DEVELOPING FAMILY EMPOWERMENT POST FOR ENHANCING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

(This Paper was Presented in the Poster Format, in World Congress of Public Health, Istanbul, Turkey, 29 April – 1 May 2009)

By Kuntoro, MD, MPH, DrPH1

Sunarjo, MD, MSc, PhD2

1Airlangga University School of Public Health, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia

2Indonesian Institute for Human Development,Surabaya  60286, Indonesia

(email : kuntoro1@indo.net.id )

Abstract

 Family empowerment post (FEP) is an integrated community-based organization  initiated and developed by people in the community.  Its core activities include health, education and   economic aspects. Those are components of human development index (HDI). This community organization is established to help the government to enhance HDI. 

 A case study among twelve FEP in five districts and one city, East Java Province managed by six universities  under coordination of Indonesian Institute for Human Development (IIHD) was done.

 The results show that nine of twelve FEPs  are formed through  four stages such as  socialization, survey,  small scale workshop, and  team formator selection. One year later the results show that in health aspect, the people have better understanding about  drug abuse, youth reproduction health, and good nutrition, In education aspect,  many children under five years old involve in early child education to  improve their growth and development while their mothers involve in life skill training about home industries that will support family income. In economic aspects, the members can loan money  with very cheaper interest for operating their small scale businesses. It is recommended to enhance the activities of FEPS  through guidance and empowerment by undergraduate students..

Keyword : family empowerment post    human development index

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1. INTRODUCTION

One of the population indicators is widely used for evaluating the success of human development is Human Development Index(HDI). In 1990 United Nations Development Program (UNDP) through Human Development Report Journal for the first time introduced a new method for measuring the result of human development by combining indicators of life expectancy, education, and income into composite index known as HDI (UNDP, 2002).

Human development is a process for extending the choices for people needs. Moreover, the people centered development puts the people as ultimate goal. Hence, the effort of national development is considered as a tool for achieving that goal. There are four aspects that should be taken into consideration in human development, productivity, equity, sustainability, and empowerment (UNDP, 1990).

To enhance human development index can be simply done by enhancing its indicators. Life expectancy at birth will increase when the concrete program for reducing infant mortality implemented. Indicators of literate and length of school attendance for people 15 years old and above will increase when the concrete program for alleviating illiterate is implemented. Indicator of ability to buy goods will increase when the concrete program for enhancing income is implemented.

A program that is designed by government sometimes can not be implemented due to lack of budget. Human development can not only depend on budget allocated by government. Basically, government, community and private sectors are responsible to any development in a country. In case of lack of governmental budget, funds can be obtained from people in the community and private sectors.The latter can be mobilized through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

The development of community organization is important to overcome human development. Traditionally, in Indonesia community organizations have already grown since Indonesia under occupancy of Dutch and Japan. These organizations successfully built strong solidarity among people under occupancy. During new order governance in 1967 – 1997 there a lot of community organizations. For enhancing health services and reducing fertility, an organization called “Posyandu “ or “Pos Pelayanan Terpadu” or Integrated Services Post (ISP) was built in every village. Formerly this organization brought a mission called “Delapan Fungsi Keluarga” or Eight Family Function such as . An ISP is organized by a cadre who is built by a midwife. However, gradually two of eight family functions were predominant, these were health and family planning. At that time the government concentrated to reducing infant and maternal mortality rates and fertiliy rate. Moreover, human development through family empowerment, particularly in health and family planning aspects, was considered to be paramount. Furthermore,

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through ISPs women participated in family welfare development movement,again in health and family planning aspects

Gradually cadres who involved in ISPs showed low performance. Most of them were classified to be low social economic status although they were volunteers. They needed money for daily life. When monetary crises prevailed in 1997, practically the activities of most ISPs declined, most cadres left them since they had to find money for survival. The activities of ISP only concentrated in health and family planning aspects and left other six aspects including economic aspects. The latter was important to provide activities that could enhance cadre’s income. Hence, ISPs declined their performance since they did not completely implement eight family functions

