Period 4: 1800-1848 Chapter 7-13 The new republic struggled to define and extend democratic ideals in the face of rapid economic, territorial, and demographic changes. Key Concept 4.1: The United States developed the world’s first modern mass democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and to reform its institutions to match them. Key Concept 4.2: Developments in technology, agriculture, and commerce precipitated profound changes in U.S. settlement patterns, regional identities, gender and family relations, political power, and distribution of consumer goods. Key Concept 4.3: U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade, expanding its national borders, and isolating itself from European conflicts shaped the nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.
Transcript
Period 4: 1800-1848Chapter 7-13
The new republic struggled to define and extend democratic ideals in the face of rapid economic, territorial, and demographic changes.
Key Concept 4.1: The United States developed the world’s first modern mass democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and to reform its institutions to match them.
Key Concept 4.2: Developments in technology, agriculture, and commerce precipitated profound changes in U.S. settlement patterns, regional identities, gender and family relations, political power, and distribution of consumer goods.
Key Concept 4.3: U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade, expanding its national borders, and isolating itself from European conflicts shaped the nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.
Chapter 7 p. 180-213The Jeffersonian Era
The period covered in this chapter was marked by definition and expansion. Having achieved political independence, Americans struggled to achieve cultural independence as well, and this search for self-identity touched almost every phase of the nation's life. "American" tastes in music, literature, and art developed. Religious bodies with ties to colonial ways declined as the Second Great Awakening swept America. The global process of industrialization began to have an impact in the United States while technology, unrestrained by mercantile regulations, expanded to solve problems that were particularly American. Meanwhile American politics began to take on characteristics and respond to needs with little precedent in European systems. At the center of this activity, at times leading it and at times being led, was Thomas Jefferson, a president whose versatility seemed to mirror the diversity of the nation. A pragmatic politician, Jefferson was also a committed idealist, one who deserves to be the symbol of the age that bears his name. The War of 1812 did more than test the army and navy of the United States, it tested the nation's ability to survive deep internal divisions that threatened America's independence as surely as did the forces of Great Britain. Hoping to keep his nation out of war, Jefferson followed a policy that kept the peace but raised fears among his political enemies. The rest of the nation, feeling that Britain was insulting its sovereignty, rallied to the president. In the end, these divisions, although they hampered the war effort, did not survive the conflict, and the United States entered the postwar period with a new sense of nationalism.
The Jeffersonian Era 1800-1816Chapter Seven Main Themes
How Americans expressed their burgeoning cultural independence through republican education, literature and religious revivalism.
The impact of industrialism on the United States and its people, particularly with regard to agricultural technology and transportation.
The domestic questions and foreign entanglements of Thomas Jefferson's presidency, including Marbury v. Madison, the Louisiana Purchase, the settling of the west, and the impressment and embargo controversies
The growing conflict between British naval policies and American self-identity that led to the War of 1812, and its ultimate consequences for the young American nation.
CHAPTER 7THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA
1800-1816
ANALYTICAL JOURNAL
Jeffersonian RepublicanismWestern ConfederacyLouisiana Purchase 1803 Tecumseh and the ProphetLewis and Clark ExpeditionWilliam Henry HarrisonWarhawks Battle of TippicanoeWar of 1812 Essex JuntoImpressment Burr ConspiracyChesapeake- Leopard AffairEmbargo 1808Hartford Convention 1814Treaty of Ghent 1814Battle of New Orleans 1815John Quincy AdamsRush-Bagot Treaty 1817Marbury v. MadisonJohn MarshallAnglo-American Treaty 1818Adams-Onis Treaty 1819Cotton GinRobert Fulton
Chapter 7 Growth of the United States 1783-1853
Chapter 7Early 19th Century Transportation Revolution
Chapter 7The Jeffersonian Era
1800-1824Discussion notes
Chapter 7The Jeffersonian Era
1800-1824Discussion notes
Chapter 7The Jeffersonian Era
1800-1824Discussion notes
Chapter 7Early 19th Century Transportation Revolution
Chapter 8 p. 214-231Varieties of American Nationalism
1812-1848
After the War of 1812 a new spirit of nationalism and expansion swept the nation. Party and sectional divisions fell by the wayside during the “era of good feelings” with a president who was determined to heal old wounds, but this spirit of unity did not last. Sectional tensions reappeared during the Missouri debates, which brought the issue of slavery and its expansion to the forefront. The immediate question, which section would control the Senate, found resolution through the Missouri Compromise, but the underlying problem proved more difficult to settle. The Missouri debates revealed that some of the nation saw the addition of slave states as a threat to the Union as southern politicians (and many of their northern counterparts) had come to equate the expansion of slavery with the expansion of southern political power. Divisions within the Republican Party led to the appearance of a new two-party system, which temporarily seemed to overshadow sectional concerns. With the election of Andrew Jackson to the presidency in 1828, the nation again seemed concerned more with unity than division. How long this would last was another question.
