PRODUCT PROJECT REPORTON

HELMET

PREPARED BYJANI KHYATI

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2012-2013

GUIDED BYMrs. NISHA SHARMA

FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF B.B.A (SEM-V)

SUBMITTED TOSAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY

RAJKOT

SHRI G.H.GOSRANI COMMERCE (ENG.MED) ANDSHRI D.D. NAGDA B.B.A. COLLEGE

JAMNAGAR

PRODUCT PROJECT REPORTON

HELMET

PREPARED BYJANI KHYATI

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2012-2013

GUIDED BYMrs. NISHA SHARMA

FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF B.B.A (SEM-V)

SUBMITTED TOSAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY

RAJKOT

SHRI G.H.GOSRANI COMMERCE (ENG.MED) ANDSHRI D.D. NAGDA B.B.A. COLLEGE

JAMNAGAR

Candidate’s Declaration

I JANI KHYATI of Shri D.D.Nagda declare that this product project report is a record of my own work under the guidance of Mrs. Aqsa Khatri and staff members.

This product project report is a result of my own observation and experience in the real business of practical knowledge.

I further declare that this product project report is not previously submitted to any college by any student.

Date:

Signature JANI KHYATI

Acknowledgement

Success is a result of hard work and dedication towards work and achievement depends on the intimacy expressed during work we begin our career with enthusiasm, but without people’s support and continuous encouragement it would be difficult to sustain this enthusiasm.

I also convey my special thanks to Mrs. Aqsa Khatri for giving me this wider horizon of sphere of knowledge and finding time for reading and commenting a portion of the manuscript.

THANK YOU.

Preface

Practical training is also very important aspect in management course. There is so many times vast differences between theoretical knowledge and actual practical implication.

Thus practical training helps individuals to know the actual uses and impaction of what he has gained from theoretical knowledge.

The theoretical knowledge and classroom discussion is not enough for a management student now, for the knowledge of practical viewpoints, problems, opportunities and situation of industrial units’ practical studies is necessary.

The objective behind this project is to develop entrepreneur skill. I have tried to collect all the necessary information and had tried to prepare this report with the best of my knowledge and ability.

INDEX

SR. NO

TITLE PAGE NO.

1. GENERAL INFORMATIOM�����������

2. PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT�������

3. MARKETING DEPARTMENT������

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4. HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT����������

5. FINANCE DEPARTMENT��������

Project at glance

NAME OF THE UNIT : SAFE DRIVE COMPANY PVT.LTD

ADDRESS FOR

COMMUNICATION : SAFE DRIVE COMPANY PVT.LTD

G.I.D.C. area

Jamnagar

TYPE OF THE UNIT : Small scale unit

NAME OF THE PRODUCT : HELMET

S.S.I. REGISTRATION NO. : An application is made for

SUBSIDY REGISTRATION NO : An application is made for

DETAILS OF THE LOCATION

OF THE UNIT :

OWNER’S NAME : KHYATI JANI

OWNER’S ADDRESS : Mahalakshmi Avenue, Flat No:302,

Walkeshwari Nagri Phase-2

Jamnagar-361008

1

Owner’s Bio-data

NAME : KHYATI JANI

ADDRESS : Mahalakshmi Avenue Flat No.302,

Walkeshwari Nagri

Jamanagar-361008

AGE : 20 Years

DEGREE : B.B.A.

NATURE OF WORK &

RESPONSIBILITY : Human Resource, Finance

CONTRIBUTION : 50%

2

Production/ Operations department

Introduction

The production department is the driving force turning the wheels of every manufacturing company. A Company may have best of the resources and forces but all these are meaningless without production which gives shape to an organization.

The main role of production is to turn inputs (raw materials) into outputs (finished goods). Outputs refer to a finished product or service and inputs are the materials that are needed to manufacture certain goods. When a business completes this process they are able to achieve customer satisfaction by producing products that are ready to be used and fit for purpose.

The production department is responsible for ensuring quality is achieved in each item produced. They will need to carry out inspections and implement suitable quality initiatives. This is one of the major duties of this department because if mistakes are made on products, customer satisfaction will be decreased or if products are ruined during the production process it means that the company will have to throw "bad" products away (creating waste). Both aspects will lead the company to a loss of profit. Quality assurance will have to be carried out everyday on a number of occasions to ensure that the production process is working efficiently and effectively. For example Coca-cola will carry out approximately 200 inspections per day to ensure quality is being achieved and also to make sure all equipment is running well.

The Production Department carries out the following duties: -

Quality of Goods

The production department's main duty is to ensure the goods being produced meet the customer's quality expectations. Even though the quality assurance department inspects the goods through the manufacturing process, the production department has certain quality duties too. Each step measures the raw material to make sure it is within the tolerances recommended before it goes to the next step. This measurement is either done digitally or by the machine or production operator.

Production Scheduling

1

A production department can only manufacture or assemble so many products in a certain amount of time. It is the duty of the production department to maintain a production schedule so other departments know what is being produced and how long it takes to produce that quantity. The sales department relies heavily on this production scheduling to provide customers with a satisfactory time line of shipment for their purchases.

Coordinating Duties

Not all goods are produced on an assembly line. This is the last step in a long production process. The production department coordinates the production of each part of the assembled goods to ensure all parts are being produced in conjunction with each other. All parts of an assembled product are formed from raw material. This process takes several steps from the production department to make sure each part of the product is being produced simultaneously or within the same time frame.

Proposed location’s justification

One of the early decisions that an entrepreneur has to make is the choice of location of the business. The process of locate of any firm in a particular industry is called industrial location. The entrepreneur has to locate the firm at such a place where the cost of production is lower. The aim of any business is the maximization of profit and maximization of cost of production. Thus, an entrepreneur must think carefully which decides the location of any industry.

Location means “selection of place for establishment of industry where the cost of production is lowest ant the time of establishment.”

The total area of the company is 5000square.feet.

The infrastructural facilities include:

Raw Materials:The major component or major input, which is inevitable part of any

production process, is availability of raw material. Availability of raw material at proper time, at reasonable rate, in right quality and quantity, etc. directly affects the price of the final product. If the supply of raw material is not regular, it may lead to frequent stoppage in production process.

Labour:

The supply of labour at lower cost is important. Labours are important because machines cannot produce anything without the availability of skilled labourers. An adequacy of labour supply at reasonable wages is very essential for smooth and successful working of an organization. Here, the skilled labourers are available from the near by area.

