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Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee :...

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Keith. W. Crawford, RPH, PhD Assistant Chief of Public Health Research Global Health Programs U.S. Military HIV Research Program
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Page 1: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

         

         

Keith.  W.  Crawford,    RPH,  PhD  Assistant  Chief  of  Public  Health  Research  

Global  Health  Programs  U.S.  Military  HIV  Research  Program  

 

Page 2: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

Sponsor  Accreditation:  Howard  University  College  of  Medicine  is  accredited  by  the  Accreditation  Council  for  Continuing  Medical  Education  to  provide  continuing  

medical  education  for  physicians.    

Credits  for  Physicians:  Howard  University  College  of  Medicine,  Office  of  Continuing  Medical  Education,  designates  this  live  activity  for  a  maximum  of  0.5  AMA  PRA  Category  I  Credit(s)TM  .  Physicians  should  claim  

only  the  credit  commensurate  with  the  extent  of  their  participation  in  the  activity.  

 Funded  by  Health  Resources  Services  Administration  (HRSA)  Grant  #H4AHA24081    Goulda  A.  Downer,  PhD,  RD,  LN,  CNS  –  Principal  Investigator/Project  Director  

Page 3: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity: Keith W. Crawford, RPH, PhD I. Jean Davis, PhD, PA, AAHIVS Goulda A. Downer, PhD, RD, LN, CNS John I. McNeil , MD Denise Bailey, MEd Marjorie Doulas-Johnson, BA Speaker: The following speaker has nothing to disclose in relation to this activity: Keith W. Crawford, RPH, PhD

 

Page 4: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

Intended    Audience:    Low  volume  clinicians  (i.e.  those  with  fewer  than  25  patients  in  their  case  load  who  are  HIV  positive):  Physicians,  Physician  Assistants,  Nurse  Practitioners,  Pharmacists,  Dentists,  Nurses,  Social  Workers,  Case  Managers    and  other  Clinical  Personnel.  

 Webinar  Requirements:  A  computer,  phone,  etc.  with  Internet  accessibility  and  a  

telephone  line.    Ø   Your  presence  on  the  call  must  be  acknowledged  at  the  start  of  each  session.  Please  log  in  for  

the  session  announce  your  name  loud  and  clear  at  the  beginning  of  the  session.    

Ø   You  will  not  be  able  to  receive  CME  credits  if  you  leave  the  session  early.    Ø   At  the  end  of  the  Webinar,  please  send    an  email  request  to  our  Training  Coordinator  at  

[email protected],  to  receive  the  CME  Evaluation  Survey.    Ø   To  receive  CME  credits,  you  are  required  to  complete  and  return  the  CME  Evaluation  Survey    

at  the  end  of  each  session.    It  may  be  scanned  and  emailed  back  to  [email protected]  ,  or    faxed  to:  AETC-­‐Capitol  Region  Telehealth    Project  (FAX#:  202.667.1382)    ATTN:  Training  Coordinator.  

   

 

Page 5: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

At  the  end  of  this  webinar  the  participating  providers  will    have  an  enhanced  ability  to:  

         

     1.   Know   the   classes   of   antiretrovirals,   anti-­‐mycobacterials   and  

anti-­‐HCV  drugs   that   have   the   greatest   potential   to   interact  with  other  drugs  used  to  treat  these  infections.  

2.   Understand  the  common  mechanisms  by  which   these  drugs  produce  pharmacokinetic  interactions  when  combined.  

3.   Make  rational  therapeutic  decisions   in  treating  patients  who  are   HIV   Positive   and   co-­‐infected   with   TB   and   HCV   that  minimize  the  potential  for    drug-­‐  drug  interactions.      

Page 6: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

Ø  Occur  when  either  the  pharmacokinetics  or  the  pharmacodynamics  of  one  drug  (or  both  drugs)  is  altered  as  a  consequence  of  their  co-­‐administration.  

Ø  Are  graded  responses  that  are  dependent  upon  the  plasma/tissue  concentration  of  the  interacting  species  (related  to  dose  and  schedule).  

Ø  Are  a  source  of  variability  in  drug  response.  

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Etoposide Daunomycin Paclitaxel Vinblastine Doxorubicin

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Ø  The  interacting  drugs  are  both  substrates  at  the  active  sites  of  the  enzyme.  

