Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2014 · Snapshots •• Road ... (1990–2009). ... Heavy...

243Regional Trends and Tables

243

Transport and Communications

Snapshots

•• Road•networks•have•expanded•rapidly•in•most•economies•in•Asia•and•the•Pacific•since•1990.•The•latest•data•show•that•the•People’s•Republic•of•China•(PRC)•and•India•account•for•almost•two-thirds•of•the•region’s•roads.

•• The•number•of•vehicles•has•surged•in•the•region.•Nineteen•economies•have•at•least•100•vehicles•per•1,000•people.•The•increase•in•the•number•of•registered•motor•vehicles•in•many•developing•economies•has•been•accompanied•by•a•relatively•high•incidence•of•fatal•road•accidents.

•• While•rail•networks•have•expanded•in•all•but•six•of•the•region’s•economies•since•1990,•rail•lines•are•still•heavily•concentrated•in•three•economies—the•PRC,•India,•and•Japan.

•• Mobile•phone•subscriptions•have•shown•huge•growth•across•the•region•since•2000,•while•the•penetration• of• fixed-line• phones• has• increased• more• moderately• and• even• declined• in• some•economies.

•• The•number•of•fixed•broadband•internet•subscriptions•has•risen•throughout•Asia•and•the•Pacific,•but•many•developing•economies•still•have•low•penetration•rates.•

Key trends

Road networks have expanded rapidly since 1990, with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and India accounting for almost two-thirds of the region’s roads. Roads•provide•access•to•employment,•markets,•education,•and•health•services,•and•thus•are•crucial•for•economic•development.•Since•1990,•road•networks•have•expanded•in•all•developing•economies•except•Armenia,•Georgia,•Kazakhstan,•and•Tajikistan•(Figure• 5.1).• Bhutan• and• the• PRC• extended• their•road•networks•the•most•on•an•average•annual•basis•between•1990•and•the•latest•year•for•which•data•are•available—10.0%• per• year• for• Bhutan• (1990–2003)•and•6.4%•per•year•for•the•PRC•(1990–2009).

The number of vehicles has surged in developing Asian economies.• In• 1990,• only• two• developing•Asian• economies• recorded• 100• or• more• motor•vehicles• per• 1,000• people• (IRF• World• Road•Statistics).• In• 2010,• or• the• latest• year• for• which•data•are•available,•19 economies•had•more•than•100•vehicles•per•1,000•people•(Table•5.2).•Taipei,China•had•the•highest•number•of•registered•vehicles•at•958•per• 1,000• people,• followed• by• Brunei• Darussalam•

at• 903• and• Malaysia• at• 706.• For• comparison,• the•developed•economies•of•Australia,•Japan,•and•New•Zealand• had• registered• vehicle• rates• of• 729,• 702,• and•739,•respectively.•In•Singapore,•which•imposes•high• costs• on• vehicle• registration,• the• number• of•vehicles•per•1,000•people•in•2010•was•186,•reflecting•annual•growth•of•only•1.0%•since•1990•(IRF•World•Road•Statistics).

The•primary•type•of•vehicle•in•each•economy—whether• cars• and• other• four-wheeled• vehicles,• or•two-•and•three-wheeled•vehicles—depends•on•a•mix•of•factors•such•as•an•economy’s•level•of•development•and• population• density,• as• well• as• subregional•characteristics• (Figure• 5.2).• For• example,• in•developed• economies• with• low• population•densities—such• as• Australia• and• New• Zealand—cars• and• other• four-wheeled• vehicles• comprise•about• 90%• of• all• registered• vehicles.• This• ratio• is•only• slightly• lower• in• some• developing• economies•of• the•Pacific•(the•Marshall•Islands,• the•Federated•States• of• Micronesia,• and• Samoa)• and• of• Central•and• West• Asia• (Armenia,• Azerbaijan,• Kazakhstan,•

244 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2014244

and• Tajikistan).• In• most• of• Southeast• Asia,• two-•and• three-wheeled• vehicles• are• the• primary• form•of• motorized• transportation,• with• their• share• of•all•registered•vehicles•exceeding•80%•in•Cambodia,•Indonesia,• the• Lao• People’s• Democratic• Republic•(Lao•PDR),•Myanmar,•and•Viet•Nam.

The increase in number of registered motor vehicles in developing economies has been accompanied by a relatively high incidence of fatal road accidents. Twenty-eight•out•of•35•developing•Asian• economies• had• fatality• rates• exceeding• 10• deaths• per• 100,000 people,• with• the• highest•rates• in• Thailand• (38)• and• Malaysia• and• Viet• Nam•(25• each).• By• contrast,• the• number• of• fatalities•in• developed• regional• economies• averaged• about•

Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic, PRC = People’s Republic of China.Source: Table 5.1.

–2.6

–0.7

–0.4

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.5

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.3

1.3

1.7

1.7

1.9

2.3

2.7

3.0

3.3

3.3

3.5

4.1

4.2

4.5

5.6

5.9

6.1

6.2

6.4

10.0

–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Kazakhstan

Tajikistan

Georgia

Armenia

Australia

Azerbaijan

New Zealand

Sri Lanka

Japan

Cambodia

Myanmar

Papua New Guinea

Singapore

Uzbekistan

Turkmenistan

Fiji

Mongolia

Solomon Islands

Philippines

Hong Kong, China

Bangladesh

Pakistan

Indonesia

Viet Nam

Malaysia

Korea, Rep. of

Kyrgyz Republic

India

Taipei,China

Afghanistan

Lao PDR

Thailand

Nepal

Brunei Darussalam

PRC

Bhutan

FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.Source: Table 5.2.

0 20 40 60 80 100

Viet Nam

Vanuatu

Tonga

Timor-Leste

Thailand

Tajikistan

Taipei,China

Sri Lanka

Samoa

Pakistan

New Zealand

Nepal

Myanmar

FSM

Marshall Islands

Maldives

Malaysia

Lao PDR

Korea, Rep. of

Kazakhstan

Indonesia

India

Cambodia

Bhutan

Bangladesh

Azerbaijan

Australia

Armenia

Afghanistan

Cars and four-wheeled vehicles Two- to three-wheeled vehicles

Heavy trucks Buses Others

Figure 5.1: Average Annual Percentage Increase in Road Networks, 1990 to Latest Year

Figure 5.2: Distribution of Registered Vehicles by Type, 2010 (%)

245Transport and CommunicationsRegional Trends and Tables

245

Source: Table 5.3.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vanuatu

Thailand

Solomon Islands

Singapore

Palau

Pakistan

New Zealand

Marshall Islands

Malaysia

Kyrgyz Republic

Korea, Rep. of

Kiribati

Kazakhstan

Japan

India

Cook Islands

Bhutan

Australia

Four-wheeled vehicle Two- to three-wheeled vehicle

Cyclists Pedestrian Others

PRC = People’s Republic of China.Source: Table 5.4.

–0.63

–0.54

–0.25

–0.10

–0.05

–0.05

–0.04

0.00

0.03

0.15

0.16

0.36

0.78

0.85

1.01

1.37

1.64

1.80

–1.0 –0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Viet Nam

Pakistan

Mongolia

Armenia

Georgia

Kazakhstan

Japan

Philippines

Sri Lanka

Bangladesh

India

Cambodia

Korea, Rep. of

Australia

PRC

Malaysia

Thailand

Taipei,China

six per•100,000•people•(Table•5.3).•Notably,•the•three•economies• with• the• highest• levels• of• road• traffic•deaths•per•1,000•people•were•also•among•those•with•the• highest• percentage• of• two-• and• three-wheeled•registered•vehicles.•Figure•5.3•provides•a•breakdown•of•road•deaths•by•type•of•vehicle.

