen Dƒs°m-≈p∂ IrXnI-fm-Wn-h.

kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bm-ew-Ko-Ir-X-amb \nb-

a-ß-sf√mwXs∂ AS-ßp∂ Cu KŸ-ß-

fn¬ \nJym-bpsS "Ad-_n -°m-t\m≥'

tN¿Øn-ń-s√-∂p≈ hkvXpX ]tXyI

kvacW A¿ln-°p∂p. sXKokv a^n-

bm\m \ne-hn¬h∂ NcnXw Ch-bn¬ 2˛mw

hmey-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. AXn-s\-∏-‰n-

bp≈ Hcp hna¿i\w Cu hmey-Øn¬

Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ASn-°p-dn-∏p-I-

fmbn tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. CSCO 376, Sc. Sy. Tom.164, 1976, 198 apX¬ 200 hsc ]pd-ßƒ

ImWpI.

2. ]pcm-X\ tcJ-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]›n-ta-jy≥ k`-

I-sf-∏‰n hnc-Nn-X-ß-fm-bh

Asemani, J. S. Bibiliotheca Orientalis, III, Parts 1-2, Rome,1725-28.

Frend, W. H. C. The Rise of the Mopohysite Movement, Cam-bridge, 1972.

181k` hf-cp∂p

Greer, Rowan A. Theodore of Mopsuestia, Exegete and Theologian, London, 1961.

Honigman, Ernest Evequesellet Eveches Monophysita, ‘D’Asie,Arterieure auvic, CSCO 127, Subsida, Tom. 2,Louvain, 1951.

Norris, Richard A. Manhood and Christ: A study of the Christ-ology of Theodore of Mopsuestia, Oxford, 1963.

Samuel, V. C. tbipInkvXp Bcv?, CLS, Thiruvalla.

Samuel, V. C. The Council of Chalcedon Re-examined, C. L. S.Madras, 1977.

Schen, A. (ed) Histoire Nestoriene (Chronique de Seert)Patrologia Orientalis Vol. IV, fase 3, Vol. V, fase2; Vol. VII fase. 2; Vol XIII, fase. 4, Paris, 1907,1910, 1918. Patrologia Orientalis F∂Xpw

]uc-kvXy-k-`-I-fpsS aqe-tc-J-Ifpw Ah-

bpsS hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fp-apƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp

henb KŸ-k-©-b-am-Wv.

Sehoff, W. H. (ed) The Peripes of the Erithrean Sea, New York,1912.

Segal, J. B. Edessa: The Blessed City, Oxford, 1970.

Stewart, J. Nestorian Missionary Enterprise, the Story of aChurch on Fire, Madras, 1928.

Sullivan, F. A. The Christology of Theodore of Mopsuestia,Rome, 1956.

Voobus, Arthur The School of Nisibis, CSCO 260, Subsida, Tom.26, Louvain, 1965.

Wigram, W. A. An Introduction to the History of the AssyrianChurch, London, 1910.

Wigram, W. A. Separation of the Monophysites, London, 1923.

Wright W. A Short History of Syriac Literature, London,1984.

Young, William G. Patriarch, Shah and Caliph, Rawalpindi, 1974.

3. ae-¶-c-k-`m-N-cnXw ]tXyIw ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂h

Agur, C. Chruch History of Travancore, Madras, SPSPress, Veperey, 1903.

182 k` hf-cp∂p

Bernad of St. Thomas TOCD am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ.

Vol. I., Palai, Vol. II, Mannanam, 1916 and 1921.

Brown, L. W. The Indian Christians of St. Thomas, Cambridge1956.

Cherian, C. V. A History of Christianity in Kerala, C. M. S.Press, Kottayam, 1973.

Cherian, P. The Malabar Christians and the Church Mis-sionary Society 1816-1840, Kottayam, 1935.

Cosmas, Universal Christian Topography, Mc Indicopleustes (ed) Grindle, J. W., London, 1897.

David Daniel The Orthodox Church of India

Farquhar, J. N. The Apostle Thomas in North India. ‘The Bul-letin of the John Rylands Library’, Vol. 10, No. 1,1926.

Farquhar, J. N. The Apostle Thomas in South India, Ibid, Vol.II, No. 1, 1927.

Fortescue, A. The Lesser Eastern Churches.

Geddes, M. The History of the Church of Malabar from 1501,London.

Gregorios, Mar Paulose The Indian Orthodox Church. An overview,Kottayam, 1982.

Keay, F. E. A History of the Syrian Church, S.P.C.K.Madras, 1928.

Kollaparambil, J. Archdeacon of All-India, Rome, 1972.

Mackenzie, G. T. Christianity in Travancore, Trivandrum, 1901.

Malancheruvil, C. The Syro-Malankara Church, Alwaye, 1973.

Medlycott, A. E. India and the Apostle Thomas, London, 1905.

Menon, Sreedhara, A. A Survey of Kerala History, Kottayam, 1967.

Mingana, A. The Early Spread of Christianity in India, TheBulletin of John Rylands Library Vol. 10, No. 2,1926.

Mingana A. (ed) Chronique d’ Arbeles in sources syriaques, Vol.1, Mosul, 1907.

Mundadan, A. M. The Arrival of Portugese in India andthe St. Thomas Christians under Mar Jacob,1498 - 1550, Bangalore, 1967.

183k` hf-cp∂p

Mundadan, A. M. Sixteenth Century Traditions of the St. ThomasChristians, Bangalore, 1970.

Mundadan, A. M. History of Christianity in India, Vol. I,Bangalore.

Parett, Z. M. ae-¶c \km-Wn-Iƒ 1 apX¬ 3 hsc hmey-

ßƒ, Kottayam, 1965-69.

Perumalil, A. The Apostles in India, Patna, 1971.

Philip, E. M. The Indian Church of St. Thomas. Tr. E. P.Mathew, Chingavanam, 1951.

Placid, Podipara The Thomas Christians, Bombay, London, 1970.

Pothen, S. C. Syrian Christians of Kerala, Bombay, 1913.

Rae, M. G. The Syrian Church in India, Edinburgh, 1890.

Samuel, V. C. CXv Hcp C¥y≥ k`tbm?, Thiruvalla, 1973.

Samuel, V. C. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS At¥ym-Iy≥ _‘w,Kottayam, 1982.

Thaliath, Jonas The Synod of Diamper, Rome, 1958.

Thekkedathu, J. The Troubled Days of Archbishop Garcia, S. J.Rome, 1982.

ThomasPallippurathuKunnel A Double Regime in the Malabar Church,

Alwaye, 1982.

Tisserant Eugene, Cardinal Eastern Christianity in India, Bombay, 1957.

White House, T. Lingerings of light in a dark land, London, 1873.

4. C¥y≥ k`m-N-cnXw ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂h

Firth G. B. An introduction to Indian Church History, CLS,Madras, 1961.

Hambye, E. R. (ed) Christianity in India: A History in Ecumenical& A. C. Perumalil perspective, Alleppey, 1972.

Moraes, George Mark A History of Christianity in India. From earlytime to St. Francis Xavier, Bombay, 1964.

Thekkedathu, J. History of Christianity in India, Church Asso-ciation of India, Bangalore, 1982.

Thomas, P. Christians and Christianity in India and Paki-stan, London, 1954.

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