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Labour Migration to Qatar: Process, Actors and Challenges Centre for the Study of Labour and Mobility (CESLAM)
•Migration Trends: Trends over the years Nepali Migrants Currently in Qatar Sector of Work Migrants and the Labour Force in Qatar
•Migration Actors: Social Institutions Government Institutions Private Actors Financial Intermediaries
•Process of Migration and Challenges: Process of Migrating from Nepal Challenged for Migrant Workers
Migration Trends
Migration Trends Over the Years
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, National Population Censuses, 1952/54, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011
1952/54 1981 1991 2001 2011Male 173,919 328,448 548,002 679,469 1,663,237Female 24,501 74,529 110,288 82,712 254,666Total 198,120 402,977 658,290 762,181 1,917,903
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
Total Number of Labour Permits Issued(2006/07-2013/14)
Source: Department of Foreign Employment
Labour Permits by Destination 2013/14
Source: Department of Foreign Employment
24.4%
40.6%
16.5%
10.4%
3.7% 4.5%
Qatar
Malaysia
Saudi Arabia
U A E
Kuwait
Others
Migration to Qatar1994-1
995
1995-1
996
1996-1
997
1997-1
998
1998-1
999
1999-2
000
2000-2
001
2001-2
002
2002-2
003
2003-2
004
2004-2
005
2005-2
006
2006-2
007
2007-2
008
2008-2
009
2009-2
010
2010-2
011
2011-2
012
2012-2
013
2013-2
014
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
245 505 477 1802
90308791 14086
19895
2685024128
42394
5589259705
85442
76175
55940
102966105681
90935
128874
Source: Department of Foreign Employment
Gendered Perspective of the Migration to Qatar
2006-2007
2007-2008
2008-2009
2009-2010
2010-2011
2011-2012
2012-2013
2013-2014
0%7%
14%21%28%35%42%49%56%63%70%77%84%91%98%
FemaleMale
Source: Department of Foreign Employment
Migrants in the Gulf and Sector of Work
4.4%
35.5%
26.5%
10.6%
6.1%
6.5%5.3% 5.0%
Agriculture Manufacturing, Mining, Utilities
Construction Hotels, CateringTransport Trade, CommerceServices Others
Data Source: World Bank, 2011
Migrants and the Labour Force in Qatar
2010 20130.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
10.0
15.713.4530816645693
21.0
Nepali Migrant Stock in Qatar
% of Population% of Labour Force
Source: World Bank
Migration Actors
Social Institutions
•Prospective migrants typically receive preliminary information from friends and family
•Use of social networks to inquire about job opportunities
•Choice of an agent and/or RA based either on personal acquaintance or on the recommendation of friends and family (usually returnees).
Aspirant and Returnee Migrants – Making Contact with the Person Who Helped with the Processing of Documents
How was the Person Contacted
Nepali Aspirant Nepali Returnee
No. % No. %
Already a Personal Acquaintance
25 34.7 15 32.6
Through Family/Relative 20 27.8 8 17.4
Through Friends 16 22.2 8 17.4
Suggested by Friends Working Abroad
1 1.4 - -
Through a Neighbour - - 10 21.7
Recruiting Agents/Training Centres
- - - -
Advertisement - - 5 10.9
NA 10 13.9 - -
Total 72 100 46 100
Source: The Asia Foundation, 2013
Government Institutions
Ministry of Labour and Employment
(MoLE)
Department of Foreign
Employment (DoFE)
Government Institutions
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
(MoFA)
• Negotiates labour agreements with destination countries
• Provides various services to current migrants through Nepali embassies located in destination countries
Foreign Employment Promotion
Board (FEPB)
• Development of educational material• Information dissemination and
awareness raising• Research and analysis on labour
market situation of destination countries
• Responsible for the management of the Migrant Worker’s Welfare Fund
• Assistance and support to relevant embassies for “promotional activities”
Government Institutions
• Trial and settlement of cases other than those punishable by DoFE
• Cases have to be forwarded by the investigation officers at DoFE
Foreign Employm
ent Tribunal
• Provide vocational and skills training, either directly or through affiliates
• Design and update the curricula for the various training courses
• Conduct research and analysis of the labour market situation
• Conduct skills-testing and certification
Council for Technical
Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT)
Private Actors
Recruitment
Agencies
•Intermediaries between the migrant worker and the placement agencies/employers in the country of destination•Around 760 recruitment agencies are registered with DOFE
Agents/Brokers
•Agents are generally the first point of contact in the labour migration process•RAs largely depend on individual ‘agents’ mostly unlicensed, to supply them with workers
Person Helping to Arrange Travel Documents
Source Nepali Aspirant Nepali Returnee
No. % No. %
Broker/Agent 60 59.4 37 72.5
Manpower 19 18.8 9 17.6
Relatives 5 5.0 3 5.9
Relatives working in that country
- - 2 3.9
Brother 4 4.0 - -
Husband 3 3.0 - -
Friends 2 2.0 1 2.0
Neighbour 1 1.0 - -
Self (No one) 7 6.9 - -
Total 101 100 52 100
Source: The Asia Foundation, 2013
Other Private Institutions
• Two day pre-departure orientation training course• There are 74 government recognized centres that
are mostly concentrated in the Kathmandu Valley
Orientation Training Centres
• Conduct medical check-ups for Nepali migrant workers
• Licensed by National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL)
• NPHL has authorised 179 laboratories to conduct medical check-ups for Nepali migrant workers
Medical Examination
Centres
• The migrant worker or the concerned RA is required to procure insurance
• Currently, there are nine insurance companies that have been authorised by DoFE to sell insurance policies to prospective migrant workers
Insurance Companies
Financial Intermediaries
Formal•Commercial Banks•Money Transfer Agencies •Savings and Credits Groups
Informal
•Family/ Friends loans•Local Money lenders•Hundi
Financing Migration (to the Gulf)
7% 2%
3%
3%
26%
7%
53%
Own SavingsSale of AssetsHelp from family members in NepalHelp from family members abroadLoan from friends, relativesBank loanLoan from village merchants, etc.
