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LEADERSHIPand
TEAMWORK
Rahmatina B. HermanBagian Pendidikan Kedokteran (BPK)
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas
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References
Northouse, PG. Leadership Theory andPractice. Response Books
Daft, RL. Leadership Experience. McGraw Hills
Teamwork Skills Toolkit. Griffith University
7 Essential Skills for Teamwork. Bellingham
Schools
Professional Skill. Legal Academic Skills Centre,
Melbourne Law School
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Definition of Leadership
Many different definitions
Can have different meanings for different
people
In the past 50 years, 65 different classification
systems developed to define the dimensions of
leadership
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..Definition of Leadership
Many definitions of leadership based on many views /perspectives:
As the focus of group processes (Bass -1990):
The leader is at the center of group change andactivity and embodies the will of group
Conceptualizes from a personally perspective:
The leadership is a combination of special traits orcharacteristics that individuals possess and thatenable them to induce others to accomplish tasks
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..Definition of Leadership
Many definitions of leadership based on many views /perspectives:
As an act or behavior:
The things leaders to do bring about change in group
In terms of the power relationship that existsbetween leaders and followers:
Leaders have power and wield it to effect change in
others
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..Definition of Leadership
Many definitions of leadership based on many views /perspectives:
As an instrument of goal achievement and meettheir needs:
Leadership that transforms followers through visionsetting, role modeling, and individualized attention
Leadership from a skills perspective:
This viewpoint stresses the capabilities (knowledgeand skills) that make effective leadership possible
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Components As Central To
The Phenomenon Of Leadership
a) Leadership is a process
b) Leadership involves influence
c) Leadership occurs within a group context
d) Leadership involves goal attainment
Definition
Leadership is a processwhereby an individual influences
a group of individuals to achieve a common goal
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..Components As Central To
The Phenomenon Of Leadership
a) Defining leadership is a processmeans:
- It is not a trait or characteristic that resides in
leader, but it is a transactional event that occurs
between the leader and followers
- Process implies that a leader affects and is
affectedby followers
- The leadership is not a linear, one way event,
but rather an interactive event
- Leadership becomes available to everyone
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..Components As Central To
The Phenomenon Of Leadership
b) Leadership involves influence:
- It is concerned with how the leader affects
followers
- Influence is the sine qua non of leadership
- Without influence, leadership does not exist
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..Components As Central To
The Phenomenon Of Leadership
c) Leadership occurs in groups:
- Leadership involves influencing a group of
individuals who have a common purpose
- It can be small task group, community group,
or large group encompassing an entire organization
- Leadership training programs that teach people to
lead themselves are not considered is a part of
leadership within the definition
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..Components As Central To
The Phenomenon Of Leadership
d) Leadership includes attention to goals:
- The leadership has to do with directing a group of
individuals toward accomplishing some task or end
- Leaders direct their energies toward individuals
who are trying to achieve somethingtogether
- Leadership occurs and has its effects in contexts
where individuals are moving toward a goal
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Conclusion
Both leaders and followers are involved togetherinthe leadership process
Leaders need followers and followers need leaders
Although leaders and followers are closely linked ,it is the leader who often:
- initiates the relationship,
- createsthe communication linkages, and- carries the burden for maintaining the
relationship
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Even leadership are sometimes viewed as elitistbecause of the implied power and importancefrequently ascribed to leaders-followers relationship:
- Leaders are not above followers or better than
followers
- Leaders and followers need to be understoodinrelation to each other
- They are in the leadership relationshiptogethertwo sides of the same coin
Teamwork
Attention
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Teamwork
Teamwork is one of the most essential qualities for thesuccess of any organization
In the absence of teamwork, teams fail to perform to
the best of their abilitiesEach individual is assigned a particular task which
collectively helps an organization to achieve its
objective
Team members are responsible for ensuring that they
are performing as per the expectations of the company
and are delivering on the important parameters
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Teamwork skills
Capacity to interact and collaborate with otherseffectively, including in teams, in the workplace, and in
culturally or linguistically diverse contexts
Definition:Teamwork skills include the mix of interactive,
interpersonal, problem solving and communication
skills needed by a group of people working on a
common task, in complementary roles, towards acommon goal whose outcome are greater than those
possible by any one person working independently
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..Teamwork skills
Why the students need teamwork skills?- Working with people of different ages, gender, race,
religion, or political persuasion
- Working as individual and as a member of a team- Knowing how to define a role as a part of a team
- Applying teamwork to a range of situations, e.g.