Chapter 8Varieties of American Nationalism
Main Themes
The effects of postwar expansion and continued economic growth in shaping the nation during the "era of good feelings.”
The rise of sectional controversy arising from slavery, and the early attempts by Henry Clay and others to prevent strife through the Missouri Compromise.
The many prominent decisions of the Marshall Court during the Era of Good Feelings, and their role in promoting American nationalism, federal supremacy and Native American tribal sovereignty.
The development of the "Monroe Doctrine" and its application in further fostering American nationalism.
CHAPTER 8VARIETIES OF AMERICAN NATIONALISM
1800-1845
2nd BUS John MarshalProtective Tariffs Worcester v. GeorgiaNational Road Dartmouth v. WoodwardPanic 1819 McCullouch v. MarylandRobert Fulton Gibons v. OgdenSteamboats Fletcher v. PeckJames MonroeEra of Good FeelingsJohn C. CalhounHenry ClayThe American SystemMissouri Compromise 1819JQ AdamsAnglo-American Treaty 1818Adams-Onis 1819Monroe Doctrine 1823National Republicans“Corrupt Bargain”
Chapter 8 Discussion
Analytical Journal
1. What were effects of the War of 1812 on banking, shipping, farming, industry, and transportation?2.Discuss "era of good feelings" as a transitional period.3. What caused of the Panic of 1819, and what were the effects of the subsequent depression on politics and the economy?4. Outline the northern and southern arguments during the debates over the admission of Missouri and how they influenced sectional attitudes.5. Assess the ways in which the Marshall Court changed the status of the federal judiciary and how the Court's decisions altered the relationships between the federal government and the states and the federal government and business.6. Explain reasons why President James Monroe announced his "doctrine" in 1823 and its impact on international relations at the time.7. Discuss the Presidential politics in the "era of good feelings" and how they altered the political system.8. Explain the reasons why Andrew Jackson was elected in 1828 and the significance of his victory. Each of the terms below contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the different forms nationalism took in the early 19th century. As you define these terms, demonstrate why each person, event, concept, or issue is important to a thorough understanding of this chapter.
Missouri Compromise 1820
Chapter 8VarietiesVarieties of American Nationalism1812-1840
Missouri Compromise (1820) A. Missouri, populated mainly by Southerners, applied for statehood in 1819. B. Northern states opposed adding a new slave state to the Union, which would upset the balance of 11 free and 11 slaves in the Senate C. Compromise reached which stated 1) Missouri would enter Union as slave state 2) Maine would enter as free state 3) Line drawn at 36˚30˚ with slavery banned in the portion of the Louisiana Purchase north of that line.