2

Transportation:Speedy transport facilities are needed for the regular and timely supply of

raw materials and finished goods. For this purpose, we will use road transportation as it is very cheap and available very freely. It can be said that industries are largely depended upon transportation.

Market:The main concentration of every product is to get potential market and

proximity to the market is one of the most considerable variables.

Infrastructural Facilities:

Infrastructural facilities are very important to run the business smoothly and effectively. Infrastructural facilities are easily available to this unit because it is established nearer to the city. The infrastructural facilities like electricity, water, transportation, telephone, banking services etc are easily available.

Product introduction

A helmet is a form of protective gear worn on the head to protect it from

injuries.

Ceremonial or symbolic helmets (e.g., English policeman's helmet) without protective function are sometimes used. The oldest known use of helmets was by Assyrian soldiers in 900BC, who wore thick leather or bronze helmets to protect the head from blunt object and sword blows and arrow strikes in combat. Soldiers still wear helmets, now often made from lightweight plastic materials.

In civilian life, helmets are used for recreational activities and sports (e.g., jockeys in horse racing, American football, ice hockey, cricket, baseball, and rock climbing; dangerous work activities (e.g., construction, mining, riot police); and transportation (e.g., Motorcycle helmets and bicycle helmets. Since the 1990s, most helmets are made from resin or plastic, which may be reinforced with fibers such as aramids.

Design

All helmets attempt to protect the user's head by absorbing mechanical energy and protecting against penetration. Their structure and protective capacity are altered in high-energy impacts. Beside their energy-absorption capability, their volume and weight are also important issues, since higher volume and weight increase the injury risk for the user's head and neck. Anatomical helmets adapted to the inner head structure were invented by neurosurgeons at the end of the 20th century.

Helmets used for different purposes have different designs. For example, a bicycle helmet must protect against blunt impact forces from the wearer's head striking the road. A helmet designed for rock climbing must protect against heavy impact, and against objects such as small rocks and climbing equipment falling from above. Practical concerns also dictate helmet design: a bicycling helmet should be aerodynamic in shape and well ventilated, while a rock climbing helmet must be lightweight and small so that it does not interfere with climbing.

Some helmets have other protective elements attached to them, such as a face visors or goggles or a face cage, and ear plugs and other forms of protective headgear, and a communications system. Sports helmets may have an integrated metal face protector (face cage).

3

Baseball batting helmets have an expanded protection over the ear, which protects the jaw from injury.

Motorcycle helmets often have flip-down face screens for rain and wind protection, and they may also have projecting visors to protect the eyes from glare.

Hard hats for construction workers are worn mainly to protect the wearer from falling objects such as tools.

Helmets for riot police often have flip-down clear visors and thick padding to protect the back of the neck.

Modern firefighter's helmets protect the face and back of the head against impact, fires and electricity, and can include masks, communication systems, and other accessories.

Welding helmets protect the eyes and face and neck from flash burn, ultraviolet light, sparks and heat. They have a small window, called a lens shade, through which the welder looks at the weld; for arc welding this window must be much darker than in blowtorch goggles and sunglasses.

People with some medical conditions must wear a helmet to protect the brain, due to a gap in the braincase, e.g. because of cleidocranial dysostosis or in separated craniopagus twins.

Mixed martial arts helmets have ear pads to prevent serious injuries to the athletes, who do not usually endure such force to the ears.

Material

Types of synthetic fiber used to make some helmets:

Aramid Twaron

In former times lightweight non-metallic protective materials and strong transparent materials for visors were not available. In Greece in ancient times helmets were sometimes strengthened by covering the surface with boars' tusks (= their canine teeth) laid flat.

In Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries gamekeepers, for head protection in fights against poachers, sometimes wore helmets (perhaps more describable as thick bump caps) made of straw bound together with cut bramble.

Types of helmets

Military

The following is the list Combat helmets worn in (ancient and modern) battle combat

Fighter pilot helmet PH helmet—actually a flexible hood: early types of British gas masks Leather helmet—aviator and tank operator headgear

Motorcycle and bicycle helmets

Motorcycle helmet—protective helmet for motorcycle riders Bicycle helmet—protective helmet for bicycle riders

Sports

Cricket helmet—protective headgear worn by batsmen in a game of cricket

o A helmet is also worn by a wicket keeper and some fielders close to the batsman.

Equestrian helmet—protective headgear worn by horse riders Racing helmet—protective equipment for auto racing in both driver and pit

crew forms. Batting helmet—protective headgear worn by batters in a game of

baseball or softball o catcher's full face helmet

Bull riding helmet Football helmet—for American football and Canadian football

o Eyeshield—a type of visor for a football helmet Hockey helmet

o Goalie mask Lacrosse helmet Pith helmet (a.k.a. sun helmet) Ski helmet—protective helmet for skiers Association football headgear—protective headgear worn by some

association football (soccer) players A helmet is worn in bobsledding A helmet is worn in the Gaelic sport of hurling A helmet may be worn whilst wakeboarding. These helmets must be

waterproof and may come with ear protectors to reduce the chance of a burst ear drum after a bad fall

Safety helmet for scuba diving. Not air-holding. May have a built-in forehead light.

Work

Diving helmet—worn by professional divers engaged in surface supplied diving

Hard hat—often seen on building sites; may have a visor Miner's helmet Space helmet Welding helmet—worn by welders

Protective and emergency services

Custodian helmet—symbolic British police headgear Firefighter's helmet

o F1 helmet—French type firefighter helmeto Merryweather helmets—Victorian-era fire helmet in Britain and

Hong Kong Lifeboatman's helmet. The lifeboatman's helmet depicted below (seen at

Southport lifeboat station in England on 7 September 2008) covers the same area as a motorcycle helmet including all of the ears, Its casing is thinner, and nearer to the size of the head, and has lengthwise ridges. It has a transparent visor to keep sea spray out of the eyes. It has a chinstrap. Its lining is not padded but inflatable; it has an inflation tube ending at the red nipple (at the bottom of the image), to inflate the lining by mouth to fit it firmly on the head. It has a microphone and an intercom lead.

Riotsquad helmet SWAT team helmet—mostly PASGT type

Other helmets

Pith helmet—sun protection helmet Mahiole—Hawaiian feathered helmet Horned helmet-Viking helmet Winged helmet—fictional Scandinavian helmet Balaclava helmet—not really a helmet, a woollen face covering against

cold, sometimes used for concealment Tarn helm, mythical helmet that makes its wearer invisible Protective helmets for mentally disabled persons.

