1 Land Plant Evolution: Land Plant Evolution: Algae to Angiosperms Algae to Angiosperms The greatest adaptive radiation . . . The greatest adaptive radiation . . . • is the is the largest radiation largest radiation of plants of plants • involves series of involves series of dramatic adaptations to dramatic adaptations to the problem of living on the problem of living on land and being non- land and being non- motile motile • exhibits successive exhibits successive rounds of speciation and rounds of speciation and subsequent extinction subsequent extinction • sets the stage for the sets the stage for the development of a land- development of a land- based ecosystem with based ecosystem with fungi and animals fungi and animals . . . a nearly 500 million year story . . . a nearly 500 million year story . . . . . . for the evolution of for the evolution of Hordeum Hordeum and and Humulus Humulus . . . a nearly 500 million year wait . . . a nearly 500 million year wait Land Plant Evolution: Land Plant Evolution: Algae to Angiosperms Algae to Angiosperms The greatest adaptive radiation . . . The greatest adaptive radiation . . . • know the know the basic extant land plant lineages basic extant land plant lineages today today • understand the general (not the details) understand the general (not the details) series of events and series of events and timing timing of the rise and fall of of the rise and fall of extinct land plant lineages extinct land plant lineages • know some of the know some of the adaptations for land plant life adaptations for land plant life that arose from that arose from Ordovician to Devonian Ordovician to Devonian • understand the basic arguments on the understand the basic arguments on the 4 phylogenetic issues 4 phylogenetic issues relating to land plant evolution relating to land plant evolution • Ancestors of land plants Ancestors of land plants • Base of land plants Base of land plants • Base of vascular plants Base of vascular plants • Relationships among seed plants Relationships among seed plants Ancestors of Land Plants Ancestors of Land Plants Green Plants are here Green Plants are here • land plants land plants are in a larger are in a larger lineage of green plants within lineage of green plants within Plantae Plantae • a single a single endosymbiotic endosymbiotic event event gave rise to plastids gave rise to plastids • land plants are derived from land plants are derived from the green algae lineage the green algae lineage
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Land Plant Evolution:Land Plant Evolution:Algae to AngiospermsAlgae to Angiosperms
•• is the is the largest radiationlargest radiationof plantsof plants
•• involves series of involves series ofdramatic adaptations todramatic adaptations tothe problem of living onthe problem of living onland and being non-land and being non-motilemotile
•• exhibits successive exhibits successiverounds of speciation androunds of speciation andsubsequent extinctionsubsequent extinction
•• sets the stage for the sets the stage for thedevelopment of a land-development of a land-based ecosystem withbased ecosystem withfungi and animalsfungi and animals
. . . a nearly 500 million year story. . . a nearly 500 million year story
. . . . . . for the evolution of for the evolution of Hordeum Hordeum andand Humulus Humulus
. . . a nearly 500 million year wait. . . a nearly 500 million year wait
Land Plant Evolution:Land Plant Evolution:Algae to AngiospermsAlgae to Angiosperms
•• know the know the basic extant land plant lineagesbasic extant land plant lineages today today
•• understand the general (not the details) understand the general (not the details) series of events andseries of events andtimingtiming of the rise and fall of of the rise and fall of extinct land plant lineagesextinct land plant lineages
•• know some of the know some of the adaptations for land plant lifeadaptations for land plant life that arose from that arose fromOrdovician to DevonianOrdovician to Devonian
•• understand the basic arguments on the understand the basic arguments on the 4 phylogenetic issues4 phylogenetic issuesrelating to land plant evolutionrelating to land plant evolution
•• Ancestors of land plantsAncestors of land plants
•• Base of land plantsBase of land plants
•• Base of vascular plantsBase of vascular plants
•• Relationships among seed plantsRelationships among seed plants
Ancestors of Land PlantsAncestors of Land Plants
Green Plants are hereGreen Plants are here
•• land plantsland plants are in a larger are in a largerlineage of green plants withinlineage of green plants withinPlantaePlantae
•• a singlea single endosymbiotic endosymbiotic eventeventgave rise to plastidsgave rise to plastids
•• land plants are derived from land plants are derived fromthe green algae lineagethe green algae lineage
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Bryophyta Bryophyta - bryophytes - bryophytes
