Laboratory and FieldValidafion Report
February T993
O \ . / I \ . / I R \ D G F S
AROMATIGSe Benzene
o Ethyl Benzeneo Toluenet Xylene
- o t o _ @urlranEnuironmental
@ 1993, Gil ian EnvironmntalCorp.vkginia Beeh, VA 23454
Table Of Contents
f . S u m m a r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
l l . l n t r o d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3A. Background . . . . . . .3B. Determinat ion o f Sampl ing Rates Based on Es t imated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Diffusion CoefficientsC. Va l ida t ion Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
l l l . E x o e r i m e n t a l S e c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Ethyl Benzene Data.. .
Accuracy Calculat ions
-1
- l
IV
VI
vl t .
vil l
34IX
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(VUSO) qlleoH pue ,$a1eg leuorlednccA aql pue (USO;tt) L{}lBaH pue {1a;eg leuotlednccA
lo olnylsul leuorleN oL1 urqlu'A llal Jre luarqure ur ouozuog lo suorlerluacuoc lcrpard A;ele.rncce
se6peq !\AO rrr*UIViCVUI uerltC aqt leL{l a}ectpul synsal asaql 'fieuuins ul 1oco1o.td
slr.{l ur pa}BprlBA suorlrpuoc lle ssorce st Icelncce stql '%60'0- Jo sBlq ueaul B gue olog',
lo ( A C 6) uorlBrJen Jo luarctJlem ueatu B tlll/v\ %L', -l+ euelr{x )ol'o/oL'e- lo setq ueau B pue
%yZ to ('n C n) uorlerJB^ lo luorcrgaoc uBarlt e ql!/r^ 0/o6'L -l+ auanlol JoJ '%O'O Jo setq ueeu
epue%6'tJo('n'C'hl)uotleue,rJo]uatctgaocuBerrteLllll o/o?'e-l+ouezuaqlIq1alo1 'o/oLl'O
lo selq ueaul e pue %g', Jo ( A-O y{) uotlBtJe^ lo luatcqJaoc ueau B ql!^ %t'6 -/+ 'auazuaq rol
e.rein seFpeq rr,lUlV3OVUI_ uBlllC eql Jol Ice:ncce lleJo^o oql leql palectput sotpnls asaLlf
'Jor.llo rlcea 1o luauaar6e %g utqltll aJaA uotleJluecuoc paJnseaul
aql pue uorleJluaouoc palcrpard aql uaLl/rl paLlsrlqBlsa sen uorleJluocuoc anJl aq] 'esec
fuena u; 'suorlBJluecuoc ue1s,{s ,tJ!.ren ol Ilsnonurguoc posn se/r^ an;en 6utldtues se6 ctuoJ}cala
ue qlul qde.rOoleuro:qc se6 aurl-ul uy 'sanbruqcal crJlauJrle:6 0utsn Iltep petlt:an pue
pelBJqtlec aJal saqnl uorleatlJod 'du.rnd e0ur:Is e urorl pele:aua6 a:er* auelr{x pua 'ouanlo}
'auazuaq 1Iq13
'ueno uorleau::ad polloJluoc-o:nleraduel B [uor] peleraua6 sen ouazueg
'Jaqueqc etnsodxa ,tole.roqel crureulp e ur urdd O'g ol urdd 9'g 1o sebuet uotleJluacuoc
ssoJce lueur.leluoc oql sB pasn aJaa eua;Ix pue 'ouonlol 'auazuaq lr{q}a
'auezuog 'saqnl
;eocreqcldulnd pue sa6peq Z-W1O 4TUIVfCVUI uelllC pasn locolold fuoletoqe1 aq1
'abpeg Joltuoll:ode71
crue0tg rrr*UlVjCVUl uelllC aql Jo sJalauered burlerado pue acuBr.uJopad eq1 alenle^a ol
'dlo3 leluauruoltnu3 ue;1rg {q pesn sllnseJ pue saJnpaco:d aql lrelap u! saqtJcsap yodat slql
o
fueurutng
lntroduction
Passive diffusion monitors are air sampling devices that are very easy to use and require
litle technical expertise. They are used as an alternative to sampling pump and sorbent tubes
to measure time-weighted average concentrations of certain airborne gases or vapors.
