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2018-19 Mr. Pravesh Saini Assistant Professor LABORATORY MANUAL 3CE4-21 SURVEYING LAB. B. TECH (II Year III Semester) Department of Civil Engineering Government Engineering College, Ajmer
2018-19
Mr. Pravesh Saini Assistant Professor
LABORATORY MANUAL
3CE4-21 SURVEYING LAB.
B. TECH (II Year III Semester)
Department of Civil Engineering
Government Engineering College, Ajmer
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PREFACE
For any Civil Engineering project like building a house, constructing a dam, laying
out a road, railway, setting up of an industry etc., the first requirement is to have a
plan/map of the area. To have a plan/map of any area, it is required to collect information
and data about the terrain as well as the objects present in the area by taking necessary
measurements using different types of instruments. Data thus collected are being
subsequently used to prepare the plan/map of the area. The domain of engineering which
involves the collection of field data and subsequently preparation of plan/map of the area is
termed as ‘Surveying’. Surveying is defined as the art and science of making
measurements of the earth specifically the surface of the earth. This is being carried out by
finding the spatial location (relative/absolute) of points on or near the surface of the earth.
Different methods and instruments are being used to facilitate the work of surveying.
Surveying is primarily utilised to fix the national and state boundaries, chart coastlines,
navigable streams and lakes, establishing control points, execute hydrographical and
oceanographically charting and mapping, prepare topographic map of land surface of the
earth, prepare plan or map of the area surveyed, collect field data, analyse and to calculate
the field parameters for setting out operation of actual engineering works. Moreover,
during execution, project of any magnitude is constructed along the lines and points
established by surveying. Thus, surveying is a basic requirement for all Civil Engineering
projects.
Based upon the consideration of the shape of the earth, surveying is broadly classified as
geodetic surveying and plane surveying. Most of the civil engineering works, concern only
with a small portion of the earth which seems to be a plane surface. Based on the purpose
for which surveying is being conducted, surveying has been classified into: control
surveying, land surveying, topographic surveys, engineering surveys, route surveys,
construction surveys, astronomic surveys and mine surveys. Engineering survey is of prime
importance consisting of three broad steps: reconnaissance survey, preliminary survey,
location survey; which helps in collecting requisite data for planning, design and execution
of engineering projects such as construction of highways, bridges, tunnels, dams etc. The
primary aims of field surveying are to measure horizontal distance, vertical elevation and
relative direction of lines by measuring horizontal angles. In the present day scenario, it has
become mandatory for every civil engineer to have the basic awareness of surveying.
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Identifying this need, the Rajasthan Technical University, Kota has introduced this practice
based course for core branch of Civil Engineering at the second year level for
undergraduate students.
The main objective of this study is to help students in gaining the practical experience by
exposing them to various techniques of field surveying. The students will have an
understanding of the concepts involved in the preparation of layouts, plans, maps etc.
In this semester, the present course on Surveying Lab plays a vital role for enhancing the
knowledge of an aspiring civil engineer. This lab course comprises of seven major
experiments which are intended to make the students to understand and gain familiarity
with latest surveying techniques. The study consists of Principles of Survey, chain
surveying, compass survey, Theodolite Survey, Tacheometric Survey and Total Station
Survey.
At the end of this course, a student should be able to appreciate the role of the surveyor in
the civil engineering industry: to plan and execute a topographical survey for engineering
development; plan, design and set out engineering works; manage, organise execute a
given task to meet specifications within a strict deadline and with team work.
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LAB CODE 1. Students should report to the labs concerned as per the timetable.
2. Students who turn up late to the labs will in no case be permitted to perform the
experiment scheduled for the day.
3. After completion of the experiment, certification of the staff in-charge concerned in
the observation book is necessary.
4. Students should bring survey field book and should enter the
readings/observations/results into the notebook while performing the experiment.
5. The record of observations of the experiment performed in the immediate previous
session should be submitted and certified by the faculty member in-charge.
6. Not more than four students in a group are permitted to perform the experiment on a
set up.
7. The group-wise division made in the beginning should be adhered to, and no mix up
of student among different groups will be permitted later.
8. The components required pertaining to the experiment should be collected from
Lab- in-charge after duly filling in the requisition form.
9. When the experiment is completed, students should disconnect the setup made by
them, and should return all the components/instruments taken for the purpose.
