Kingdoms and Domains

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

The three-domain system

The six-kingdom system

The traditional (now outdated) five-kingdom system

A.K.A. DOMAIN PROKARYA

One bacterium, two bacteriaBacterial Structure:A Typical Bacterium

Plasmids

Some bacteria also have a capsule outside the cell wall.

Bacteria

Prokaryotes – unicellular, no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles

Most heterotrophic, some autotrophic Most NOT pathogenic, many useful to us Mostly microscopic, but not all! Species are further classified into strains

Bacteria – Two Kingdoms

Archaebacteria – most ancient, found in harsh environments Methanogens – anaerobic, make methane:

digestive tract of animals Thermophiles – hot water: ocean vents, hot springs Halophiles – extremely salty water: Great Salt Lake,

Dead Sea Eubacteria – pathogens & all others Main differences:

Only Eubacteria have peptidoglycan in cell walls Archaea and Eubacteria have different rRNA /

ribosomes

Phylum Methanogens

To generate or produceMethane gas

Live in swamps

and in the intestinal tracts of animals, can cause gas

Generates Methane (CH4) gas from CO2 & H2S as waste product

Halophiles

Salt Lovers

Use salt to produce ATP

Salt Lake

Dead Sea

Geysers, Hot Pools

Phylum Thermoacidophile

Heat acid love

(Eu)Bacteria – Benefits to Humans

In the environment: Cyanobacteria make oxygen Bacteria in soil fix nitrogen for plants Bacteria decompose dead matter Bacteria form symbiotic relationships w/ organisms Bioremediation – bacteria can be used to clean up

pollution

Rhizobium in root nodules of legumes

Saprophytic Activity of Bacteria at Sewage Treatment Plants

Bioremediation & Decomposition

(Eu)Bacteria – Benefits to Humans

In the environment: Bioremediation – bacteria can be used to clean up

pollutionOil Spill – Bioremediation on Oil

(Eu)Bacteria – Benefits to Humans In industry:

Bacteria are used in the making of cheese, yogurt, beer, wine, clothes, medicines, etc.;

genetically engineered bacteria can produce proteins/hormones such as insulin

Cosmetic Treatment

(Eu)Bacteria – Benefits to Humans In our bodies:

The “natural flora” bacteria in our skin and digestive tract (enteric bacteria) keep harmful germs out & help absorb vitamins