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8/7/2019 L2 Source_Composition_and_Properties_of_Solid_waste
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Solid Waste Sources andSeparation MethodsEnvironmental Engineering
Dr. Amirhossein Malakahmad
Civil Engineering Department
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
LO1:Describe the fundamentals of various disciplines ofenvironmental engineering.
LO4:Understand and apply the principles of solid waste management,and toxic and hazardous waste management.
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Unit objectives
At the end of this session you will be able to:
Evaluate waste sources and importance ofwaste quantities and factors that affect
waste generation
Calculate the waste generation rate andmaterials recovered from MSW
Conduct waste characterization andcomposition rate for future plans
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Sources of solid wastesResidentialCommercialInstitutionalConstruction and demolitionMunicipal services
Treatment plant sitesIndustrialAgricultural
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Composition of Solid Waste in Malaysia
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Solid waste composition dataComposition describes the individualcomponents that make up a solid wastestream and their relative distribution, usuallybased by percent by weight.Information on the composition of solid
wastes is important in evaluating equipmentneeds, system and management programand future plans.
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How to determine the solidwaste composition?
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Composition determination of the ofresidential MSW
Unloading and analyzing a largequantity of weekdayresidential waste ina controlled areathat is isolated fromwinds.
To obtain a sample for analysis, theload is first quartered. One part is thenselected for additional quartering until asample size of about 100 kg is obtained.
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Solid WasteCharacterization andRecycling Potentialfor UniversityTechnologyPETRONAS
Academic Buildings
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Volume and weight measurement
The use of volume as a measure of quantity canbe misleading because of degree of compaction.
To avoid confusion, solid waste quantitiesshould be expressed in terms of weight.
Highway limits restricted by weight rather thanvolume.
Weight and volume are equally important to thecapacity of landfill.
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Units of expression for SW quantities
Residential.kg/capita.d
Commercial.Quantity generated to number of costumer ormoney value of sales
Industrial.kg/product
Agricultural.kg of waste/kg of raw products
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Methods for assessing wastequantities
Estimate waste quantitiesMaterial mass balance analysisStatistical analysis of measured waste
quantities
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Example 1:From the following data estimate the unit waste
generation rate per day for a residential area consisting of1200 homes. The observation location is a local transferstation which receive all the collected waste for disposal. Theobservation period was one week.
Number of compactor truckloads = 9Average size of compactor truck = 15 m3Number of flatbed loads= 7Average flatbed volume = 1.5 m3Number of load from individual residents private cars andtruck = 20Estimated volume per domestic vehicle = 0.25 m3
Assume that the specific weight, .for compactor truck,flatbed truck and individual private vehicle are 300kg/m3, 135 kg/m3and 90 kg/m3, respectively.
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Compactor truckImage PreviewFlatbed loads
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Example 2You are assigned as juniorengineer in R&D department ofDBKL to estimate the wastegeneration rate in Kuala Lumpurfor possible planning for
implementation of recyclingamong the citizens. According toyour senior the completion of thistask should be done within twoworking days. Discuss andpresent you plan in the class.
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Municipal Solid Waste generation rates
Estimates of MSW quantities are usuallybased on the amount of waste generated perperson per day. If actual data are notavailable, the unit waste generation rates for
MSW can be found using reference tables forestimating purposes.
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Factors that AffectingGeneration RatesSource reduction and recyclingactivitiesPublic attitudes and legislationGeographic and physical factors
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Source reduction and recycling
Source reduction is the design,manufacture and packing of products withminimum toxic content, minimum volumeof material and or longer useful life.
Waste reduction may also occur at thehousehold, commercial or industrial facilitythrough selective buying patterns and thereuse of products and materials.
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Decrease unnecessary or excessive packing
burning-man-packaging-before
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Develop and use products with greaterdurability and reparabilityxserve
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Substitute reusable products for disposable,single-use products
IM00050103bad2
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Use fewer resourcesposter
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unbranded-garden-recycling-unitThe importance of MSW separationAn example from USA
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Material
WeightGenerated
Weight
Recovered
RecoveryRate
Paper/Paperboard
81.3
28.7
35.3%
Glass
13.3
3.1
23.4%
Metals
15.8
5.7
35.9%
Plastics
19.8
0.9
4.7%
Rubber/Leather
6.4
0.5
7.1%
Textiles
6.6
0.8
11.7%
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Wood
14.6
1.4
9.8%
Food scraps
14.1
0.5
3.4%
Yard trimmings
30.6
7.0
22.9%
TOTAL
209.1
49.3
23.6%
Generation and Recovery of Materials in MSW: 1994. (www.pneac.org)
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