10. Any damage of the equipment or burnout of components (due to carelessness) will
be viewed seriously either by putting penalty or by dismissing the total group of
students from the lab for the semester/year.
11. Students are expected to prepare thoroughly to perform the experiment before
coming to Laboratory.
12. Procedure sheets/data sheets provided to the students groups should be
maintained neatly and are to be returned after the experiment.
13. DRESS CODE:
Boys - Formal college/workshop shirt neatly tucked in, and college/workshop
trousers, white / black / brown / tan shoes and belt, I-cards worn round neck
Girls - Formal college/workshop Salwar Kameez or college/workshop shirt neatly
tucked in, and college/workshop trousers, white / black / brown / tan shoes,
I-cards worn round neck
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3CE4-21: SURVEYING LAB (P-3)
Credit: 1.5 Max. Marks: 75 (IA:45, ETE:30)
List of Experiments
1. Linear Measurement by Tape: a). Ranging and Fixing of Survey Station. b). Plotting Building
Block by offset with the help of cross staff.
2. Compass Survey: Using Surveyor's and Prismatic compass a). Measurement of bearing of lines
b). Adjustment of included angles of compass traverse.
3. Levelling: Using Tilting/ Dumpy/ Automatic Level a). To determine the reduced levels in closed
circuit. b). To carry out profile levelling and plot longitudinal and cross sections for road.
4. Theodolite Survey: Using Vernier Theodolite a). To carryout temporary adjustment of
Theodolite & Measurement of horizontal and vertical angle: by method of repetition and method of
Reiteration. b). To measure and adjust the angles of a braced quadrilateral.
5. Trigonometric Levelling: To determine the Height of an object by trigonometric levelling: a). By
using Instruments in same vertical plane. b). By using Instruments in different vertical planes.
6. Tacheometry Survey: a). To determine the tachometric constant. b). To determine the horizontal
and vertical distance by tachometric survey.
7. To study the various electronic surveying instruments like EDM, Total Station etc.
One-week Survey Camp for topographic/ project survey/Contouring be arranged
before or after Term End Exam.
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Evaluation of Laboratory Marks
Internal Exams 45 marks
a) Day to day evaluation- 25 marks
The student should attend the lab regularly; if he/she is absent he/she will be
losing 2 marks for each lab.
The student should complete the program / experiment within the assigned time
otherwise he / she will be losing 2 marks.
i) Experiment result will carry 8 marks.
ii) Record 12 marks
iii) Performance and extra activity for lab development 5 marks
b) Lab knowledge Test (Quiz + Viva) 20 marks
A quiz may be conducted along with the internal lab exam and schedule will
be given separately.
The quiz may be conducted for 20 minutes. The quiz contains 20 questions
of type multiple choice. Each question carrying 0.5 marks
Viva Voce will be conducted during experiment performance - 10 marks
The student is expected to complete the assigned program / experiment
within 1 hour and the remaining 15 minutes will be utilized for viva voce
examination.
There shall be no supplementary exams in case the student fails to attend
internal lab and quiz exam as per schedule.
External exams 30 Marks
I. Experiment write-up (Quiz) - 15 marks
II. Viva –Voce - 15 marks
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CONTENTS
Experiment-1 Linear Measurement by Tape 8
Experiment-2 Compass Survey 11
Experiment-3 Levelling 13
Experiment-4 Theodolite Survey 16
Experiment-5 Trigonometric Levelling 19
Experiment-6 To study the various electronic surveying instruments 23
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Experiment-1 Linear Measurement by Tape
Object:- Linear Measurement by Tape: a). Ranging and Fixing of Survey Station. b). Plotting
Building Block by offset with the help of cross staff.
Equipment and Accessories:-
1. Ranging Rods
2. Wooden pegs
3. Arrow Heads
4. Cross Staff
5. Tape/Chain
6. Lime Powder
Procedure:-
Unfolding of Chain
1) Remove the strap of the folded chain and take both the handles in the left hand and hold the
remaining portion of the chain in the right hand.
2) Holding both the handles in the left hand, throw the remaining portion o f the chain in the
forward direction on the ground.
3) Now the ‘follower’ stands at the starting station by holding one handle and directs the
‘leader’ to move forward by holding the other handle until the chain is fully stretched.
Reading the Chain
Chain can be read from both the ends. While taking the measurement, observe the tag
immediately before the point to be measured. Then count the number of links in the forward
direction up to the point of measurement.