Chapter 8VarietiesVarieties of American Nationalism1812-1840
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
A. Statement of foreign policy, not a treaty or law B. Problems leading to development of doctrine 1) Recognition of Latin American republics 2) European interference (Metternich's principle of intervention) C. Elements of doctrine 1) Western hemisphere not open to colonization by any European power 2) U.S. would not intervene in European wars
Chapter 8Varieties
Varieties of American Nationalism1812-1840
Discussion notes
Chapter 8Varieties
Varieties of American Nationalism1812-1840
Discussion notes
Chapter 8Varieties
Varieties of American Nationalism1812-1840
Discussion notes
Long Essay Tips
Many questions on the AP Exam ask you to determine the degree to which an idea, trend, or movement has manifested itself over our history. Very often tensions arise from competing movements, and this chapter highlights this pattern in the conflict between nationalism and sectionalism.
This is a popular topic in the 19th century before the Civil War. These types of questions might have the following formats: to what extent or degree, in what ways, how successful, or how effective. Identify opposing movements in your essay, and be able to us evidence that allows you to argue, “sectional interests were growing, yet on the other hand an increasingly national and integrated economy and culture drew sections closer together.
Chapter 9 Jacksonian America
Main ThemesExplain the expansion of the electorate during the Age of Jackson, and the limits of that expansion.
Discuss growing tension between nationalism and states' rights, as particularly reflected in the nullification crisis and the Webster-Haynes debate.
Discuss the brutal treatment of Native Americans by the Jackson administration, culminating in Indian Removal and the Trail of Tears.
Outline the rise of the Whig Party as an alternative to Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, and the Jacksonian political strategies used by both Whigs and Democrats in the Second Party System.
Chapter 9 p. 232-257Jacksonian America
1824-1848
At first glance, Andrew Jackson seems a study in contradictions: an advocate of states' rights who forced South Carolina to back down in the nullification controversy; a champion of the West who vetoed legislation that would have opened easy access to part of the area and who issued the specie circular, which brought the region's "flush times" to a disastrous halt; a nationalist who allowed Georgia to ignore the Supreme Court; and a defender of majority rule who vetoed the Bank after the majority's representatives, the Congress, had passed it. Perhaps he was, as his enemies argued, simply out for himself. But in the end, few would argue that Andrew Jackson was not a popular president, if not so much for what he did as for what he was. Jackson symbolized what Americans perceived (or wished) themselves to be, defiant, bold, and independent. He was someone with whom they could identify. The image may have been a bit contrived, but it was still a meaningful image. Thus, Jackson was reelected by an overwhelming majority and was able to transfer that loyalty to his successor, a man who hardly lived up to the image. But all this left a curious question unanswered.
CHAPTER 9JACKSONIAN AMERICA
1828-1840
ANALYTICAL JOURNAL
Andrew JacksonAlexis de ToquevilleJacksonian DemocracyNullification CrisisBank War SC Exposition and Protest Force BillNicolas Biddle Martin Van Buren Seminole WarJohn C. Calhoun Democrat Party Webster-Hayes Debate Peggy Eaton Affair Suffrage Reforms Panic 1837Indian Removal Act 1830 Webster-Ashburton TreatyTrail of Tears Dorr Rebellion5 Civilized Tribes Aroostock Wars2nd Party System William Henry HarisonWhig Party John TylerSpoils System Roger B. Taney
Chapter 9 Discussion
Analytical Journal
1. What was Andrew Jackson's philosophy of government and his impact on the office of the presidency?
2. Discuss John C. Calhoun’s nullification theory and President Jackson's reaction.
3. Explain reasons why the eastern Indians were removed to the West and the impact this had on the tribes.4. Discuss the reasons for Jackson’s war on the Bank of the United States.5. Analyze the differences in party philosophy between the Democrats and the Whigs, the reasons for the Whig victory in 1840, and the effect of the election on political campaigning.6. Explain the background negotiations that led to the Webster-Ashburton Treaty and the importance of the treaty in Anglo-American relations.
Evolution of Political Parties1790-1860
First Party System—1790-1820: Federalist and Jeffersonian Republican
• Federalist: Leader—Alexander Hamilton—loose constitutional construction, strong central government, support of the Bank of the United States, and commercial and manufacturing interests, regional strength in New England and southern ports.