Passive monitors, like any device, have limitations. lt is the purpose of this protocol to e
determine suitable operating parameters for which the Gilian TRACEAIRTM monitors can
function properly and yet meet the NIOSH and OSHA accuracy requirements.
Background
Mass transfer occurs via one of three mechanisms, natural convection, forced convection
or diffusion. An example of natural convection would be opening a window and allowing the
comoonents of the outside air to enter and travel across the room. lf a mechanical device
such as a fan were used, i.e. work, in the form of energy, is supplied and forced convection
occurs.
Diffusion is defined as the random movement of individual molecules by virtue of their
thermal (internal) energy. To be consistent with the above example, if a glass of a volatile
substance such as acetone were placed in a dish on one side of the room the acetone vapors
would diffuse into the surrounding air and eventually reach the other side of the room.
The mathematical models for convection are inherently complex differential equations
which require sophisticated numerical solutions. ln addition, many assumptions are required
to reduce the equations to ones that can be solved. Diffusion can however, be described by
Fick's first law to a high degree of reliability. For this reason, passive monitor sampling
devices were designed to work on the principles of diffusion.
TraceAir tlboratory Field Validation Reporv Aromallcs, Febauary 1993@ 1 993, Gilian Environmential Corp.
Paoe 3
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6ururnsse Iq uorssaldxe crelqeOle eldurs e ol pacnpal oq ueo uotlenbe lBlluaJallp e^oqe eLll
qlad uotsngrp aq1 q6nolql luatpe:6 uollBJluacuoo = Xe)e
(uc) q16ua1 = Y
(gtuc76ut) uolleJluacuoc = J
(7t!c) eele leuolloas ssolc -V
(uttuTTtuc) lualcqJaoc uolsnlJlp = Q
(urur76ut) uolpeJtp x eLg u! xn[ aAlsnglp = 11
(r)ftno="
elauat\ J
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se6 e 1o {lntsngtP eql 6urrno11o; eql ul uolleJluoouoc oql ol polelal eq uec Joden lo
It is apparent from an inspection of equation (3) that DA/L has units of lcm3imin; and has
been referred to as the sampling rate. Jx ,lhe diffusive flux, or the uptake rate, is a linear
function of the concentration. lf Jx is plotted versus dose, a straight line results and the
slope of the line is DA/L. The diffusion coefficient is a function of the molecular structure of the
molecule, the molecular weight, temperature. Since the sampling rate is proportional to the
diffusion coefficient, each organic compound has a specific sampling rate.
There is a close analogy between the diffusion resistance in a diffusion path and the
resistance in an electrical circuit. According to Ohm's Law, the Voltage varies proportionally to
the currentl. Setting this proportionality to an equality requires a proportionality constant
which is, of course, the resistance. A plot of the voltage versus the current yields a straight
line the slope of which is the resistance. Thus the sampling rate can be thought of as the
resistance to mass transfer. The sampling rate is the most important variable which affects the
efficiency of a passive sampler.
Determination of Sampling Rafes Based on Estimated Diffusion Coefficients
lf experimentally determined sampling rates are not available, sampling rates may be
estimated from empirical equations, derived from the kinetic theory of gases that have been
developed over the years to estimate diffusion coefficients 2. The Wilke and Lee3
modification of the equations developed by Herschfelder, Bird, and Spotz4 is the most
common method currently employed.
D o =$4s+yMwl (5)
MW = Molecular weight
ld = Col l is ion Integral
V2 = Mola lVo lume
Dg = Diffusion Coefficient
TraceAir Laboratory Field Valldatlon Reporv Aromalica, February 1993o1993, Gil ian Environmental Corp.
