Rick Aguilar, Director of Job Training & Safety
KMU SUBSTATION WORKSHOP
JUNE 29-30, 2016 OTTAWA, KS
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• Hazards & Safety Rules
• Qualified Personnel & Task-Based Hazard Mitigation
• Worksite Applications & Considerations
• Electric Arc Protection
• FACE Reports & Lessons Learned
• Electrical Principles
Ohm’s Law
Circuit review
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
HAZARDS & SAFETY RULES
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• Re-energized line(s)
• Induced voltages & currents
Magnetic induction
Capacitive induction
• Step potential
• Touch potential
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• Magnetic voltages
• Capacitive induction
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
Equal to the difference in voltage, given by the
voltage distribution curve, between two points at
different distances from the electrode
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
Voltage resulting from
touching a conductive
object that is connected
to a remote energized
component
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• OSHA Regulations
1910.269(n)(2)
• General. For any employee to work transmission and distribution
lines or equipment as deenergized, the lines or equipment shall
be deenergized under the provisions of paragraph (m) of this
section and shall ensure proper grounding of the lines or
equipment as specified in paragraphs (n)(3) through (n)(9) of this
section.
1910.269(n)(3)
• Equipotential zone. Temporary protective grounds shall be
placed at such locations and arranged in such a manner that
the employer can demonstrate will prevent each employee
from being exposed to hazardous differences in electric
potential.
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• Standards
IEEE Std. 1048-2003
NESC C2-2012
• Placement of grounding
sets for employee
protection
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• 512 Substations
512.1 General Rules
512.2 Working in an Energized Substation
512.3 Hazardous Energy Control (LOTO)
512.4 Batteries
512.8 Circuit Breaker Maintenance & Repair
512.9 Working in Transformer Tanks & Vessels
512.10 Work in Manholes & Vaults
512.11 Splicing & Terminating
512.12 Vault/Manhole Rescue
*Rev. 15, 2012
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• 507 Overhead Lines and Equipment
507.6 Working on De-energized Lines and Equipment
507.11 Stringing or Removing De-energized Conductors
507.12 Stringing Adjacent to Energized Lines
507.13 Grounding – General
507.14 Equal Potential Grounding
• 509 Underground Lines and Equipment
509.5 Work on De-energized Cables
509.7 Grounding – URD Circuits
*Rev. 15, 2012
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
Nominal voltage to ground
Minimum Clear Distance for Condition 1,2
Condition A Condition B Condition C
m ft m ft m ft
601-2500 V 0.9 3.0 1.2 4.0 1.5 5.0
2501-9000 V 1.2 4.0 1.5 5.0 1.8 6.0
9001 V-25 kV 1.5 5.0 1.8 6.0 2.8 9.0
Over 25-75 kV3 1.8 6.0 2.5 8.0 3.0 10.0
Above 75 kV3 2.5 8.0 3.0 10.0 3.7 12.0
*Table 512.1. Minimum Depth of Clear Working Space
at Electric Equipment, Over 600 V
APPA Safety Manual 15th Ed. pg. 233
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
Nominal voltage (kV)
Phase-to-Phase
Distance
Phase-to-Ground Phase-to-Phase
m ft m ft
0.050 to 0.300 2 Avoid Contact Avoid Contact
0.301 to 0.750 0.33 1.09 0.33 1.09
0.751 to 5.0 0.63 2.07 0.63 2.07
5.1 to 15.0 0.65 2.14 0.68 2.24
15.1 to 36.0 0.77 2.53 0.89 2.92
36.1 to 46.0 0.84 2.76 0.98 3.22
46.1 to 72.5 1.00 3.29 1.20 3.94
Table R-6
Alternative Minimum Approach Distances for Voltages of 72.5 kV and less 1
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
Altitude above
sea level (m)
Correction
Factor
0 to 900 1.00
901 to 1,200 1.02
1,201 to 1,500 1.05
1,501 to 1,800 1.08
1,801 to 2,100 1.11
2,101 to 2,400 1.14
2,401 to 2,700 1.17
2,701 to 3,000 1.20
3,001 to 3,600 1.25
3,601 to 4,200 1.30
4,201 to 4,800 1.35
4,801 to 5,400 1.39
5,401 to 6,000 1.44
Table R-5 Altitude
Correction Factor
Multiply distances from
Table R-6 with correction
factor corresponding to
altitude of work
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
QUALIFIED PERSONNEL & TASK-
BASED HAZARD MITIGATION
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• One who has received training in and has
demonstrated skills and knowledge in the construction
and operation of electrical equipment and installation
and the hazards involved.
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• One who has the skill and knowledge related
to the construction and operation of the
electrical equipment and installations and has
received safety training to recognize and
avoid the hazards involved.