According• to• the• ADB• Road• Safety• Action•Plan• 2012,• developing• economies’• relatively• high•fatality•rates•are•the•result•of•underdeveloped•road•networks;•mixed•traffic;•limited•availability•of•traffic•engineering•expertise;•governance•issues;•and•rapid•growth•of•the•vehicle•fleet,•particularly•motorcycles.•Moreover,• road• deaths• are• concentrated• among•poorer• households,• which• have• fewer• resources•to• draw• on• in• times• of• emergency• or• income• loss.•The• ADB• plan• quotes• estimates• that• the• cost• to•developing•economies•from•road•accidents• in•2007•was•about•2.0%•of•their•total•gross•domestic•product,•or•$96•billion•each•year.

Measures• including• safer• road• construction,•better• protection• for• pedestrians,• stricter•enforcement• of• traffic• regulations,• and• road• safety•education• can• sharply• reduce• road• deaths.• Nearly•half• of• the• 32 economies• with• available• data• have•reduced• their• fatalities• per• 100,000• people• since•2000,•often•sharply.•For•example,•three•economies—the•Republic•of•Korea;•Taipei,China;•and•Thailand—lowered•their•fatality•rates•by•at•least•40%•between•2000•and•2010•(IRF•World•Road•Statistics).

The region’s rail networks are heavily concentrated in three economies—the PRC, India, and Japan.•Taipei,China• and• Thailand• have• been• the• most•aggressive• in• the• region• in• terms• of• extending• the•length• of• their• rail• systems,• with• increases• of• 59.6%•and• 38.0%,• respectively,• in• 1990–2012.• In• terms• of•rail• network• density—kilometers• of• rail• lines• per•1,000•square•kilometers—this•represented•an•annual•average•increase•of•1.8%•for•Taipei,China•and•1.6%•for•Thailand•(Figure•5.4).

Figure 5.3: Distribution of Road Deaths by Type of Vehicle, 2010 (%)

Figure 5.4: Average Annual Percentage Increase in Rail Network Density, 1990–2012


Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic, PRC = People’s Republic of China.Source: Table 5.6.

–9.4 –2.3 –2.3 –1.7 –1.3 –1.3

–0.1 0.1

1.4 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.8 3.5 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7

5.7 5.8 6.0

7.1 7.1 7.2 7.7 7.8

9.7 12.8

20.4 22.0

–15.0 –10.0 –5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0

Turkmenistan Papua New Guinea

Solomon Islands Fiji

Kyrgyz Republic Azerbaijan

Mongolia Pakistan

Nepal Hong Kong, China

Uzbekistan Bangladesh

Taipei,China New Zealand

Japan Tajikistan Myanmar

Brunei Darussalam Korea, Rep. of

Australia Indonesia

Malaysia Georgia

Armenia Afghanistan

Philippines Thailand Sri Lanka

Bhutan Lao PDR

Singapore India

Kazakhstan PRC

Vanuatu Viet Nam

PRC = People’s Republic of China.Source: Table 5.7.

PRC47.0%

Singapore9.8%

Hong Kong, China7.0%

Korea, Rep. of6.5%

Malaysia6.3%

Japan5.6%

India3.0%

Indonesia2.8%

Thailand2.2%

Australia2.2%

Others7.4%

The• PRC• has• invested• heavily• in• railways,•extending•its•total•rail•routes•by•24.2%•between•1990•and• 2012,• making• its• network• the• largest• in• the•region• (Table• 5.4).• India,• with• the• region’s• largest•rail•network•in•1990•and•the•second-largest•in•2012,•expanded• its• rail• lines• 3.3%• over• this• period.• From•1990• to• 1999,• the• length• of• the• rail• networks• in•New• Zealand• declined• by• 2.9%• while• in• Australia,•it• declined• by• 0.6%• from• 1990–2011.• The• length• of•rail• networks• also• declined• in• Armenia,• Georgia,•Kazakhstan,•Mongolia,•Pakistan,•and•Viet•Nam•over•the•same•period.

Air traffic has increased significantly in much of East, South, and Southeast Asia since 1990. There were smaller increases, and even some declines, in air traffic in Central and West Asia and the Pacific. The• PRC• experienced• an• increase• in• air•carrier• departures• between• 1990• and• 2012,• with•the• total• number• of• takeoffs• rising• from• 196,000•to• 2.8 million• (Table• 5.6).• On• an• average• annual•basis,• this• represented• growth• of• 12.8%• per• year•(Figure 5.5).• Only• Viet• Nam• (22.0%)• and• Vanuatu•(20.4%)• had• more• rapid• annual• increases• over• this•period.• At• the• other• end• of• the• spectrum,• several•economies•in•Central•and•West•Asia•(Azerbaijan,•the•Kyrgyz•Republic,•and•Turkmenistan)•and•the•Pacific•(Fiji,•Papua•New•Guinea,•and•Solomon•Islands)•had•lower•levels•of•air•traffic•in•2012•than•in•1990.

The PRC accounted for nearly half of all container port traffic in Asia and the Pacific in 2012.• At•155,000• million• twenty-foot• equivalent• units• (teu),•container•port•traffic•in•the•PRC•in•2012•was•nearly•equal•to•the•sum•of•all•such•traffic•in•the•rest•of•Asia•and• the• Pacific• combined• (Figure• 5.6).• The• next•largest•amounts•were•in•Singapore•(32,422•teu)•and•Hong•Kong,•China•(23,100•teu).•Between•2000•and•2012,•container•port•traffic•rose•in•all•14•economies•in•Asia•and•the•Pacific•for•which•data•are•available.

Figure 5.5: Average Annual Percentage Increase in Air Carrier Departures, 1990–2012

Figure 5.6: Share of Container Port Traffic in Asia and the Pacific, 2012


247

Mobile phone subscriptions have risen at very rapid rates since 2000.• Figure• 5.7• shows• that•economies• with• the• largest• number• of• mobile•phones• in• 2013• were• the• PRC,• where• the• number•soared• from• 85.3 million• in• 2000• to• 1.2• billion• in•2013;•India,•up•from•just•3.6•million•in•2000•to•886.3•million•in•2013;•and•Indonesia,•up•from•3.7•million•to• 303.7• million• over• 13• years.• A• number• of• least•developed• economies• recorded• rapid• percentage•increases• in• mobile• phone• subscriptions• over• this•period,• including•Afghanistan•(from•25,000•to•21.4•million),•Bhutan•(from•2,300•to•544,300),•Myanmar•(from• 13,400• to• 6,832,400),• and• Solomon• Islands•(from•1,200•to•323,100).