Page 5
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122.03- 5.07:J.C345+ y^
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alBJ $ullduigs poutuJalap Illeluaupadxa aLll lo uospeduioc V 'lalauilsop el,ll Jo olleJ 1^d aql
6urr*ou1 rtq palaurrlsa aq fgul olBJ OullduiBs aql 'ullou>l sl lualc4Jooc uolsnl1lp aql ocuo
Experimental Section
The cornerstone of the validation work is the dynamic gas generating system. ln order to
determine sampling rates, measure performance parameters, and determine the accuracy of
the badges, test atmospheres of known concentrations must be generated with a high degree
of precision and accuracy.
The dynamic generating system is shown in Figure 1. lt consists of five major sections:
1)the generation section, in which the vapor is produced; 2) the mixing manifold in which the
concentrated vapors are diluted; 3) the humidity generation section; 4) the exposure chamber
and 5) in-line instrumentation to verify the concentrations. The details of the system have
been described in detail bv G.O. Nelson 6 and Woodfin 7.
Figure 1 - Gas Generation System
TraceAir [rborato]y Field Validalion Reporv Aromatics, February 1993o'1993, Gil ian Environmental Corp.
Paoe 7
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Humidity Generotion
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JAIAUT
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oq ol Iltpttunl,l a^tlelal paltsop eql6uri*o11e oJololotll suollcos qloq qbnolql ̂ oU aql pelloJluoc
so1len alpeoN 'pessed{q ser* uoryod Jeq}o oqf 'sarJos ut sleqqnJcs Jale/h o/vq q6nolr.i1 uotuod
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'Jolejqrlec olqqnq JolBJqlllc
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AAol aql ol anp pasn alar seqnl uotleau:ed 'euezuoq lo asm aql ul 'durnd aOuur(s tZ rc eOnf J
uorleautad (; :spoqleur oA l lo auo BrA pale:eueO aq uec lueutueluoc Joden aql 'sluaulladxe
;1e og .ror.rd uolleluoulnJlsut r.lltl paUrJoA sem ,t1r:nd :ry 'uralsr{s aq} o} pognpoJ}ut se/v\ lte fup
'ueelo leql alnsuo ol uteaJlsur*op posn e:ar* lefup gueleOu;al e pue paq leocteLlc pale^llce
uB 'uo!]lppe u; 's.tossalduoc aoJl-llo orvrl 6utsn ualsrts atll ol paJa^llap sB/v\ JIB alnd
-tThe system concentration was verified with an SRI model 8610 portable gas
chromatograph with an FID detector and a six foot stainless steel column containing porous
polymer packing.
An electronic gas sampling valve was used to obtain four samples
each hour. The GC was calibrated daily. In addition six charcoal tubes were connected to the
chamber via a tube manifold. Flow rates were maintained at 50 cc/min +l- 0.1 with constant
flow orifices. In all cases, experiments were only conducted when the computed
concentration, the concentration measured by the gas chromatograph, and the concentration
measured by the pump/tube system all were within 5% agreement of each other.
TraceAir [rboralory Field vslldation Reporu Aromslics, February 1993o l993, Gilian Environmental corp.
Page 9
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TABLE -1 Desorption Efficiency Results(Phase Equi l ibr ium Method)
Spike #
I
2
5
A
5
f)
7
8
9
l 0
l l
I 2
l 3
t4
Average DE
Std Deviation
%cv
DE
L005
1.030
0.983
0.974
0.988
0.984
0.984
0.987
0 .981
0.985
0.978
0.980
0.946
0.954
0.98
0.02
2 .0
TraceAir lrborstory Field Validatlon Reporv Aromatlcs, Februaty 1993o1993, Gil ian Environmental corp.