• Jeffersonian Republicans: Leaders—Thomas Jefferson and James Madison—strict constitutional construction, limited government, states' rights, opposed Bank of the United States, support onfrontier and rural south and west.
Evolution of Political Parties1790-1860
Transitional Period—1816-1828
• 1816-1828—As the Federalists disintegrated, the Era of Good Feelings displayed little party strife.
• 1824-1828—Supporters of John Q. Adams were known as the National Republicans and endorsed active federal government, nationalism, and support for the tariff and internal improvements. Regional support in New England and the mid-Atlantic.
• 1824-1828—Democrat-Republicans: Leader—Andrew Jackson—support for government reform, improved opportunity and end of eastern privilege, political patronage, the spoils system, states’ rights but not at the expense of federal supremacy.
Evolution of Political Parties1790-1860
Second Party System—1828-1854
• Democrat: see earlier Democratic Republican.
• Whig: Leader—Henry Clay, J.Q. Adams—strong nationalism and strong, active federal government, support for Bank of the United States, internal improvements, and the tariff. The name "Whig" derives from opposition to Jackson's policies. Support comes from New England, the mid Atlantic, and larger commercial interests in the South.
Jacksonian AmericaThe Era of the Common Man1828-1840
I. Era of Good Feelings
A. Period following War of 1812 free from partisan battles. Tradition of Secretary of State succeeding to the presidency established (Washington-- Jefferson; Jefferson--Madison; Madison--Monroe; Monroe--J.Q. Adams)
B. Election of 1824 1) End of caucus system of selecting candidates 2) Jackson receives more electoral and popular votes than
Adams, Clay, and Crawford, but not a majority 3) House chooses Adams because of Clay's support
a) Clay a rival of Jackson in the West b) Adams and Clay agreed on American System c) Jackson's followers accused Clay of Adams of a
"Corrupt Bargain" when Clay was named Secretary of State
C. Adam’s Presidentcy
Jacksonian AmericaThe Era of the Common Man1828-1840
II. Jacksonian Democracy A. Jackson's election in 1828 signaled rise of common man
1) Elected by western farmers and eastern workers 2) Property qualifications for voting eliminated in most states 3) Changing nature of political campaigns 4) Jackson's inauguration symbolic of new age B. Jackson viewed himself as the spokesman of the people C. Indian policy 1) Worcester v. Georgia (1832) ruled that Indians were not subject to the laws of a state. Jackson refused to enforce ruling
2) Trail of Tears--Cherokees and other Indian tribes in Southeast U.S. forced to march 1200 miles to Oklahoma territory
Jacksonian AmericaThe Era of the Common Man1828-1840
III. War Over the U.S. Bank A. Jackson opposed re-charter of the Bank because banks 1) Were seen as tools of the rich oppressing the poor 2) Foreclosed mortgages on farmers 3) Restricted the issuance of paper money by state banks 4) Biddle made a number of loans to anti-Jackson politicians B. Jackson removed government deposits and placed them in local (pet) banks, destroying the bank C. Wildcat banks created in wake of U.S. Bank's failure 1) Money in circulation increased 300% 2) Loans made increased 400% 3) Inflation rose as loans were made to land speculators 4) Sales of western land increased from 4 million acres in 1832 to 20 million acres in 1836
Jacksonian AmericaThe Era of the Common Man1828-1840
D. States borrowed vast sums for internal improvements, increasing state indebtedness E. Jackson distributed federal government surpluses to states, which stimulated spending and inflation F. To check the inflationary spiral, Jackson issued the specie circular which required gold and silver for land purchases. G. Panic of 1837 resulted when 1) English bankers called in loans to states and investors 2) Gold supplies were depleted, preventing banks from making payments and forcing failures
Chapter 9 Jacksonian America
1828-1840Discussion notes
Chapter 9 Jacksonian America
1828-1840Discussion notes
Chapter 10 p. 258-291America’s Economic Revolution
1790-1850
After the War of 1812, a combination of rapid population growth, the expansion of communication and transportation systems, and the development of an agricultural system sufficient to feed an urban population gave rise to the American industrial revolution. The two sections of the nation most affected by these changes were the Northeast and the Northwest, which were drawn closer together as a result. Canals, railroads, and the telegraph made it easier to move goods and information. Business grew as corporations began to shape the world of trade and commerce. Technological innovations helped expand industries as the factory system began to replace the artisan tradition. In the Northwest, agriculture expanded to meet the increasing demand for farm products. All of these developments had profound implications for American men and women, both in the ways that they worked and in their family lives.
