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Key Linkages Between Agriculture & Sanitation:
New OpportunitiesArno Rosemarin
Research & Communications ManagerEcoSanRes Programme
Stockholm Environment Institute
The Agriculture Challenge• 800 million people living in 46 countries are malnourished • 40,000 die every day of hunger and hunger-related diseases• famine currently threatens nine African countries, where the
lives of 20 million people are at risk• some 75-80% of Africa's farmland is degraded• Africa loses between 30-60kg of nutrients per ha per yr - the
highest rate in the world• the countries in Africa with the highest rates of depletion:
Guinea, Congo, Angola, Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda at 60kg/ha
• 2002/03 Sub-Saharan Africa used 8kg of fertiliser per ha• compare this to South America (80kg), North America (98kg),
Western Europe (175kg), East Asia (202kg), South Africa (61 kg) & North Africa (69kg)
• cost of fertiliser in the US is $150/t; in landlocked African countries as high as $600/t due largely to the severe underdevelopment of transport infrastructure - rail and road
Geo-4 UNEP, 2007
The Sanitation Challenge
• 5000-6000 children die every day in the world due to water-borne diseases linked to lack of basic sanitation
• 700 million people in 50 countries eat food from crops irrigated with untreated sewage
• there are 60 million DALYs (per years) lost from diarrhea every year
• 3.5 billion people are infected with helminth worm parasites
• half the world lacks proper sanitation systems• meeting this the largest MDG target will have a
cross-sectoral social impact improving livelihoods and general productivity
• productive sanitation linked to agriculture can provide new growth opportunities for poor countries
Number of toilets per thousand householdsto be installed through to 2015 to meet the MDGs
Burundi
Tajikistan
Ethiopia
Yemen
Eritrea
Bhutan
Kyrgyzstan
Nepal
Rwanda
Liberia
Cambodia
Laos
Haiti
Moldova
Mongolia
Solomon Islands
Nigeria
TogoGuinea-Bissau
Madagascar
Uganda
Chad
Uzbekistan
Kenya
Central African Rep.
Bangladesh
Papua New Guinea
Ghana
Comoros
Mozambique
Mali
China
Tanzania
Azerbaijan
Niger
Nicaragua
Bolivia Morocco
Turkmenistan
Indonesia
Vanuatu
Guinea
BeninIndia
Syria
Congo
Gambia
Honduras
Zambia
Guyana
Burkina Faso
Ecuador
Vietnam
Iran
Malawi
Pakistan
Paraguay
Zimbabwe
Jordan
El SalvadorEgypt
Mauritania
Cameroon
Sudan
Tunisia
Dominican Rep.
Cote d'Ivoire
Peru
Algeria
Colombia
Kazakhstan
Turkey
Djibouti
Senegal Guatemala
Philippines
Samoa
Belize
Cape Verde
Lesotho
Brazil
Venezuela
Suriname
Costa Rica
Panama
Fiji
Swaziland
Maldives
Equatorial Guinea
Chile
Namibia
Oman
Gabon
Uruguay
Thailand
Sri Lanka
Jamaica
Mexico
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
Barbados
Botswana
Israel
Bahrain
Trinidad & Tobago
UAE
Mauritius
Cyprus
French Polynesia
Bahamas
GeorgiaArmenia
Singapore
Russian
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
100 1000 10000 100000
GDP per capita (constant 2000 $US)
To
ilets
per
'000
ho
use
ho
lds
Sanitation target 2015: Toilets per ‘000 households versus GDP per capita
Biofuels: Start of A New Green Revolution?
• of the 50 poorest countries in the world, 38 are net importers of petroleum & 25 import all their petroleum
• some now spend up to six times as much on fuel as they do on health
• while others spend double the amount allocated to poverty reduction on fuels
• biofuels will become a primary cash crop taking the most fertile soils while cereals and subsistence crops will occupy low-productivity soils
• competition for fertiliser: increases in costs for NPK
• competition with the food production sector: increase in food prices
Geo-4 UNEP, 2007
Mega Biofuel Projects• Ethanol
– Brazil has 30 yrs experience and 1.5 million farmers grow sugar cane for fuel
– Petrobras to increase ethanol exports to 9.4 million tons by 2010 from 2 million tons in 2005
– Several new processing plants in Europe (UK, Holland, France, Spain, Germany, etc.) and US
– SEKAB (Sweden) proposed in Tanzania and Mozambique from bagasse (1 billion Euros investment)
• Biodiesel– Jatropha plantations in Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar,
Brazil, India, Africa, Peru, Nepal, Saudi Arabia (8000 T/ha; 37% oil)
– Castorseed (1000 kg/ha; 35-55% oil)– Camelina seed (1700 kg/ha; 30-37% oil)– Palm oil (5000 kg oil/ha) – Malaysia: leading oil palm planters building two refineries in
Rotterdam to process >1 million tonnes of palm oil/yr– Rapeseed (3000 kg/ha)
Biofuels in Africa - Following Brazil’s Example?• Mozambique (Petromoc) increased its ethanol production by 60% to
170 million gallons in 2007– In collaboration with Brazil (INM), $400 million in new investments
• British Sun Biofuels Plc invested $20 million in a 9,000 ha jatropha biofuel project in Tanzania
• Indian Gov - $250 million to the West African Development Bank (BOAD) for investment in biofuel production
• Nigeria plans to build over two dozen ethanol plants with assistance from Brazil by 2010