Paoe 11
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ruodeu uotlBpilB^ ploH ArotBroqtl 4VaoErI
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9066'8r
a7t8€
OLL Z 6€'8€
Et €r 9v'68
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elsu (ultu)8ur1dure5 eutl
0rr89 66'009/9S 66 009719 66 000969 66'00991s 66'0
00€0€ 00'I0zn0t 00'I0810€ 00 I0zt0€ 00 I08zt€ 00 I
0019v z9'008t0t z9'009t8r zs 00629v z9 0jsnw 790
01882 0s'00810€ 0s'00nn97, 09'00€60€ 0s 0jEL\E 09'0
jztnr 09'00tE9I 09'00nz9t 09'00t Lnt 0s'0099nr 0s'0
(8u) (udd)ss€w cuoS
I I'68tI 8€8t'8€66 687I'EC
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TN'LEI I'6€9Z nE80'0tI I'I'
08t08t08t08t08t
092092092092097
0eLOZL0zL0zL0zL
E6n$nt6,E6nE6V
a
9'I
8'9
uorleutruJolao aleu 6ut ldueg z-alqe I
'Z alqel ul /v\olaq pelsll ale sllnsal aL{f
utut/ce 9'gt aq o] Illeluaulpedxa pautulJalap sei euozuaq Jol alel Ourldures eql 'uidd O'e
puB 'udd O'Z
'udd O'L
' udd g'O ara^ palsel suorlerluacu@ aqf 'saurl ]uola;1tp oorL{} }e Ltcea
O'suorle4uacuoc luaragrp Jno] ol posodxo oJaA sJolruot! o^U luot!rJedxa slql ul 'uotleclldde
pla4 OutJnp pelcadxa suotlaJluacuoc lo a6uel alll ssoJce luelsuoo aq lsnu olel Oulldues
oL{l 'octnap lnlasn B eq o} Jo}luotll antssed ar.{l lo} pue '^ldde ol it^Bl s,lcll JoJ JapJo ul
alea aatdwes
33.10 33.25 1.73 1 . 8 031.7033 .8635.80
33.70 0.7 2 . 1
l-.'",*" II Sampling Rate I
lffi c"t"ut"t"o II Sampling Rate I
tl ,*----l| 2 L8dt^lcohd Il 3 c f f i |I a crblEff |l s D i o m I
l 6 E o E d Il 7 E r y B m II 6 EthyidE Db.mit. I| 9 Hcd.m II lo lsmtAd. I| | | lsmt AlcdFl II 12 l*tyl 4c.ff. I
I r : tsoO,lyt ltotrt II la lsoprogtl Ac.i.lc II 15 irc.Ol O)o& |I 16 l'ldhyl Cc{colv. II tzuaMcn um II re urar I|
lgoclril |
I zord(l4 || 2t Fxyldr I
5 r oEoo
v.u) lo
I J 5
t 5 3
t 5 5
/ J J
I ) J
Average Std Dev %CV3 6 . 5 2 . 6 7 . 1
1 0 1 1 1 2
COMPOUND
TraceAh laboratory Fleld Validstlon ReporU Aromslica, Februa]y 1993@1993, Gil ian Environmmtal Corp.
Paoe 13
0.95 708900.95 680900.95 678800.95 725200.95 76666
3.35 860303.35 836203.35 844303 .35 830103.35 87090
3.35 1740003.35 1730003.35 1690003.35 1650003.35 172000
5 . 1
2 . 10.7
720720720720720
240240240240240
480480480480480
34 . l 833.2233.5432.9834.60
34.56 33.8934.363 5 . ) I
32.7834. t7
35.73 34.9535.7334.8635 .3033.12
2.002.002.002.002.00
164000r64000160000162000152000
3 . 1l . l
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aloul/cc O'96 sl eunlol lelou oLll 't66g'O st ;el6alut uotstlloc eql 'euazuaq jo asec oql ul
'sluolculeoc uolsnJllp pelBujllse
uo uotssncs!p L.lldap ur ue roj looqpueL{ s,A::e6 o} peJJa}oJ sr Jepeal aq1 lutod 6utptoq leuiJou
le aunlo^ lelou elll sr Z4 '(uorlceJolur Jelncalou eLll ]o uorlcun] e st pue) ;er6elut uotstlloc aql
sr Py 'lq6rem Jelncaloul aql q lAW uotlenbe onoqB eql ul '(untpau aql lo uotlcun1 e st setceds
e Jo luercrgaoc uorsnl1tp eLll) lB ut luauoduoc e to1 petltldutts ueaq seq uotlenba slql
,G/rttt't+zs')'t=*o (s)til %. + sv n l\r.il% + svn' t n' g - t o'zzl
'sluercrgeoc uorsnJjlp eleullsa ol posn oq
uec uollenba Japla1L.lcsJaH aql to uotlecglpout eal pue alllM aLn 'paqlJcsap Ilsnotna:d sy
lua!cuJooS uo!snJJro paleur!ls3
Capacity
Five OVM-2 badges were exposed to five times the TWA (5 ppm benzene) for eight and
twelve hours. As shown in Table 3, analysis of the backup section showed that no
breakthrough occurred. Therefore, the OVM-1 badge, with only one charcoal strip, is suitable
for sampling at least five times the TWA for benzene.
