Ladders and Scaffolds
New England
Roofing Industry
Partnership
Ladders and Scaffolds 1
29 CFR 1926.1050 - .1053, Subpart X - Ladders
29 CFR 1926.450 - .454, Subpart L - Scaffolds
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
References
SUBPARTS
X & L
2
After completing this section you will:– Understand safe ladder placement & use.– Know how to inspect a ladder for defects.– Know the basics of Subpart X - Ladders.– Understand safe erection and use of
scaffolding.– Know the basics of Subpart L – Scaffolds.
Training Objectives
SUBPARTS
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & L
Ladders not secured Ladder not extended 3 feet above landing Defective ladders Ladders within 10 feet of power lines Fixed ladders without fall protection 12% of OSHA citations for physical hazards
are for unsafe ladders or stairs. Most deaths from falls off ladders happen
from 10 feet or lower.
Ladder Hazards
Ladders and ScaffoldsSUBPARTS
3X & L
Access to the Work LevelIf elevation change is 19 inches or more and there is no ramp, runway, slope or hoist:
– Employer must provide stairway & ladders prior to work at elevated areas.
– Two or more ladders or double-cleated ladder if more than 25 employees.
– At least one access point between levels must be clear at all times.
Ladders and Scaffolds 4SUBPARTS
X & L
Basic Ladder Use Use only for intended purpose. Extend 3 feet above surface. Set up at 4:1 angle. Secure top and bottom. Keep top and bottom areas clear. Maintain 3-point contact.
– Cannot work off ladder unless 3-point contact is maintained.
Ladders and Scaffolds 5SUBPARTS
X & L
Basic Ladder Use Don’t move a ladder that is occupied. Don’t overload a ladder. Keep up inspection and maintenance. Don’t use on a slippery surface. Use non-conductive near electric. Don’t tie together to make longer. Don’t paint wooden ladders.
Ladders and Scaffolds 6SUBPARTS
X & L
Basic Stepladder Use
Do not use top step on stepladder. Stepladders cannot be used leaned
against a vertical wall, they must be opened and used as intended.– Use ONLY as intended by the manufacturer!
Ladders and Scaffolds 7SUBPARTS
X & L
3 foot extension above landing
Top end secured
Maximum extensionnot exceeded
Bottom secured
1/4th of Working Length
Ladders and Scaffolds 8SUBPARTS
X & L
Proper Ladder Set-Up
Can they be fixed?
Ladders must be inspected by a Competent Person.
Ladders and Scaffolds 9X & LSUBPARTS
Defective Ladders
Is this a citation? Is there a hazard created here?
Ladders and Scaffolds 10X & LSUBPARTS
Access to the Roof
What is done right here? What could be done better?
The Job-Made Ladder
Scenes We Don’t Want to See
1926.1053(a)(2) LADDERSRungs, cleats and steps shall be parallel, level, and uniformly spaced.
Do we really even need an OSHA standard to tell us there’s something wrong here?
Ladders and Scaffolds 11SUBPARTS
X & L
Stupid Ladder Tricks
Ladders and Scaffolds 12SUBPARTS
X & L
Ladders and Scaffolds 13SUBPARTS
X & L
More Stupid Ladder Tricks
Your employer must train you.
.1060 Training Requirements
Ladders and Scaffolds 14SUBPARTS
X & L
Ladders(1926.1050 - .1053)
Ladders and Scaffolds 15SUBPARTS
X & L
Common OSHA Citations:–.1053(b)(1): Extension 3 feet above landing surface
–.1052(c)(1): Stairs with > 4 risers or >30” height are to have at least one handrail; stair rail on open side
–.1051(a): Stair or ladder for >19” break in elevation
–.1060(a): Training as necessary
–.1053(b)(4): Ladder use only as intended
–.1053(b)(13): Stepladder top step not to be used.
How can the hazards addressed by these Standards best be corrected, controlled, or eliminated?
Scaffolding for Roof Access Depending on the type of job you may
use:– Frame Scaffolds– Mobile Scaffolds– Stair Towers– Ladder Jacks– Pump Jacks– Aerial Lifts such as Scissor Lift or Manlift
Under OSHA standards, these are all “elevated work platforms”.
Ladders and Scaffolds 16SUBPARTS
X & L
9% of construction deaths are scaffold-related. Scaffold falls injure 29,000 workers every year. 47% of all scaffold
catastrophes and deaths are caused by defective scaffolds.