• The South Africa Regional Hunger and Vulnerability Program – in 2006 food costs for poor rural dwellers rose by 9.6% and urban by
8.3%– foodstuffs linked to biofuel production rose by 10.7% (grain), 11.8%
(oils) and 12.8% (sugar) in rural areas• South Africa’s biofuels strategy hopes to achieve a market
penetration of 4.5% of liquid road transport fuels by 2013• Overseas Development Institute: “Africa’s biomass production
potential is five times higher then that of the UK”• In 2006, 15 African countries formed the Pan-African Non-
Petroleum Producers Association (led in Senegal), aimed in part at developing a biofuels industry in the continent
Trends in Global Fertiliser Consumption
Geopolitical Perils: Global Fertiliser Supply is Controlled by Just 8 Countries
• Nitrogen: – 97% of the world’s nitrogen fertilisers are derived from ammonia
produced from methane– natural gas available in >60 countries produce this type of
fertiliser
• Phosphate: – derived from mined phosphate rock– 3 countries extract 77 per cent of the world’s phosphate rock
Morocco & Western Sahara, China and USA
• Potassium: – derived from mined potassium salts– global potassium supply is limited to 5 countries – Canada,
Russia, Germany, Belarus and Brazil
Phosphate Rock Reserves, 1997-2006 (from USGS summaries)
0
2 000 000
4 000 000
6 000 000
8 000 000
10 000 000
12 000 000
14 000 000
16 000 000
18 000 000
20 000 000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
1000
to
ns
ph
osp
hat
e ro
ck
Other countries
Tunisia
Togo
Syria
South Africa
Senegal
Russia
Morocco and W. Sahara
Kazakhstan
Jordan
Israel
India
Egypt
China
Canada
Brazil
Australia
United States
China
Morocco
US
South Africa
Jordan
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Other countries
United States
Tunisia
Togo
Syria
South Africa
Senegal
Russia
Morocco and W. Sahara
Jordan
Israel
India
Egypt
China
Canada
Brazil
Australia
years left at 2% annual increase
Phosphate Rock - Years of Extraction Remaining Based on Current Economic Reserves from 2006 (2% annual increase)
Source: USGS
Closing the Nutrient and Water Cycles
Key Components of a Community Productive Sanitation System
Sub-Saharan Africa Self-Sufficient Fertiliser Supply
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
120.0%
DevelopedRegions
East Asia Eurasia LatinAmerica and
theCarribbean
North Africa Oceania South-eastAsia
SouthernAsia
Sub-saharanAfrica
West Asia
Pot
entia
lly R
ecyc
led
Nut
rien
ts a
s %
of U
tiliz
atio
n fo
r To
tal P
opul
atio
n n
200
2
Nitrogen PhosphorusSource: FAOstat (2005)
China
India
USA
Indonesia
Brazil
Pakistan
Russia
Bangladesh
Japan
Nigeria
Mexico
Germany
Vietnam
Philippines
EgyptTurkey
Ethiopia
Iran
Thailand
France
UK
Italy
DR Congo
Ukraine
Myanmar
Rep. of Korea
South Africa
Colombia
Spain
PolandArgentina
Tanzania
Sudan
Kenya
Canada
Algeria Morocco
Peru UzbekistanVenezuela
Uganda
Nepal
Malaysia
Saudi Arabia
DPR Korea
Romania
Ghana
Australia
Sri Lanka
Mozambique
Syria
Madagascar
Cote d'Ivoire
Netherlands
Cameroon
Chile
Kazakhstan
Zimbabwe
Ecuador
Burkina Faso
Mali
Guatemala
Malawi
Niger
Cuba
Greece
Zambia
Serbia & Montenegro
Belgium
Czech Rep.
Portugal
Belarus
Hungary
Senegal
Tunisia
Sweden
Bolivia
Dominican Rep.Guinea
Chad
RwandaHaiti
Austria
Bulgaria
Switzerland
Honduras
Burundi
Benin
El Salvador
Israel
Paraguay
Laos
Libya Slovakia
Denmark
Nicaragua
Jordan
Finland
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
10 100 1000 10000 100000
Annual Fertilzer Nitrogen Utilized (grams per capita)
Po
ten
tial
An
nu
al N
itro
gen
Rec
ycle
d f
rom
Hu
man
Exc
reta
(g
ram
s p
er c
apit
a)
N at 3,000 kcal/day diet
"Balanced" Utilization and Recycling of N
Source: FAOstat (2005)
Nitrogen chemical fertiliser utilized and potential recycled using ecological sanitation (2002)(countries with population greater than five million)
One day’s urine from an adult produces a kilo of food
Aquamor, Zimbabwe
Shift from Commodity-Based to Resource-Based Planning in Developing Countries
• governments need to educate and encourage farmers to adopt resource-based planning
• oriented to national and international market potentials and based on principles of economics, employment and ecology
• resource-based planning examines how the available land and water resources can best be utilized to achieve maximum and sustainable economic return to the farmer
• this shift can lead to diversification into commercial crops, such as fruits and vegetables, that generate significant increases in on-farm employment and incomes and act as a stimulus to downstream agro-industries
• central to this shift is the empowerment of rural women and skill development in seed production, horticulture, vegetables, and poultry to generate income
• it also includes promotion of micro-level credit institutions and savings programmes that can generate capital for the establishment of small rural enterprises
• it is within this context that the alternative fertiliser sources need to be placed
• productive sanitation can provide a resilient, readily available and cheap source of nutrients for this large stakeholder group
www.ecosanres.org
Arno Rosemarin, SEI