Market Analysis

The two most common uses of marketing research are for diagnostic analysis to understand the market and the firm's current performance, and opportunity analysis to define any unexploited opportunities for growth. Marketing research studies include consumer studies, distribution studies, semantic scaling, multidimensional scaling, intelligence studies, projections, and conjoint analysis.

Marketing research is the systematic gathering, recording, and analysis of data about issues relating to marketing products and services. The goal of marketing research is to identify and assess how changing elements of the marketing mix impacts customer behavior. The term is commonly interchanged with market research; however, expert practitioners may wish to draw a distinction, in that market research is concerned specifically with markets, while marketing research is concerned specifically about marketing processes.

Marketing research is often partitioned into two sets of categorical pairs, either by target market:

Consumer marketing research, and

Business-to-business (B2B) marketing research.

Or, alternatively, by methodological approach:

Qualitative marketing research, and

Quantitative marketing research.

Thus, marketing research may also be described as the systematic and objective identification, collection, analysis, and dissemination of information for the purpose of assisting management in decision making related to the identification and solution of problems and opportunities in marketing.

4

Production Process

SAFE DRIVE PVT.LTD manufactures different types of helmets such as bicycle helmets, motorcycle helmets, football helmets and many more.

Here is the production process of BICYCLE helmet.

Liners

The liner is the most important part of the helmet, the foam layer where the energy of the crash is managed.

Bicycle helmet liners are mostly molded in Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) foam. For the cheaper helmets that make up the largest part of sales in the US market, the techniques are standard ones used in the industry's "foam shops" for making all sorts of EPS parts. Granules of EPS known as "bead" are placed in a mold and expanded with steam and pressure into the familiar picnic cooler foam. Although this is mostly done in China now, there are several European manufacturers and one large US company making several million helmets per year in Rantoul, Illinois, in facilities sold to them by Bell.

Still within the EPS world, the top end helmets require internal reinforcement, usually to open up larger vents, and the techniques for including the reinforcements in the mold and getting them to line up correctly are critical to the manufacturing process. Those techniques are proprietary secrets. Manufacturers use a variety of materials such as nylon, polypropylene or even metal or metal mesh for reinforcement. The first bicycle helmet to use this technique was the ProTec Mirage, a late 1980's model, and it used a nylon mesh. The reinforcement is normally buried in the foam and the user may not even be aware that it is there, but it is essential to keep the models with larger vents from splitting on impact. The use of mesh reinforcement should not be confused with the European practice of providing bug net in the front vents, since many of those nets are simply thin fabric mesh adding no strength.

EPS can be made in layers with different densities to tune impact management, permitting softer layers to crush in lesser impacts and harder layers to handle the really bad hits. In some cases the density is varied around vents or certain areas of the helmet to permit the helmet to meet impact standards while thinning the liner.

Some other foams have begun to emerge in the bicycle helmet market, including Expanded PolyPropylene (EPP), Expanded Polyurethane (EPU or PU), rate-sensitive slow rebound foams and more. We have a page up on that technology. Each type has different manufacturing techniques.

5

Shells

The shell for inexpensive helmets is just stamped PET (the material used for bottled water containers) or a similar plastic. It is usually glued onto the liner, then taped around the edge for appearance, although some use no glue and others have no tape.

For more expensive helmets the shell is included in the mold when the liner is expanded from the bead, and must therefore be polycarbonate or another higher quality plastic that can take the heat of the mold (PET would melt). Really sophisticated techniques can add more than one shell section to the mold, and up to five pieces can provide shell protection for the lower section of a helmet, or even the interior. In this case no glue is necessary, since the shell is bonded to the liner in the mold. This technique could yield stronger helmets, but the designers use it to open up larger and larger vents and reduce the foam, eventually just meeting the current impact standard. We have a page up on molded-in-the-shell helmets.

Skate-style helmets and a few bicycle-style helmets have hard shells made of ABS or polycarbonate plastic. BMX helmets (and a few older bicycle helmets) can have composite hard shells, with layers of fiberglass or even kevlar fiber laid up in an epoxy. ABS is molded, but Fiberglass shells are generally laid up by hand.

Straps

Helmet straps are generally made of nylon or polypropylene. They all look similar, but vary considerably in fabric, surface finish, weave and other subtle characteristics. For helmets with glued-on shells they are added to the liner before the shell is glued on, and usually run across the top of the liner, covered by the shell, or occasionally over the top of the shell. This is not possible when a helmet is molded in the shell, since the heat of the molding process would damage the webbing. Straps are added to the helmet after it comes out of the mold, usually with a more sophisticated anchor that sits on top of the helmet shell after the strap is threaded through. Helmets with hard shells usually have the straps riveted or otherwise attached to the shell.

Attached to the rear of most middle to high-end helmets is an occipital stabilizer, varying from just a strap to a complex plastic piece, that engages the occipital lobe of the head (the lump on the back of the head). These can have many forms of adjustment, including knobs, cams, toothed sliders and more.

The buckle is the last major piece of the helmet, and it is added when the straps are installed. Most current bike helmet buckles are plastic or nylon buckles

of the Fastex type (a trademarked ITW/Nexus brand) with side pinch release. Some BMX helmets use a motorcycle-style D-ring buckle, requiring the user to thread the strap end through two D-shaped metal rings.

Interior

Bike helmets made with the ring fit system are fitted with an adjustable ring of some kind inside. Those with fitting pads usually get hook-and-loop mounts glued in, then the pads are added. Some cheap helmets have the pads glued directly to the interior of the liner. A few have an interior cloth or plastic liner applied. BMX helmets made in the motorcycle style often have more complicated full interior liners that can be removed for cleaning.

Assembly

Assembling the parts is the next step. This is normally hand labor, and for cost reasons probably well over half of the world's bicycle helmets are made in China or other Asian countries. At least 4 million are still assembled in the US, and an unknown number in Europe, due to high shipping costs from Asia. As noted above, the shell may be glued or not, and taped around the edge or not.

Finish

After assembly, the helmet is normally finished off with an application of graphics in the form of stickers. Sometimes a clear coat is sprayed on. Text stickers are added inside, and tags are attached before the helmet is boxed.