futures planning, crisis problem solving
- Identifying the strength of team members
- Coaching, mentoring and giving feedback
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Effective Teamwork
Effective Teamwork is about Good LeadershipA good team leader should:
1. have the skills to create and maintain a working culture
that is positive to motivate and inspire the teammembers to get involved in creating an environment
where there is a positive approach to work, along with
high levels of commitment
2. not only focuses himself/ herself on the purpose and
direction of the team, but also makes sure that the
other members of the team share this focus
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..Effective Teamwork
A good team leader should:
3. have to be able to promote a high level of morale
amongst the team members so that they feel
supported and valued particularly useful forpreventing the bane of most office culturesthat of
backbiting, rumor mongering, gossip mongering, and
cronyismwhich can derail the efforts of any
teamwork.
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..Effective Teamwork
Effective Teamwork is about:
Effective Communication
Defining Clear-cut RolesCreating Procedures for Conflict Resolution
Setting a Good Example
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Principle of Effective Teamwork
1. While a team is formed, there should be a
clarity as to what the team wants to achieve
(objectives)
- The team as an entity should have clearly
articulated goals
- In the absence of an objective, the team
members may not be able to understand their
responsibilities, which can cause ambiguity.
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..Principle of Effective Teamwork
2. The team members should be willing to learnfrom each other
- May be some members who may be excellent with
the process, while some may require some timeand guidance, so it is essential that there is a
willingness to teach and learn new ideas.
- Team members should not be hesitant in seekinghelp from the senior members and the senior
members should in turn step forward to help the
new members.
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..Principle of Effective Teamwork
3. Two-way communication among teammembers about the roles that they are
assigned understanding and appreciation of
the effort- This is very essential as it has seen that a lot
of times when things do not work as planned,
members engage in a blame game- If members are aware about the challenges
involved in carrying out a task, they are more
likely to appreciate each other for their efforts
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..Principle of Effective Teamwork
4. While some control over a team is necessary, itis important that the team is given a certain
amount of flexibility in carrying out their tasks
- Too much of interference can affect theefficiency of a team and dampen the morale
of the members.
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..Principle of Effective Teamwork
5. Effective communication- Means that information is shared among all the
members of the team so that rumor-mongers
are kept at bay- Effective communication helps in making the
team members feel a valuable part of the
organization- Effective communication also calls for discussing
matters of importance openly so that everybody
is on the same page
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..Principle of Effective Teamwork
6. There should be an initiative to reward and
recognize team and team members who have
shown exemplary behavior and helped others
in times of need
- This will encourage others to follow suit and
act as a boost to people who genuinely believe inthe values of teamwork and team-spirit
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..Principle of Effective Teamwork
7. Healthy competition among team members tooutperform each other
- In the absence of a competition, the job may
cease to become interesting and monotony cancreep in, which again can be detrimental to a team,
so it is important that the team members are
provided with enough opportunities to grow in
their professional lives
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..Principle of Effective Teamwork
One thing that one should remember is:
there are no hard and fast rules about qualifies
and principles of a successful teamwork, butthere is a general consensus among researchers
thatthere are certain attributes which are
present in most successful teams inorganizations
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..Characteristics of Effective Teams
Effective communication and interaction:Face-to-face/ other modes of communication help to
- monitor group processes and dynamics,
- drive creativity,
- and enable productive work practicesMutual interest:
- focus on the interests of the group as a whole, and
- avoid personalizing problems or differences of opinion
Collective consciousness:
members perceive themselves as belonging to the group
even when the group is not together
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..Characteristics of Effective Teams
Mutual trust:- listen to each other,- respect contributions,- help each other to clarify ideas, and- show interest in each other
Cohesion:- group processes function smoothly without need for
intervention,- members are able to contribute equally to produce
something greater than the individual parts,- individual contributions are brought together seamlesslyand within nominated deadlines, and
- members feel they have learnt something from theprocess and from the other group members
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Essential Skills for Teamwork
1. Listening
2. Questioning
3. Persuading
4. Respecting
5. Helping
6. Sharing
7. Participating
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Process in Small Group
Forming:get to know each other, establishing guidelines, goals andprocesses, assessing and breaking down the task at hand
Storming:individuals assert themselves and develop preferences, with
arguments or disagreements potentially arising about howto proceed
Norming:work begins in a more organized and coordinated manner,
rules and processes are established and progress is madePerforming:the team as a whole focuses entirely on the task and itscompletion
Mourning
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Managing Group Dynamics
Key factors that contribute to a cohesive and productive
group dynamic:
Roles:
- The key to working well together is to be conscious of,
and explicit about, the roles each member will take on.