Source: NMS 2009 as illustrated in World Bank, Large-Scale Migration and Remittance in Nepal, 2011
Remittance Channels (from the Gulf)
4% 6%
4%
73%
9%
4%Brought himself/herselfThrough friends, relativesThrough hundiThrough money transfer companiesTransfer to own bank accountTransfer to other’s bank account
Source: NMS 2009 as illustrated in World Bank, Large-Scale Migration and Remittance in Nepal, 2011
Process of Migration
Decision to Migrate •Family /Friends/Community (Social Institutions)•Agents/Brokers
Migration Process•Government Institutions (MoLE, DoFE, FEPB, MoFA, CTEVT)•Agents/Brokers/RAs•Other Private Institutions (Medical, Insurance, Orientation)
Post Return •Government Institutions (DoFE, Tribunal, FEPB)•Private Actors (Brokers, RAs, Insurance)
Decision to Migrate
Recruiting Agency
Agent Broker
Labour Permit from DoFE
•Preparing Documents•Purchasing Life Insurance •Deposit into Welfare Fund (FEPB) •Medical examination
Demand for Labour
DoFE Pre-approval
Departure
Challenges for Migrant Workers
Pre-Departure: Challenges and Abuses before leaving Nepal
Lack of Information/Acce
ss
Financing
Migration and
IndebtednessBroker/
Agent/ Recruitment
Agency Issues
Policy and
Bureaucracy
Lack of Information/Access
Lack of awareness regarding the
recruitment process for foreign
employment
• Basic procedure for foreign employment
• Max fees to be paid to agency• Knowledge of various governmental
& relevant institutions and their roles (e.g. passport, insurance, medical examination, orientation training, etc.)
Concentration of relevant government offices in Kathmandu
• DoFE office only in Kathmandu • Pre-Departure orientation centers
concentrated in Kathmandu valley• Other pre-departure related services
(for instance, mandatory health checkups, insurance, etc.) concentrated in Kathmandu
Financing Migration and Indebtedness
High Migration costs
Many lack
collateral to
borrow from
banks/financial
institutions
Forced to borrow from
“informal” sources
often times at
exorbitant (often illegal) interest
rates
Pre- Migration
indebtedness
Data Source: World Bank, 2011
Agent/Broker
First PoC - Trust factor for potential migrants, ease of access
Often times unregulatedCharge higher fees no accountability
Deceptive practices vis-à-vis (Nature of Job, Non-existent “jobs”, Wages and Benefits, Food and Accommodation, Work Hours, Destination)
Policy and Bureaucracy
Policy bias against women vis-à-vis travel restrictions*• Must be 30 years
of age to migrate for domestic work
• Required to obtain a “guarantee letter” from the Nepali Embassy at destination
Restrictions encouraging “irregular”
migration (via India)
Bribery (“setting fee”) at the airport to travel without hindrance• “fee” ranges
between US$ 100-700
Post- Departure: Situation of Migrant Workers in Qatar
Legal Impedime
nts
Regulatory Issues
On the Job Abuses and Challenges
Legal Impediments
• Sponsorship system:• Workers “tied” to their employer• “No objection Certificate” (NOC) before
changing jobs• Employer’s permission before leaving the
country (“exit permit”)• Exclusion of certain groups of workers from the
Labour Law• No right to form or join trade unions• Labour Court System:
▫Lengthy trial periods ▫Fee payment requirement
Legal Impediments•Qatar has not ratified 3 of the 8 ILO Core
Conventions (i.e., C087, C098, and C100) •It has not ratified the International
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (1990)
Regulatory Issues
•Prevalence of contract substitution, fake contracts, non-native language contracts▫“free floating” visas▫“waiting period” for a job; on average,
migrants waited for 4.82 weeks before securing employment
•Violation of contract terms by the employer (often with impunity)
•Confiscation of passports by employers
On-the-Job Abuses and Challenges• Physical/sexual/psychological abuse• Rate of work related injury and work related illness
about 25.3% and 45%, respectively• Withholding pay (often for long periods), non-
payment, lower than agreed pay• Providing sub-standard housing and lodging for
employees• Overtime work without compensation• Language Barrier• Lack of information regarding workers’ rights• Additional plight of domestic workers (e.g. isolation
from other workers, often locked in the house, prohibited from contacting family/friends, etc.)
After Return: Problems Faced Post-Return
•Lack of awareness regarding▫Complaint mechanism at the DoFE▫Welfare Fund▫Mandatory insurance and the claims
mechanism
•Lack of remedial or compensatory mechanism for those with irregular status
Other Challenges
•Recruitment agency denial to compensate defrauded migrants
• Inability to secure employer compensation for work injury or death
•Challenges in securing compensation from Welfare Fund and/or insurance
• Issues with repatriating bodies of the deceased
• Issues with the DoFE grievance mechanism
Status of Complaints Filed at DoFE
2012/13 2013/14
Individual Institutional Individual Institutional
Total complaints received 1245 1060 899 1406
Complaints cleared for investigation 202 350 145 272
Cases settled by DoFE 0 39 0 45
Cases forwarded to the Foreign Employment Tribunal 164 14 107 5
Source: DoFE as cited in MoLE, 2014
Status of Cases Forwarded to the Tribunal
2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/140%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Cases Remaining to be SettledCases Settled
Source: Foreign Employment Tribunal as cited in MoLE, 2014
The End