This regional pilot study tries to develop a community organization by reviewing the existing community organization such ISP organized by Indonesian Institute for Human Development (IIHD). This study is part of nationalwide pilot study coordinated by “Damandiri Foundation headed by Dr. Haryono Suyono, Former Coordinating Minister of People Welfare and Alleviation of Poverty, Republic of Indonesia. In 1983 when he was Chairman of National Family Planning Coordination Board along with Dr. Suwardjono Suryaningrat, former Minister of Health built ISP with eight family functions. He introduced “Pos Pemberdayaan Keluarga= Posdaya” or Family Empowerment Posts (FEPs). These community organizations have been implemented since 2007. Basically, an ISP in the past is to be revitalized or to be repositioned to be FEP today by a Non Governmental Organization such Damandiri Foundation. In 2006, the government has also launched a program called revitalization of ISP. This pilot study is considered as a complement of the program that has already implemented by government. This pilot study is an expression of civil societies and universities to support government in human development program.

2. MATERIAL AND METHOD

This study applied a case study procedure in 12 FEPs. Ten FEPs are located in five districts. These are Sidoarjo, Jember, Banyuwangi, Tuban, and Bangkalan. Moreover, two FEPs are located in City of Surabaya. Each of five universities in the districts builds two FEPs. These universities are Sidoarjo Muhammadiyah University, University of Jember, Ibrahimy Islamic Institute, Ronggolawe University, and Trunojoyo University. All FEPs in these districts were selected as samples. In City of Surabaya, two FEPs were selected as samples. Each FEP were built by Airlangga University and State Islamic Instute.

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To portrait FEP activities, a questionnaire has been developed by Damandiri Foundation. Two interviewers visited 12 FEPs through out January – June 2008. An interview was conducted to a chairperson of FEP and a coordinator in each university. The data obtained from questionnaires were analyzed descriptively by presenting tables, pictures that showed three indicators of human development index such as health, education, and economic. The meanings of tables and pictures were presented narratively. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of FEPs were identified and summarized They were used for improving current FEPs . Moreover, FEPs will be developed to be an effective and efficient FEP towards the enhancement of human development index.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Organization of FEP :

All of 12 FEPs have already had standard organizational structure. The structure includes chaiperson, secretary, treasurer and three divisions. These divisions include Health, Education , and Economic aspects. These aspects constitute human development index component.

Figure 1 Standard Organizational Structure of FEP

Process of Organizational Development

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Chairperson

Secretary

Division ofEducation

Division of Economic

Division ofHealth

Treasurer

There are four stages should be done in developing FEP organization. These are socialization, survey, small-scale workshop or mini-workshop, and team formator selection . The following table shows about fulfillment of FEPs in developing organization.

Nine FEPs under study fulfilled the four stage procedures for developing organizational structure. Only three FEPs did not perform small scale workshop. Socialization was designed to sensitize people and key persons in village level about the issue of family empowerment towards family welfare in order to achieve higher development index in village level. Socialization in City and District level was done by University Public Services Institutes that cooperate with City and District Government, Indonesian Institute for Human Development (IIHD) and Damandiri Foundation. Survey was designed to collect information about the potency of participation and the resources available in the village. The results of the survey were presented in small-scale workshop. Small-scale workshop was attended by a head of subdistrict, a head of village, and informal leaders that was facilitated by university. Small-scale workshop was designed to present the results of survey and to meet common perception and shared vision about FEP. The process was ended by selecting team formator. Usually three to five persons are selected. The chairperson of team formator is usually to be a chairperson of FEP. Then the team formator composed committee members of FEP. Furthermore, the committee composed organizational structure and its personnel and designed a short-term plan of health, education, and economic aspects.

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Table 1 Fulfillment of Procedures for Developing FEP

12 -12 - 9 3

12 -

Socialization stageSurvey stage

Small-scale workshop stage

Team formator selection stage

Yes No

Figure 2 The Process of Mini-worshop

Figure 1 shows the process of small-scale-workshop. One of the participants launched his opinion about FEP. Finally he was appointed as chairman of FEP. In the same day the official members were defined. This was a case in City of Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia. Usually a big city like Surabaya the people live individualistically. However, there are people who still hold the tradition of community cooperation and cohesiveness like in the rural areas.