- When placed in a group situation with a specific task,
individuals inevitably take on different roles. It is
important to be up front about this process.
- Dividing up roles according to need and individual
strengths and weaknesses can help to ensure that all
members of the group make a positive contribution.
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..Managing Group Dynamics
Contribution:
- The management of who does what in a group can
make or break the group dynamic.
- Resentment often develops when members of a
team arent seen to be pulling their weight.
- This makes monitoring contributions, through
meetings and other forms of communication,
essential to the functioning and progress of a teamtowards its goals.
- A key factor in this process is seeking and providing
constructive feedback.
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..Managing Group Dynamics
Feedback:
- Good, constructive feedback is difficult to give; but it
is essential for smooth and productive (and
confidence building) teamwork
- The sandwich approach:
> Start by focusing on the positiveswhat was well
put, well argued, a good idea or a useful point
> Then point out faults or flaws, but tactfully, andwithout assuming that you have all the answers
> End with something positive
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Leadership and Management
Similaritiesbetween leadership & management:Leadership involves influenceas those
management
Leadership working with people, which
management requires as well
Leadership is concerned with effective goal
accomplishmentand so is management
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Differences:management versus leadership:Leadership produces change and movement
- Directing: - create a vision
- clarify big picture- set strategies
- Aligning People: - communicate goals
- seek commitment
- build teams & coalitions- Motivating and Inspiring:
- inspire and energize
- empower subordinates
- satisfy unmet needs
..Leadership and Management
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Differences:management versus leadership:
Managementproduces order and consistency
- Planning / Budgeting: - establish agendas
- set time tables- allocate resources
- Organizing / Staffing: - provide structure
- make job placements
- rules & procedures- Controlling / Problem Solving:
- develop incentives
- generate creative solutions
- take corrective action
..Leadership and Management
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Overlappingleadership & management
- When managers are involved in influencing a group
to meet its goals, they are involved in leadership
- When leaders are involved in planning, organizing,
staffing, and controlling, they are involved in
managements
- Both processes involve influencing a group of
individuals toward goal attainment
..Leadership and Management
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Why Teams Fail
There are many reasons why a team might fail toperform
Some of the most common are:
Disorganization, lack of direction or leadershipUnclear or conflicting goals and expectations
Fragmentation of time and competing commitments
Lack of motivation or dedication
Conflict
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Steps for Resolving Conflict
- Identify causesof conflict
- State their effecton the team and the task
- Negotiate a solution that suits all
- State steps to resolve the conflict
- Document the process- Seek mediation as a last resort
Above all, negotiate.
Separate interests from egos, and try to manage the best
result for all.Remember to turn disagreement into a positive attributeof teamwork.
Make conflict constructive rather than a personal attack.
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Tips in Resolving Conflict
Be proactive.
- Dont wait and see what happens.
- Find a way to meet face to faceeither as a whole
group, or with the interests of the whole group
represented.- Review communication and decision making
processes, and try a new approach if they are not
working.
- Reaffirm or revise group goals for the task.
Remember, when a single group mark is allocated the
task is also assessing your ability to work through
differences and work cohesively as a team.
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