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Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
1. Climate Change Mitigation (protecting the environment)2. Climate Change Adaptation (protection from the environment)
Karen Walker, ProAct Network
Martin Suvatne, Shelter Adviser, Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC)
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
EXAMPLE Burundi – NRC shelter solutions
1.Climate Change Mitigation (protecting the environment)
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
NRC Shelter Program Burundi
• Reintegration of Burundian returnees from Tanzania, • Protection of Congolese refugees in camps since 1997
• > 13,000 Shelters focus on ownership and responsibility• > 200 permanent and 600 semi-permanent classrooms
• Study on improvements or possible alternatives for the use of materials with limited adverse environmental impact
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
Typical solutions for returnees
NRC Shelter Policy:Integrate environmentally friendly materials and appropriate technology
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
Temporary Schools
Timber frame + plastic sheeting walls + corrugated iron roofCost : USD 1,300Lifespan : up to 5 yrs
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
Semi-permanent Schools
Cement block windowsCost : USD 3,500Lifespan: 15 to 20 years
• Adobe structure on hardcore foundation
• Reinforced concrete columns• Timber frame + corrugated iron
roof
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
Permanent Schools
Reinforced concrete structure completed with fired bricksMetallic frame and corrugated iron roofCost USD 12,000
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
Environmental Impact
Key considerations :
• Adobe bricks : where from? topsoil reuse? safety of pits?
• Fired bricks : where from? type of kiln? efficiency and wood use?
• Hardcore, gravel : source? sensitive area?
• Timber : source? type of wood? certified?
• Iron sheeting : source? transport?
• Local purchase vs. import and transport
Environmental checklist
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
Conclusion
Knowledge of suppliers and material sources
Appropriate designs developed with local communities andtechnicians
Awareness of key environmental impacts (simple checklist)
Simple, local measures can ensure that NRC reduces itscontribution to the global problem (a bit at least)
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
Cooking Practices and Stoves
Improved mud stove
Locally made charcoal stove
Traditional
3 stone fire
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
Briquettes: “Tabarigiti”
• Common complaints: slow lighting
excessive smoke inefficient
•Made in Bujumbura from
50% coffee husk
20% rice husk
15% cotton husk
10% cow dung
5% wood chips
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
Firewood Use – Main Issues
• Evidence of excessive wood distribution - charcoal production
• Supplier certificates may be fake• Low awareness and knowledge of fuel-efficient cooking
techniques
• Food types such as beans increase cooking time and wood consumption
• Adding insulation to shelters would reduce wood consumption for heating
• Lack of baseline data on surrounding forestry resources and management
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
Risk Analysis and Cost-Benefit Analysis
2. Climate Change Adaptation (protection from the environment)
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
Source: GTZ, Toolkit Disaster Risk Management, Eschborn 2006
RISK ANALYSIS
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
• Institutional characteristics: technical and financial capacities, responsibilities, roles,
• Legal frameworks, norms, laws, human rights,• Politics, corruption, power and property structures,• Poverty, • Risk and protection perception, local wisdom,• Education, social organizations (NGOs), access to
information,• Gender aspects, minorities, old and young people,
• Usable soil, soil stability• Usable water,• Vegetation, biodiversity, forests, resource degradation,• Stability of the ecosystems.
Source: GTZ, Toolkit Disaster Risk Management, Eschborn 2006
RISK ANALYSIS
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
•Technical construction method/quality of settlements and buildings, •Basic infrastructure (transport, energy, communications, water), •Population growth and density, age structure.
• Socioeconomic status, income and economic structure,• Land use, technology and agricultural cultivation structure,• Access to resources and services (water, energy, health,
transport)• Reserves and financing opportunities;• Incentive or enforcement systems for prevention and
mitigation,
Source: GTZ, Toolkit Disaster Risk Management, Eschborn 2006
RISK ANALYSIS
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
RISK ANALYSIS
Source: GTZ, Toolkit Disaster Risk Management, Eschborn 2005
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
RISK ANALYSIS
Map of Floods Potential in DIYSource: Pusat Studi Bencana UGM.
2007
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
Land use proposed for urban areas.
Source POT Bogota, 2000
RISK ANALYSIS LAND USE PLANNING
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
Major weather-induced natural disasters, 1950 –2002 (source: Münchener Rück - Munich Re)
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Encompasses calculation of the probability that a natural event will occur at a given location with a certain intensity; what can happen and how often?
The degree of destruction – from the humanitarian, economic and ecological perspectives – as a function of the intensity of the event; how severe will it be?
Source: GTZ, Toolkit Disaster Risk Management, Eschborn 2006
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
The combination of hazard and vulnerability functions yields the risk; the probability that damage will occur on a certain scale; how big will the damage be?
The costs of risk reduction result from the construction and maintenance costs for an infrastructural measures and human resources development;how much would it cost to prevent destruction?
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Source: GTZ, Toolkit Disaster Risk Management, Eschborn 2006
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
the original loss-frequency curve, generatedwithout risk-reducing measures, is compared with the loss-frequency curve with risk reduction. what seems cheaper, prevention or pay the damage?
The total net benefit of a project is determined by extrapolating the benefits calculated in step 5 onto the lifespan of the project. The total costs for preventive measures, and maintenance costs, are then subtracted from this value.what is cheaper in the long run?
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Source: GTZ, Toolkit Disaster Risk Management, Eschborn 2006
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
Methods to determine the net benefit of projects:
• A probabilistic approach, whichcalculates the risk on the basis ofa detailed analysis of hazard andvulnerability.
• A damage-based approach, whichtakes damage caused by pastevents as a basis for calculating thepresent and future risk.
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Source: GTZ, Toolkit Disaster Risk Management, Eschborn 2006
Shelter Climate 08b, Brussles, 19.11.2008
1.Climate Change Reduction (protecting the environment)2. Climate Change Adaptation (protection from the environment)
Discussion Points:
• What do we know about the impact of the changed climate on shelter?
• What do we have to do different with our shelter?
• What does it cost to build different shelter and neigbourhoods?
• What does climate change mitigation mean to us?
• What does climate change adaptation mean to us?