KINGDOM PLANTAE

Grade 7

BIOLOGY

Mr. Anderson

KINGDOM PLANTAE CHARACTERISTICS

Eukaryotic Autotrophic Multicellular Cell walls made of

cellulose EX: ferns, mosses,

flowering plants, pine trees

Non-examples: algae!

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Taxonomy Plants are

divided into two groups

Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials

Called Vascular System

Vascular Bundles

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Plant Classification

Non-vascular No vascular tissue (xylem &

phloem) Reproduce with spores instead

of seeds Need water to get sperm to egg Reproduction: Alternation of

generations Live in moist, shady

environments No roots, stems, leaves Ex: bryophytes (moss),

liverworts

Vascular Have vascular tissue

(xylem & phloem) Can be seeded or

seedless

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Vascular System Xylem tissue carries water

and minerals upward from the roots

Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used

Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem

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Nonvascular Plants

Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials

Called Bryophytes

Require a constantly moist environment

Moss Gametophytes & Sporophytes

Sporophyte stage

Gametophyte Stage

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Nonvascular Plants

Plants can’t grow as tall Cells must be in direct contact with moisture

Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell

Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets

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Nonvascular Plants

Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta)

Liverworts Hornwortscopyright cmassengale

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Main Parts of Vascular Plants

Shoots-Found above ground-Have leaves

attached- Photosynthetic part

of plant Roots

-Found below ground-Absorb water &

minerals-Anchor the plant

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Vascular Plants

Also called Tracheophytes

Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed-bearing vascular plants

Club Mosscopyright cmassengale

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Seedless Vascular Plants

Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta)

HorsetailsWhisk ferns copyright cmassengale

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Seed-Producing Vascular Plants

Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones

Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds

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Gymnosperms

Coniferophyta are known as conifers

Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir

Cycadophyta – cycads

Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Ginkg

o

Cycad

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Gymnosperms

Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine (about 4700 years old)

Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood (379 feet tall – 30 foot diameter and 110 foot circumfrance) copyright cmassengale

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Angiosperms Flowering plants Seeds are formed when

an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary

Ovary is within a flower Flower contains the

male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant

Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds)

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Angiosperms

Division Anthophyta Subdivided into two groups –

Monocots and Dicots Monocots have a single seed

cotyledon Dicots have two seed

cotyledons

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Monocots Parallel

venation in leaves

Flower parts in multiples of 3

Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem

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Dicots Net venation

in leaves Flower parts

in multiples of 4 or 5

Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem copyright cmassengale

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Plant Uses

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Why We Can’t do Without Plants!

Produce oxygen for the atmosphere

Produce lumber for building Provide homes and food for

many organisms Prevent erosion Used for food

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More Reasons We Can’t do Without Plants!

Produce wood pulp for paper products

Source of many medicines Ornamental and shade for

yards Fibers such as cotton for

fabric Dyes copyright cmassengale

http://www.watchknowlearn.org/Video.aspx?VideoID=6442&CategoryID=2304

PLANT ANATOMY

Plant Anatomy

ROOTS Anchor plant in ground Absorb water & nutrients Sometimes store food for

the plant (potatoes or carrots)

Types: Fibrous- long hair like fibers

(grass) Tap- one thick main root

(carrot) Adventitious- roots grow

from stem or other plant part (strawberry plant)

Plant Anatomy

STEMS Support growth above ground Contain Xylem & Phloem

(vascular bundle) Xylem carries water up to

leaves Phloem carries sugar down to

roots Types

Tubers- enlarged stem underground (potato)

Bulbs- enlarged stem underground that can be divided into smaller bulbs (garlic, onions)

Plant Anatomy

LEAVES Site of photosynthesis CO2 + H2O + light= C6 H12 O6 + O2

Types: Simple- one leaf blade Compound- several leaf blades

attached to same stem Tendrils- used for climbing (vines) Spines/Needles- small surface area

to reduce water loss in desert or cold climate (taiga)

Pitcher shape/Venus fly trap- captures bugs to get nitrogen so they can make amino acids and proteins

Thick- thick & fleshy to store water

Leaf Shapes & Margins(may be used in dichotomous key)

Leaf Anatomy Waxy cuticle- made of lipids, prevents water loss, protection Epidermis- upper & lower surface for protection (like skin) Palisade layer- oval shaped cells on upper surface; site of most photosynthesis Spongy layer- has many canals to allow O2 & CO2 to circulate Vascular bundle- holds xylem (water pipe) and phloem (glucose pipe)

Xylem carries water to leaf for photosynthesis Phloem carries glucose made by photosynthesis to other parts of plant.