Accessories

Other accessories can be added on during the manufacturing or assembly processes. Many helmets come with detachable visors. Some have mirror mounts, light mounts, lights, speakers for sound, communications devices, earmuffs, vent covers or bunny ears. One unique model had a built-in periscope-type rear view mirror.

Below is the production process of MOTORCYCLE helmet.

Step 1: Making the EPS Helmet Liner

SAFE DRIVE PVT.LTD started at the EPS helmet liner production line.  EPS, or expanded polystyrene, is the current protective layer of choice for motorcycle helmets for several reasons.  Three of those reasons are It's cheap, it's light and it works.

Amazingly, the material that keeps beer and body parts cold is also an excellent protective material for the human head.  Of course, the EPS used in helmets is different from the white foamy-looking stuff used to chill your six-pack, but the principle is generally the same.

EPS is delivered in a big container filled with tiny little tube-shaped bits -- the polystyrene  The polystyrene is then "blown" or expanded at the manufacturing facility to become the EPS that protects our noggins.  EPS is manufactured in different densities and combined together in a helmet liner in the molding process.

One of the differences between "cheap" helmets and a quality helmet is that a quality EPS liner is specifically engineered and designed for each different head size.  So instead of using a generic EPS liner in every helmet, Nolan engineers the specific densities, thickness and liner shape based on the helmet type and size.

This means that each EPS liner must have its own mold that is designed on a CAD (Computer Aided Design) system and manufacturing via CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing using computer-controlled machine tools).  The "blown" EPS must also be kept in a climate-controlled storage area until its molded into the correct shape.

Photos: EPS Helmet Liner Manufacturing

Here are some photos to illustrate the EPS liner manufacturing process.  The photo below shows the raw, non-expanded polystyrene on the left hand and the expanded polystyrene beads on the right hand:

The next photo shows one of the molds for an EPS liner; Note the complex mold shape and also the many holes, or passages, to allow the heat, pressure and water to mold the liner.  Each of these molds must be made for a specific helmet

Here's a photo showing five EPS helmet liner molding machines.  The EPS is fed into the machines and is pressurized and molded in the press.  Water is used to cool the mold and the liner.  Each liner is embossed with the liner type, size and helmet it fits:

Next Step: Making a Polycarbonate Helmet Shell

SAFE DRIVE makes helmets using both polycarbonate and composite helmet shells.  There are some advantages and disadvantages to both.

In general, a polycarbonate helmet shell will be heavier than a composite shell.  But a polycarbonate shell can also take quite a beating, as you will see in the Part 2 video, while a composite shell is usually destroyed in a crash.  This doesn't mean that you can damage a polycarbonate shell and then wear it again; on the contrary, the video will show what happens once the EPS absorbs the energy.

Like all protective equipment, a helmet is a one-time protective device.  Once it works to protect you, hang it on the wall as a reminder and buy another.  There is no such thing as a multiple-accident motorcycle helmet!

The process for manufacturing a polycarbonate helmet shell is completely different than the process for making a composite shell.  Both require technical expertise, manufacturing technology and a large capital investment, but the investment focus is different in each case.

Safe drive makes their polycarbonate shells using General Electric Lexan EXL (.pdf product information sheet), which they say has better performance, especially for impact resistance and thermal resistance, than the commonly used ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene).  Nolan was one of the first helmet manufacturers to use Lexan, having started with the material in 1972, so they have a great deal of experience in polycarbonate helmet manufacturing.

The Lexan EXL also works nicely with Nolan's use of the environmentally-conscious water-based paint and clear-coating preparations.

In fact, the entire company and the methods, procedures and materials have been designed with the environment in mind.  The plant is virtually odor- and dust-free and employees don't have to wear masks or other protective gear because the environment is very clean.

The Lexan arrives as tiny beads, shipped in big containers, much like the photos in the MXL Industries story.  The Lexan is fed into the helmet shell molding machines, where it is melted and pumped into a helmet shell mold.

The shell mold consists of a highly polished metal mold of the helmet that is surrounded by several moving parts that have the same shape.  The melted Lexan is pumped under pressure into the small gap that is formed between the male and female mold parts when they come together in the molding machine.  This can be seen in the video below.

The master for the shell mold is also designed and manufactured using CAD/CAM.  Each mold must be custom made for each helmet design and shell size.  You can see in the photos below the complexity that is involved here; each mold has a specific life span and also a new mold must be developed every time a new helmet design is produced.

It takes about 60 seconds to mold each helmet shell and the molding machine automatically releases the outside of the shell mold and the operator removes the newly born polycarbonate shell.  Once the mold sprue is removed), the shell is staged for the next stop in the process: sanding and paint or decal preparation. 

The next photo shows a single mold for a helmet shell with all the piping and fixtures necessary for the molding process.  This is the mold assembly for the Nolan N90 flip-up.  Each assembly weighs up to 4 tons.

Sanding, Paint Preparation, Decals and Painting

One of the advantages of a molded polycarbonate shell is that all of the vent openings, the eye port and various assembly holes needed for mounting the face shield and other parts are completed and finished as part of the molding process, so once the shell is molded, it's ready for painting without any drilling or other procedures.

The job of sanding a helmet shell is not pleasant.The shells are sanded before painting to prepare a good surface that will allow the paint to adhere properly.

Once the helmet shells are prepared, they either go directly into the automated paint booth or to the decal room. 

The decals are designed by artists on a computer and printed on a single sheet.  The decal is removed from the backing.

It takes a lot of skill to apply a decal to the very complex curved surface of a motorcycle helmet and, of course, the surface must be perfectly prepared.  The decal must be carefully applied and all of the air bubbles removed or the entire helmet will be ruined after it is painted.

Once the helmets are painted and/or the decals are applied, they are sent through the automated clear coat booth, clear coat finish is applied.

Once the helmets are painted and polished they're ready for final assembly.

Photos: Sanding, Paint Preparation and Decals

Once the helmets are molded, they are staged and ready for sanding, painting or decals.  Notice that all of the "holes" in the helmet are ready for vents and other parts; this is done in the molding process: 

Helmet shells then go to the decal shop to have the decals applied.  The shop is climate controlled and is rather warm and humid to allow the best environment for the decals to stick to the helmet:

After the decals are applied, the helmets go through an automated paint booth to have the clear coat finish applied.

Final Assembly, Packing and Shipping

Once the helmets are painted and the clear coat has been applied, they pass various stations to have the face shields, internal visors and other parts installed. During each stage of the process, every helmet is inspected by the operator to ensure quality.