The Area Covered by FEP

Since a FEP is a community organization that may operate in a bounded administrative area. It can be a village (in District) or “Kelurahan “ (in City), a hamlet (it is called Dusun or Pedukuhan in Javaness term), a subhamlet (it is called Rukun Warga (RW) in Indonesian term). Table 2 shows that most FEPs cover people in the villages (41.7 %), while 33.3 % of FEPs cover people in the subhamlets. Since the people in a village are more than those in a subhamlet, the problems are more complicated particularly in serving the people when the budget is limited.

Institution As Basis of FEP

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Table 2 The Area Covered by FEP

5 41.73 25,04 33.312 100.0

VillageHamletSubhamletTotal

Frequency Percent

Before FEP has been introduced, the programs for enhancing the quality of human resources promoted by Damandiri foundation begin with high school development towards nomited school both vertically and horizontally. Vertical nominated school means the program prepares the students to be more competitive in admitting university. The teachers were scheduled in clerkship program to high rank schools. They learned more about the good educational system. Horizontal nominated school means the program prepares the students will not attend university due to socio-economic conditions of their parents. The students were taught life and soft skill. They were sent to clerkship program to medium-range businesses. They learned more about enterpreneurship. This programs were done successfully. Based on this experience, when Damandiri foundation introduced FEP, the involvement of school is great. Teachers and students of high schools involve in FEP. The following table shows that most FEPs have basis of high school (83.,3 %). However, since Indonesia is the country that has the largest Moslem in the world, a FEP that has basis in the mosque is possible. Table 3 also shows that two of 12 FEPs (16.7%) use the mosque for their activities. Beside discussing religion, the members of FEPs also are discussing, planning, and implementing the activities that may enhance the quality of education, health, and economic status.

Table 3 Type of Institution As Basis of FEP

10 83.3

2 16.712 100.0

HighSchoolMosqueTotal

Frequency Percent

Administration of FEP

After mini-workshop, the official members have elected among people in the community, then the official members of FEP are appointed formally by head of the village in the rural area or head of Kelurahan in the urban area. Then a FEP is to be a community organization formally. All FEPs under study their official members have appointed formally as shown in Table 4.

Table 4 The Official Members of FEP Who

are Appointed Formally

2 16.710 83.312 100.0

NoYesTotal

Frequency Percent

Most FEPs under study whose official members are appointed formally by heads of villages (83.3%). Only 16.7% of FEPs whose official members are not appointed formally.

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As discussed in structure of FEP organization, all FEPs under study have complete official members. See table 5. The complete official members mean all members are distributed in all positions in the organizational structure that has already been decided during mini-workshop and team formator selection stages. These are chairperson,secretary, treasurer, heads of divisions of health, education, and economic.

A good community organization that executes the program and allocates the budget should have good accounting system towards transparanced and accountable organization. Only two of 12 FEPs have complete and regular accounting system (16.7 %). The rests have simple accounting system (83.3%).

University that constructs and supervises FEP has an important role in improving accounting system. Most universities that involve in the network system of Damandiri foundation have faculties of economics. Lecturers in these faculties can provide practical knowledge about accounting. In fiscal year 2009, each FEP may propose capital loan to the banks that have network with Damandiri foundation. Lecturers can teach how to prepare a good business plan provided by good accounting system that meets the conditions for obtaining capital loan.

A good FEP should have recording and reporting system. Since a FEP emphasizes three main activities such as education, health, and enterpreneurship. All performances should be recorded and evaluated. In educational aspects, how many school-aged people who are dropped out the school join a learning group type A (to achieve high school diploma), type B (to achieve middle school diploma) and type C (to achieve elementary school diploma). How many adult age people who are illiterate join illiterate control program. In health aspects, how many pregnant women who are doing antenatal care in FEP, and how many of them deliver their babies by

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Table 5 The Completeness of OfficialMembers of FEP

12 100.0CompleteFrequency Percent

Table 6 The Quality of Accounting in FEP

2 16.710 83.312 100.0

Complete and RegularSimpleTotal

Frequency Percent

professional medical personnel. How many children under five years old are protected against life threatening diseases by immunization and receive nutritious food. In enterpreneurship aspects, how many unemployed people join training program to achieve special skills such as baking, motorcycle mechanic, tailoring, handycraft etc. The training emphasizes how to make marketable product in small scale business. How many house-wives join training program of home industry so that they can support and enhance socio-economical conditions of households.