•• 16,000 species16,000 species•• nonvascular plants, primitive land plantsnonvascular plants, primitive land plants•• gametophyte dominant gametophyte dominant•• comprising 3 main groups (often 3 phyla) comprising 3 main groups (often 3 phyla)
•• 15 species in 15 species in EquisetumEquisetum•• vascular plants, reduced leaves, terminal vascular plants, reduced leaves, terminalsporangiasporangia•• sporophyte sporophyte dominant; free dominant; free sporingsporing
Extant Land PlantsExtant Land Plants
Psilophyta Psilophyta - whisk ferns - whisk ferns
•• 6 species in two genera 6 species in two genera•• vascular plants, leafless green stemmed, lateral vascular plants, leafless green stemmed, lateralsporangiasporangia•• once considered most primitive extant land plant once considered most primitive extant land plant
Extant Land PlantsExtant Land Plants
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Polypodiophyta Polypodiophyta - ferns - ferns
•• 11,000 species 11,000 species•• diverse in habit and habitat diverse in habit and habitat•• spores produced in specialized sporangia spores produced in specialized sporangia
Extant Land PlantsExtant Land Plants
ginkgoginkgo
Extant Land PlantsExtant Land PlantsPinophyta Pinophyta - gymnosperms - gymnosperms
•• 870 species 870 species•• seed plants but seeds naked or seed plants but seeds naked orexposedexposed•• often divided into 4 phyla often divided into 4 phyla
cycadscycads
Extant Land PlantsExtant Land PlantsPinophyta Pinophyta - gymnosperms - gymnosperms
•• 870 species 870 species•• seed plants but seeds naked or seed plants but seeds naked orexposedexposed•• often divided into 4 phyla often divided into 4 phyla
conifersconifers
Extant Land PlantsExtant Land PlantsPinophyta Pinophyta - gymnosperms - gymnosperms
•• 870 species 870 species•• seed plants but seeds naked or seed plants but seeds naked orexposedexposed•• often divided into 4 phyla often divided into 4 phyla
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Pinophyta Pinophyta - gymnosperms - gymnosperms
•• 870 species 870 species•• seed plants but seeds naked or seed plants but seeds naked orexposedexposed•• often divided into 4 phyla often divided into 4 phyla
•• 275,000 species 275,000 species•• tremendous adaptive radiation on land tremendous adaptive radiation on land•• seed plants with seeds encased in ovary seed plants with seeds encased in ovary•• flowers a flowers a ““key innovationkey innovation””
Extant Land PlantsExtant Land Plants
Earth TimeEarth Time
Age of the earth = 1 calendar yearAge of the earth = 1 calendar year4.6 billion years = 365 days 4.6 billion years = 365 days
Earth forms at 4.6Earth forms at 4.6 bya bya= January 1, 12:00 a.m.= January 1, 12:00 a.m.
A different perspective beforeA different perspective beforetaking a look at the rise and falltaking a look at the rise and fallof land plant lineages throughof land plant lineages throughtime . . .time . . .
Earth TimeEarth Time
Age of the earth = 1 calendar yearAge of the earth = 1 calendar year4.6 billion years = 365 days 4.6 billion years = 365 days
First evidence of lifeFirst evidence of life - 3.8 - 3.8 byabyaOldest fossils - 3.5 Oldest fossils - 3.5 byabya= late March (1/4 of earth time gone)= late March (1/4 of earth time gone)
Stromatolites Stromatolites - CaCO- CaCO33 ppt ppt by by cyanobacteriacyanobacteria= photosynthesis!= photosynthesis!
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Earth TimeEarth Time
Age of the earth = 1 calendar yearAge of the earth = 1 calendar year4.6 billion years = 365 days 4.6 billion years = 365 days
OO2 2 accumulates in atmosphereaccumulates in atmosphere - -2.02.0 bya bya= late July (>1/2 of earth time gone)= late July (>1/2 of earth time gone)
COCO22
+ +
H H22OO
StarchStarch
++
OO22
reducingreducingatmosphereatmosphere
oxidizingoxidizingatmosphereatmosphere
anaerobeanaerobeextinctionextinction
aerobeaerobeevolutionevolution
Earth TimeEarth Time
Age of the earth = 1 calendar yearAge of the earth = 1 calendar year4.6 billion years = 365 days 4.6 billion years = 365 days
First eukaryotesFirst eukaryotes - 1.5 - 1.5 byabya= early September (2/3 of earth time= early September (2/3 of earth timegone)gone)
Earth TimeEarth Time
Age of the earth = 1 calendar yearAge of the earth = 1 calendar year4.6 billion years = 365 days 4.6 billion years = 365 days
First abundant fossils in CambrianFirst abundant fossils in Cambrian““explosionexplosion”” - 560 million years ago - 560 million years agoMany phyla of animalsMany phyla of animals= early November= early November
Burgess ShaleBurgess Shale
Earth TimeEarth Time
Age of the earth = 1 calendar yearAge of the earth = 1 calendar year4.6 billion years = 365 days 4.6 billion years = 365 days
First land life in Ordovician - 460First land life in Ordovician - 460myamya (a liverwort?)(a liverwort?)= November 15 (7/8ths of earth time= November 15 (7/8ths of earth timegone!)gone!)