CHAPTER 10AMERICA’S ECONOMIC REVOLUTION
1812-1850
Industrialization and the transportation revolution were a considerable force in American history, changing the character of life in America by facilitation westward expansion, and urbanization. This period was distinguished by the establishment of factories and the creation of many new inventions to save time, improve transportation and communication, and increase productivity.Analyze the factors that led to America’s economic revolution before the Civil War?
Transportation Revolution Elias Howe NativismErie Canal Ten-hour movement Know-Nothing PartyNational Road (Cumberland Road) Eli Whitney Henry ClayCommonwealth v. Hunt Cyrus McCormick American SystemRobert Fulton Samuel Morse Market EconomySteamships Charles Goodyear Associated PressClipper ships Samuel Colt Marshal CourtSamuel Slater Eminent Domain Gibbons v. OgdenBoston Associates Limited Liability Dartmouth v. WoodwardLowell factory Corporations Flectcher v. PeckFactory Girls NYSE 1819 McCulough v. Md.Eli Whitney Cult of Domesticity Associated PressKnow Nothings Railroads Telegraph
Chapter 10America’s Economic Revolution
Chapter Ten Main Themes
The nature of the rapid immigration and urban growth between 1820 and 1840, and its effect on the nation's economic, social, and political systems.
The pronounced effect of the transportation and communications revolutions of the 1820s and 1830s on the American economy.
The transformation in women's social and economic roles as a consequence of the factory system.
The social changes wrought by America's economic revolution in the fields of public leisure and Northern agriculture.
I. Sectional Specialization A. Industrialization of the Northeast 1) Factory system expanded quickly after Embargo Act and War of 1812 cut off competition from England. Factors assisting expansion: a) Water power from streams and rivers
b) Capital accumulated by merchants and shipbuilders c) Plentiful labor supply d) Poor agricultural conditions e) Lowell (or Waltham) system brought girls to factories for a
few years. No permanent working class. Strike in 1834 to protest 25% wage cut2) New England became center of textile mills, while Pennsylvania led in production of iron. 3) Samuel Slater "steals" a spinning mill (1790)
B. Plantation agriculture of South 1) Cotton gin's invention increased productivity (in 10 years
production increased 800%) 2) Removal of Indians from Southeastern US allowed expansion 3) Success of cotton led to one-crop economy 4) Goals of Southern section a) Low tariffs to encourage exchange with England
b) No internal improvements c) Public lands available for sale in large chunks
C. Diversified farming in the West 1) Small farms slowly gave way to specialized farms: a) Wheat in northern plains
b) Corn and livestock in Ohio Valley c) Tobacco in Kentucky
2) Improved transportation allowed for marketing of surpluses
3) Goals of the Western section
a) Low-priced public lands to encourage settlement
b) Protective tariffs to stimulate growth of a home market
c) Federally built internal improvements
II. Improvements in Transportation
A. Demands created for better roads and canals: 1) Northeast needed Southern cotton, western food
2) South and West needed manufactured goods 3) South needed food from the West
B. Many turnpikes (toll roads) built by private companies from 1800-1825. Most famous: Cumberland Road which allowed wagon traffic from the seaboard and the Ohio River.
C. Canal Era (1825-35)--need for cheaper, faster freight transportation 1) Erie Canal--350 miles and 88 locks--linked New York City (eventually) with New Orleans. Paid for itself in 7 years. 2) Numerous other canals were constructed by private companies.