Table 3-Capacity Determination
Mass(ng) Mass(ng) E Time Average(Front) (Bkup) (min) Mass %CY
A:-:
Conc.(ppm)
5 . 05 .05 .05 .05 0
Conc.(ppm)
5 . 05 . 05 .05 .05 .0
273000254000255000266000286000
466000425000447000449000434000
ND 480ND 480ND 480ND 480ND 480
266800 5.0
Mass(ng) Mass(ng) E. Time Average(Front) (Bkup) (min) Mass %CV
ND 720ND 720ND 720ND 720ND 720
444200 3.5
TraceAir Lrborslory Fi6ld Validation Reporu Aromatics, February 1993@1993, Gil ian Environmental Cofp.
Page t5
ND - None Detected
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'7-211+L N -u Jo1 m .t+ aq lllM
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st lt 'lleuis aJe soldujBs eql puB u/nou)l lou oJe sacuerJe^ asJo^lun oLll uaL{M 'uolsn}Jlp
aSJoAe.i ,{q pepe#e ,{l1uecr1ru$rs }ou se/n ocueulJolod a$pgq alll leLl} aJnssg o} g(Oetru)
seldu:es lleus Jol sacueJagtp Jo lsol lecllsllels e Aq paz^eue eJa/v\ BlBp aql aceld lool
uotsnJltp osJa^al lt aas ol slnoq JnoJ lBuorlrppe uB Jo] Jle aJnd ol pasodxa ala/\^ seopeq aLll
pug llo pauJnl sel /r^olJ o]^leue aql 'sJnoLl Jno] lsJU otl] JoUV 'sJnoq lLl6lo lo lelol e Jo] pesodxe
pue Jaquleqc aq] ut poceld oJe/'A sabpeq oAU lo les puocas V 'sJnoLl Jnol Jol pasodxa pue
JaqueLlc alnsodxa aLll otut payosur aJa/rt sebpeq aAU 'uotsnJJtp osJaAeJ Jot lsal o] JepJo ul
'uolleJnles saqceoJdde luaqJos oql sB luectltu6ts ouocaq
osle ueo uotsnlJtp esJeAoU 'sarcods pourelal Iglood JoJ Ipelnotyed 'saJnsodxa /v\ol fua^
Iq perto11o1 aJB saJnsodxa lead Llorrl uaq/\ uelqoJd luecutuots e aq ̂Btrl uotsnJJlp aslo^au
+
uolsnulo as./a^e8
Table 4-Reverse Diffusion (Analyte 4 hours)
Chamber Mass TimeConc. (ng) (min)3.3 84490 2403.3 80660 2403.3 81470 2403.3 80600 2403.3 86550 240
Chamber Mass TimeConc. (ng) (min)3.3 78840 2403.3 82080 2403.3 76770 2403.3 77t10 2403.3 82780 240
AverageMass %CY82754 3.2
AverageMass %CV795t6 3.5
S^-
Table S-Reverse Diffusion (Analyte 4 hours, Air 4 hours)
Using a two-tailed t test and s=0.05, the critical values are + 2.306. By applying equations (6)
and (7) above, s =0.009 and tss;s=0.45. Since tcalc< tcrit or 0.177<2.306, it can be stated
that reverse diffusion was not observed within experimental error from this data.
TraceAir Lrboratory Field Validallon Reporu Aromatica, February 1993@'l 993, Gilian Envif onmental Corp.