In the final assembly area, each helmet is inspected once again and the final parts are installed for the liner, chin guard and vent covers.  The protective decals are also installed and the helmet is wrapped, packed and put in a box with the manual and hang tags, ready for shipment to your dealer and eventually on to your head!

Photo: Sanding, Paint Preparation and Decals

Final assembly area; here a selection of white flip-up helmets are being assembled and packed:

Production Capacity 6

Installed CapacityPRODUCT

NAME

DAILY

PRODUCTION

MONTHLY

25 DAYS

YEARLY

300 DAYSHelmet 200 5000 60000

Utilized capacity at 50%PRODUCT

NAME

DAILY

PRODUCTION

MONTHLY

25 DAYS

YEARLY

300 DAYSHelmet 100 2500 30000

Finance Department

Introduction

Finance department is responsible for the financial administration and management of the company in compliance with the financial rules and the financial guidelines acting in this company. Finance department concerns finance flow management of the company and is aimed to serving staff, managers, the Board of Directors and stakeholders and securing the financial health of the company.

The Department plays an important role in the company and the relations between organizational units. It is closely cooperate with such company's divisions as Sales Department, Administration, Warehouse, Deliveries, and Marketing Department in the fields of payments, audit, revision, account and cash flow.  The effective collaboration is the guarantee that all payments, accounts and deposits will be processed, covered and closed out.  This is important as proper organization of the finance system inside the company brings the positive and fundamental effect to the company's competitiveness, demand and reputation.

Goals & Services

The main goal of The Department is to provide the internal and external users of financial statements with relevant, accurate and timely information and to guarantee that the required financial revision is closely adhered to in order to protect the assets of the company. The Department takes care of finance flow to ensure that the company operates within its financial regulations and satisfies various external financial requirements. It also ensures that the corporate financial records comply with internal and external audit. If to look through the activity of The Department, there can be picked out the following main services it renders:

Payment of invoices and expenses.

Income collection and salary management. Production and assignment of budgets, capital plans, and cash flow

forecasts. Monitoring and managing financial plans. Auditing and reporting financial condition. Giving advice on pricing and costing.

Key Positions

1

A finance department is comprised of several key positions that bear the burden of responsibility when it comes to maintaining the cohesiveness and overall productivity of the department as a unit of the company.

When you think about the overall structure of the finance department, there are four key point people that may come to mind:

The finance director Deputy finance director Accountant Finance specialist

Finance Director

The finance director is the head of the finance department. This individual will have the supreme responsibility to ensure that all financial reports are accurate and up to date. The finance director is tasked with giving a financial forecast for the company and disclosing certain financial information about the company to the shareholders.

Deputy Finance Director

The deputy finance director is usually responsible for putting together the company’s annual budget. In this position, the deputy finance director will be responsible for developing an overall financial strategy. Sometimes referred to as the finance manager, the deputy finance director is also responsible for managing the finance department’s team of employees.

Accountant

The next position of importance in the department of finance is the accountant.  The accountant is responsible for handling the accounts payable and accounts receivable. Accountants also process payroll. Other duties include putting together financial-related documents such as reports, auditing, and closing out accounting books.

Finance Specialist

The finance specialist basically handles capital investments. This position may also require a bit of analytical work such as reconciliations, maintaining the general ledger and keeping a close eye on the funds of the company.

Land

APPLICATION OF SOURCES

FIXED ASSETSLAND

SR.

NO.

PARTICULARS SQ.

FEET

AMT.PER

SQ. FEET

TOTAL

(RS.)1. OPEN PLOT 8,000 Rs.300 24,00,000

BUILDING

SR.NO. PARTICULARS SQUARE

FEET1. Manufacturing shed 2850

2. Raw Material Godown 800

3. Maintenance Store Room 500

4. Packing Room 300

5. Finished Goods Store Room 250

6. Office 300

TOTAL CONSTRUCTION 5000

2

LAND & BUILDING

SR. NO. PARTICULARS AMT IN RS.1. LAND 24,00,000

2.