Folding of Chain
1) Bring the two handles together on the ground by pulling the chain at the centre.
2) Commencing from the centre two pairs of links are taken at a time with the right hand and
placed alternatively in both directions in the left hand.
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3) When the chain is completely folded the two brass handles will appear at the top.
4) Now tie the chain with leather strap.
Ranging
1) To range a long line AB whose length is more than the length of a chain or tape: fix ranging
rods at the end of the line AB, that is, ranging rods are placed at points A and B on the
ground.
2) The follower stands approx 2m behind the ranging rod at the starting point A.
3) The leader holds a ranging rod at arms length at C1, approximately on the line AB.
4) The follower then directs the leader to move his ranging rods to the right or left as required
till all the three ranging rods are in one line.
5) The leader then fixes a rod or an arrow or a peg in the ground to establish the point ‘C1’ in
line with AB.
6) Similarly, other points C2,C3..... are established on the line AB.
Perpendicular line on a chain line
Cross-staff is a simplest instrument used to draw perpendicular lines/off-sets on a survey line.
1) Hold the cross-staff vertically on the chain line at a point where the perpendicular has to be
draw.
2) Turn it so that one line of sight passes through the ranging rods fixed at the end of the survey
line. Looking through the other pair of slits fix the ranging pole at a required distance and
mark the point on the ground using either an arrow or a peg.
A B C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Figure 1 for Ranging
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Results and Discussion:-
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C D
B A
Figure 2 For Plotting Building Block
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Experiment-2 Compass Survey
Object:- Compass Survey: Using Surveyor's and Prismatic compass a). Measurement of bearing
of lines b). Adjustment of included angles of compass traverse.
Equipment and Accessories:-
1. Ranging Rods
2. Wooden pegs
3. Arrow Heads
4. Prismatic and Surveyor's Compass
5. Tripod
6. Plumb Bob
Procedure:-
Observations and Calculations:
A
C B
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Results and Discussion:-
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Experiment-3 Levelling
Object:- Levelling: Using Tilting/ Dumpy/ Automatic Level a). To determine the reduced levels in
closed circuit. b). To carry out profile levelling and plot longitudinal and cross sections for road.
Equipment and Accessories:
1. Tilting/ Dumpy/ Automatic Level,
2. Levelling staff,
3. Measurement tape/chain
4. Lime powder,
5. Pencil and eraser.
Procedure:-
1. Set-up the level at point ‘P’ near to the Bench Mark (BM) (the R.L of BM is given or assume
100.000 m)
2. Focus the telescope towards BM and bisect the staff correctly and take the back sight (BS) on
it and record the reading in the Levelling book.
3. Keep the levelling staff at a convenient intermediate point(S) and take the intermediate sight
(IS) and enter the reading.
4. Before shifting the instrument to the next station enter the last staff reading in the FS column.
5. Shift the instrument to the next station ‘Q’ and follow the steps from 3 to 4.
6. Calculate the Reduced levels by Height of Instrument Method and also by Rise and Fall
Method which can be shown in Table 6 & 7 respectively.
Observations and Calculations:
a) Height of Instrument Method:
Height of Instrument (H.I.) = R.L. of A.B.M. + B.S.
R.L. of a station = H.I. – I.S. or F.S.
Height of Instrument at C.P. (H.I.) = R.L. of C.P. + B.S.
R.L. of a station = R.L. of C.P. – I.S. or F.S.
CHECK : Sum of B.S. – Sum of F.S. = First R.L. – Last R.L.
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Table 1 To determine the reduced levels in closed circuit
S.
No. Station Sight to BS IS FS HI RL Remark
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Table 2 To determine the reduced levels in closed circuit
S.
No. Station
Sight
to BS IS FS RISE FALL RL Remark
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
b) Rise and Fall Method:
If the difference of successive observations is +ve, it indicates fall, otherwise it indicate
rise.
R.L. of a station = R.L. of B.M. + Rise or ( – Fall)
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CHECK : Sum of B.S. – Sum of F.S. = Sum of Rise – Sum of Fall
= First R.L. – Last R.L.
Table 3 To carry cross-section levelling
S.