Any missing or defective part makes a scaffold less safe.
The danger of falling is most common.
Scaffold Hazards
Ladders and Scaffolds 17X & L
SUBPARTS
Supported scaffolds must have these
features:
How Do We Know a Scaffold Is Safe?
Ladders and Scaffolds 18SUBPARTS
X & L
Firm Foundation Must have a foundation that is firm,
square and level. Support must bear on base plates and
mudsills or other adequate, firm foundation.─Must support load without settling or
displacement.─Must not use “unstable objects” as support.─Base plates are always required, even on
concrete.
Ladders and Scaffolds 19X & LSUBPARTS
HEEL TEST: If a 180-pound worker can dig a heel an inch into the soil, it will not support 1,600 psf.
Look for firm ground and sills to distribute the scaffold load.
How to Make a Solid Foundation
Ladders and Scaffolds 20X & LSUBPART
Ladders and Scaffolds 21SUBPARTS
X & L
Firm Foundation?
Scaffold Capacity Support its own weight and 4 X the
Maximum Intended Load (MIL). Suspension rope & hardware, 6 X MIL. Stall load of hoist maximum 3 X rated
load. Designed by a Qualified Person and
built and loaded to design. Some Criteria listed in Appendix 'A'
Ladders and Scaffolds 22SUBPARTS
X & L
How much load do we need the scaffold to support?
–Evenly distributed:Must support 4 X
Maximum Intended Load.
–Supported Scaffolds:
Capacity determined by
the space between the
uprights and plankthickness.
Scaffold Capacity
Ladders and Scaffolds 23SUBPARTS
X & L
Can we applyany of the“capacity”criteria here?
Ladders and Scaffolds 24SUBPARTS
X & L
Capacity?
Bracing holds parts fixed in relation to another.
Bracing
Poles, legs, frames and uprights must be plumb and braced.
Ladders and Scaffolds 25SUBPARTS
X & L
You can visually check scaffold alignment.
Plumb:Vertical members stand perpendicular to horizon.
Level:Horizontal members are parallel to horizon.
Square:Horizontal and vertical members form right angles where they connect.
Plumb, Level, Square
Ladders and Scaffolds 26X & LSUBPARTS
Competent Person decision required.
Is scaffold structuralintegrity maintained?
Ladders and Scaffolds 27X & L
SUBPARTS
Mixed Manufacturer’s Components
Keeping Upright
When suspended scaffold reaches a height that is more than 4 times its minimum base dimension, it must be restrained to keep from tipping.– Guys/Braces at horizontal members.– Guys/ties/braces in accordance with
manufacturer or closest to 4:1 height.– Ties repeat at 26 feet vertical; maximum 30
feet horizontal.
Ladders and Scaffolds 28X & LSUBPARTS
This 6-tier scaffold is anchored to the building with rope through windows.
A solid strut anchor is better, especially if not dependent upon friction attachments at both ends.
Ladders and Scaffolds 29X & LSUBPARTS
Tie-Ins to the Building
Platform Construction
Platforms fully planked or decked
Maximum 1” gaps
Maximum openings of 9½” if necessary
Platforms and walkways minimum 18” wide Ladder jack, top plate bracket, roof bracket,
and pump jack scaffold at least 12” wide Guardrails and/or Personal Fall Arrest
System (PFAS) for < 18” wide
Ladders and Scaffolds 30SUBPARTS
X & L
Fully planked with scaffold-grade wood or metal.
What Makes a Safe Platform?
Ladders and Scaffolds 31SUBPARTS
X & L
Grading Stamps identify scaffold grade lumber in many parts of the U.S.
Scaffold planks must be in good repair. Look for damage that reduces width, length, thickness, or strength. Replace damaged planks immediately.
It is free of defects.
What Is Scaffold-Grade Lumber?
Ladders and Scaffolds 32X & LSUBPARTS
Front edge of all platforms:– Maximum 14” from the face of the work
– 3” from the face for outrigger scaffolds
– 18” from face for plastering/lathing operations
Platform extension minimum 6”; maximum 12” – >10 feet, maximum 18” past support
Ladders and Scaffolds 33X & LSUBPARTS
Platform Construction
Support for ends of abutted planks
Overlap minimum 12” and only over supports, unless restrained to prevent movement. On directional changes, platform on bearer at other than a right angle laid first, and platforms at right angles over the same bearer laid second.