May be considered qualified with respect to
certain equipment & method but still
unqualified for others.
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• Employer must provide the employee in charge with
all available information that relates to the
determination of existing characteristics and conditions under §§1910.269(a)(4) and 1926.950(d):
• Employer shall ensure employee in charge conducts
a job briefing
Information on existing characteristics
Information about existing conditions
§§1910.269(c)(1)(i) & 1926.952(a)(1)
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
Employer to employee in charge, employee in
charge to coworkers
• Hazards associated with
the job
• Work procedures involved
• Special precautions
• Energy-source controls
• Personal protective equipment requirements
§§1910.269(c)(1)(ii) & 1926.952(a)(2)(b)
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
Number of briefings
• At least one before
each day or shift
• When there
significant changes
§§1910.269(c)(3) & 1926.952(a)(2)(c)
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
Short discussion
• Satisfactory if the work involved is routine
Detailed discussion
• If work is particularly hazardous, or
• If employees cannot be expected to recognize and
avoid the hazards involved
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• Isolate – not able to
contact energized part
• Insulate – same
principle used with
energized work
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• Magnetic voltages
• Capacitive induction
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• Key is to place worker in parallel with low resistance path to shunt dangerous current & limit voltage across worker.
• Return path considerations System neutral
Ground rod
• Approved ground clams, jumpers ≥ #2 copper, clean surfaces
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
ELECTRIC ARC PROTECTION
Subtitle
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• Outer layer of clothing must be arc-rated for
incident energy exceeding 2.0 cal/cm2
• Arc-rated protection must cover entire body,
with certain exceptions:
Protection for hands (rubber gloves with protectors
or, for exposures ≤ 14 cal/cm2, heavy-duty (12oz)
leather work gloves)
Protection for feet (heavy work shoes or boots)
Protection for the head under certain conditions
§1910.269(l)(8) & §1926.960(g)
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
Federal Register pg. 20489
§1910.269(l)(8) & §1926.960(g)
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• Head when incident
energy is < 9 cal/cm2
(single phase), or < 5
cal/cm2 for other
exposures
• Hands when wearing
rubber gloves and
protectors
• Feet when wearing
heavy leather boots
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
Hazard Risk
Category 0Hazard Risk
Category 2
Hazard Risk
Category 3Hazard Risk
Category 4Hazard Risk
Category 1
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• 100% cotton long sleeve shirt
• Long pants
• Safety glasses
• Hearing protection
• Leather and insulated gloves (as required)
• Leather work boots
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• 4+ cal long sleeve shirt & long pants (or) coveralls
• Hardhat
• Safety glasses
• Arc rated face shield
• Hearing protection (inserts)
• VR gloves
• Leather gloves
• Leather work boots
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• 8+ cal long sleeve shirt & long pants (or) coveralls
• Hardhat
• Safety glasses
• Arc rated face shield
• Hearing protection (inserts)
• VR gloves
• Leather gloves
• Leather work boots
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• 25+ flashsuit w/ hood over long sleeve shirt and long pants
• Safety glasses
• Arc rated face shield
• Hearing protection (inserts)
• VR gloves
• Leather gloves
• Leather work boots
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• 40+ flashsuit w/ hood over arc-rated FR long sleeve shirt and long pants
• Safety glasses
• Arc rated face shield
• Hearing protection (inserts)
• VR gloves
• Leather gloves
• Leather work boots
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• Layering Outer layers must be flame resistant
Under layers must be non-melting
• Fit – Clothing shall fit properly (loose), w/ least interference
• Coverage – Clothing must cover potentially exposed areas (wrist, neck)
• Care & Maintenance Inspect before use
Launder according to mfg’s instructions
*Photo courtesy of Salisbury
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• Equipment exposed to electric arcs must
pass drop test post-exposure
• No requirement to pass an arc rating test
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• Assess worksite for hazards
• Determine appropriate
controls
• May use isolation,
insulation, and
equipotential zones
• Ensure no contact with
equipment and ground
rod
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• Stringing adjacent to
energized lines and equipment
• Placement of tools and
materials
• Worksite access control
• Ensure no contact with
equipment and ground rod
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
FACE REPORTS & LESSONS
LEARNED
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
• Inspections and P.M. need to be completed and
are critical safety element for personnel and facilities
• Control access and ensure personnel are qualified
for tasks
• Communicate PPE & MAD requirements with
exposed workers
Energized & De-Energized Work Procedures in Substations
KMU Substation WorkshopJune 29-30, 2016
Rick Aguilar, CUSP, PHR
Director of Job Training & Safety
Kansas Municipal Utilities
101 ½ N. Main
McPherson, KS 67460
(316) 293-6933
Serving municipal utilities for 85 years