Growth rates for fixed telephone line penetration have been moderate, with rates falling in some economies as mobile phones have become more available.• Between• 2000• and• 2013,• the• number• of•fixed-line•phones•more•than•doubled•in•the•following•developing• economies:• Afghanistan,• Azerbaijan,•Bangladesh,•Bhutan,•Cambodia,•Georgia,•Indonesia,•Kazakhstan,• the• Lao• PDR,• Nepal,• Pakistan,• Papua•New•Guinea,•Samoa,•Sri•Lanka,•Tonga,•Tuvalu,•and•Viet•Nam•(Table•5.8).•At•the•same•time,•the•rate•of•penetration•of•fixed-line•phones•showed•only•small•increases• in• many• economies,• including• higher-income• economies• such• as• Singapore• and• Japan.•Penetration• rates• fell• in• Brunei• Darussalam,• Fiji,•India,• Malaysia,• the• Maldives,• Solomon• Islands,• and•Vanuatu.

Fixed broadband internet penetration rates have increased throughout the region but remain low in many economies.• Although• the• number• of• fixed•broadband• internet• subscriptions• has• soared• since•2000• (Figure• 5.8),• the• region’s• average• penetration•level—the• number• of• subscriptions• per• 100•inhabitants—was•6.7,•below•the•global•average•of•11.2,•according• to• the• International• Telecommunications•Union.• Higher-income• economies• had• penetration•levels•above•25•per•100 inhabitants,•but•for•74%•of•the•economies• of• Asia• and• the• Pacific,• the• penetration•level•was•below•5.

Figure 5.7: Mobile Phone Subscriptions, 2000 and 2013(‘000)

FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic, PRC = People’s Republic of China.Source: Table 5.8.

2013 2000

303,695

886,304

1,229,113

21,38825

3,669

6,83213

3231

3,577

5442

85,260

0

150,

000

300,

000

450,

000

600,

000

750,

000

900,

000

1,05

0,00

0

1,20

0,00

0

1,35

0,00

0

Japan Australia

New Zealand

Papua New Guinea Fiji

Timor-Leste Solomon Islands

Vanuatu Samoa Tonga

FSM Palau

Kiribati Nauru Tuvalu

Marshall Islands

Indonesia Viet Nam

Philippines Thailand Malaysia

Cambodia Singapore Myanmar Lao PDR

Brunei Darussalam

India Bangladesh

Sri Lanka Nepal

Maldives Bhutan

PRC Korea, Rep. of

Taipei,China Hong Kong, China

Mongolia

Pakistan Kazakhstan Uzbekistan

Afghanistan Azerbaijan

Tajikistan Kyrgyz Republic

Turkmenistan Georgia

Armenia


Data issues and comparability

Recent• and• complete• data• for• all• types• of• road•indicators• are• scarce.• Consequently,• writers• can•describe,• but• not• draw,• analytical• results• that•may• be• needed• to• convince• policy• makers• to•adopt• corrective• measures.• The• most• recent• data•are• usually• 2–3• years• lagged.• Some• subregions,•especially• the• Pacific,• have• incomplete• or• no•data.• The• problems• with• the• data• organization,•collection,• compilation,• and• dissemination• pose•a• continuing• challenge• and• affect• the• availability,•quality,•and•timeliness•of•road•statistics.

Most• data• on• telephone• and• internet•subscriptions• come• from• questionnaires• the•International• Telecommunications• Union• sent• to•participating• countries.• Other• information• and•reports•are•sourced•from•the•ministries•in•charge•of•telecommunication•and•staff•estimates.

FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic, PRC = People’s Republic of China.Source: Table 5.9.

2013 2010

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220

Japan Australia

New Zealand

Kiribati Tuvalu

Solomon Islands FSM

Papua New Guinea Cook Islands Timor-Leste

Tonga Nauru Palau

Vanuatu Fiji

Marshall Islands Samoa

Myanmar Cambodia

Lao PDR Indonesia

Philippines Thailand

Brunei Darussalam Malaysia

Viet Nam Singapore

Nepal Bangladesh

Bhutan India

Maldives Sri Lanka

PRC Mongolia

Korea, Rep. of Taipei,China

Hong Kong, China

Afghanistan Pakistan

Turkmenistan Uzbekistan

Tajikistan Georgia

Kyrgyz Republic Azerbaijan

Kazakhstan Armenia

Figure 5.8: Fixed Broadband Internet Subscriptions per 100 People, 2010 and 2013


Transport

Table 5.1: Road Indicators—Network

Regional MemberRoads, Total Network(thousand kilometers)

Road Density(kilometers of road per thousand square kilometers of land area)

Paved Roads(% of total roads)

Access to an All-Season Road

(% of rural population)Latest Year Growth Rate a Latest Year Growth Rate a Latest Year Growth Rate a Latest Year

Developing Member Economies Central and West Asia

Afghanistan 42.2 (2006) 4.5 64.6 (2006) ... 29.3 (2006) 5.1 ...Armenia 7.7 (2010) 0.0 270.5 (2010) 0.0 93.6 (2009) –0.3 ...Azerbaijan 52.9 (2006) 0.1 640.7 (2006) ... 50.6 (2006) –5.0 67.0 (2002)Georgia 20.3 (2007) –0.4 292.5 (2007) –0.4 94.1 (2007) 0.0 ...Kazakhstan 96.8 (2009) –2.6 35.9 (2009) ... 88.5 (2009) 2.5 ...Kyrgyz Republic 34.0 (2007) 3.5 177.3 (2007) ... 91.1 (2001) 0.1 75.6 (1998)Pakistan 258.4 (2009) 2.3 335.1 (2009) 2.3 65.4 (2006) 1.2 61.3 (2004)Tajikistan 27.8 (2001) –0.7 198.4 (2000) –0.7 82.7 (1995) 2.9 73.7 (2003)Turkmenistan 24.0 (2001) 1.1 51.1 (2000) 1.2 81.2 (2001) 0.9 ...Uzbekistan 81.6 (2001) 1.1 191.8 (2000) 1.2 87.3 (2001) 0.9 57.0 (2000)

East Asia

China, People’s Rep. of 3,860.8 (2009) 6.4 413.9 (2009) ... 53.5 (2008) –1.6 ...Hong Kong, China 2.1 (2009) 1.7 1,967.4 (2009) 1.7 100.0 (2010) – ...Korea, Rep. of 105.0 (2009) 3.3 1,081.2 (2009) 3.4 79.3 (2009) 0.5 ...Mongolia 49.3 (2002) 1.3 31.7 (2002) 1.3 3.5 (2002) –8.5 36.0 (2003)Taipei,China 42.0 (2012) 4.2 1,161.0 (2012) 4.2 ... ... ...

South Asia

Bangladesh 239.2 (2003) 1.9 1,837.8 (2003) 1.9 9.5 (2003) 2.3 37.0 (2000)Bhutan 8.1 (2003) 10.0 200.9 (2003) ... 62.0 (2003) –1.7 47.0 (2003)India 4,109.6 (2008) 4.1 1,382.2 (2008) 4.1 49.5 (2008) 0.3 60.0 (2001)Maldives 0.1 (2005) ... 293.3 (2005) ... 100.0 (2005) ... ...Nepal 19.9 (2008) 6.1 138.6 (2008) ... 53.9 (2008) 2.0 17.2 (2003)Sri Lanka 97.3 (2003) 0.3 1,551.4 (2003) 0.3 81.0 (2003) 8.0 ...