Platform Construction
Ladders and Scaffolds 34SUBPARTS
X & L
Platform Construction Don’t paint wood, except ID on edges Fully planked between front upright &
guardrails Don’t mix scaffold components used unless
compatible & strength is maintained [Competent Person decision]
Don’t modify mixed scaffold components to make them fit [C.P. decision] No components of dissimilar metals without
Competent Person approval
Ladders and Scaffolds 35SUBPARTS
X & L
Platforms
Do not use front-end loader to support scaffold platforms unless they have been designed for such use.
Forklifts cannot be used to support platforms unless: – The entire platform is attached to the fork,
and– The forklift is not moved horizontally while
the platform is occupied.
Ladders and Scaffolds 36X & LSUBPARTS
DON’T BECOME A STATISTIC!!
Is this in any way a safe platform?
Ladders and Scaffolds 37SUBPARTS
X & L
Unsafe Anywhere…
This is not the kind of teamwork we're looking for…
Ladders and Scaffolds 38X & LSUBPARTS
Distribute loads evenly. Point load over uprights.
Evenly distributed – A good practice!
Point Loading -
When necessary, it should be done over uprights.
An unsafe practice!
What’s the Best Way to Load the Scaffold?
Ladders and Scaffolds 39SUBPARTS
X & L
Safe Access Must have safe access
– No access by cross braces– Bottom rung not more than 24” high– From other surface if within 14" H, 24" V– Rest platforms at 35’ intervals– Safe access for erectors/dismantlers
• Competent Person Decision• 22" Horizontals OK for Builders
Some end frames can be used for access.
Ladders and ScaffoldsSUBPARTS
40X & L
25% of scaffold accidents happen when workers get on or get off.
If work platforms are more than 2 feet above a point of access, then stairs, ladders, or personnel hoists must be used.
You must never climb on scaffold braces or frames without built-in ladders.
Safe Access
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
41
2 hands and 1 foot or 1 hand and 2 feet on ladder.
– You must face the ladder.– You cannot carry any load
that could cause you to
lose your balance.– Use a gin wheel to hoist
materials and equipment
onto the scaffold.
3-Point Climbing on Scaffold Ladders
Ladders and ScaffoldsSUBPARTS
42X & L
Failure to provide safe access.
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
43
Using the Scaffold Never overload: Lesser of Maximum Intended
Load or rated load Inspected by Competent Person No shore or lean-to scaffolds
Immediately remove, repair, or brace if found substandard
No horizontal movement while occupied unless approved
Maintain clearance near powerlines
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
44
Using the Scaffold No makeshift devices to increase height
– The 'Drywall Bucket Rule' No ladder to increase height except on
'large area' and:– Side thrust countered, platform secured
– Ladder legs on same platform & secured Platforms should not deflect > 1/60 of
span
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
45
Using the Scaffold
Erect, move, dismantle or alter only under the supervision of a Competent Person!
No work on snow, ice covered platforms.
Use taglines for swinging loads.
Protect suspension ropes from heat, acid
No work during storms or high winds.
No debris accumulation on platforms.
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
46
Power Line Clearance
Keep 10 foot minimum unless de-energized!
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
47
The old and the new, but still a ‘Lean-To’
Lean-to Scaffolds are Prohibited
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
48
Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) or guardrails are required at 10 foot height.
PFAS and guardrails are required on suspended scaffolds.
PFAS is required for erectors/dismantlers where feasible.
Fall Protection for Scaffolds
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
49
Guardrails prevent work falls.
─ Toprails must be 38” to 45” above working platform.
─ Crossbracing can serve as top or mid-rail depending on height. Toprail must withstand a force of 200
pounds (or 100 pounds on suspension scaffolds).
Only 33% of the scaffolds involved in accidents had guardrails.
Guardrails
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
50
Personal Fall Arrest Systems
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
51
PFAS used on scaffolds must be attached by lanyard, vertical lifeline, horizontal lifeline, or scaffold structural member.
– Vertical lifelines must be fastened to fixed safe point of anchorage, independent of the scaffold. Do not attach two vertical lifelines together or to same anchorage point.– Horizontal lifelines must be attached to 2 or more structural members of the scaffold.
Competent Person must take into account:– Adequate Anchorage?– Clearance?– Work Practices?– Motions Required?– Equipment Available?– Environmental conditions?