TOTAL

BUILDING 20,00,000

44,00,000

Fixed Capital cost

No. Particular Amount1. Land 24,00,000

2. Building 20,00,000

3. Machinery 12,50,000

4. Contingency 1,00,000

5. Preliminary 80,000

Total 58,30,000

Working Capital

Area RATE/SQ. FEET TOTAL5000 Square Feet Rs. 400 20,00,000

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Requirements

Working Capital

No. Particulars No. of Days Amount1. Stock of raw-material 24 3,00,000

2. Work in progress - 1,50,000

3. Finished Good 20 2,75,000

4. Debtors 28 2,25,000

5. Routine Expenses 30 1,10,000

Total Rs. 10,60,000

Total cost of a project

= Fixed Cost + Working Capital

= 58,30,000 + 10,60,000

= Rs. 68,90,000

Financial Arrangements

Sources Of Finance1

No. Particulars Bank Own cont. Total

Amount1. Land 18,00,000 6,00,000 24,00,000

2. Machinery 7,00,000 5,50,000 12,50,000

3. Building - 20,00,000 20,00,000

4. Working

Capital

8,00,000 2,60,000 10,60,000

5. Preliminary

Expenses

- 80000 80000

6. Other

Expenses

- 1,00,000 1,00,000

Total Rs. 33,00,000 35,90,000 68,90,000

Means Of Finance

Means of Finance :-

2

No. Particulars Amount1. Bank 33,00,000

2. Own contribution 35,90,000

Total 68,90,000

Profitability Of A project

RAW MATERIALS

No. Particulars Amount

1. ABS 5,00,000

2. Colour 80,000

3. Packing 70,000

Total Rs. 6,50,000

SALARY & WAGES

No. Particular No. of

Employees

Monthly

Salary

Yearly

Salary1. Supervision 3 6000 2,16,000

2. Semi-skilled

Workers

08 2500 2,40,000

3. Un-skilled

Workers

06 1500 1,08,000

4. Office Staff 05 3000 1,80,000

Total Rs. 7,44,000

ELECTRICITY CONSUMED

No. Particulars Monthly

Amount

Annual

Amount

1. Electricity 2650 31800

2. Water 650 7800

Total 39,600

REPAIRS & MAINTENANCE

No. Particulars Monthly

Amount

Annual

Amount1. Repair 600 7200

2. Maintenance 400 4800

Total Rs. 12,000

INTEREST

No. Particulars Monthly

Amount

Rate Annual

Amount2. Bank 33,00,000 12% 3,96,000

Total Rs. 3,96,000

DEPRECIATION

No. Particulars Monthly

Amount

Rate Annual

Amount1. Land & Building 44,00,000 10% 4,40,000

2. Machinery 12,50,000 10% 1,25000

Total Rs. 5,65,000

ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES

No. Particulars Monthly

Amount

Annual

Amount1. Accountant 3000 36,000

2. Printing & Stationary 700 8,400

3. Telephone & Postage 1500 18,000

4. Other Expenses 1200 14,400

Total Rs. 76,800

SELLING EXPENSES

No. Particulars Monthly

Amount

Annual

Amount1. Advertisements 6000 72,000

2. Transportation & Training 4000 48,000

Total Rs. 1,20,000

Project Summary

Total Amount Cost

No. Particular Amount1. Raw Materials 6,50,000

2. Salary & Wages 7,44,000

3. Repairs & Maintenance 12,000

4. Depreciation 5,65,000

5. Interest 3,96,000

6. Administration Expression 76,800

7. Selling Expenses 1,20,000

8. Electricity consumed 39,600

Total Rs. 26,03,400

Total Annual Sales

No. Particulars Rate

Rs.

Quantity Amount

1. Bicycle helmet 300 2000 6,00,000

2. Motorcycle helmet 550 4500 24,75,000

3. Sports helmet 700 1200 8,40,000

Total Rs. 39,15,000

Net Amount Profit

Particulars Yearly AmountTotal Annual Sales 39,15,000

-Total Annual Cost (-)26,03,400

Gross Annual Profit (G.A.P.) 13,11,600-Tax/Liability - 1,35,000

Net Annual Profit (N.A.P.) 11,76,600

BREAK EVEN POINT

No. Description Amount Amount

1. Sales - 39,15,000

2. Variable Cost :-

Raw Material 6,50,000

Salary & Wages 7,40,000

Repairs & Maintenance 12,000

Electricity 39,600

Selling Expenses 1,20,000 15,61,600

23,53,400

3. Fixed Cost:

Depreciation 5,65,000

Interest 3,96,000

Administration Expenses 76,800 10,37,800

Profit

- Deductible Amt.

Taxable Income Add:

Total taxable income

13,15,600

Personnel Department

Introduction

Human resources is a term used to describe the individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, although it is also applied in labor economics to, for example, business sectors or even whole nations. Human resources is also the name of the function within an organization charged with the overall responsibility for implementing strategies and policies relating to the management of individuals (i.e. the human resources). This function title is often abbreviated to the initials.

Personnel management involves planning, organizing, directing and controlling the procurement, development, compensation, maintenance, etc of the human resource in an enterprise. It consists of:-

Manpower planning Recruitment Selection Training and Development Performance Appraisal Compensation and Promotion Employee’s services.

Human resource management (HRM) is the strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization's most valued assets - the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business. The terms "human resource management" and "human resources" (HR) have largely replaced the term "personnel management" as a description of the processes involved in managing people in organizations. In simple words, HRM means employing people, developing their capacities, utilizing, maintaining and compensating their services in tune with the job and organizational requirement.

Its features include:

Organizational management. Personnel administration. Manpower management. Industrial management.

The theoretical discipline is based primarily on the assumption that employees are individuals with varying goals and needs, and as such should not be thought of as basic business resources, such as trucks and filing cabinets. The field takes a positive view of workers, assuming that virtually all wish to

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contribute to the enterprise productively, and that the main obstacles to their endeavors are lack of knowledge, insufficient training, and failures of process.

Human Resource Management (HRM) is seen by practitioners in the field as a more innovative view of workplace management than the traditional approach. Its techniques force the managers of an enterprise to express their goals with specificity so that they can be understood and undertaken by the workforce and to provide the resources needed for them to successfully accomplish their assignments. As such, HRM techniques, when properly practiced, are expressive of the goals and operating practices of the enterprise overall. HRM is also seen by many to have a key role in risk reduction within organizations.

Human Resource Planning

Manpower Planning which is also called as Human Resource Planning consists of putting right number of people, right kind of people at the right place, right time, doing the right things for which they are suited for the achievement of goals of the organization. Human Resource Planning has got an important place in the arena of industrialization. Human Resource Planning has to be a systems approach and is carried out in a set procedure. The procedure is as follows:

Analyzing the current manpower inventory. Making future manpower forecasts. Developing employment programmes. Design training programmes.

NeedManpower Planning is a two-phased process because manpower planning

not only analyses the current human resources but also makes manpower forecasts and thereby draw employment programmes. Manpower Planning is advantageous to firm in following manner:

Shortages and surpluses can be identified so that quick action can be taken wherever required.

All the recruitment and selection programmes are based on manpower planning.

It also helps to reduce the Labour cost as excess staff can be identified and thereby overstaffing can be avoided.

It also helps to identify the available talents in a concern and accordingly training programmes can be chalked out to develop those talents.

It helps in growth and diversification of business. Through manpower planning, human resources can be readily available and they can be utilized in best manner.

It helps the organization to realize the importance of manpower management which ultimately helps in the stability of a concern.

Recruitment

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The recruitment and selection is the major function of the human resource department and recruitment process is the first step towards creating the competitive strength and the recruit strategic advantage for the organizations. Recruitment process involves a systematic procedure from sourcing the candidates to arranging and conducting the interviews and requires many resources and time. A general recruitment process is as follows: -

Identifying the Vacancy

The recruitment process begins with the human resource department receiving requisitions for recruitment from any department of the company. These contain:

o Posts to be filled.o Number of persons.o Duties to be performed.o Qualifications required.

Recruitment refers to the process of attracting, screening, and selecting qualified people for a job at an organization or firm. For some components of the recruitment process, mid- and large-size organizations often retain professional recruiters or outsource some of the process to recruitment agencies.

The stages in recruitment include sourcing candidates by advertising or other methods, and screening and selecting potential candidates using tests or interviews

Recruitment is the process of searching the candidates for employment and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization”.

Whenever there is a need of new staff member or worker for the company, SAFE DRIVE advertises in the local newspaper. As and when found any new labours, oral questions are being asked and if they are found suitable for the job, the company recruits them.

Selection4

It is the process of choosing the most suitable candidates from among all the applicants.