Ø  A  competition  for  access  to  the  active  site  ensues  where  one  or  both  drugs  may  have  increased  plasma  concentrations  (one  of  the  drugs  may  be  a  preferred  substrate).  

Ø  This  interaction  occurs  in  real  time.  

 

Page 14: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

Drug Enzyme Inhibition Enzyme Induction

Atazanavir ++ — Delavirdine ++ — Efavirenz + +++ Fosamprenavir + ++ Indinavir ++ — Lopinavir/ritonavir[1] ++++ ++

Tipranavir/ritonavir[1] ++++ +++

Nelfinavir ++ + Nevirapine — ++ Ritonavir ++++ ++ Saquinavir[2] — —

Page 15: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

Ø  HCV  protease  inhibitors  are  potent  inhibitors  of  CYP3A4  and  are  also  substrates.  

Ø  Telapravir  is  a  substrate  of  p-­‐glycoprotein.  

Page 16: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

Ø  The  inducing  drug  causes  an  upregulation  (increased  transcription  and  translation)  of  the  enzymes  and  transporters  that  metabolize  and  transport  the  interacting  drugs.  

Ø  This  process  requires  days-­‐weeks  before  an  effect  is  observed  on  plasma  concentration  of  the  target  drug.  

Ø  The  pharmacologic  effect  persists  even  when  the  culprit  is  discontinued,  as  it  takes  time  for  enzyme  levels  to  normalize.  

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Ø  Efavirenz  may  lower  levels  of  both  telapravir  and  bocepravir,  and  these  combinations  should  be  avoided.  

Ø  Bocepravir  may  moderately  increase  Efavirenz  AUC  and  Cmin,  through  inhibition  of  CYP’s.  

Page 19: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

Ø  Bocepravir  reduces  the  area-­‐under  the  curve  of  LPV/r,  ATZ/r  and  DRV/r.  

Ø  LPV/r  and  DRV/r,  but  not  ATZ/r,  reduce  the  AUC  of  bocepravir.  

Ø  Affects  on  raltegravir  may  be  minimal.  

Page 20: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

Ø   Telapravir  plasma  concentrations  are  decreased  by  HIV  protease  inhibitors  ranging  from  20%  (ATZ)  to  50%  (LPV/r).  Telapravir  decreases  APV  and  DRV  AUC,  do  not  combine.  Minimal  effects  on  LPV.  ATV+Telapravir  can  be  safely  co-­‐administered.  

Ø   Affects  on  Efavirenz  may  be  minimal.  Increasing  telapravir  dose  to  1125  mg  may  counteract  the  affect  of  EFV  co-­‐administration.  

Ø   Telapravir  can  lead  to  increases  in  tenofovir  AUC  and  Cmin.  

Ø   Effects  on  raltegravir  are  minimal,  safe  to  co-­‐administer.  

Page 21: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

Ø   Nucleoside  analogue  antivirals  (e.g.  zidovudine,  acyclovir,  ribavirin)  require  metabolic  activation  to  triphosphates.  

Ø   AZT  and  D4T  are  both  thymidine  analogues,  so  the  compete  with  each  other  for  activation.  Co-­‐administration  results  in  markedly  reduced  levels  of  AZT-­‐triphosphate  and  D4T-­‐triphosphate.  

Ø   Abacavir  and  Ribavirin  are  both  guanosine  analogues  and  require  the  same  host  enzymes  for  activation.    Does  co-­‐administration  of    abacavir  and  ribavirin  in  HIV/HCV  co-­‐infected  patients  decrease  the  levels  of  the  active  drugs.  

Ø   There  appears  to  be  no  interaction  between  abacavir  and  ribavirin.                                                                                          Solas  et  al.,  AIDS.  2012  Nov  13;26(17):2193-­‐9  

Page 22: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

Ø  Use  an  agent  from  a  different  class.    o   raltegravir  instead  of  a  Protease  Inhibitor  combined  with  bocepravir/telapravir.  

Ø   Use  an  agent  from  the  same  class  with  lower  risk  of  interaction.      o   rifabutin  (reduced  dose)  vs.  rifampin  with  HIV  protease/integrase                inhibitors.  

o   atanzanavir  instead  of  darunavir  with  Telapravir.            Ø   Adjust  the  dosage  to  counteract  the  affect  of  the  interaction.  