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
52
Fall Protection for Erectors
Falling Object Protection
Hardhats required Protect employees below Barricades to exclude working below Toe boards at edges of platforms
– Manufactured or job-made with 1x6 or plank
May use panels, screens, or canopies
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
53
Fabricated Frame Scaffolds New frames braced before moving platforms Always plumb, level, square with bracing
secured. Frames joined vertically by coupling pins Where uplift can occur - locked together Side brackets parallel; end brackets at 900
Not bent or twisted; Personnel only, unless engineered
Over 125 ft. high requires engineer design
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
54
Mobile Scaffolds Plumb; Level square; Braces secured Cross, horizontal & diagonal braces to
prevent racking or collapse Mobile scaffolds must comply with other
frame requirements Castors - positive lock on wheel and/or
swivel Force to move no more than 5 feet above
base
Ladders and Scaffolds 55X & LSUBPARTS
53
Ladders and ScaffoldsSUBPARTS
56
Horizontal and diagonal bracing required to prevent “racking”.
Most manufacturers provide with fixed length.
Mobile Scaffolds
X & L
Mobile Scaffolds Diagonal bracing; prevents “racking” No platforms beyond base Screwjacks or equivalent to level Castor stems pinned or bolted Not moved with riders unless:
– Height: base ratio = 2:1 or designed– Surface within 30 of level; no obstructions– Outriggers both sides if used; no extension
beyond support
Ladders and ScaffoldsSUBPARTS
57X & L
Ladder Jacks
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
58
Maximum height = 20 feet
PFAS required at > 10 feet.
Ladders to meet Subpart X
Ladders must be secured
Platforms can’t be overlapped
Ladders and ScaffoldsSUBPARTS
59X & L
“Catapult” action on quick drop expels user.
Fall Protection Required!
Ladders and ScaffoldsSUBPARTS
60
Aerial Lifts
X & L
Vehicle-mounted or self-propelled elevating work platforms – training is required!
Aerial Lifts
Ladders and ScaffoldsSUBPARTS
61X & L
Attach lanyard to the provided tie-off point only.
Other Requirements:
─ Stand firmly on basket floor.
─ Do not climb on basket edge.
─ Do not use ladders or planks.
Tie-Off in Lift
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
62
Aerial lifts provide a safe method of reaching your working area…as long as they are used appropriately.
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
63
This is definitely NOT the appropriate way to use an aerial lift or a stepladder.
What’s Wrong Here?
Ladders and ScaffoldsX &LSUBPARTS
64
Don’t allow tools, materials, or debris to collect on scaffold.
Never, never throw or drop tools, materials, or equipment.
Make sure connections are in place and completely tight.
Do not stand on ties. Do not stand on guardrails or plank
extensions. Do not overreach outside of the guardrails.
Protect Yourself With Good Scaffold Safety Practice
Ladders and ScaffoldsSUBPARTS
65X & L
Protect Yourself With Good Scaffold Safety Practice
Stay off scaffold during loading or unloading. Replace guardrails after loading or unloading. Use 3-point climbing. Don’t hang tarps without evaluation. Get off mobile scaffold before it’s moved. Never leave partially dismantled scaffolds
unguarded or unlabelled. Wear the right clothing and safety gear.
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
66
Your employer must train you.
.454 Training Requirements
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
67
Scaffolds(1926.450 - .454)
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
68
Common OSHA Citations:– .451(g)(1): Fall protection at 10 feet– .451(e)(1): 2 foot max. vertical platform access
Cross braces not to be used as access– .451(b)(1): Full deck at all working levels– .453(b)(2)(v): Fall protection in aerial lifts– .454(a): Scaffold user training
How can the hazards addressed by these Standards best be corrected, controlled, or eliminated?
Review Questions
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
69
True or False? LADDERS
1. Stepladders can be folded and leanedagainst a wall and used as a ladder.
2. Ladders must extend 2 feet above landing area.3. The proper ladder angle is 1:4.4. It’s OK to use the top step of a stepladder if you can’t reach.5. Ladders must be secured when used.
Review Questions
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
70
True or False? SCAFFOLDS
1. Scaffolds and their components must support 3 times the maximum intended load.
2. Only one or two planks are required for a work deck.
3. You can access a scaffold by the cross braces.
Review Questions
Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS
71
True or False? SCAFFOLDS
4. Guardrails or other fall protection is required at 10 feet or higher.
5. A scaffold should never be less than 3 feet from an energized power line.
6. In an aerial lift, you can tie off to an adjacent pole or structure.