Southeast Asia

Brunei Darussalam 3.0 (2008) 6.2 564.0 (2008) ... 81.1 (2008) 5.4 ...Cambodia 38.3 (2004) 0.5 216.7 (2004) 0.5 6.3 (2004) –1.2 80.7 (2003)Indonesia 476.3 (2009) 2.7 262.9 (2009) 2.7 56.9 (2009) 1.2 ...Lao PDR 39.6 (2009) 5.6 171.4 (2009) ... 13.7 (2009) –2.9 64.4 (2002)Malaysia 90.1 (2006) 3.3 300.5 (2004) ... 82.8 (2006) 1.1 ...Myanmar 27.0 (2005) 0.5 41.3 (2005) 0.5 11.9 (2005) 0.6 ...Philippines 200.0 (2003) 1.7 670.9 (2003) 1.7 9.9 (2003) –5.6 ...Singapore 3.4 (2009) 1.0 4,794.3 (2009) 0.7 100.0 (2009) 0.2 ...Thailand 180.1 (2006) 5.9 352.4 (2006) 5.9 98.5 (2000) 5.9 ...Viet Nam 160.1 (2007) 3.0 516.3 (2007) 3.3 47.6 (2007) 4.2 83.5 (2004)

The Pacific

Cook Islands ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Fiji 3.4 (2001) 1.1 188.3 (2000) 1.2 49.2 (2001) 0.9 ...Kiribati 0.7 (2001) ... 827.2 (2000) ... ... ... ...Marshall Islands ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Micronesia, Fed. States of 0.2 (2001) ... 342.9 (2000) ... 17.5 (2001) 0.9 ...Nauru ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Palau ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Papua New Guinea 19.6 (2001) 0.5 43.3 (2000) 0.6 3.5 (2001) 0.8 68.0 (1997)Samoa 2.3 (2001) ... 279.2 (1998) ... 14.2 (2001) –16.5 ...Solomon Islands 1.4 (2001) 1.3 49.7 (2000) 1.4 2.4 (2001) 1.4 ...Timor–Leste ... ... ... ... ... ... 89.5 (2001)Tonga 0.7 (2001) ... 944.4 (2000) ... 27.0 (2001) 0.0 ...Tuvalu ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Vanuatu 1.1 (2001) ... 87.8 (2000) ... 23.9 (2001) 0.9 ...

Developed Member Economies

Australia 817.1 (2009) 0.0 106.4 (2009) 0.0 43.5 (2009) 1.1 ...Japan 1,207.9 (2009) 0.4 3,313.8 (2009) 0.4 80.1 (2009) 0.8 ...New Zealand 94.3 (2010) 0.1 358.0 (2010) 0.1 66.2 (2010) 0.8 ...

... = data not available at cutoff date, – = magnitude equals zero, 0 = magnitude is less than half of unit employed, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

a Average compound annual growth rate since 1995 for Samoa and Tonga; 1994 for Azerbaijan and the Philippines; 1991 for Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka; and 1990 for the rest of the regional members.

Sources: International Road Federation; ADB estimates; for Taipei,China: Council for Economic Planning and Development.

250 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2014Transport

Table 5.2: Road Indicators—Vehicles

Regional Member

Number of Registered Vehicles in 2010Total By Type

Thousand Per 1,000 people Cars and Four-Wheeled

Two- to Three-Wheeled Heavy Trucks Buses Others


Afghanistan 731.4 28.1 471,804 84,507 120,082 54,644 391Armenia 300.1 92.3 247,723 28 40,924 11,396 20Azerbaijan 982.6 108.5 815,683 1,643 118,460 29,569 17,198Georgia 736.5 (2011) 166.0 610,537 2,585 106,119 17,229 ...Kazakhstan 3,250.0 199.2 2,686,748 64,103 287,509 93,956 117,650Kyrgyz Republic 430.3 79.4 400,838 7,744 ... 21,732 ...Pakistan 7,853.0 45.3 1,849,229 4,506,948 216,119 198,790 1,081,936Tajikistan 357.9 47.0 297,341 8,480 37,395 14,653 –Turkmenistan ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Uzbekistan ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

East AsiaChina, People’s Rep. of 207,061.3 155.0 ... ... ... ... ...Hong Kong, China ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Korea, Rep. of 19,710.8 398.9 13,631,769 1,825,474 3,203,808 1,049,725 –Mongolia 366.0 133.6 ... ... ... ... ...Taipei,China a 22,346.4 (2012) 958.4 6,091,324 15,139,628 1,023,486 31,098 60,862

... South Asia ...

Bangladesh 1,624.9 10.9 529,215 975,682 81,561 38,101 303Bhutan 57.6 (2011) 81.4 37,538 9,094 7,116 277 3,593India 114,952.0 (2009) 98.6 15,313,000 82,402,000 6,041,000 1,486,000 9,710,000Maldives 50.1 (2011) 123.2 6,539 41,095 2,299 119 –Nepal 1,178.9 (2011) 44.3 133,992 891,018 47,930 35,100 70,871Sri Lanka 3,954.3 191.5 619,500 2,630,375 296,692 84,280 323,464

Southeast AsiaBrunei Darussalam 349.3 903.0 ... ... ... ... ...Cambodia b 1,652.5 115.5 244,267 1,372,525 32,775 3,240 –Indonesia 72,693.0 305.9 8,148,330 60,152,752 3,296,315 1,095,554 –Lao PDR 1,008.8 161.2 167,882 812,629 2,825 25,452 –Malaysia 20,188.6 706.2 9,114,920 9,441,907 966,177 69,149 596,412Myanmar 2,326.6 (2011) 38.5 269,423 1,911,040 65,579 21,578 59,019Philippines 6,634.9 71.9 2,770,591 3,482,149 347,182 34,933 ...Singapore 945.8 186.3 ... ... ... ... ...Thailand 28,484.8 432.1 9,887,706 17,322,538 816,844 137,943 319,798Viet Nam c 33,166.4 381.5 556,945 31,452,503 552,244 97,468 67,607

The PacificCook Islands 9.4 398.3 4,470 4,849 ... 25 95Fiji 77.6 (2011) 90.9 ... ... ... ... ...Kiribati 1.6 15.7 975 480 ... 163 –Marshall Islands 1.9 34.9 1,715 37 55 85 –Micronesia, Fed. States of 8.3 81.1 7,356 96 747 138 –Nauru ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Palau 5.8 318.7 ... ... ... ... ...Papua New Guinea ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Samoa 15.0 80.3 13,491 153 1,028 293 –Solomon Islands 16.8 31.8 ... ... ... ... ...Timor–Leste 9.7 9.1 1,684 7,370 586 20 –Tonga 5.8 56.5 4,411 62 1,285 48 –Tuvalu ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Vanuatu 5.2 (2011) 20.5 3,974 118 227 834 –

Developed Member EconomiesAustralia 16,061.1 729.0 14,729,873 660,107 397,871 86,367 186,880Japan 89,871.1 701.7 ... ... ... ... ...New Zealand 3,227.0 738.8 2,979,000 113,000 112,000 8,300 14,700

... = data not available at cutoff date, – = magnitude equals zero, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

a Combination of trucks and wagon in the category “Heavy Trucks.”b Data for vehicle types do not add up to total.c Includes 439,644 destroyed or unacounted vehicles.

Sources: World Health Organization; ADB staff estimates; for Taipei,China: Council for Economic Planning and Development.