All activities mentioned above should be recorded and evaluated how far a FEP program achieves its objectives. The results are reported to university that construct it. Then lecturers in this university assist the official members of FEP to improve the program. Table 7 shows that Most FEPs (83.3 %) have recording and reporting system., The rests do not have recording and reporting system (16.7%). It is suggested that each FEP should make the activity flow chart, people to be covered, program achievement that should be displayed in a board as well as structure of FEP organization. Hence, everyone can see how far FEP achieve its objectives.

An operation room is essential for FEP in order that the official members gather to discuss about the program effectively. Sometime a community organization does not have definite operational room. In this case the official members use the private home of one of the members to discuss anything . Nevertheless this condition makes a community organization can not work effectively. The availability of operation room provided by FEP Board shows the existence of FEP. As shown in table 8, all FEPs have their operation rooms. The ownership of operation rooms vary. Someone donates his/her room to FEP, a head of village gives an operation room inside village office, a head of subhamlet gives an operation room to be shared with other community organization. It is usual in Islamic community, a moslem gives his/her house as charity (it is called “waqaf”) for community activity such the mosque, Islamic school, something like FEP. It is suggested that a mosque-based FEP may take this advantage.

A good administration of FEP may be obtained by providing essential office equipments. A locker is needed to file documents. At least there are office equipments that make convenient the

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Table 7 Recording and Reporting SystemOwned by FEP

2 16.710 83.312 100.0

AbsentPresent

Total

Frequency Percent

Table 8 Operation Room Owned by FEP

12 100.0PresentFrequency Percent

official members when they gather tom discuss the program, and to accept the members of FEP who ask about the program. Table 9 shows that most FEPs have standard office equipments (66.7%).

Figure 3 Office of FEP

Figure 2 shows office of FEP in City of Surabaya. Usually FEP does not have its own building for operating the activities. In this case, the chairman of Subhamlet provides the room for FEP shared with other community organization. In other case in District of Bangkalan, the head of village provides the special room for FEP inside the building of Office of Village of Telang.

In order to run FEP effectively, a standard office equipment is needed. At least, there are table, chairs, shelf to keep the documents as well as supplies such papers, pencils, folder. Table 9 shows that 75.0 % of FEPs have standard office equipment, while 25.0% of FEPs do not have standard office equipment.

Since, FEP is a community organization that is initiated and established by people in the community as well as serves people who need help particularly poor people, it is recommended that the official members continuously approach and assure people who are rich to donate their properties in sake of God.

Households involved in FEP :

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Table 9 Standard Office Equipment Ownedby FEP

3 25.09 75.012 100.0

AbsentPresent

Total

Frequency Percent

Since a FEP is located in a village, theoretically people who live in that village are the members of FEP. When the programs concerning health, education, and economic are exposed to all members of a village effectively, then a human development in that village may enhance HDI of that village. The following table shows the number of households involved in FEP.

The average number of targeted households is 321, its range is 56 to 1550. The targeted households are all people who live in the area where a FEP operates. When a FEP operates in the village, the targeted households are all households who live in the village. When a FEP operates in a hamlet or subhamlet, the targeted households are all households who live in the hamlet or the subhamlet. The average number of involved households is 145, its range is 25 to 350. In average, 45.2 % of targeted households are involved in various activities of FEP. An example, a household who has an under four year child regularly participate in early age child education program (PAUD). A household who has an under five child regulerly visits integrated services program for weighing and immunization. While her child joins PAUD, she participates in skill training program form income generating. The average number of poor households who are involved in each FEP is 117, its range is 25 to 308. In average, 36.1 % of targeted households are poor, or 80.7 % of involved households are poor. For these households, a FEP should take care them. When they have members who drop out the school, they receive priority to join a learning group program in order to get a diploma of elementary , middle or high school. When they have members who are adult and illiterate, they receive priority to join illiterate control program. When they members who are cateorized vulnerable group such as pregnant woman, child under five years old, elderly, they receive priority to join health promotion and prevention program. When they have members who are unemployed, or who have expenditure less than 1 US$/day, they receive priority to join skill training program towards small-scale enterpreneur.