Page 17
o
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aJeA\ sa$peq Jo los puocas aq1 '(pa1ere0r.rlelun) sJnoq gt JalJe pozlleue oJo/\A sa$peq
a^U ]slU aql 'slnoLl 1q6te -ro1 pasodxa elarrn se6peq I ]o slas aoJtll 'fuoleloqe1 eql seLleeoJ
ll er11lt aql Iq ptle^ aq 116r aldwes aL{} leLll olnsua ol sl I}lllqgls eldues eq11o esod.tnd aq1
t9
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Temperature Effects
According to the kinetic theory of gases, the diffusion coefficient D is a function of absolute
temperature and pressure by the equation:
g= 11312p1 (8)
The mass collected, however, can be shown to be independent of pressure. The mass flux is
a function of the diffusion coefficient and the concentration, or M=f(D,C). From the ldeal gas
law, we know that the concentration is inversely proportional to the temperature, or C=f(P/T).
Making the above substitution, the Mass flux, and the Mass collected are related to the
temperature by the following correlation9:
1t1=151121 (9)
This temperature effect is slight, resulting in approximately a 1o/o change per every lOoF and
can be corrected for during the calculations.
The temperature effects portion of the protocol was conducted by exposing three groups of
five monitors for four hours each at temperatures of 1OoC, 25oC and 4OoC. The data for the
temperature effects are presented by showing their effect on the sampling rate and are
oresented below in Table 7.
TraceAir Lrboratory Field Validation ReporV Aromatica, Februaty 1993O1993, Gil ian Environmental Corp.
Paoe t9
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Velocity Effects
Perhaps one of the most significant influences on passive dosimeters is the effect of face
velocity. lf the face velocity is too low, starvation occurs at the surface of the badge, and
therefore a minimum velocity is required for mass transfer of the contaminant to the surface of
the monitor. On the other hand, if the face velocity is excessive, convective mass transport
mechanisms become significant and the diffusion models begin to break down.
Many badge manufacturer's control the rate of mass transfer by employing membranes to
minimize or control the convective airflow. The Gilian TRACEAIRTM monitors do not util ize
membranes but control the convective transport properties by optimizing the L/D ratio of the
diffuser. In general, the L/D ratio should be approximately 3.0. An L/D ratio of less than three
does not reduce the velocity effects, while an L/D ratio above 3.0 increases the likelihood of
the molecule exiting the diffuser rather than entering. This is cornerstone of the TRACEAIRTM
design which does not require membranes or shields which can become clogged and which
can also reduce the response time9.
For the face velocity step of the experiment, two groups of five badges were each exposed.
The first group of five was exposed at 20 cm/s and the final group was exposed at 300 cm/s. A
special chamber with a greatly reduced diameter was used in order to allow this magnitude of
velocity to be achieved. The data for the velocity effects, and how it influences the sampling
rate are presented below in table 8.
TraceAir [rboralory Field Velidation Reporv Atomalics, Februsry 1993@1993, Gilian Environmenlal CorP.
Paoe 21
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S.=
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Overall Accuracy and Precision
As stated earlier, the accuracy and precision of passive monitors must meet the NIOSH
and OSHA requirements of +/- 25o/o al the 95% confidence interval. ln order for a device to be
a viable, useful product, it must meet this criteria across the full spectrum of conditions which
will be encountered in the field.
The results of the laboratory validation work are depicted in table 8. Exposure
concentrations ranged from 0.5 ppm to 3.0 ppm. ln summary, the data shows that the Gilian
TRACEAIRTM OVtvt badges show the mean coefficient of variatton was 4.6% with an absolute
mean bias of 0.17o/o. This results in an overall accuracy of 9.4o/o. The complete set of protocol
data is shown below in Table 9.