Transport

Table 5.3: Road Indicators—Safety

Regional Member

Estimated Road Traffic Deaths in 2010

Road Users Deaths in 2010 (%)

Total Death Rate(per 100,000 population)

Four-Wheeled Vehicle

Two- to Three-Wheeled Vehicle Cyclists Pedestrian Others


Afghanistan ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Armenia 558 18 54.1 ... ... 43.9 2.0Azerbaijan 1,202 13 62.6 ... 0.7 36.0 0.8Georgia 685 16 ... ... 0.3 25.0 74.7Kazakhstan 3,514 22 68.4 2.4 0.4 24.4 4.4Kyrgyz Republic 1,022 19 21.7 0.6 0.2 17.7 59.8Pakistan 30,131 17 16.1 38.6 – 40.9 4.4Tajikistan 1,244 18 53.0 ... 4.6 42.1 0.2Turkmenistan ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Uzbekistan ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

East AsiaChina, People’s Rep. of 275,983 21 22.6 34.5 10.4 25.0 7.6Hong Kong, China ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Korea, Rep. of 6,784 14 24.9 19.7 5.3 37.8 12.3Mongolia 491 18 39.7 18.7 0.2 25.1 16.3Taipei,China ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

South AsiaBangladesh 17,289 12 ... ... ... ... ...Bhutan 96 13 60.8 2.5 – 5.1 31.7India 231,027 19 15.5 32.4 4.6 8.7 38.7Maldives 6 2 50.0 33.3 – 16.7 –Nepal 4,787 16 ... ... ... ... ...Sri Lanka 2,854 14 67.5 ... ... 32.5 ...

Southeast AsiaBrunei Darussalam ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Cambodia 2,431 17 11.8 66.6 4.0 12.0 5.7Indonesia 42,434 18 6.1 35.7 1.7 21.1 35.4Lao PDR 1,266 20 14.6 74.4 1.3 6.3 3.4Malaysia 7,085 25 26.0 58.7 2.8 9.1 3.4Myanmar 7,177 15 26.2 22.9 8.6 26.5 15.9Philippines 8,499 9 ... ... ... ... ...Singapore 259 5 8.8 46.1 8.3 28.5 8.3Thailand 26,312 38 13.3 73.5 3.0 7.8 2.5Viet Nam 21,651 25 ... ... ... ... ...

The PacificCook Islands 2 10 – 100.0 – – –Fiji ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Kiribati 6 6 16.7 33.3 – 50.0 –Marshall Islands 4 7 25.0 – – 75.0 –Micronesia, Fed. States of 2 2 ... ... ... ... ...Nauru ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Palau 3 15 100.0 – – – –Papua New Guinea ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Samoa 30 16 ... ... ... ... ...Solomon Islands 79 15 22.2 – – 44.4 33.3Timor–Leste 219 20 ... ... ... ... ...Tonga 6 6 50.0 16.7 – 33.3 –Tuvalu ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Vanuatu 39 16 33.3 – – 66.7 –

Developed Member EconomiesAustralia 1,363 6 67.9 16.4 2.9 12.8 0.1Japan 6,625 5 31.2 17.7 16.2 34.6 0.3New Zealand 398 9 69.1 13.3 2.7 9.3 5.6

... = data not available at cutoff date, – = magnitude equals zero, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

Source: World Health Organization.


Table 5.4: Rail Indicators

Regional MemberRail Lines

(total route, kilometers)Rail Network, Length per Land Area

(kilometers per thousand square kilometers)1990 2000 2012 1990 2000 2012


Afghanistan ... ... ... ... ... ...Armenia 845 842 826 29.7 29.7 29.0Azerbaijan ... 2,116 2,068 ... 25.6 25.0Georgia 1,583 1,562 1,566 (2011) 22.8 22.7 22.5Kazakhstan 14,465 13,545 14,319 5.4 5.0 5.3Kyrgyz Republic ... ... 417 ... ... 2.2Pakistan 8,775 7,791 7,791 11.4 10.1 10.1Tajikistan ... ... 621 ... ... 4.4Turkmenistan ... 2,529 (2005) 3,115 ... 5.4 (2005) 6.6Uzbekistan ... 3,645 4,192 ... 8.6 9.9

East AsiaChina, People’s Rep. of 53,378 58,656 66,298 5.7 6.2 7.1Hong Kong, China ... ... ... ... ... ...Korea, Rep. of 3,091 3,123 3,650 31.7 31.6 37.6Mongolia 1,920 1,810 1,818 1.2 1.2 1.2Taipei,China 1,105 1,190 1,764 73.0 79.0 108.0

South Asia Bangladesh 2,746 2,768 2,835 21.1 21.3 21.8Bhutan ... ... ... ... ... ...India 62,367 62,759 64,460 20.9 21.1 21.7Maldives ... ... ... ... ... ...Nepal ... ... ... ... ... ...Sri Lanka 1,453 1,449 (2004) 1,463 (2008) 23.2 23.1 23.3

Southeast AsiaBrunei Darussalam ... ... ... ... ... ...Cambodia 600 601 650 (2005) 3.4 3.4 3.7Indonesia ... 3,370 4,684 ... 1.9 2.6Lao PDR ... ... ... ... ... ...Malaysia 1,668 1,622 2,250 5.1 4.9 6.8Myanmar 3,336 3,336 (1991) ... 4.9 ... ...Philippines 479 491 479 (2008) 1.6 1.6 1.6Singapore ... ... ... ... ... ...Thailand 3,861 4,103 5,327 7.3 7.9 10.4Viet Nam 2,832 3,142 2,347 8.7 8.7 7.6

The PacificCook Islands ... ... ... ... ... ...Fiji ... ... ... ... ... ...Kiribati ... ... ... ... ... ...Marshall Islands ... ... ... ... ... ...Micronesia, Fed. States of ... ... ... ... ... ...Nauru ... ... ... ... ... ...Palau ... ... ... ... ... ...Papua New Guinea ... ... ... ... ... ...Samoa ... ... ... ... ... ...Solomon Islands ... ... ... ... ... ...Timor–Leste ... ... ... ... ... ...Tonga ... ... ... ... ... ...Tuvalu ... ... ... ... ... ...Vanuatu ... ... ... ... ... ...

Developed Member EconomiesAustralia 6,612 9,499 8,615 (2011) 0.9 1.2 1.1Japan 20,254 20,165 20,140 55.8 55.3 55.3New Zealand 4,029 3,913 (1999) ... 15.3 14.9 (1999) ...

... = data not available at cutoff date, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

Sources: World Bank. World Development Indicators Online. http://search.worldbank.org/data?qterm=rail+indicators (accessed 9 June 2014); ADB staff estimates; for Taipei,China: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. http://eng.dgbas.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/yearbook_eng/y123.pdf


Transport

Table 5.5: Railways, Passengers Carried, and Goods Transported

Regional MemberPassengers Carried

(million passenger-km)Goods Transported

(million ton-km)1990 2000 2010 2012 1990 2000 2010 2012


Afghanistan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Armenia 316 47 50 50 4,884 354 346 346Azerbaijan 791 (1995) 493 917 591 37,288 5,770 8,250 8,212Georgia 1,969 453 655 641 (2011) 15,477 3,912 6,228 6,055 (2011)Kazakhstan 19,734 10,215 15,448 18,498 406,963 124,983 213,174 235,846Kyrgyz Republic ... 45 (2006) 99 76 ... 715 (2006) 738 923Pakistan 19,964 18,495 24,731 20,619 5,709 3,754 6,187 1,757Tajikistan ... 50 (2005) 33 24 10,657 1,326 808 555Turkmenistan ... 1,286 (2005) 1,811 1,811 ... 8,670 (2005) 11,992 11,992Uzbekistan 5,368 (1994) 2,163 2,905 3,025 18,868 (1994) 15,441 22,282 22,482

East AsiaChina, People’s Rep. of 263,530 441,468 791,158 795,639 1,060,100 1,333,606 2,451,185 2,518,310Hong Kong, China ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Korea, Rep. of 29,863 28,097 33,027 21,603 13,663 10,803 9,452 9,996Mongolia 570 1,070 1,220 1,399 5,088 4,293 1,0287 11,418Taipei,China 8,323 12,624 20,931 24,208 ... ... ... ...