Spore TetradSpore Tetrad
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Earth TimeEarth Time
Age of the earth = 1 calendar yearAge of the earth = 1 calendar year4.6 billion years = 365 days 4.6 billion years = 365 days
First angiospermFirst angiosperm Jurassic/Cretaceous Jurassic/Cretaceous- 135 - 135 myamya= December 21!= December 21!
Earth TimeEarth Time
Age of the earth = 1 calendar yearAge of the earth = 1 calendar year4.6 billion years = 365 days 4.6 billion years = 365 days
First human civilizationFirst human civilization (centered on (centered onbeer production?) & formation ofbeer production?) & formation ofGreat Lakes flora/vegetationGreat Lakes flora/vegetation= December 31, 11:59pm.!= December 31, 11:59pm.!
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordOrdovician Period (505 - 440 Ordovician Period (505 - 440 myamya))
•• First evidence of land life at 460 First evidence of land life at 460 mya mya
Microfossils of sporesMicrofossils of sporeswith with sporopolleninsporopollenin(degradation resistant(degradation resistantmaterial like lignin) andmaterial like lignin) andsimilar to modern daysimilar to modern daybryophytes such asbryophytes such asliverwortsliverworts
Found worldwide in Found worldwide in shales shales that werethat weredeposited at the marine-terrestrialdeposited at the marine-terrestrialinterfaceinterface
Glomales Glomales fungifungi seen in 460 my seen in 460 myWisconsin rock.Wisconsin rock. Glomales Glomales today formtoday formimportant important arbuscular arbuscular mycorrhizalmycorrhizalassociations with some liverworts andassociations with some liverworts andhornworts and many vascular plants.hornworts and many vascular plants.Symbiosis!Symbiosis!
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordOrdovician Period (505 - 440 Ordovician Period (505 - 440 myamya))
•• Other evidence of land life Other evidence of land life
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Ordovician Period (505 - 440 Ordovician Period (505 - 440 myamya))
•• Other evidence of land life Other evidence of land life
Manitobia patula thallusManitobia patula thallus from Canadafrom Canada- - an aquatican aquatic charophyte charophyte algaealgae
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil Record Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil Record
CooksoniaCooksonia fossils are seen in the midfossils are seen in the midSilurian growing close to waterSilurian growing close to water
Silurian Period (440 - 410 Silurian Period (440 - 410 myamya))
CooksoniaCooksonia fossils are seen in the midfossils are seen in the midSilurian growing close to waterSilurian growing close to water
•• very simple, stick-like, very simple, stick-like,leafless plants butleafless plants but sporophytesporophytedominantdominant
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordSilurian Period (440 - 410 Silurian Period (440 - 410 myamya)) Silurian Period (440 - 410 Silurian Period (440 - 410 myamya))
Late Silurian is also the first occurrence ofLate Silurian is also the first occurrence ofland animals - arachnids, centipedesland animals - arachnids, centipedes
These are predators and thus indicate thatThese are predators and thus indicate thatthere were unknown herbivores - there were unknown herbivores - communitycommunityof plants, herbivores and carnivores!of plants, herbivores and carnivores!
