Date post: | 19-Feb-2017 |
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LANGUAGE CHANGE
Language Change Studied by both historical linguists and
sociolinguists
Diachronic Change – Hstorical Linguists the change of languages over timee.g. Old English Middle English Modern English
Synchronic Change - Sociolinguists the origins or the causes of language changeshow language changes with society or in particular periode.g. Punjabi in Pakistan and Punjabi in India
According to Jean Aitchison, language change occurs in three ways- Progress- Decay- Neither
Could be both Conscious and Unconsciouse.g. Loss of Rhotic ‘r’ – Unconscious
Could be Natural or Sociale.g. /b/ sound lost in ‘thumb’ – natural
Typesof
Changes
Incremental Used for inventions or items of knowledge Become standard
e.g “Selfie”, “emoji” added in dictionaries
Native Laantain – lantern TV Mobile Picnic Park Menu
Decremental Words not used anymore because of the less
usage of the object
E.g. words related to swordfighting are not used often‘pary’ and ‘feint’
Native Zarra baktar Manjeek – pathar phainkne wali toop
Replacement - replacements of words or structures coexists in language correct both ways
e.g half – halfs – halvesthievery – theftrise – rose – raised
NAtive Pistol – tamancha School – madrassa Train – gaari Kitaab – Kutab - Kitabain
Causes of Change
Social Status people of higher status introduce changes later considered prestigious
Native Burger – bun kabab Fries - Chips pronunciation of ‘career’ Baba/’Papa– Abu
Interaction / Contact Borrowing Isolation slows process of change Interaction increases influences on other
languages
Sushi – Japan
Native Gulluband – Farsi - Necklace Bandar gah – Farsi - seaport Mayuun – hindi
Dialectal Change Difference in vocabulary or pronunciation due
to difference in dialects e.g
Autumn – falllift – elevator/r/ sound at the end and ‘schedule’
Native Shaljam – Thippar (Hazara) – Gongloo (Lahore) Bahaar – Basant (Lahore) Piyo(Lahore) – Lala (Hazara)
Gender Difference between speech of men and women Women introduce more standard
forms – beautiful, sweet Men introduce vernacular forms – cool, wicked Women categorize – married/teenager/mrs/miss
Native Gaari – Daala/car/totta/mazda/jeep Chacha – Uncle
Women – picky more accurateterms
Men – simplistic
Laziness Occurs mainly because of laziness Shortening or Combining Become widely accepted – Standard
I am - I’m Going to – Gonna
Native Assalamoalikum – Salam Bismillah
Imperfect Learning Children learn adult forms imperfectly Majority usage - New strandard
Native Mehendi – Minhadi
Culture / Tradition New places, situations, objects Does not matter where they go
Native Examples Lassi Lacha Charkha Chahti
LevelsOf
Change
Levels of Changes Changes occur on the following levels
Phonological (sounds) Syntactic (structure) Semantic (meaning) Lexical (words)
Phonological Complex Not sudden – happens over time
ExamplesSame vowel rule (~a rule)pen ~ pin in some English dialects – not necessary
‘s’ sound at the end of Spanish words como ehtas / ehtah
Native Sajjan – Sajan Minhadi – Mehendi Gojarwalan – Gujranwala Kilachi - Kirachi
Lexical Change Change in the words and vocabulary used
Addition of suffixes/prefixes to make new wordsbreakable, thinkable, touchable, etc
Addition of ‘s’ and ‘-es’drink – drinks box – boxes
Native Subh – Subhu – Subha Sabza – Sabzazar Deewankhana – Bethak – Drawing room
Syntactic Change Changes in word order
Double negation – no longer part of EnglishOld English - ne aux – not never
Contracted negatives – Old Englishknew not – didn’t know
Comparatives – Old Englishmost shamefullest, more happier
Native Phone karo – Phone lgao Film lagi hui he – Film chal rahi he
Semantic Change Changes related to meanings
Broadening Dogge -– specific breed - all dogs
Narrowingdeer -– any beast - specific animal
Opposite Sick – Good
Native Bandar/gah – Bandargah Sikh – foolish Akhrot Bera tar jaye Bala (musibat) – Every bad thing
Conclusion
Languages do change
Follows certain processes
Thank You !