D. Steamboat traffic along the Hudson, Mississippi and Ohio Rivers became extensive in the 1820s and 30s.
1) New York City to Albany--150 miles in 32 hours 2) Stimulated agricultural economy of West by providing better access to markets at lower cost.
Important concepts, which spurred growth in the industrializing north
Cloth manufacture forms basis of early industries (still true for many industrializing countries). Spinning technology in U.S. advanced by industrial espionage work of Samuel Slater. Francis Cabot Lowell develops raw material to finished product mill system. Paternalistic labor system employing unmarried women from local farms has only a brief tenure. Steam power - used to power locomotives and ships. Fulton's Clermont establishes viability of steam power on the water. Coal is replacing wood - facilitates the ability to move away from streams. Coal is a more energy intensive fuel, and thus negates the need for huge quantities of wood, while spurring new developments possible at the higher temperatures, which can be had with coal. Interchangeable parts - E. Whitney and Simeon North. Especially useful in the manufacture of guns, which have now moved from the creation of artisans to being mass-produced. Colt factory is set up in England to make guns for the Crimean conflict (1854). Text claims that the machine tools used in America were better than those used in England ... perhaps the newness of the tools helped as well as the freedom from the restraints that might be found in tradition-bound industries that inhibited innovative thinking.
Important concepts, which spurred growth in the industrializing north
Charles Goodyear and the vulcanization of rubber - rubber is a white, gooey substance as it comes out of the tree. Vulcanization " freezes" the rubber into something more useful. Might ask about Vulcan, who was blackened by working on the anvil all day. What was rubber used for if it was not put into tires (tires today are composed of natural and synthetic rubbers)? Covering telegraph cables that crossed the Atlantic (actually, stuff called guttapercha was used). Elias Howe/ Isaac Singer - sewing machine. Why was this consequential? Now there was ready-to-wear clothing. What was there before? How do you think the cost of clothing compares today with that of prices of clothing before the Civil War? Shipping becomes an important area of investment - design influenced by Donald McKay. Development of clipper ships speeds trade to Europe and the Orient. (Might mention Admiral Perry's " opening " of Japan in 1854.) Clipper ships carried acres of canvas and could reach a clip of up to 18 knots. Speed is probably greater than that of current very large ships. Record time was set in this period on a trip from San Francisco to Boston - 84 days. Reign of clipper ships end when Europe moves to steam power and investors seek rewards in domestic manufacturing.
Important concepts, which spurred growth in the industrializing north
Infrastructure development - Railroads...many short lines are now consolidated into trunk lines. North has far more extensive rail lines than does south. Northeast and old Northwest now well connected and are more disconnected from New Orleans and the Deep South. Railroad technology continues to advance... Faster communications have a powerful effect on popular opinion as well as the incipient industries. Among these areas, the telegraph and newspaper stand out. Telegraph - Samuel Morse develops this important communication device. What is it used for? Most importantly for price quoting. Rotary press - Richard Hoe helps create a rising power in the form of the journalists. Trains could carry weeklies long distances to remote farming areas. A push-pull influence brings immigrants. Largely Irish and German in the pre-Civil War period. What brings them? What will be there influence? How might some of the native-born react to them?
Chapter 10America’s Economic Revolution
Discussion notes
Chapter 10America’s Economic Revolution
Discussion notes
AP Exam TipsCertain events instigate significant social, political, and cultural change: war and
economictransformation are two of the most important. The first American Industrial Revolutiondemonstrates this clearly. The following changes relate to economic change.
Society and gender--women’s roles were affected by underlying economic change. In this period opportunity expanded with the Lowell System, but also diminished with the cult of domesticity.
Relations between labor and capital—industrialism sharpened differences between owners and workers, and stirred the beginnings of organized labor. Violent strikes, fears of anarchy, and the threat to property threatened stability in the public mind.
Urbanization—industrialism provided economic opportunity for workers and they flocked to cities where industry located.
