Kingdom Notes

Classification of Living Things

6 Kingdoms

All living organisms

Archaebacteria* Eubacteria* Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

* Used to be classified together in the Kingdom Monera

Organisms are organized into these kingdoms by their traits and

their evolutionary development

• Type and # of cells• Prokaryotic or eukaryotic• Single-celled or multi-cellular

• Characteristics of cells• Type of cell wall/membrane• Types of organelles they have

• How they get energy• Autotrophs or heterotrophs

Archaebacteria• Prokaryotes• Unicellular

(very simple cells)

• Heterotrophs• Live in extremely

harsh conditions(like Earth’s original

atmosphere)

Ex. Sulfolobus –thrive in the host sulfur springs of Yellowstone

Scientists theorize that these are similar to the bacteria that first evolved on Earth. They have fewer organelles than other bacteria.

Eubacteria• Prokaryotes• Unicellular

(more complex cells)

• Heterotrophs or Autotrophs(can be parasitic, decomposers, or

producers)

Ex. Clostridium- causes a form of food poisoning called Botulism

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria were originally part of the same kingdom, called Monerans. After a lot of study on these organisms, scientists decided that there are enough differences between them to put them in separate kingdoms.

How bacteria affect humans

Harmful effects:• Parasites on humans, crops, animals (cause

diseases)• Decompose our food

Helpful effects:

• Used in industry – help make rope, leather, yogurt, cheese, etc…

• Decompose wastes in ecosystem

• Mutualistic relationship with humans – live on our skin to kill other attacking parasites, live in our intestines and help breakdown our waste

Protista

• Eukaryotes• Unicellular (few

multi-cellular algae)• Heterotrophs or

Autotrophs• Most Structurally Diverse

Plasmodium

Euglena

AmoebaDiatoms

Fungi• Eukaryotes• Mostly Multicellular• Hetertrophic• Important

Decomposers• Recycle Nutrients• Some are ParasiticExamples of Fungi:Mushrooms MoldsYeast Mildews

Yeast

Mold

Plant

•Eukaryotes•Multicellular•Autotrophic•Responsible

for all of life’s food

•Lack mobility•Cell wall made

of Cellulose

Divided into two major groups – Nonvascular and Vascular

Examples: mosses, trees, and flowering plants

Animalia• Eukaryotes• Multicellular• Heterotrophs• Have mobility (except adult sponges)• No cell wall

Divided into two major groups – Invertebrate and Vertebrate

Ex. Sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds

There are 9 major phyla of animals:

1. Porifera1. Found only in water2. Body has holes for feeding3. Simplest phylum

2. Cnidarian1. Radial symmetry2. Have stinging tentacles

3. Platyhelminthes4. Nematodes 5. Annelids

6. Mollusks1. Soft body with tentacles2. May have a hard shell3. Has simple organ systems

Sponges

Stinging-celled (jellyfish, coral)

Flat worms (ie: tapeworms) –bilateral symmetry

Round worms (ie: hookworms and pinworms)

Segmented worms (ie: earthworm) –segmented body

Soft-bodied (clams, octopi…)

7. ArthropodaHave exoskeletonHave jointed appendagesLargest Phylum

8.Echinoderms1. Redial Symmetry2. Spiny skin3. Can regenerate

9.Chordates1. Internal skeleton2. Spinal cord

Includes all Insects, Crayfish, Lobsters, etc.

Sea Stars (starfish), Sea cucumbers, Sand dollars

All living things with a backbone…

Phylum Chordatadivided into 7 Classes:

1. Jawless fish (Agnatha)

2. Cartilage fish (Chondrichthyes)

3. Bony fish (Osteichthyes)

4. Amphibians (Amphibia)

5. Reptiles (Reptilia)

6. Birds (Aves)

7. Mammals (Mammalia)