Silurian viewSilurian view Spider inSpider in chert chert
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil Record
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RhyniaRhynia seen in the early Devonian (seen in the early Devonian (RhynieRhynieChert Chert fossil) is more complex than fossil) is more complex than CooksoniaCooksonia(part of(part of Rhyniophytes Rhyniophytes))
20 cm tall, no roots, no leaves, primitive20 cm tall, no roots, no leaves, primitivevascular tissuevascular tissue
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordEarly Devonian Period (410 - 390 Early Devonian Period (410 - 390 myamya))
RhyniaRhynia seen in the early Devonian (seen in the early Devonian (RhynieRhynieChert Chert fossil) is more complex than fossil) is more complex than CooksoniaCooksonia(part of(part of Rhyniophytes Rhyniophytes))
20 cm tall, no roots, no leaves, primitive20 cm tall, no roots, no leaves, primitivevascular tissuevascular tissue
RhyniaRhynia and otherand other Rhynie Chert Rhynie Chertplants were plants were infected with theinfected with thefungus,fungus, PaleomycesPaleomyces, indicating, indicatingextensive extensive mycorrhizalmycorrhizalrelationshipsrelationships
Early Devonian Period (410 - 390 Early Devonian Period (410 - 390 myamya))
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil Record
ZosterophyllumZosterophyllum seen in the early Devonian isseen in the early Devonian isa a lycopsidlycopsid
Clonal Clonal plant with reticulating stems, andplant with reticulating stems, andlateral sporangia as in the shining club mosslateral sporangia as in the shining club moss
Huiperzia lucidula Huiperzia lucidula - shining club moss- shining club moss
Early Devonian Period (410 - 390 Early Devonian Period (410 - 390 myamya))
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordEarly Devonian Period (410 - 390 Early Devonian Period (410 - 390 myamya))
The Early Devonian lasted some 30 millionThe Early Devonian lasted some 30 millionyears after the first appearance in mid-Silurianyears after the first appearance in mid-Silurianof simple land plantsof simple land plants
During this interval the critical characteristicsDuring this interval the critical characteristicsof of land plant survivalland plant survival evolved: evolved:
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil Record
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•• underground axis (underground axis (rootroot) and above) and aboveground ground photosynthetic stemphotosynthetic stem
•• rhizoidsrhizoids (water uptake) (water uptake)
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil Record
The Early Devonian lasted some 30 millionThe Early Devonian lasted some 30 millionyears after the first appearance in mid-Silurianyears after the first appearance in mid-Silurianof simple land plantsof simple land plants
During this interval the critical characteristicsDuring this interval the critical characteristicsof of land plant survivalland plant survival evolved: evolved:
Early Devonian Period (410 - 390 Early Devonian Period (410 - 390 myamya))•• underground axis (root) and aboveunderground axis (root) and aboveground photosynthetic stemground photosynthetic stem
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil Record
The Early Devonian lasted some 30 millionThe Early Devonian lasted some 30 millionyears after the first appearance in mid-Silurianyears after the first appearance in mid-Silurianof simple land plantsof simple land plants
During this interval the critical characteristicsDuring this interval the critical characteristicsof of land plant survivalland plant survival evolved: evolved:
Early Devonian Period (410 - 390 Early Devonian Period (410 - 390 myamya))
•• underground axis (root) and aboveunderground axis (root) and aboveground photosynthetic stemground photosynthetic stem
•• internal transport - internal transport - vascular tissuevascular tissue
RhyniaRhynia
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil Record
The Early Devonian lasted some 30 millionThe Early Devonian lasted some 30 millionyears after the first appearance in mid-Silurianyears after the first appearance in mid-Silurianof simple land plantsof simple land plants
During this interval the critical characteristicsDuring this interval the critical characteristicsof of land plant survivalland plant survival evolved: evolved:
Early Devonian Period (410 - 390 Early Devonian Period (410 - 390 myamya))•• underground axis (root) and aboveunderground axis (root) and aboveground photosynthetic stemground photosynthetic stem
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil Record
The Early Devonian lasted some 30 millionThe Early Devonian lasted some 30 millionyears after the first appearance in mid-Silurianyears after the first appearance in mid-Silurianof simple land plantsof simple land plants
During this interval the critical characteristicsDuring this interval the critical characteristicsof of land plant survivalland plant survival evolved: evolved:
Early Devonian Period (410 - 390 Early Devonian Period (410 - 390 myamya))
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•• support tissue - support tissue - ligninlignin