South AsiaBangladesh 4,587 3,941 7,305 7,305 651 777 710 710Bhutan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...India 295,644 430,666 903,465 978,508 235,785 305,201 600,548 625,723Maldives ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Nepal ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Sri Lanka 2,781 3,175 (1999) 4,767 (2008) ... 164 88 135 (2008) ...

Southeast AsiaBrunei Darussalam ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Cambodia 34 45 45 (2005) ... 24 92 92 (2005) ...Indonesia 9,290 16,196 (1998) 14,344 (2008) 20,283 3,190 4960 (1998) 4,390 (2008) 7,166Lao PDR ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Malaysia 1,840 1,312 1,527 3,293 1,404 907 1,384 3,071Myanmar 3,702 ... 4,163 (2006) ... 388 ... 885 (2006) ...Philippines 341 171 83 (2006) ... 12 ... 1 (2004) ...Singapore ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Thailand 11,612 9,935 8,037 7,504 3,291 3,384 3,161 2,455Viet Nam 1,913 3,200 4,378 4,558 847 1,902 3,901 3,959

The PacificCook Islands ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Fiji ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Kiribati ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Marshall Islands ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Micronesia, Fed. States of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Nauru ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Palau ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Papua New Guinea ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Samoa ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Solomon Islands ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Timor-Lesteb ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Tonga ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Tuvalu ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Vanuatu ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Developed Member EconomiesAustralia 1,093 (1997) 1,265 1,500 ... 22,579 34,050 64,172 59,649Japan 237,551 240,793 244,235 244,591 26,803 22,313 20,432 20,255New Zealand 370 (1991) – (1999) ... ... 2,744 4,078 ... ...

... = data not available at cutoff date, – = magnitude equals zero, km = kilometer, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

Sources: World Bank. World Development Indicators Online. http://search.worldbank.org/data?qterm=rail+indicators&language=&format= (accessed 9 June 2014); for Taipei,China: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. http://eng.dgbas.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/yearbook_eng/y123.pdf


Table 5.6: Air Transport

Regional MemberCarrier Departures Worldwide

(number of takeoffs)Freight

(million ton-km)Passenger Carried

(thousands)1990 2000 2012 1990 2000 2012 1990 2000 2012


Afghanistan 5,300 3,409 17,775 9.4 8 116.7 241 150 1,738Armenia 2,200 (1996) 4,406 6,043 11.8 (1996) 8.8 3.0 358 (1996) 298 365Azerbaijan 22,200 (1993) 8,012 16,597 19.9 (1992) 47.2 13.0 1,455 (1992) 546 1,560Georgia 1,300 (1994) 1,906 3,487 1.8 (1994) 2.0 0.8 170 (1994) 118 189Kazakhstan 5,900 (1993) 8,041 44,970 32.2 (1992) 11.8 49.2 5,273 (1992) 461 4,207Kyrgyz Republic 10,400 (1993) 6,051 7,719 0.7 (1993) 3.7 0.8 464 (1993) 241 495Pakistan 66,100 63,956 67,208 420.5 340.3 277.0 5,180 5,294 7,747Tajikistan 3,200 (1994) 3,953 6,799 2.5 (1993) 2.0 8.5 783 (1993) 168 847Turkmenistan 12,500 (1994) 21,858 1,441 2.3 (1993) 11.9 2.8 748 (1993) 1,284 148Uzbekistan 15,600 (1994) 30,075 24,328 36.7 (1992) 79.6 110.7 4,033 (1992) 1,745 2,594

East AsiaChina, People’s Rep. of 196,000 572,921 2,779,741 818.3 3,900.1 15,568.8 16,596 61,892 318,476Hong Kong, China 124,500 (1991) 79,182 185,536 2,325.3 (1992) 5,111.5 9,499.1 5,957 (1992) 14,378 32,247Korea, Rep. of 120,100 226,910 285,000 2,459.4 7,651.3 12,290.7 15,685 34,331 39,970Mongolia 9,800 (1991) 6,200 9,611 1.2 (1991) 8.4 9.5 616 (1991) 254 626Taipei,China 251,823 586,560 404,695 0.7 1.2 1.1 18,723 46,430 43,547

South AsiaBangladesh 13,000 6,313 20,778 69.5 193.9 114.8 1,044 1,331 2,430Bhutan 600 1,138 2,738 ... – 0.5 8 34 180India 125,800 198,426 660,862 662.9 547.7 1,713.0 10,862 17,299 70,501Maldives 800 5,970 ... ... 13.2 ... 9 315 ...Nepal 25,800 12,130 34,745 11.2 17.0 5.8 679 643 777Sri Lanka 7,900 5,206 35,940 93.4 255.7 405.4 892 1,756 4,616

Southeast AsiaBrunei Darussalam 4,400 12,739 10,327 9.9 140.2 116.4 307 864 1,064Cambodia ... 4,648 (2002) 5,244 ... 4.1 (2002) 0.1 ... 125 (2002) 380Indonesia 205,400 159,027 528,842 458.6 408.5 1,008.4 9,223 9,916 77,157Lao PDR 3,400 6,411 15,836 0.8 1.7 1.0 115 211 878Malaysia 130,500 169,263 343,518 574.2 1,863.8 1,944.0 10,242 16,561 39,165Myanmar 13,800 10,329 32,354 1.1 0.8 3.5 319 438 1,540Philippines 70,100 44,547 241,699 316.0 289.9 533.3 5,639 5,756 27,758Singapore 30,500 71,042 154,429 1,652.5 6,004.9 7,507.1 7,046 16,704 29,067Thailand 69,500 101,591 252,369 661.0 1,712.9 2,758.4 8,201 17,392 35,725Viet Nam 1,800 28,999 141,913 ... 117.3 485.1 89 2,878 17,053

The PacificCook Islands ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Fiji 23,500 57,776 16,011 5.1 90.8 90.9 433 586 1,225Kiribati 2,900 3,200 (1998) ... 0.8 0.8 (1998) ... 25 28 (1998) ...Marshall Islands 3,300 2,324 ... 2.5 0.2 ... 66 16 ...Micronesia, Fed. States of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Nauru ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Palau ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Papua New Guinea 62,400 27,512 37,310 14.8 22.3 28.5 931 1,100 1,630Samoa 6,500 (1996) 10,877 ... 1.5 (1996) 2.2 ... 270 (1996) 164 ...Solomon Islands 11,100 11,481 6,660 1.2 (1993) 1.0 3.0 69 75 138Timor-Leste ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Tonga 4300 3,814 ... ... 0.0 ... 35 52 ...Tuvalu ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Vanuatu 300 1,402 17,834 0.1 1.8 0.2 19 102 256

