Kingdom Plantae

Plant Characteristics

• Eukaryotic• Multicellular• Cell walls made of cellulose• Develop from multicellular embryos• Carry out photosynthesis• Contain chlorophyll a & b• Reproduce by alternation of

generations

Plant Adaptations to Land

Problems:• Need

minerals

• Gravity• Increase in

Height for Light

• Adaptations for Drier environment

• Reproduction

Solutions:• Roots absorb H2O &

minerals• Lignin & cellulose in

cell walls• Vascular Transport

System• Waxy cuticle &

stomata with guard cells

• Pollen containing sperm

Parts of a Leaf

What do plants need to survive?

CO2O2

Plant Evolution

• First plants evolved from organisms similar to today’s multicellular green algae.(from kingdom protista)

Bryophytes

• Life cycle that depends on water so the sperm can swim to the egg.

• Lack vascular tissue, so they obtain water through osmosis (this limits their height)

• Includes mosses, liverworts, & hornworts

Tracheophytes: seedless vascular plants

• Includes club mosses, horsetails and ferns• Tracheid: new cell type that specializes in

water transport.-Hollow cells with thick walls that resist pressure.

• Xylem: primary fluid transport• Phloem: transport nutrients and carbs

Tracheophytes

• Seedless vascular plants• Contain xylem & phloem (vascular

tissue)– Xylem – carries water up from the roots– Phloem – transports products of

photosynthesis

Tracheophytes

• Have roots, stems, and leaves with veins

• Include club mosses, horsetails, and ferns.

• Ferns have rhizomes & fronds with sori– Rhizomes – fern stems– Fronds – fern leaves– Sori – fern spores

Spermatophytes

• Seed Plants• Have adaptations that allow them to

reproduce without water– Flowers or cones– Transfer of sperm by pollination– Protection of embryos in seeds

• Two types:– Gymnosperms– Angiosperms

Gymnosperms

• Bear their seeds directly on the surface of cones

• Means “naked seeds”• Include conifers, ginkgo, cycads, and

gnetophytes

Angiosperms

• Flowering plants• Bear seeds within ovaries which

surround and protect the seed.• Two types:

– Monocot– Dicot

Monocots

• All monocots have the following characteristics:– Single cotyledon – seed leaf– Parallel veins– Flower petals in multiples of 3– Vascular tissue scattered throughout

the stem– Fibrous roots

Dicots

• All dicots have the following characteristics:– Double cotyledon seeds– Branched veins– Flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5– Vascular tissue arranged in a ring– Taproot

Angiosperm Life Spans

• Annuals – complete life cycle in one growing season

• Biennials – complete life cycle in two years– First year: grow roots, short stems and

sometimes leaves– Second year: grow new stems, leaves,

produce flowers and seeds• Perennials – live many years

Plant Structure

• Flower– Male reproductive structures - Stamen– Female reproductive structures -

Carpal

Root Function

• Anchor plant to the ground• Absorb water and dissolved

nutrients from the soil– Water – through root pressure– Nutrients – through active transport

Types of Roots

Fibrous: root formed in bundles where it is not possible to determine the primary root.Cauline: roots that shoot from the stem.Tubercular: root in the form of a tubercle.Taproot: root that grows vertically into the earth.

Plant Growth

• Most plants grow and produce new cells at the tips of their roots and stems for as long as they live.– Meristematic tissue – cluster of tissue

responsible for continuing growth throughout the plant’s lifetime.