•• shift to shift to sporophyte sporophyte dominantdominantrather than gametophyte dominantrather than gametophyte dominant
•• sporopolleninsporopollenin to cover spores forto cover spores forprotectionprotection
•• underground axis (root) and aboveunderground axis (root) and aboveground photosynthetic stemground photosynthetic stem
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil Record
The Early Devonian lasted some 30 millionThe Early Devonian lasted some 30 millionyears after the first appearance in mid-Silurianyears after the first appearance in mid-Silurianof simple land plantsof simple land plants
During this interval the critical characteristicsDuring this interval the critical characteristicsof of land plant survivalland plant survival evolved: evolved:
Early Devonian Period (410 - 390 Early Devonian Period (410 - 390 myamya))
The Early Devonian lasted some 30 millionThe Early Devonian lasted some 30 millionyears after the first appearance in mid-Silurianyears after the first appearance in mid-Silurianof simple land plantsof simple land plants
During this interval the critical characteristicsDuring this interval the critical characteristicsof of land plant survivalland plant survival evolved: evolved:
•• support tissue - ligninsupport tissue - lignin
•• shift to shift to sporophyte sporophyte dominantdominantrather than gametophyte dominantrather than gametophyte dominant
•• sporopollenin sporopollenin to cover spores forto cover spores forprotectionprotection
•• underground axis (root) and aboveunderground axis (root) and aboveground photosynthetic stemground photosynthetic stem
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordEarly Devonian Period (410 - 390 Early Devonian Period (410 - 390 myamya))
First First ““progymnospermsprogymnosperms”” [ [ArchaeopterisArchaeopteris] -] -freefree sporing sporing like ferns and relatives but treeslike ferns and relatives but treeslike gymnosperms with complex leaves -like gymnosperms with complex leaves -megaphyllsmegaphylls
First First true fernstrue ferns [ [ProtopteridiumProtopteridium] - free ] - free sporingsporingwith complex sporangia & with complex sporangia & megaphyllsmegaphylls
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordLate Devonian Period (390 - 360 Late Devonian Period (390 - 360 myamya)) Late Devonian Period (390 - 360 Late Devonian Period (390 - 360 myamya))
First First ““seedsseeds”” - - ““seed fernsseed ferns”” [ [ArchaeospermaArchaeosperma]]
Plants fern-like with dissected compound leaves,Plants fern-like with dissected compound leaves,but produce naked seeds (embryo withinbut produce naked seeds (embryo withinprotective coverings)protective coverings)
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil Record
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The tropical equatorial coal swamps wereThe tropical equatorial coal swamps weredominated by a diversity of dominated by a diversity of lycopsidslycopsids((LycopodiophytaLycopodiophyta) and ) and sphenopsidssphenopsids((EquisetophytaEquisetophyta))
LepidodendronLepidodendron ((lycopodlycopod) was 30 m) was 30 mtall with 1 meter long tall with 1 meter long ““microphyllmicrophyll””leavesleaves
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordCarboniferous Period (360 - 286 Carboniferous Period (360 - 286 myamya)) Carboniferous Period (360 - 286 Carboniferous Period (360 - 286 myamya))
The tropical equatorial coal swamps wereThe tropical equatorial coal swamps weredominated by a diversity of dominated by a diversity of lycopsidslycopsids((LycopodiophytaLycopodiophyta) and ) and sphenopsidssphenopsids((EquisetophytaEquisetophyta))
CalamitesCalamites was one of the dominant was one of the dominantlarge tree-like horsetails (large tree-like horsetails (sphenopsidsphenopsid))
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil Record
PangaeaPangaea begins to coalesce begins to coalesce
South of the tropical flora dominatedSouth of the tropical flora dominatedby by lycopsidslycopsids ,, sphenopsids sphenopsids, and seed, and seedferns existed theferns existed the GlossopteridGlossopterid floraflora
•• Big trees with net-veined leavesBig trees with net-veined leaves
•• SeedSeed bearing (derived from female bearing (derived from femalegametophyte) and gametophyte) and pollenpollen forming forming(from male gametophyte)(from male gametophyte)
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordPermian Period (286 - 245 Permian Period (286 - 245 myamya)) Permian Period (286 - 245 Permian Period (286 - 245 myamya))
•• Biogeographically ties together flora ofBiogeographically ties together flora ofGondwanaGondwana
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil Record
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Triassic Period (245 - 208 Triassic Period (245 - 208 myamya))
Triassic
The Triassic (and Jurassic) isThe Triassic (and Jurassic) isknown as the known as the ““Age of CycadsAge of Cycads””as this gymnosperm groupas this gymnosperm grouprapidly diversified afterrapidly diversified afterinitially appearing earlier ininitially appearing earlier inthe Permian.the Permian.