Table 9 - OverallAccuracy
Chamber MassConc (ng)(ppm)
0.50 146600.50 147300.50 152400.50 153700.50 14120
BadgeConc Average
0.53 0.540.540 .550.560 .51
0.56 0.520 .550.470.530 .51
0.53 0.55u . )o0.580.490.57
1 .09 1 .061 .051 .061 .061 .06
%CV BiasTime(min)
240240240240240
8.0) . t
4.07 .7
5 . 8t . 3
6 .01 . 9
0.500.500 .500 .500.50
0.520.520.520.520 5 2
L00L001 .001 .001 .00
31730 49330930 49326440 49330180 49328870 493
43450 72046290 72048150 72040480 72046700 720
3 1280 25030120 25030480 25030420 25030300 250
TraceAir l-aboratory Field Validation ReporU Aromatlcs' February 199361993. Gil ian Environmental Corp.
Paae 23
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Overall Accuracy Gharcoal Tubes
The performance of the Gilian TRACEAIR OVM monitors were compared with charcoal
tubes. This has been the accepted sampling method over the years. Five charcoal tubes
(50/100 mg) were connected to a sampling manifold. The flow through each tube was
maintained at 50 cc/min using critical orifices checked weekly for accuracy. The results are
l isted in Table 10. From Table 10 i t can be seen that the charcoal tubes had an M.C.V of 1 .8
and an overall accuracy of 14.4. The difference between 9.4 and 14.4 is that the experiments
were conducted using critical orifices. In actual use, air sampling pumps would add +l- 5o/o
error since this is the NIOSH accuracy requirements for personal sampling pumps.
Table 10 - Overall Accuracy Charcoal TubesChamber Mass Time TubeConc (mg) (min) Conc Average %CV Bias(pp.n)3 . 1 . 150 348 2 .7 2 .8 3 . 9 -9 .03 . 1 . 1 6 1 3 4 8 2 . 93 .1 . t 57 348 2 .93 .1 . t 47 348 2 .73.1 r57 348 2.9
I
t . )
7 .57 .57 .57 .5
15.2t5.2t5.2t5.2t5.2
24.524.524.524.52 4 5
.360
.374
.354
.349
.3 60
.891906.850.850.863
.3 80
.404
.369386401
5 l z
5 l z
J I Z
5 l z
3t2
348348348348348
t20t20t20120t20
7.3 '1.3 2.6 -2.7/ . o
7.27 . 1I . )
1 6 . 3 1 5 . 916 .515 .51 5 .515.7
20.1 20.521.419 .520.421.2
4. t )2 .9
3 . 8 -16.2
Absolute Mean BiasMean Coeffrcient of VariationOverall Accuracy
-5 .81 . 89.4
TraceAir L.8boratory Field Validation REporV Aromatics, February 1993o1993, Gilian Environmental CorP.
Paae 25
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The data were analyzed by a statistical test of differences to determine if the badge
performance was significantly different than the pump/tube performance. A t distribution is
used to test the null hypothesis that the two means are the same within +l- 95o/o confidence,
By using equations (6) and (7) and an s = 0.05, the calculated critical value is tss16= 0.45
(s=1.77). With ts1;1 = 2.0, it can be stated that the null hypothesis is accepted, i.e. no noted
differences between the two population means was noted.
TraceAir [.aborslory Field Validalion ReporU Aromatica, February 1993@l993, Gilian Environmental Corp.
Paoe 27
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Table 13 - Toluene Sampling Rate
Conc. Mass(ppm) Front(ng)
42 57000042 60500042 54400042 58400042 589000
Time Sampling Average Std. Dev(min) Rate
(ccm)
t20 32.37 32.24 1.3t20 33.45t20 30.10t20 32.51r20 32.75
480 33.19 32.51 2.0480 31.7 4480 2939480 34.47480 33.76
t20 33.08 32.45 L3t20 34.33r20 31.29t20 32.22120 31.33
t20 30.68 31.55 0.9t20 32.21120 30.62t20 32.71t20 31.53
27000002732000252 I 0002486000267t000
1365000l 3450001293000I 3320001291000
MassBack(ng)
I 19605 1 5 1479768056536
266t0109000297704394028760
t266045 820I 1200tt26012890
8937036080261004655029650
a-
4 .0
6.2
4.0
5050505050
9696969696
194 24t4000t94 2662000194 2548000r94 2681000194 2618000
2 .9
Average Std. Dev %CV33 .1 2 .8 8 .6
TraceAir Lrboratory Field Validatlon ReporV Aromallcs, February 1993o1993, Gilian Environmental CorP.