Culture and Communication—industrialism lowered the price of books and newspapers, making them more accessible, and higher incomes supported cultural endeavors such as theater.
Politics—government has tended to promote the interests of business more than those of labor. Protection of property favors the owners of factories, as do tariffs.
These are straightforward questions asking about the factors that led to America's first Industrial Revolution. The thrusts of the questions are to identify the elements, and to explain their impact on the great increase in American production and productivity before the Civil War. One can easily categorize the developments into three categories: labor and entrepreneurship, capital, and technology. These usually work for any period of economic transformation. Changing demographics, immigration, and migrating farm workers provided an industrial labor force that accumulated in America's growing cities. The embargo and the War of 1812 provided a stimulus for domestic manufactures, and fortunes made through trade and during the war provided a ready pool of capital for investment in new ventures. Finally, technological improvements combined entire manufacturing processes in a single factory. Eli Whitney's innovation of interchangeable parts in machinery made this possible. Textiles, particularly cotton fabrics, were the major product. In addition, first canals and later railroads and the telegraph helped create a national market. These factors combined the demand for and supply of goods that inspired the Industrial Revolution before the Civil War.
Long Essay Tip
Chapter 11 p.292-31Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South
The North and South differed in many ways, but none proved more significant than the South's staple crop economy and the labor force that worked it. Cotton (and in some areas tobacco, rice, and sugar) created a system of business and commerce that made Dixie different from the rest of the nation, and the most obvious difference was the region's reliance on slavery. More than an economic system, slavery was a critical, creative force in a social order that included planters, their ladies, plain folk (men and women), and, of course, the slaves themselves. The result was a complex society that has often been romanticized and frequently misunderstood. Bound together by race and by a firm belief in a patriarchal, hierarchical system, whites of different classes and genders shared many of the same beliefs and wanted many of the same things. At the same time, there were significant differences among members of the white community, differences which were not always apparent to the casual observer. African Americans, also united by race and in most cases by slavery, found a variety of ways to maintain their dignity and, in so doing, managed to create an enduring cultural system that transcended their condition and enabled them to endure the hardships they faced.
CHAPTER 11COTTON, SLAVERY AND THE OLD SOUTH
Chapter 11 Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South
Discussion notes
Chapter 12 p.314-337Antebellum Culture and Reform
By the 1820s America was caught up in the spirit of a new age, and Americans, who had never been shy in proclaiming their nation's promise and potential, concluded that the time for action had come. Excited by the nation's technological advances and territorial expansion, many set as their goal the creation of a society worthy to be part of it all. What resulted was an outpouring of reform movements, the like of which had not been seen before. Unrestrained by entrenched conservative institutions and attitudes, these reformers attacked society's ills wherever they found them, producing in the process a list of evils so long that many were convinced that a complete reorganization of society was necessary. Most, however, were content to concentrate on their own particular cause; thus, at least at first, the movements were many and varied. But in time, most reformers seemed to focus on one evil that stood out above the rest. The "peculiar institution," slavery, denied all the Enlightenment ideals for which they stood, equality, opportunity, and, above all, freedom. With world opinion on their side, Slavery became the supreme cause.
Chapter 12Antebellum Culture and Reform
Discussion
Chapter Twelve Main Themes
The development by American intellectuals of a national culture committed to the liberation of the human spirit, as expressed in art, literature, utopian communities, and transcendental philosophy.
The effect of this commitment to the liberation of the human spirit in reinforcing the evangelical reform impulse of the period, in movements as diverse as temperance, education, rehabilitation, and women's rights.
The emergence of the crusade against slavery as the most powerful element in this reform movement, and the various strategies of such prominent abolitionists as William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass in combating the "peculiar institution."