Modern cycad -Modern cycad - DioonDioon
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordTriassic Period (245 - 208 Triassic Period (245 - 208 myamya))
Triassic
•• The big trees of the TriassicThe big trees of the Triassicwere primitive lineages ofwere primitive lineages ofconifers and ginkgoesconifers and ginkgoes
•• The gymnosperms replaced The gymnosperms replacedlycopsids lycopsids andand sphenopsids sphenopsids whichwhichwere reduced in size and diversitywere reduced in size and diversity
•• The Petrified Forest National The Petrified Forest NationalPark originated during the latePark originated during the lateTriassicTriassic
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil Record
““Age of DinosaursAge of Dinosaurs”” ( (and Cycadsand Cycads))
Triassic
The Jurassic saw an increase not only inThe Jurassic saw an increase not only ingymnosperm groups such as the cycadsgymnosperm groups such as the cycadsand ginkgoes, but also extinct lineagesand ginkgoes, but also extinct lineagesBennettitalesBennettitales and relatives likeand relatives likePentoxylonPentoxylon. These plants produced leaves. These plants produced leavesthat superficially resembled cycad leaves.that superficially resembled cycad leaves.
WilliamsoniaWilliamsonia
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordJurassic Period (208 - 146 Jurassic Period (208 - 146 myamya))
““ModernModern”” genera are first genera are firstseen for seen for GinkgoGinkgo . . . . . .
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordJurassic Period (208 - 146 Jurassic Period (208 - 146 myamya))
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Jurassic Period (208 - 146 Jurassic Period (208 - 146 myamya))
““ModernModern”” genera are first genera are firstseen for seen for GinkgoGinkgo and andEquisetum Equisetum (horsetail)(horsetail)
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil Record
Triassic
Near the Jurassic/Cretaceous border, theNear the Jurassic/Cretaceous border, thefirst first AngiospermsAngiosperms are seen are seen
ArchaefructusArchaefructus
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordCretaceous Period (146 - 65 Cretaceous Period (146 - 65 myamya))
Cretaceous Period (146 - 65 Cretaceous Period (146 - 65 myamya))
Although not a strict co-evolution, as insects groupAlthough not a strict co-evolution, as insects grouphad already diverged by the Cretaceous, thehad already diverged by the Cretaceous, therelationship between insects and flowering plantsrelationship between insects and flowering plantsfor pollination purposes and herbivore interactionsfor pollination purposes and herbivore interactionsspurred speciation in both groupsspurred speciation in both groups
Extinct Land Plants - the Fossil RecordExtinct Land Plants - the Fossil Record Molecular Phylogeny of Land PlantsMolecular Phylogeny of Land Plants
•• land plants are most closely land plants are most closelyrelated to the related to the CharalesCharales withinwithinthe the Charophytes Charophytes (Karol et al.(Karol et al.2001 - 2001 - ScienceScience))
1. Ancestors of land plants?1. Ancestors of land plants?
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Bryophyta Bryophyta - bryophytes - bryophytes
liverwortsliverworts
mossesmosses
hornwortshornworts
Molecular Phylogeny of Land PlantsMolecular Phylogeny of Land Plants2. Base of land plants?2. Base of land plants? 2. Base of land plants?2. Base of land plants?
•• HornwortsHornworts are closest to are closest tovascular plants (vascular plants (Qiu Qiu et al., inet al., inpress)press)
•• photosynthetic photosynthetic sporophytesporophyteis shared derived characteris shared derived character
Molecular Phylogeny of Land PlantsMolecular Phylogeny of Land Plants
3. Base of vascular plants?3. Base of vascular plants?
•• LycopodsLycopods are sister to restare sister to restof vascular plantsof vascular plants
•• Whisk fernsWhisk ferns and and horsetailshorsetailsare just strange are just strange primitiveprimitivefernsferns!!
Molecular Phylogeny of Land PlantsMolecular Phylogeny of Land Plants4. Gymnosperms4. Gymnosperms paraphyletic paraphyletic??
•• GnetophytesGnetophytes are not relatedare not relatedto angiospermsto angiosperms
•• Gnetophytes Gnetophytes may bemay berelated to related to PinaceaePinaceae!!
WelwitschiaWelwitschia((GnetophyteGnetophyte))
Molecular Phylogeny of Land PlantsMolecular Phylogeny of Land Plants