Ø   Closely  monitor  and  counsel  patients  about  side  effects  that  could  indicate  a  drug  interaction.  

Page 23: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

Case  Study  Discussion:  

Page 24: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

¡   F.W.  is  a  40  year-­‐old  male  seropositive  for  HIV-­‐1  with  a  CD4+  cell  count  of    271  cells  (CD4+%=12%),  viral  load  is  26,244  copies/ml.    Patient  is  naïve  and  baseline  genotype  indicates  no  transmitted  resistance.  

¡   Also  infected  with  HCV  (genotype  1A)  through  IVDU  9  years  earlier.  HCV  viral  load  is  18  x  106  IU/ml.    Liver  biopsy  shows  fibrosis  stage  2  of  4  (moderate  fibrosis).  

 

Page 25: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

¡   ALT=  51  U/L  ¡   AST=  68U/L  ¡   Total  bilirubin  =  0.5  mg/dL  

¡   Alk  Phos  152  U/L  ¡   Albumin  4.2  g/dl  ¡   WBC  =  7.3  x  103/ul  

¡   INR  =  1.1  ¡   Hgb  =  13.9  gm/dL  ¡   Platelet  194  X  103  /ul  ¡   HBVsAg  -­‐neg  ¡   HBVsAb  -­‐  neg  ¡   HBVcAb  -­‐neg  

So  what  should  be  the  first  step  in  managing    this  patient?  

Page 26: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

¡   Patient  started  on  atazanavir/r  +  emtricitibine/tenofovir.  

¡   In  6  months,  CD4+  cell  count  is  457/ul  and  VL  is  undetectable.  

¡   Patient  is  ready  to  start  HCV  treatment.      

¡  What  would  be  the  best  option?  

Page 27: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

Patient  is  started  on:  ¡   Peginterferon  alpha  180  ug/week  

¡   Ribavirin  1200  mg  QD  (Pt  weighs  80  kg)  

¡   Telapravir  750  mg  TID  

Just  prior  to  treatment:  ¡   Hgb=13.7  ¡   Total  bilirubin  =  1.7  mg/dl  

Page 28: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

¡   At  week  three,  patient  comes  in  complaining  of  fatigue.  

¡  What  are  the  possible  culprits?  

¡   The  Hgb  is  found  to  be  9.5  g/dL.  

Now,  what  is  the  most  likely  culprit  and  the  best  plan  of  action?  

 

Page 29: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

¡   Ribavirin  dose  reduced  to  800  mg  QD.  

¡   Patient  HCV  is  undetectable  at  weeks  4  and  12  (extended  rapid  virologic  response).  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Case  provided  through  IAS-­‐USA  archives  

 

Page 30: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

1.   What  other  options  could  have  been  used  to  initiate  HIV  treatment?  

2.   Would  treatment  with  peginterferon  and  ribavirin  have  been  a  good  choice  in  this  patient?  

3.   Any  concerns  over  the  use  of  tenofovir  in  the  HIV  regimen?  

4.   Are  there  other  safe  options  for  treating  the  HCV?  

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Ø   Pharmacists  

Ø   Hospital  and  University-­‐based  drug-­‐information  services  

Ø   DHHS  Guidelines  (http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adultandadolescentgl.pdf)  

Ø   Johns  Hopkins  HIVguide  http://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/ub    

Ø   NY/NJ  AIDS  Education  and  Training  Center,  HIV/HCV  drug-­‐drug  interaction  cards  (John  Faragon  et  al.,  2012)  

Page 33: Keith.!W.!Crawford,!!RPH,!PhD ... · AETC-Capitol Region Telehealth Project Planning Committee : The following committee members have nothing to disclose in relation to this activity:

Howard University HURB 1

1840 7th Street NW, 2nd Floor Washington, DC 20001 202-865-8146 (Office) 202-667-1382 (Fax)

At  the  end  of  the  Webinar,  please  email  Ms.  Marjorie  Douglas-­‐Johnson  

 at  [email protected]    and  she  will  send  you  the    CME  Evaluation  Survey  to  fill  in.  

www.capitolregiontelehealth.org

www.aetcnmc.org  


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