Developed Member EconomiesAustralia 255,900 382,514 611,472 1,222.3 1,730.7 2,731.1 17,553 32,578 65,158Japan 476,000 645,087 874,677 5,068.8 8,672.0 7,035.9 76,224 109,123 98,908New Zealand 128,300 240,046 211,624 325.1 817.1 927.1 5,866 10,781 14,146

... = data not available at cutoff date, – = magnitude equals zero, 0.0 = magnitude is less than half of unit employed, km = kilometer, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

Sources: World Bank. World Development Indicators Online. http://search.worldbank.org/data?qterm=air+transport&language=&format= (accessed 9 June 2014); for Taipei,China: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. http://eng.dgbas.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/yearbook_eng/y125.pdf


Transport

Table 5.7: Container Port Traffic (thousands)

Regional MemberContainer Port Traffic

(teu)2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012


Afghanistan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Armenia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Azerbaijan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Georgia ... ... ... 185 254 182 226 239 249Kazakhstan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Kyrgyz Republic ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Pakistan ... 1,686 1,777 1,936 1,938 2,058 2,149 2,193 2,281Tajikistan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Turkmenistan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Uzbekistan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

East AsiaChina, People’s Rep. of 41,000 67,245 84,811 103,823 115,942 108,800 130,290 143,897 155,017Hong Kong, China ... 22,602 23,539 23,998 24,494 21,040 23,699 24,384 23,100Korea, Rep. of 9,030 15,113 15,514 17,086 17,418 15,700 18,543 20,834 21,454Mongolia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Taipei,China ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

South AsiaBangladesh 456 809 902 978 1,091 1,182 1,356 1,432 1,489Bhutan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...India 2,451 4,982 6,141 7,398 7,672 8,014 9,753 9,979 9,826Maldives ... ... ... 48 54 56 65 69 71Nepal ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Sri Lanka 1,733 2,455 3,079 3,687 3,687 3,464 4,000 4,263 4,433

Southeast AsiaBrunei Darussalam ... ... ... ... 90 86 99 105 109Cambodia ... ... ... 253 259 208 224 237 246Indonesia 3,798 5,503 4,316 6,583 7,405 7,255 8,483 8,966 9,325Lao PDR ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Malaysia 4,642 12,198 13,419 14,829 16,094 15,923 18,267 20,139 20,867Myanmar ... ... ... 170 180 164 190 201 209Philippines 3,032 3,634 3,676 4,351 4,471 4,307 4,947 5,264 5,721Singapore 17,100 23,192 24,792 28,768 30,891 26,593 29,179 30,728 32,422Thailand 3,179 5,115 5,574 6,339 6,726 5,898 6,649 7,171 7,372Viet Nam 1,190 2,537 3,000 4,009 4,394 4,937 5,984 6,335 6,589

The PacificCook Islands ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Fiji ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Kiribati ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Marshall Islands ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Micronesia, Fed. States of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Nauru ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Palau ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Papua New Guinea ... ... ... 282 255 262 295 314 326Samoa ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Solomon Islands ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Timor–Leste ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Tonga ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Tuvalu ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Vanuatu ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Developed Member EconomiesAustralia 3,543 5,191 5,742 6,290 6,102 6,200 6,668 7,012 7,183Japan 13,100 17,055 18,470 19,165 18,944 16,286 18,098 19,418 18,476New Zealand 1,067 1,603 1,807 2,312 2,318 2,325 2,463 2,517 2,799

... = data not available at cutoff date, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic, teu = twenty foot equivalent unit.

Source: World Bank. World Development Indicators Online. http://search.worldbank.org/data?qterm=rail+indicators&language=&format= (accessed 9 June 2014).

256 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2014Communications

Table 5.8: Telephone and Internet Subscriptions

Regional MemberFixed Telephone Lines

(thousands)Mobile Phone

(thousands)Fixed Broadband Internet

(thousands)2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013


Afghanistan 29.0 95.8 25.0(2002) 21,387.7 0.0 (2002) 1.5Armenia 533.4 578.4 17.5 3,346.3 0.0 (2001) 234.4Azerbaijan 801.2 1,757.9 420.4 10,130.1 1.0 (2002) 1,603.4Georgia 508.8 1,201.2 194.7 4,993.1 0.4 (2001) 444.6Kazakhstan 1,834.2 4,384.4 197.3 29,675.6 1.0 (2003) 1,907.3Kyrgyz Republic 376.1 461.3 9.0 6,737.5 0.0 (2002) 53.3Pakistan 3,053.5 6,370.9 306.5 127,737.3 14.6 (2005) 1,078.0Tajikistan 218.5 425.0 1.2 7,537.1 0.0 (2003) 5.8Turkmenistan 364.4 602.0 7.5 6,125.3 0.1 (2008) 1.8Uzbekistan 1,655.0 2,000.0 53.1 21,500.0 2.8 (2003) 306.3

East AsiaChina, People’s Rep. of 144,829.0 266,985.0 85,260.0 1,229,113.0 22.7 188,909.0Hong Kong, China 3,925.8 4,538.5 5,447.3 17,194.3 444.5 2,215.5Korea, Rep. of 25,863.0 30,333.1 26,816.4 54,680.8 3,870.0 18,737.1Mongolia 117.5 175.7 154.6 3,525.7 0.0 (2001) 139.7Taipei,China 12,642.2 16,597.5 17,873.8 29,709.7 229.0 5,634.0

South AsiaBangladesh 491.3 1,138.9 279.0 105,051.0 43.7 (2007) 989.5Bhutan 14.1 26.5 2.3(2003) 544.3 2.1 (2008) 20.5India 32,436.1 28,894.2 3,577.1 886,304.2 50.0 (2001) 14,540.0Maldives 24.4 22.6 7.6 625.2 0.2 (2002) 20.1Nepal 266.9 851.2 10.2 19,864.9 1.0 (2006) 208.8Sri Lanka 767.4 2,706.8 430.2 20,315.2 0.3 (2001) 423.5

Southeast AsiaBrunei Darussalam 80.5 56.7 95.0 468.8 1.9 (2001) 23.8Cambodia 30.9 420.9 130.5 20,264.5 0.1 (2002) 32.6Indonesia 6,662.6 40,165.0 3,669.3 303,695.2 4.0 3,251.8Lao PDR 40.9 678.7 12.7 4,481.4 0.0 (2003) 9.0Malaysia 4,628.0 4,535.8 5,121.7 42,996.0 4.0 (2001) 2,443.1Myanmar 271.4 534.8 13.4 6,832.4 0.2 (2005) 95.3Philippines 3,061.4 3,148.8 6,454.4 102,823.6 10.0 (2001) 2,572.8Singapore 1,946.0 1,970.8 2,747.4 8,420.7 69.0 1,390.8Thailand 5,591.1 6,058.0 3,056.0 92,463.0 1.6 (2001) 4,926.0Viet Nam 2,542.7 9,289.0 788.6 120,000.0 1.1 (2002) 5,151.4

