Kingdom Kingdom PlantaePlantae

Biology Biology

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae Multi-cellularMulti-cellular AutotrophicAutotrophic EukaryoticEukaryotic Cell walls made of celluloseCell walls made of cellulose Store food in the form of starchStore food in the form of starch

Have chloroplasts containing Have chloroplasts containing chlorophyllchlorophyll

Most are terrestrial although Most are terrestrial although there are exceptionsthere are exceptions

Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Plantae

Nonvascular Plants------ Vascular Nonvascular Plants------ Vascular Plants Plants

Seedless Seeded

Gymnosperm Angiosperm

Monocot Dicot

Have no true stem, leaves, or roots

NonvasculNonvascularar

No vesselsNo vesselsNo rootsNo rootsNo stemsNo stemsNo leavesNo leavesEx: Mosses and Ex: Mosses and

liverwortsliverworts

VasculaVascularr Have vessels to Have vessels to

transport food transport food and waterand water

They have roots, They have roots, stems or leavesstems or leaves

Ex: grass, corn, Ex: grass, corn, trees, flowers, trees, flowers, bushesbushes

Xylem: transports waterXylem: transports waterPhloem: transports food & nutrientsPhloem: transports food & nutrients

Seedless plants (Seedless plants (e.g.e.g., ferns) have a , ferns) have a vascular system but reproduce using vascular system but reproduce using spores.spores.

Seed Plants-reproduce using Seed Plants-reproduce using seedsseeds

GymnospermsGymnosperms have seeds have seeds that are not enclosed.that are not enclosed.

"naked seeds" "naked seeds" cone bearing plants (seeds cone bearing plants (seeds

grow on cones) grow on cones) needle like leaves needle like leaves usually stay green year usually stay green year

round round wind pollinated wind pollinated Examples: pine trees & Examples: pine trees &

evergreens evergreens

Angiosperms are the most successful Angiosperms are the most successful group of plantsgroup of plants

They have co-evolved with insects to They have co-evolved with insects to improve pollination.improve pollination.

flowering plants flowering plants seeds are enclosed, usually in a fruit seeds are enclosed, usually in a fruit most are pollinated by birds & bees most are pollinated by birds & bees have finite growing seasons have finite growing seasons Examples: grasses, tulips, oaks, Examples: grasses, tulips, oaks,

dandelions dandelions Divided into two main groups: Monocots Divided into two main groups: Monocots

& Dicots & Dicots

MonocotsMonocots Angiosperms have 1 Angiosperms have 1

seed leaf (cotyledon) seed leaf (cotyledon) parallel veins on parallel veins on

leaves leaves 3 part symmetry for 3 part symmetry for

flowers flowers fibrous roots fibrous roots Example: lilies, onions, Example: lilies, onions,

corn, grasses, wheat corn, grasses, wheat Vascular tissue Vascular tissue

scatteredscattered

DicotsDicots Angiosperms that have Angiosperms that have

2 seed leaves 2 seed leaves (cotyledons) (cotyledons)

net veins on leaves net veins on leaves flowers have 4-5 parts flowers have 4-5 parts taproots taproots Examples: trees and Examples: trees and

ornamental flowers ornamental flowers Vascular tissue Vascular tissue

arranged in a ringarranged in a ring

Success of Success of AngiospermsAngiosperms

Transport gametes over great Transport gametes over great distances.distances.

Efficient dispersal via fruit.Efficient dispersal via fruit. Tough, water resistant leaves for Tough, water resistant leaves for

survival in hostile environments.survival in hostile environments.

PollinationPollination

Birds are Birds are attracted to red attracted to red flowers.flowers.

Bees can see Bees can see colors that colors that humans cannot.humans cannot.

Moth-pollinated Moth-pollinated flowers are flowers are white and white and bloom at night.bloom at night.

Many insects are attracted to Many insects are attracted to odors. One species smells like odors. One species smells like rotting meat and is pollinated rotting meat and is pollinated by flies.by flies.

Flowers are often shaped so Flowers are often shaped so that non-pollinators cannot that non-pollinators cannot reach nectar or pollen. For reach nectar or pollen. For example, hummingbird-example, hummingbird-pollinated flowers are long, and pollinated flowers are long, and shaped like the bill of a shaped like the bill of a hummingbird.hummingbird.

Wind-pollinated flowers are Wind-pollinated flowers are small, have no petals and little small, have no petals and little color and do not produce color and do not produce nectar.nectar.

Problems living in a terrestrial Problems living in a terrestrial ecosystemecosystem

Support - in water, the plant is held Support - in water, the plant is held up. On land, a support system is up. On land, a support system is required.required.

Getting Water and NutrientsGetting Water and Nutrients Aquatic plants are surrounded by water and Aquatic plants are surrounded by water and

nutrients so most cells can just absorb them nutrients so most cells can just absorb them the environment. Terrestrial plants require a the environment. Terrestrial plants require a system for collecting and transporting water.system for collecting and transporting water.

Plants developed root systems that can Plants developed root systems that can collect and transport water. Some plants collect and transport water. Some plants have shallow roots which spread out to have shallow roots which spread out to collect water.collect water.

Water carrying minerals from the roots can Water carrying minerals from the roots can travel to all parts of the plant and food made travel to all parts of the plant and food made in the leaves can travel to non-in the leaves can travel to non-photosynthetic parts of the plant.photosynthetic parts of the plant.

Drying OutDrying Out Leaves are covered by Leaves are covered by

a waterproof outer a waterproof outer layer called the layer called the cuticle.cuticle.

Openings in the leaves Openings in the leaves called stomata allow called stomata allow passage of gases for passage of gases for photosynthesis but photosynthesis but can be closed when it can be closed when it is too warm.is too warm.

Gymnosperms have Gymnosperms have very narrow leaves to very narrow leaves to minimize water loss.minimize water loss.

Spreading GametesSpreading Gametes

Spores – tiny reproductive cells are Spores – tiny reproductive cells are carried long distance by the windcarried long distance by the wind

Seeds: Seeds: – The embryo inside the seed is surrounded The embryo inside the seed is surrounded

by a tough, drought-resistant, protective by a tough, drought-resistant, protective seed coat. Food packaged in the seed seed coat. Food packaged in the seed provides energy for the young plant until it provides energy for the young plant until it can grow above the soil and begin can grow above the soil and begin photosynthesizing.photosynthesizing.

– Adaptations of seeds help in their dispersal. Adaptations of seeds help in their dispersal. Some seeds are carried by wind, stick to Some seeds are carried by wind, stick to the fur of animals or are eaten.the fur of animals or are eaten.