They who involve FEP, they feel that the program is helpful. They want that the program to be intensified in fiscal year 2009. The official members also feel convenient to execute the program, they work enthusiastically. Several FEPs can save the budget funded by Damandiri foundation around five millions rupiahs or US$ 400 to be revolving fund. A poor household can borrow money without interest around five hundred thousand rupiahs or US$ 40 for small business in the market, selling the cake, garmets etc. The students of participating universities are recruited to be mentor for households who execute small businesses. They are selected from poor familes. They receive fund from Damandiri foundation one million rupiahs or US$ 100/year as reward.

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Table 10 Households Who Involve FEP Program

56 1550 320.75 461.65

25 350 145.00 116.45

25 308 116.92 113.49

Number of TargetedHouseholdNumber of InvolvedHouseholdNumber of Poorly InvolvedHousehold

Minimum Maximum Mean Std Dev

The philosophy of reward is to help poor student in paying one year tuition and fee, and the student is mandatory to guide FEP.

Evaluation the program

After one year, the program was evaluated. These are the results.

Only one FEP shows good quality of educational program (8.3%). Five FEPs show moderate quality of educational program (41.7%). Six FEPs show bad quality of educational program (50.00%).

Educational program includes building family planning activity in which FEP builds a family who joins family planning program in order to enhance the knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP) about family planning; building youth family activity in which FEP builds a family who has youth in order to enhance the KAP about reproduction health through enlightment; building elderly family activity in which FEP builds family who has elderly person in order to make elderly person feels convenient among the members of family who respect him/her; early child education in which FEP constructs family who has an under four child in order to develop a qualified future generation.

Table 10 Quality of Educational Program

1 8.35 41.76 50.0

12 100.0

GoodModerateBadTotal

Frequency Percent

Only one FEP shows good quality of health program (8.3%). Five FEPs show moderate quality of health program (41.7%), while six FEPs show bad quality of health program (50.0%). Non formal education in this program emphasizes the enhancement of knowledge about family planning, safe motherhood, elderly health as well as early child education, drug abuse, youth reproduction health, good nutrition for child. Roughly, they feel that their knowledges much better after joining these activities. Most FEPs that show moderate to bad quality do not operate or activate or coordinate the available programs in the villages as mentioned above. All FEPs operate early child education. Currently this education is the most popular one since it is institutionalized by educational law as non formal education for preparing children as earlier as possible to be future qualified generation.

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Figure 4 Education for Early-Age Child

Figure 3 shows the activity of education for early-age child. This is one of educational program. This is the case in City of Surabaya. The education is held in a building owned by a chairperson of Islamic nursery school. She is doing a good deed in the way of Allah Almighty. This education program open in the afternoon, three times per week. There are four volunteers as teachers. The parents usually donate around one thousand to five thousands rupiahs per visit. There are around 50 to 75 children. The money collected is used to pay the teachers.

Figure 5 Participants of Illiterate Control Program

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Figure 4 shows the researchers monitor the performance of illiterate control program. Around 15 adult women join the program. This program is designed to reduce the number of people whose age 15 years old and above who are illiterate. The success in the program will enhance the component of human development index.

Health program includes integrated services post that gives antenatal care, child development monitoring through weighing child weight; elderly integrated services post gives health services for elderly people; family planning post gives contraceptive services in hamlet or subhamlet level as part of family planning services system in the past in order to approach remote area; village family planning post gives contraceptive services in village level this is also part of family planning services system. The last two services have been developed since 1970s that brings Indonesia the most successful country in reducing fertility rate significantly. Damandiri foundation and its networks is trying to revitalize these institutions in the form of FEP that is more comprehensive not only gives contraceptive services but also gives health services, non formal education services like PAUD, and skill training services toward small-scale enterpreneurship.

Table 11 shows that most FEPs under study show bad quality of health program (75.0%). There are many health program organized and managed by community. The post popular program is organized by Posyandu (Integrated Services Post). These organizations have been existed since 1980s when the government at that time executed health and family planning program to reduce infant mortality, maternal mortality and fertility. This program has successfully reduced these rates. In the beginning of FEP program of health aspect most FEPs under study only activate and coordinate these organizations that exist in the villages. Due to limited personnel and budget of FEP, most FEPs have not covered most community health organizations.