It is the process of matching the qualification of candidates with the requirements of jobs to be filled. Its purpose is to fit the candidate with the job.

Selection means the process of interviewing and evaluating candidates for a specific job and selecting an individual for employment based on certain criteria. Employee selection can range from a very simple process to a very complicated process depending on the firm hiring and the position. Certain employment laws such as anti-discrimination laws must be obeyed during employee selection.

Selection in human resources management (HRM) refers to the process of selecting candidates to become employees. There are many factors in the selection process. In addition to education and other qualifications, HR staff must also assess how well a candidate will assimilate into the corporate culture as well. The first step in the selection process is a well written resume and solid answers .

After receiving the applicants, SAFE DRIVE calls the selected applicants for the personal interview and thereafter selects on the basis of the merit of person for the suitable post.

Training & Development5

It is a learning process that involves the acquisition of knowledge, sharpening of skills, concepts, rules, or changing of attitudes and behaviours to enhance the performance of employees.

Training is activity leading to skilled behavior.

It’s not what you want in life, but it’s knowing how to reach it

It’s not where you want to go, but it’s knowing how to get there It’s not how high you want to rise, but it’s knowing how to take off

Training is about knowing where you stand (no matter how good or bad the current situation looks) at present, and where you will be after some point of time.

Training is about the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA) through professional development. Training refers to improving competencies needed today or very soon. In comparison, development refers to activities intended to improve competencies over a long period of time. Training and development, although different from their focus, are of course closely related to influence the individuals and firms.

SAFE DRIVE company trains and develops the employees as a result of replacement of industrial workers with knowledge workers. The company assumes in wake of the advancement of technology which has resulted in ever increasing competition, rise in customer’s expectation of quality and service and a subsequent need to lower costs. It is also become more important globally in order to prepare workers for new jobs. In the current write up, the company will focus more on the emerging need of training and development, its implications upon individuals and the employers.

Promotion Transfer &Demotion

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PROMOTION: Vertical advancement within the organisation is called promotion. There is change in power position, status, authority, salary, etc. it helps in motivating employees. A promotion is a transfer of an employee to a job which pays more money or one that carry some more professional status.

Promotion means to give employee the reward for their hard work and it is the employee that helps the company to reach to their desired goals. Promotion is the best way to motivate any employee.

In SAFE DRIVE the promotion is given on the basis of performance but it is not that, the old and hard working employees are neglected. If they are working hard and the management thinks that the employee should be promoted then he is given promotion. The company gives importance to all the things i.e. experience, performance etc.

TRANSFER:

Transfer means shifting of one employee from one job to another, one unit to another, one shift to another & may involve in new geographical location. Transfer may be initiated by any organisation or by employees with the approval of the organisation. Transfer has many objectives such as moving employees in position appropriate to their interest.

DEMOTION:

HRM Discipline Demotions and Separations Discipline is generally administered when an employee violates company policy or falls short of work expectations and managers must act to remedy the situation. Discipline usually progresses through a series of steps – warning reprimand probation suspension disciplinary transfer demotion and discharge until the problem is solved or eliminated. Some ineffective managers may be asked to go for retraining or development others may be promoted to a position ...

Performance Appraisal7

Performance appraisal is also known as merit system. Once the employee is selected, trained and motivated, he is appraised for his performance. Performance appraisal is a systematic approach for evaluating the personality and performance of each employees by his superior or by some other person, who is well versed in the technique of performance appraisal.

Our company does not have any scientific method for performance appraisal system. Here the supervisor immediately does the appraisal system. Personnel manager looks after the performance of the entire employee very nearly and keeps the records of the entire employee. The company has adopted the general performance appraisal system. The company has recently started the annual performance system in the company.

The manager observes the work of the employee and on the basis of that, the employee is praised at the end of the year in the company by giving him/her promotion, incentives cash as well as non-cash incentive by the company.

Employee Welfare & Benefit

Employee welfare means anything done for intellectional physical moral and economic betterment of the workers, whether by employers, by government

8

or by other agencies, over and above lwhat is laid by the law, or what is normally expected on the part of the contracted benefits for which workers may have bargained.

Employee or labour welfare is comprehensive term including various services, benefits and facilities offered to employee to the employer. Through such generous fringe benefits the employer makes life worth living for employes. The welfare amenities are extended in addition to normal wages and other economic rewards available to employees as per the legal provisions. SAFE DRIVE company provides additional services and benefits to the employees of the company. This company shows that it takes care of the workers and their employees so they are inspired to work more efficiently. Welfare services are non-profit expenses for the company but this in turn will help the company in their bad times.

SAFE DRIVE company provides the employees with various facilities such as:

Medical facilities are given to the employees. The company also organizes the motivational seminars to develop their

skills and performance which may be useful to the company as well as for their better future.

The company also provides housing facilities to the employees with no cost of the electricity, water and various taxes.

Marketing Department

Introduction 1

Marketing strategy is a process that can allow an organization to concentrate its limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve a sustainable advantage. A marketing strategy should be centered on the key concept that customer satisfaction is the main goal.

The marketing concept of building an organization around the profitable satisfaction of customer needs has helped firms to achieve success in high-growth, moderately competitive markets. However, to be successful in markets in which economic growth has leveled and in which there exist many competitors who follow the marketing concept, a well-developed marketing strategy is required. Such a strategy considers a portfolio of products and takes into account the anticipated moves of competitors in the market.

Marketing strategy is a method of focusing an organization's energies and resources on a course of action which can lead to increased sales and dominance of a targeted market niche. A marketing strategy combines product development, promotion, distribution, pricing, relationship management and other elements; identifies the firm's marketing goals, and explains how they will be achieved, ideally within a stated timeframe. Marketing strategy determines the choice of target market segments, positioning, marketing mix, and allocation of resources. It is most effective when it is an integral component of overall firm strategy, defining how the organization will successfully engage customers, prospects, and competitors in the market arena. Corporate strategies corporate missions, and corporate goals. As the customer constitutes the source of a company's revenue, marketing strategy is closely linked with sales. A key component of marketing strategy is often to keep marketing in line with a company's overarching mission statement.

Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they want and need through creating, offering and exchanging products of value with others.

It is only through marketing that yesterdays luxuries are today’s necessities.

Marketing Mix2

Marketing mix is a mixture of several ideas and plans followed by a marketing representative to promote a particular product or brand is called marketing mix. Several concepts and ideas combined together to formulate final strategies helpful in making a brand popular amongst the masses form marketing mix.