Paoe E
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Xylene Data
Gilian TRACEAIR OVM-2 monitors were used to empirically determine the sampling rate
for Xylene and is listed in table 15. Refer to the Gilian Technical Reference guide for
calculations using OVM-2 badges with backup charcoal strips. In addition, the desorption
efficiency for Xylene was also determined and is listed in Table 16. From this data, i.e. DE and
sampling rate, the overall accuracy for Xylene was determined and is listed in Table 17.
A=:-
Table 15 -Xylene Desorption Efficiency
Spike #
I
a
DE
.997
1.020
.942
.951
.973
.966
.958
.956
.955
.961
.9799
.9743
.973
.04
4 .2
J
+
5
6
7
8
o
t 0
l l
t 2
Average DE
Std. Dev.
%cv
TraceAir bborslory Field Validation Reporv Aromalics, February 1993Ol993, Gilian Environmental Coro.
)age 31
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Table 17- Xylene OverallAccuracy
ChamberConc.(pptn)
46.946.946.946.946.9
95.795.795.795.795.7
r03.2t03.2r03.2103.2t03.2
Mass MassFront(ng) Back(ng)
63623t 7s22678478 10643703178 4108591066 3154708053 7977
1328939 24136t220839 10963t406334 124841355050 264841432654 10805
28893t7 3217728546t5 330312698075 306072833573 245772945838 28087
Time Badge(min) Conc.
(ppm)
t22 43.8122 4',1.1t22 47.8r22 40.1122 48.7
120 94.3t20 84.9r20 97.8tzj 96.4120 99.4
240 100.9240 99.9240 94.3240 98.5240 102.6
Average %cv
45.5 -3.15 7 .7
94.6 -t.2 6 .0
99.3 -3.8 J . Z
190.8 2798632190.8 2845567190.8 2936484190.8 2963096190.8 31495t7
26034 r20 19.3945840 120 201.0315t2 t20 205.150654 120 209.824399 t20 218.5
M.C.V 2.30Mean Bias -0.09Accurary 4.70
205.7 7.8 A <
TraceAir lsboralory Field Validallon Reporv Aromatlca, February 1993O1993, Gilian Environmenial CorP.
Paoe 33
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Table 19 - Ethyl Benzene Sampling Rate
Conc Mass Mass(ppm) Front(ng) Back(ng)
Time Sampling Average Std. Dev(min) Rate
(ccm)
%cv
3 I 15300003l 13800003l 139000031 14700003l 15400003l 1780000
65 312000065 318000065 343000065 322000065 315000065 3210000
t24 6150000t24 6200000124 6240000t24 6340000124 6440000t24 6310000
29.6 29.226.726.928.529.834.5
29.4 30.530.2) 2 . 5
30.429.930.5
30.7 3t.430.931.43t.432.431.4
NDNDNDNDNDND
300004000030000300004000040000
9000080000
I 1000070000
I 1000080000
376.2376.2376.2376.2376.2376.2
376.2376.2376.2376.2376.2376.2
376.2376.2376.2376.2376.2376.2
1 02 .9
1 . 90 .6
Average Std. Dev. %CV30 .3 l . l 3 .6
TraceAlr Lsborato.y Fleld Valldauon Reporu Aromallcs, February 1993@1993, Gilian Environmenial Corp.
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Accuracy Calculations
The overall accuracy is a measure of the total error of the sampling device
analytical procedure. The overall system accuracy is calculated from the equation:
Overall Accuracy = 2 M.C.V. + ltl ( 10 )
where M.C.V. is the mean coefficient of variation, and b the absolute mean bias.
and the
M . C , V =l{r '-DCrt, '
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CV, = !L= coefficient of variation at concentration i.xl
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TraceAlr [.aboratory Fleld Valldatlon Reporu Aromsllca, Fob]uary 1993o1993, Gilian Environmental Co.P.
Page 37
= the standard deviation at concentration i where xi = badge- O
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, u,,.and lb l = - -L , - (12)
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x
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