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Table 11 Quality of Health Program

2 16.7

1 8.3

9 75.012 100.0

GoodModerate

BadTotal

Frequency Percent

Figure 6 Monitoring Child Growth and Development

Figure 5 shows the health-related activity of FEP in a village in District of Tuban. A cadre weighs an under five child in an integrated services post. This post in an integral part of FEP. This post is considered as a functional unit of division of health of FEP. In running its program, FEP does not build new post for health activity rather than reactivates the existing post In this post a mother who has an under five child receives information about serving the healthy nutrition to the child, disease prevention. For a pregnant woman, she receives information about antenatal care for detecting high risk signs and symptoms, maintaining good nutrition for both mother and fetus.

Since 1980s Indonesian government through two main institutions, National Family Planning Coordination Board and Department of Health has developed community organization called integrated services post (ISP). In the beginning these posts brought the idea of eight family functions, three functions are components of human development index, most functions are components of millenium development goals. In the course of history, only health and family planning services dominates these posts until economic crisis emerged in 1997, then these posts have declined its functions. Many cadres left these posts since they worked as volunteers with idealistic spirits in the past.

Today cadres face the challenged world order that makes them lose their idealistic spirits. They have to find job for only saving their basic lives. It is believed that financial crisis that prevails in the most countries today is phenomena of loss idealistic spirits. Hence, FEP carries a lofty mission towards ne world order in which the poor and the rich share three main components of

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human development index. They share their resources based on mutual respect. The most critical component is economic one. Most people do not want to share this component since it gnawings their economic resources. This mental model should be healed with religion spirit. A charity is long-term investment for the day after. Let refer to enterpreneurship program as shown in table 12. Most FEPs show moderate quality of enterpreneurship program (66.7%), four FEPs show good quality of enterpreneurship program (33.3%).

The most critical aspect of enterpreneurship is to provide loan capital. It takes time to change the mental model of poor people who have never operated business to be shifted to be enterpreneur. Although it is difficult but it is possible. Through learning process by implementing concepts of system thinking, shared vision, mental model, personal mastery and team learning something that is difficult to achieve, something is more likely to happen in the future.

Figure 7 Training How to Make A Cake

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Table 12 Quality of EnterpreunershipProgram

4 33.3

8 66.712 100.0

Good

ModerateTotal

Frequency Percent

A house-wife is an important component of a family. While a head of household (usually a man) are working to earn money, a house-wife manages everything at home, raising the child, preparing meals for the members of family. In a rich family there is no problem about the finance. However, in a family who is categorized as poor family in which a head of household does not earn enough money, a house-wife has an important role for raising fund. She can create a very small business activity without leaving the home. In this case FEP prepares a training for house wife and high school graduates particularly women who can not admit university due to financial reason. Figures 6 shows training activity in a village in District of Tuban. They join the training enthusiasticallly. They feel more beneficial to join the training. Some of them begin to build very small business. The products are sold in the small stores closed to their homes. Some of them receive order from families to make the cakes,meals for the parties etc. In order to enhance the quality of the products, students and faculties of Ronggolawe University that builds these activities are advised to help them in good packaging of the products, keeping the food hygiene, and a strategy of marketing the products.

Figure 8 Participants of Skill Training

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Figure 9 Housewives join skill traing of handicraft

Again, figures 8 and 9 shows skill training for making handicrafts respectively in a kelurahan in City of Surabaya and in a village in District of Tuban. These activities shows that the enterpreneurship program conducted by FEP are helpful for enhancing the skills of housewives, they may begin with performing very small-scale business activities. However, they still need technical and financial support in order to grow their business. The roles of students and faculties in participating universities in guiding them and the banks for credit loans is important to enhance economic component of human development index.