Elements of marketing mix: Product:

The marketing mix concept has its roots in the 1950s U.S. corporate marketing world, and the practice of marketing has obviously evolved tremendously since this term was invented. One of the changes is that there are a lot more services available nowadays, such as those available online. Also, the distinction between product and service has become more blurry (e.g., is a Web-based software application a product or a service?). Either way, product here refers to products or services. The product or service you offer needs to be able to meet a specific, existing market demand. Or, you need to be able to create a market niche through building a strong brand.

Price:

The price you set for your product or service plays a large role in its marketability. Pricing for products or services that are more commonly available in the market is more elastic, meaning that unit sales will go up or down more responsively in response to price changes. By contrast, those products that have a generally more limited availability in the market (but with strong demand) are more inelastic, meaning that price changes will not affect unit sales very much. The price elasticity of your product or service can be determined through various market testing techniques.

Place:

This term really refers to any way that the customer can obtain a product or receive a service. Provision of a product or service can occur via any number of distribution channels, such as in a retail store, through the mail, via downloadable files, on a cruise ship, in a hair salon, etc. The ease and options

through which you can make your product or service available to your customers will have an effect on your sales volume.

Promotion:

Promotion is concerned with any vehicle you employ for getting people to know more about your product or service. Advertising, public relations, point-of-sale displays, and word-of-mouth promotion are all traditional ways for promoting a product. Promotion can be seen as a way of closing the information gap between would-be sellers and would-be buyers. Your choice of a promotional strategy will be dependent upon your budget, the type of product or service you are selling, and availability of said promotional vehicle.

Market Segmentation3

The process of defining and subdividing a large homogenous market into clearly identifiable segments having similar needs, wants, or demand characteristics is market segmentation. Its objective is to design a marketing mix that precisely matches the expectations of customers in the targeted segment.

Few companies are big enough to supply the needs of an entire market; most must breakdown the total demand into segments and choose those that the company is best equipped to handle. Four basic factors that affect market segmentation are (1) clear identification of the segment, (2) measurability of its effective size, (3) its accessibility through promotional efforts, and (4) its appropriateness to the policies and resources of the company. The four basic market segmentation-strategies are based on (a) behavioral (b) demographic, (c) psychographic, and (d) geographical differences.

Market segmentation is a concept in economics and marketing. A market segment is a subset of a market made up of people or organizations with one or characteristics that cause them to demand similar product and services based on qualities of these products such as price or function.

Market segmentation is the process of classifying customers into groups exhibiting different needs, characteristics or behaviour is called market segmentation.

Every market is made up of market segments. Marketing segmentation means to divide a market into different groups of customers.

Thus there are different variables which can be used as criteria of market segmentation like geographic, demographic, psychographic, behavioural etc.

SAFE DRIVE mainly divides market according to the demand in the market.

Consumer Behaviour4

Consumer behaviour is the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society It blends elements from psychology, sociology, social anthropology and economics. It attempts to understand the buyer decision making process, both individually and in groups. It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics and behavioural variables in an attempt to understand people's wants. It also tries to assess influences on the consumer from groups such as family, friends, reference groups, and society in general.

Customer behaviour study is based on consumer buying behaviour, with the customer playing the three distinct roles of user, payer and buyer. Research has shown that consumer behavior is difficult to predict, even for experts in the field. Relationship marketing is an influential asset for customer behaviour analysis as it has a keen interest in the re-discovery of the true meaning of marketing through the re-affirmation of the importance of the customer or buyer. A greater importance is also placed on consumer retention, customer relationship management, personalization, customization and one-to-one marketing. Social functions can be categorized into social choice and welfare functions.

Advertising & Sales Promotion

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Advertising is a form of communication intended to persuade an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to purchase or take some action upon products, ideas, or services. It includes the name of a product or service and how that product or service could benefit the consumer, to persuade a target market to purchase or to consume that particular brand. These messages are usually paid for by sponsors and viewed via various media. Advertising can also serve to communicate an idea to a large number of people in an attempt to convince them to take a certain action.

Advertising is a form of communication intended to persuade an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to purchase or take some action upon products, ideas, or services. It includes the name of a product or service and how that product or service could benefit the consumer, to persuade a target market to purchase or to consume that particular brand. These messages are usually paid for by sponsors and viewed via various media. Advertising can also serve to communicate an idea to a large number of people in an attempt to convince them to take a certain action.

Advertising is focused on one particular product or service. Thus, an advertising plan for one product might be very different than that for another product. Advertising is typically done with signs, brochures, commercials, direct mailings or e-mail messages, personal contact, etc

SAFE DRIVE company gives regular a advertisement in the newspapers and the cable operators. This is done so that the customers are aware of our products and our concepts.

SALES PROMOTION : Sales promotion is an important component of a small business's overall

marketing strategy, along with advertising, public relations, and personal selling.

Sales promotion activity helps in promotion of the sales effectively. More and more promotion activities are required to induce the consumers to purchase more and more products and thus they produce the demand. Sales promotion moves products towards the buyer.

Sales promotion consists of a diverse collection of incentive tools, mostly short term designed to stimulate quicker or greater purchase of particular products or services by consumers or traders.

Sales promotion describes promotional methods using special short-term techniques to persuade members of a target market to respond or undertake certain activity. As a reward, marketers offer something of value to those responding generally in the form of lower cost of ownership for a purchased product (e.g., lower purchase price, money back) or the inclusion of additional value-added material (e.g., something more for the same price).

Distribution Channel6

A channel of distribution can be defined as the collection of organizational units, institutions, or agencies within or external to the manufacturer, which perform the functions that support product marketing. The marketing functions are pervasive: they include buying, selling, transporting, storing, grading, financing, bearing market risk, and providing marketing information. Any organizational unit, institution, or agency that performs one or more of the marketing functions is a member of a channel of distribution.

Distribution channels are those paths through which goods reach from producer or manufacturers to consumers. In other words, Distribution source (which is also called business source at times) refers to that path, through which in involved in the transfer of ownership of Goods from producer to final consumer or Industrial user.

The Distribution Channel of SAFE DRIVE company is as under:

There are four types of distribution channels:

Direct from manufacturer to consumer Manufacturer to retailer to consumers Manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to customer Manufacturer to middlemen to wholesaler to retailer to consumer

.MANUFACTURERS CONSUMERS