CHAPTER 12ANTEBELLUM CULTURE AND REFORM
1820-1850
Free Soil PartyRomanticism Books FarmTranscendentalism New HarmonyRalph Waldo Emerson James Fennimore Cooper“Self Reliance Nathaniel HawthorneHenry David Thoreau Herman MelvilleOn Civil Disobedience Walt WhitmanWalden Dorothea Dix
Temperance Crusade Asylum MovementHorace Mann American Anti Slavery societyWilliam Lloyd Garrison Benevolent EmpireFredrick Douglas Cult of DomesticityThe Liberator American Colonization SocietyNorth Star Sojourner Truth2nd Great Awakening Harriet TubmanOneida Community Underground railroadSeneca Falls Women’s suffrageElizabeth Cady Stanton Declaration of SentimentsSusan B. Anthony Harriet Beecher StoweMormons Uncle Tom’s CabinJoseph Smith Brigham YoungMormons Liberty Party
Free Soil Party
Chapter 12 Antebellum Reform
1820-1850Discussion notes
Chapter 12 Antebellum Reform
1820-1850Discussion notes
Chapter 12 Antebellum Reform
1820-1850Discussion notes
Chapter 13 p. 338-365The Impending Crisis
1840-1860
Between 1845 and 1860, critical events and issues seemed to come in a rush, giving Americans little time to analyze what was happening and to reflect on long-range solutions. Emotion seemed to replace reason, as the debate grew increasingly repetitious and loud. The question, or so it seemed, was the expansion of slavery into the territories gained during the Polk administration. But something far more fundamental was at stake, the future of the nation. Northerners had become convinced that the expansion of slavery threatened the democratic foundations of the United Sates and that expansion would give the South control of the government, which would lead to economic stagnation, unemployment, and financial ruin, all the effect of the depression of 1837 but magnified. From their point of view, the South, and its peculiar institution, threatened the nation's growth and progress and had to be overcome. The South, however, convinced of the legality of its position and the validity of its institutions, fought back and with remarkable success. By combining its power in the Democratic Party (which gave it extraordinary influence in Congress and with the president) with its supporters on the Supreme Court, the slave states seemed secure. But still, they were fearful. Convinced that they had given up all they could in earlier compromises, they feared future gains by those they considered to be enemies, and those they feared most were the Republicans.
Chapter Thirteen Main Themes
The influence of Manifest Destiny on Americans during the period, and how it shaped American policy in Texas, Oregon, California, and the Southwest. The many events concerning the expansion of slavery into the western territories that deepened divisions between the North and the South and led to the Civil War. The effect of the dispute over slavery in reshaping the American political-party system, bringing an end to the Whigs and birthing the Republicans.
The Impending Crisis1836-1860
CHAPTER 13THE IMPENDING CRISIS
1830-1860
Manifest Destiny Fugitive Slave ActJohn O’Sullivan personal liberty lawsStephen Austin “Young America”Texas Revolution Ostend ManifestoSam Houston Gadsden PurchaseThe Alamo Kansas Nebraska ActBattle of San JacintoRepublican Party“54 40 or Fight” “Bleeding Kansas”Oregon Territory Sumner-Brookes AffairOregon Treaty 1846 Dred Scott v. SanfordJames K. Polk Stephen DouglasElection 1844 Lincoln-Douglas debatesJohn Slidell Lecompton ConstitutionZachary Taylor James BuchananMexican Cession John BrownWilmont Proviso Harpers FerryPopular Sovereignty Abraham LincolnFree-Soil Party Election 186049’ers Southern SecessionCompromise of 1850 Ft. Sumter, SC 1861
Oregon Trail1830-1850
Mexican War1846-1848
Chapter 13The Impending Crisis
1830-1860 Discussion notes
Chapter 13The Impending Crisis
1830-1860 Discussion notes
Chapter 13The Impending Crisis
1830-1860 Discussion notes
Chapter Fourteen Main Themes
The establishment of the Confederacy, the failure of the final attempts at compromise, and the road to Fort Sumter.
The social and economic mobilization of both the Union and Confederacy for war, and what that mobilization revealed about the nature and character of each side.
The military strategy and campaigns of the Civil War, leading to the Union victory in April of 1865.