Although environmental program is not the component of human development index, it is the part of eight millenium development goals. This program emphasizes utility of environment around the home for providing various plants that are useful for daily life including vegetables as well as herbs. People can also utilize organic domestic wastes for producing organic fertilizers. Table 13 describes that one FEP shows good quality of environmental improving program (8.3%), seven FEPs show moderate quality of environmental improving program (58.3%) and four FEPs show bad quality of evironmental improving program. In the program, FEPs emphasize the utility of home yard of the members to be nutritional yard by planting vegetables such as tomato, pepper, spinach or fruits such as papaya, banana or herbs. The other program is to utilize domestic garbage to be processed to be fertilizer with simple technology. The main objective of these activities is to motivate the members of FEPs to do regular and sustainable learning process in order to change their mental model to be positive thinking to overcome world challence. They learn about utilizing limited resources to produce useful something that

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can support their lives. They utilize narrow yards surround their home to be good environment, and they use something unuseful such domestic garbage to be useful products that have added values. They utilize herbs as traditional medicine in stead of modern medicine to save their household budget.

Table 13 The Quality of Environmental Improving Program

1 8.37 58.34 33.3

12 100.0

GoodModerateBadTotal

Frequency Percent

Improving the performance of FEP

Almost all FEPs under study are nominated as semi-self-supporting FEP to self-supporting. There is no FEP that is nominated as Core Self-Supporting FEP. Moreover, the latter is a FEP that can raise and manage its own budget without any help, its official members disseminate the idea and mission of their FEP to other subhamlets, hamlets, villages, subdistricts in such a way that new FEPs have been established, and their FEP is considered as bench mark of FEP. Furthermore, a FEP that succeeds to be Core Self-Supporting FEP, it will be awarded in the form of fund for developing ten new FEPs.

The extension of the number of FEP can be obtained by enhancing the quality of FEP to be Core Self-Supporting FEP. If there are 10 FEPs are classified as Core Self-Supporting FEP, there will be 100 new FEPs. If all of these FEPs develop to be Core Self-Supporting FEPs, there will be 1000 new FEPs. The official members of FEPs along with community should hand in hand to strengthen the organizations. Full participation and commitment among official members and people in the community should be realized. A learning organization should be implemented in order to achieve good system thinking, positive mental model, high personal mastery, shared vision, and team learning. A FEP can be considered as a system in which its components can interact in synchronized, harmonious, and balanced state.

People who involve in a FEP should be all population in a defined area such as subhamlet, hamlet, village, the mosque and its congregations. They include various levels of socio-economic. There should be the members of community who are rich and they let their money to be invested in a cooperation. They only seek the mercy of Allah as investment the day after. The people who are poor and they have completed skill training but they do not have any fund to begin their small-scake businesses; they can borrow money without interest or with lowest

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interest. They begin to run their businesses under guidance of faculty members. A cooperation, as part of FEP activities, beside provides fund also acts as business center in marketing the products. As the income of members FEP increases while return of investment of FEP gradually increase, educational and health programs can be supported. Finally, FEP tends to be core self-supporting one. Hence, components of human development index are improved and human development index increase.

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Nine of twelve FEPs  are formed through  four stages such as  socialization, survey,  small scale workshop, and  team formator selection.

After one year in implementing the program, the people have better understanding about  drug abuse, youth reproduction health, and good nutrition.

Many children under five years old involve in early child education to  improve their growth and development.

Mothers whose children join early child education involve in life skill training about home industries that will support family income.

The members of FEPs can loan money  with cheaper interest for operating their small scale businesses.

It is recommended to enhance the activities of FEPS  through guidance and empowerment by undergraduate students. Moreover, the program should be concentrated to achieve better educational quality, health status and household economic.

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Reference

Kuntoro. 2007. Posdaya As Complement of Aware Village- Workshop of Universities Networks

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Kuntoro, Sunarjo, and S. Seijani. 2008. A Strategic Action for Overcoming the Aged in City of

Surabaya Through Family Empowerment Post. Supplement Paper. UNFPA Seminar. Kobe

Japan. November 2008.

Sulistyorini, L. dan Mahmudah. 2008. Pengembangan Posdaya Berbasis SMA di Kota Surabaya 2008. Surabaya. Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Universitas Airlangga

Suyono, H dan R. Haryanto. 2007. Petunjuk Pembentukan dan Pengembangan Pos Pemberdayaan Keluarga- Posdaya. Jakarta. Yayasan Damandiri

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