The PacificCook Islands ... ... ... ... ... ...Fiji 86.4 75.0 55.1 891.0 7.0 (2005) 10.5Kiribati 3.4 9.0 0.3 17.0 0.3 (2005) 1.1Marshall Islands 4.0 5.5(2004) 0.4 0.7(2005) – –Micronesia, Fed. States of 9.6 10.0 0.1(2002) 31.4 0.0 (2003) 2.1Nauru 1.8 1.9(2009) 1.2 6.8(2012) – 0.4 (2010)Palau 6.9 (2002) 7.0 2.5(2002) 18.9 0.1 (2004) 1.6Papua New Guinea 64.8 140.0 8.6 3,000.0 3.0 (2008) 11.3Samoa 8.5 19.5(2005) 2.5 86.0(2007) 0.0 (2004) 0.2Solomon Islands 7.7 7.6 1.2 323.1 0.2 (2004) 1.9Timor–Leste 2.0 (2003) 3.0 20.1(2003) 650.0 0.0 (2003) 0.7Tonga 9.7 31.0 0.2 57.5 0.0 (2002) 1.7Tuvalu 0.7 1.5 0.5(2004) 3.4 0.1 (2004) 0.7Vanuatu 6.6 5.0 0.4 150.0 0.0 (2003) 0.3

Developed Member EconomiesAustralia 10,050.0 10,350.0 8,562.0 24,940.0 122.8 (2001) 5,839.0Japan 61,957.1 64,061.7 66,784.4 146,454.9 854.7 36,664.5New Zealand 1,831.0 1,850.0 1,542.0 4,766.0 4.7 1,316.0

... = data not available at cutoff date, 0.0 = magnitude is less than half of unit employed, – = magnitude equals zero, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

Sources: International Telecommunication Union. International Telecommunication Union World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database. http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx (accessed 9 June 2014).


Communications

Table 5.9: Telephone and Internet Subscription (per 100 people)

Regional Member Telephone Subscribers Mobile Phone Subscribers Internet Users 1990 2000 2010 2013 1990 2000 2010 2013 1990 2000 2010 2013


Afghanistan 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 – – 45.8 70.0 – – 0.0 0.0Armenia 15.8 17.3 20.0 19.4 – 0.6 130.4 112.4 – – 2.9 7.9Azerbaijan 8.6 9.9 16.6 18.7 – 5.2 100.1 107.6 – – 5.1 17.0Georgia 9.9 10.7 25.3 27.7 – 4.1 90.6 115.0 – – 5.3 10.2Kazakhstan 8.1 12.6 25.5 26.7 – 1.4 121.9 180.5 – – 5.5 11.6Kyrgyz Republic 7.2 7.6 9.2 8.3 – 0.2 98.9 121.4 – – 0.4 1.0Pakistan 0.8 2.1 3.5 3.5 – 0.2 57.3 70.1 – – 0.3 0.6Tajikistan 4.5 3.5 4.8 5.2 – 0.0 77.9 91.8 – – 0.1 0.1Turkmenistan 6.0 8.1 10.3 11.5 – 0.2 63.4 116.9 – – 0.0 0.0Uzbekistan 6.8 6.7 6.8 6.9 – 0.2 75.5 74.3 – – 0.4 1.1

East AsiaChina, People’s Rep. of 0.6 11.3 21.6 19.3 – 6.7 63.2 88.7 – 0.0 9.3 13.6Hong Kong, China 42.7 57.4 61.9 63.0 2.3 79.7 195.7 238.7 – 6.5 29.9 30.8Korea, Rep. of 30.9 56.3 58.9 61.6 0.2 58.3 104.8 111.0 0.0 8.4 35.5 38.0Mongolia 3.0 4.9 7.1 6.2 – 6.4 92.5 124.2 – – 2.6 4.9Taipei,China 31.1 57.6 70.8 71.2 0.4 81.5 119.9 127.5 ... 1.0 22.7 24.2

South AsiaBangladesh 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.7 – 0.2 44.9 67.1 – – 0.3 0.6Bhutan 0.3 2.5 3.7 3.5 – – 55.0 72.2 – – 1.2 2.7India 0.6 3.1 2.9 2.3 – 0.3 62.4 70.8 – – 0.9 1.2Maldives 2.8 9.0 8.7 6.5 – 2.8 151.8 181.2 – – 4.7 5.8Nepal 0.3 1.2 3.1 3.1 – 0.0 34.3 71.5 – – 0.2 0.8Sri Lanka 0.7 4.1 17.2 12.7 0.0 2.3 83.6 95.5 – – 1.1 2.0

Southeast AsiaBrunei Darussalam 13.9 24.3 19.9 13.6 0.7 28.6 108.6 112.2 – – 5.4 5.7Cambodia 0.0 0.3 2.5 2.8 – 1.1 56.7 133.9 – – 0.2 0.2Indonesia 0.6 3.2 17.0 16.1 0.0 1.8 87.8 121.5 – 0.0 0.9 1.3Lao PDR 0.2 0.8 1.6 10.0 – 0.2 62.6 66.2 – – 0.1 0.1Malaysia 8.7 19.8 16.3 15.3 0.5 21.9 119.7 144.7 – – 6.5 8.2Myanmar 0.2 0.6 0.9 1.0 – 0.0 1.1 12.8 – – 0.0 0.2Philippines 1.0 3.9 3.6 3.2 – 8.3 89.0 104.5 – – 1.8 2.6Singapore 34.9 49.7 39.3 36.4 1.7 70.1 145.4 155.6 – 1.8 25.0 25.7Thailand 2.3 9.0 10.3 9.0 0.1 4.9 108.0 138.0 – – 4.9 7.4Viet Nam 0.2 3.1 16.1 10.1 – 1.0 125.3 130.9 – – 4.1 5.6

The PacificCook Islands 17.0 31.9 35.6 ... – 3.1 38.5 ... – 15.7 35.7 ...Fiji 5.8 10.6 15.1 8.5 – 6.8 81.1 101.1 – – 2.7 1.2Kiribati 1.7 4.1 8.6 8.8 – 0.4 10.8 16.6 – – 0.9 1.1Marshall Islands 1.1 7.7 – – – 0.9 – – – – – –Micronesia, Fed. States of 2.5 9.0 8.2 9.7 – – 26.6 30.3 – – 1.0 2.0Nauru 13.1 17.9 – – – 11.9 61.8 0.0 – – 4.0 –Palau ... – 34.1 33.5 ... – 70.9 90.4 – – 1.2 7.6Papua New Guinea 0.7 1.2 1.8 1.9 – 0.2 27.8 41.0 – – 0.1 0.2Samoa 2.5 4.9 – – – 1.4 – – – – 0.1 0.1Solomon Islands 1.5 1.9 1.6 1.4 – 0.3 21.9 57.6 – – 0.5 0.3Timor–Leste ... – 0.3 0.3 – – 43.8 57.4 – – 0.0 0.1Tonga 4.6 9.9 29.8 29.4 – 0.2 52.2 54.6 – – 1.1 1.6Tuvalu 1.3 7.0 12.2 14.7 – – 16.3 34.4 – – 2.4 7.1Vanuatu 1.8 3.6 3.0 2.0 – 0.2 71.9 59.3 – – 0.2 0.1

Developed Member EconomiesAustralia 45.6 52.2 47.4 44.3 1.1 44.5 100.4 106.8 0.6 – 24.0 25.0Japan 44.6 49.3 51.5 50.4 0.7 53.1 96.8 115.2 0.0 0.7 26.8 28.8New Zealand 43.2 47.5 43.0 41.1 1.6 40.0 107.8 105.8 – 0.1 24.0 29.2

... = data not available at cutoff date, – = magnitude equals zero, 0.0 = magnitude is less than half of unit employed, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

Sources: International Telecommunication Union. International Telecommunication Union World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database. http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx (accessed 9 June 2014).

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