No. Station
LEFT SIDE CENTER
LINE
RIGHT SIDE
RL Remark
BS IS FS BS IS FS BS IS FS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Results and Discussion:-
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Experiment-4 Theodolite Survey
Object:- Theodolite Survey: Using Vernier Theodolite a). To carryout temporary adjustment of
Theodolite & Measurement of horizontal and vertical angle: by method of repetition and method of
Reiteration. b). To measure and adjust the angles of a braced quadrilateral.
Equipment and Accessories:-
1. Theodolite
2. Tripod
3. Ranging rod
4. Pegs
5. Arrow Head
6. Plumb bobs
Procedure:-
1. Students are divided into groups. Each group does the prescribed exercise. Each student records
his/her own measurements in his/her field book.
2. Lab instructor will demonstrate setup and operation of the theodolite.
3. Using the provided transit or theodolite set up the instrument over a point (assigned by the
instructor). Choose four other different points around 3600 sweep. Use one of the chosen points
as starting point (as a reference).
4. Measure and record the clockwise horizontal angles between the reference point and the other
three chosen points with the provided instrument. Make one set of measurements with normal
scope position and another one with turned over (‘Plunged’) position.
5. Follow these steps when turning each horizontal angle:
a. Allow two persons at both the back sight point and foresight point to hold the range poles above
the chosen points.
b. Set the horizontal circle to 0º 00’ 00”
• For initial setup, align the upper motion mark and intermediate plate mark. While looking
through the reading sight, slowly adjust the plate until the view reads zero (see illustration
below). Lock the upper motion and adjust by rotating the upper motion adjustment dial.
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c. Sight the backsight using the LOWER MOTION
• Lock the Lower motion and adjust until the vertical crosshair splits the string line of your rod
person.
d. Turn to the foresight using the UPPER MOTION
• Unlock the upper motion and advance to your foresight point. Use the lock and adjustment on the
upper motion only.
e. Record horizontal angle to the nearest ¼ minute (15”)
f. Turn the telescope in “Plunged” position and back sight using the
LOWER MOTION
• Unlock the lower motion and turn back to your back sight point. Lock and adjust using only the
lower motion. You will notice your reading will not change during this step.
g. Turn to the foresight again using the UPPER MOTION, using the same instructions as before
to turn to the foresight point.
h. Record second horizontal angle, which should be double the first angle.
i. Divide the second reading by two (2) and compare with the first reading (should be within
30” of the first reading)
6. Choose a point situated well above the ground and with the transit or with the theodolite measure
the vertical angle between the horizontal plane and the top of the confederation building.
Note:
♦ Make it sure the instrument is levelled properly before measurements.
♦ Original measurements are to be documented (including a sketch) in the field book.
Observations and Calculations:
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Results and Discussion:-
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Experiment-5 Trigonometric Levelling
Object:- Trigonometric Levelling:To determine the Height of an object by trigonometric
levelling: a. By using Instruments in same vertical plane. b. By using Instruments in different
vertical planes.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the Height of an object by trigonometric levelling (Instruments in same vertical
plane)
Equipment and Accessories:-
1. Theodolite
2. Levelling Stop
3. Tape or Chain
4. Pegs
5. Plumb bob
Procedure:-
I. Setup the instrument at station P.
II. Perform all temporary adjustments.
III. Bring the line of collimation horizontal
IV. Enter the initial readings in the tabular form.
V. Swing the telescope and take staff reading over the given B.M.
VI. Swing the telescope towards the object.
VII. Release the vertical clamp screw, sight the top of the object Q1, and clamp the vertical clamp screw.
VIII. Read C and D verniers and enter the readings.
IX. Release the vertical clamp screw, sight the bottom of the object Q, and clamp the screw.
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X. Read vernier readings and enter in the tabular form
XI. Measure the Horizontal distance between the instrument station and the object.
XII. The above procedure will be repeated with the face right observation.
XIII. The average of the two observations by transiting the telescope taken with different faces will be vertical
angle.
XIV. Calculate the height of the top point Q1 from horizontal line (h1) and height of the bottom point Q0 from
horizontal line (h2) by using formula h = d tan α
Methods: Measurement of Height of an object when base is inaccessible
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Observations and Calculations:
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Results and Discussion:-
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Experiment-6 To study the various electronic surveying instruments
Object:- To study the various electronic surveying instruments like EDM, Total Station etc.
Equipment and Accessories:-
1. EDM,
2. Total Station,
3. Tripod,
4. Other available electronic equipments
Class Work:- Write short notes on different electronic instrument including their use and working?
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Survey Lab Feedback:-
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