Stomata- openings in leaf that let O2 & CO2 in and out Guard cells- control opening/closing of stomata. (filled w/water they open stomata)

Review of Photosynthesis

CO2 is brought in thru stomata, water is brought in from roots- meet at chloroplast in palisade layer of leaf

Sunlight splits water into hydrogen, oxygen, and electrons

Several hydrogens, oxygens, and CO2 combine to form glucose C6H12O6 which is linked together and stored as starch in plants & used for energy

Some of the oxygen is released as gas thru stomata

Plant Anatomy

FLOWERS Used in sexual reproduction Reproductive organ of plant Types:

Complete- have all parts (see next slide)

Incomplete- missing 1 or more parts

Perfect- have both male & female parts

Imperfect- either male or female Some flowers are colorful or

smell good to attract pollinators Those that are not colorful,

showy, or smelly may use wind as a pollinator.

Wind pollinated flower

Flower Anatomy

Petals- colored part attracts pollinator Sepals- surround & protect petals before

blooming Pedicel- where flower attaches to stem. Pistil- female parts

Stigma- sticky to catch pollen Style- tube connecting stigma to ovary Ovary- holds ovules (potential seeds);

becomes fruit Ovules- will become seeds if fertilized

Stamen- male parts Anther- makes & stores pollen Filament- connects anther to flower;

pushes pollen close to sticky stigma (self fertilization) or pollinators

Plant Anatomy

SEEDS Produced after pollination Become newborn plant Types: (method of dispersal)

Inside fruit- attracts animals to eat & poop out seeds elsewhere

Hitchhikers- attach to fur or clothing for dispersal

Wind- able to float in air Water- able to float in water

Seeds need to be dispersed so they don’t compete with parent plant for water, nutrients, sunlight

Seeds are good adaptations for land plants b/c

Retain moisture Protect from injury or environment

(cold)

Seed Anatomy

Seed coat- protects seed from dehydration and weather

Cotyledon/endosperm- internal starch storage (food source b/c it doesn’t have leaves yet for photosynthesis)

Radicle- becomes first root Hypocotyl- becomes first

stem Epicotyl- becomes first leaf

Plant Anatomy

FRUITS The ripened ovary of plant

containing seeds Protect seeds Attracts animals for seed

dispersal Anything that contains

seeds is a fruit- yes, even tomatoes & bell peppers!

Types: Dry- bean pod Fleshy- juicy like peach,

apple

REPRODUCTION

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN MOST PLANTS

Self-pollination: pollen fertilizes ovules of its own flower.

Cross-pollination: pollen fertilizes ovules of a different flower on separate plant

Pollen holds “sperm” Pollen creates pollen tube that “eats”

its way thru style to ovary Plant sperm can travel down tube to

ovary to fertilize ovules and make seeds.

Flower petals fall off, ovary thickens & fills with sugars and becomes fruit (not all plants make fruits- some just release seeds)

Alternation of Generations

Plant alternates between a sexual and asexual stage of life

Gametophyte (haploid)- makes sperm or egg that join to make sporophyte

Sporophyte (diploid)- makes spores that become gametophytes

EX: mosses, ferns

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN MOST PLANTS

Vegetative propagation New plants form from roots,

stems, or leaves Natural process for many species Ex: runners, rhizomes, bulbs

Artificial propagation Grafting

Cut one plant and attach to another Cuttings

Cut plant and sprout roots from stem Tissue culture

Grow plant tissues in culture dish in laboratory

Like cloning

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES

How are plants influenced by the environment?

Photoperiodism Respond to changes in light

Ex: morning glories bloom in morning, some desert flowers bloom at night to attract bats, deciduous trees drop leaves when days become shorter (less light)

Moisture Xerophytes- can survive in

dry conditions (cactus) Hydrophytes- can survive in

wet conditions (water lilies)

How are plants influenced by the environment

Tropisms- how plants move toward (positive) or away (negative) from a stimulus Phototropism

light Gravitropism

gravity Thigmotropism

Touching a structure Hydrotropism

water

Phototropism

Gravitropism

Thigmotropism

Hydrotropism

How are plants adapted to their environments? Tundra (cold & dry)

Small- get radiant heat that bounces off ground May have wooly covering to conserve heat Fast growing/reproducing (shorter summers so

have to reproduce quickly) Taiga (cold & dry)

Needles have waxy coating to conserve water in winter

Thick bark to conserve heat Desert (hot & dry)

Succulents- store water in stem or leaves Spines- deter herbivores from eating them &

reduce surface area to reduce transpiration (water loss from leaf)

Deciduous forest (cool, dry winters) Drop leaves to prevent water loss

Rainforest (shady under canopy) Large broad leaves to catch sunlight that filters thru

canopy Drip tips to prevent excess water & mold

Grassland (sunny, fire prone) Roots create a mat under soil & go on for miles,

regenerate quickly after fire Some trees need heat from fire to open up seed

cones

INTERNAL INFLUENCES

How are plant behaviors controlled internally?

Hormones- send messages thru plant to illicit responses Gibberelins- stimulate growth in

stem (pushes flowers up in air to attract pollinators)

Auxins- controls when leaf & fruit fall off tree

Component of Agent Orange- made leaves fall off trees so enemy easier to see.

Ethylene gas- controls ripening of fruit & flowers

“one bad apple spoils the bunch” Fruit farmers use ethylene blankets

to absorb ethylene to keep fruit from spoiling on way to store