Growth Nutrient needs Nutritional concerns Feeding skills Food preferences Division of feeding

responsibility» parents» child

School and nutrition Eating Pattern Messages

Nutrition during Childhood

Growth

Period of _____________(until adolescence)

Wide variations expected in rate of growth, body size, physical activity, nutrient intake

Once established, growth percentiles should track for _________________

BMI-for-age, however, should _______________

Nutrient Needs

1-3 YO 4-6 YO 7-10 YO

Kcal/kg/day

(102 90 70)

Kcal/day 1046 1742 2279

Pro/kg/d 1.1 0.95

Protein/d 13 g 19 g 34 g

0.95

Nutrient Needs

1-3 YO 4-8 YO 9-13 YO

Iron

Fiber

Zinc

Folic acid

Vit. D*

Calcium*

Vit. E

7 mg 10 mg 8 mg

19 g 25 g 31/26 g

3 mg

150 μg 200 μg

600 IU 600 IU 600 IU

5 mg 8 mg

300 μg

700 mg 1000 mg 1300 mg

6 mg 7 mg 11 mg

*National Academy of Sciences. (2011) Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D, Institute of Medicine, November 2010. See www.iom.edu/vitaminD for more information.

Nutrient Needs

Energy» varies child-to-child

and day-to-day Protein» vegan children:

Calcium

________» wound healing, appetite,

immunity, growth Trace elements, vitamins

Nutrient Needs

Fat» Do NOT» 1-3 YO:» 4-18 YO:

Fiber» 14 g/1000 kc»

Fluids» since 1970s: _____ vs. sodas

and noncitrus juices» only ___% of school children

do not drink soda!!

Nutritional Concerns

Iron-deficiency anemia»more common:

» physical and mental development

» immune resistance Dental caries

Constipation

Nutritional Concerns

Lead poisoning

Food security

Food safety» smaller body size increases

risk

Overweight/obesity» steadily increasing since

1970s

Predictors of Overweight/Obesi

ty

gestational diabetes __________ obesity early (<5.5 YO)» lowest BMI ~4-6 YO

low lower ________ food restriction» forbidden foods and guilt

Characteristics of Overweight

Children

taller “older” bones earlier sexual maturity risks for obesity

consequences (chronic disease)» Type 2 diabetes

concerns with dieting start ever younger

What to do?

seek energy balance» support innate food regulation» physical activity

change habits as a family

focus on ________, not weight loss

Stages of Childhood

Stage Age Characteristics Feeding

SkillsToddler 1-3

Pre-schooler

3-5

Middle Child-hood

5-10

Preado-lescence

~9-12

Feeding Skills

most skills mature by» cup management » finger (pincer) grasp» less risk of

able to cut foods by

Food Preferences

“I like…”» :-) – :-( – :-|

» single foods»mixture of» temperature»mild flavors» colorful!» familiar

jags and rituals are

Children will eat Children are capable of

Children generally react negatively to new foods but

Parents can either support or disrupt their child’s food acceptance and regulation

Both ____________ and ____________ are harmful

Division of Feeding

Responsibility--Facts

Parent is responsible for:

Child is responsible for:

Division of Feeding Responsibility—

Toddler+

select and buy appropriate food make and present meals regulate time of meals and snacks present food in appropriate form don’t be a short-order cook be realistic about portions don’t make dessert a reward keep mealtimes pleasant help child participate in meals help child feed if necessary maintain standards of behavior at

table

Tips for Parents

Miscellaneous

Vegetables» keep trying without fighting»model good intake

Adjust portion sizes smaller» ______ per year of age for f/v

Encourage calcium intake» remember alternatives to milk

Plan meals and snacks

School Considerations

Breakfast— Establish healthful lifestyles School meals» NSLP: nutrition, education

“Enemies” or “Allies”:» ____________________– competitive foods

» ____________________– follow guidelines

» ___________ opportunities– intake better if lunch is after

Recommendations/

Goals

DRIs for infants:» all are AIs

DRIs for other stages:»mix of AIs and RDAs

Healthy People 2010 goals» read lists in text

Eating Pattern Messages: 1-2

YOs

Encourage drinking from a cup

Let your child decide how much food to eat

Offer a fruit and/or vegetable at each meal and snack

Give your child whole milk until age two

Offer cheese, cereal, and fruit for snacks

Cut foods into pieces smaller than a dime to prevent choking

Eat meals together and talk

Eating Pattern Messages: 2-5

YOs

Switch to skim or 1% milk Let your child decide how

much food to eat Offer a fruit and/or vegetable at

each meal and snack Offer cheese, raisins,

cereal, and fruit for snacks Cut foods into pieces smaller

than a dime to prevent choking Offer foods at least 10 times

before deciding your child doesn’t like them

Encourage physical activity throughout the day

Eat meals together and talk