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KL 3103

FIELD DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS

Final Assignment

Lecturer:

Ahmad Mukhlis Firdaus, S.T., M.T.

By:

Group 8

Achmad Hasan !!"#$$

%harisma &a'a(ra !!"#)*

Dan' Ar'an+ah !!"##

Hari %urnia-an !!#$/

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Oc0an En1in00rin1 2r31ram

Facul(' 34 Ci5il and En5ir3nm0n(al En1in00rin1

6andun1 Ins(i(u(0 34 T0chn3l31'

#!

TABLE OF CONTENT

TA6LE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................................

LIST OF FI7U8ES............................................................................................................*

LIST OF TA6LES.............................................................................................................!

CHA2TE8 I9 INT8ODUCTION.......................................................................................$

. 6ack1r3und...................................................................................6

. Aim and 2ur:3s0s...........................................................................6

." 2r3;0c( C350ra10............................................................................6

CHA2TE8 II9 6ASIC THEO8Y.......................................................................................

. 6a(h'm0(r'................................................................................... 8

. Ech3 S3undin1...............................................................................8

."   GPS System...............................................................................9

.* M0(h3d 34 Ma::in1.......................................................................10

CHA2TE8 III9 <O8% SCO2E.......................................................................................

". Sur50' 2lannin1...........................................................................11

". 60nchmark  .................................................................................. 11

3.3 Sounding Line Plan

……………………………………………………………………………………… 12

".* Tidal O=s0r5a(i3n.......................................................................... 13

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".*. L0as( S>uar0.............................................................................13

".*. Admiral('................................................................................ 15

".*."  NAO(id0..................................................................................17

".*.* E87(id0..................................................................................19

".! 80c3inassanc0.............................................................................. 19

".$ Land Sur50'in1............................................................................19

".) Curr0n( M0asur0m0n(..................................................................... 20

". 72S S's(0m................................................................................22

CHA2TE8 I?9 DATA ANALYSIS...................................................................................*

*.   Survey Planning.......................................................................2

*. Cali=ra(in1 Th0 D0:(h....................................................................25

*."   Survey Line !al"ulation...........................................................25

*.* 6ud10( Calcula(i3n........................................................................27

CHA2TE8 ?9 CONCLUSION........................................................................................

!. C3nclusi3n..................................................................................28

!. C3n(ur and 6a(h'm0(ric..................................................................30

6I6LIO78A2HY............................................................................................................ "

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L!T OF F!G"#E

Fi1ur0 ..........................................................................................................................

Fi1ur0 "..........................................................................................................................

Fi1ur0 "..........................................................................................................................#

Fi1ur0 ".".........................................................................................................................

Fi1ur0 ".*.........................................................................................................................

Fi1ur0 ".!.........................................................................................................................

Fi1ur0 ".$........................................................................................................................."

Fi1ur0 *..........................................................................................................................!

Fi1ur0 *..........................................................................................................................$

Fi1ur0 !.........................................................................................................................."#

Fi1ur0 !.........................................................................................................................."#

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L!T OF TABLE

Table 4.1..........................................................................................................................27 

Table 4.2..........................................................................................................................27 

Table 4.3..........................................................................................................................28

Table 5.1..........................................................................................................................30

Table 5.2..........................................................................................................................."#

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C$A%TE# !

!NT#O&"CT!ON

1'1 Ba()groun*

Ind3n0sia is a mari(im0 c3un(r' -i(h an ar0a 34 (h0 3c0ans =' (-3 (hirds 34 (h0

(3(al ar0a 34 Ind3n0sia. This c3ndi(i3n has a l3( 34 :3(0n(ials (ha( sh3uld =0 us0d

ma@imall' 43r c3un(r' d050l3:m0n(. Fur(h0rm3r0, Ind3n0sia has a l3( 34 islands, (ha(

s0:ara(0d =' s0a. Th0r043r0, (h0 m3s( 0440c(i50 and 044ici0n( -a' (3 c3nn0c( (h0 islands is

 =' usin1 s0a (rans:3r(, c0r(ainl' 43r 0c3n3mic :ur:3s0. 60caus0 34 (ha( c3ndi(i3n, (his

4acili(' mus( n00d s3m0 in4ras(ruc(ur0 (3 :u( in, :3r( 3r har=3r.

60sid0 (ha(, (h0 c3ndi(i3n 34 -a(0r and (h0 s0a 4l33r is n00d0d s3 (h0 shi: c3uld

sail and d3ck sa40l'. F3r (ha( r0as3n, (h0 in43rma(i3n 34 (h0 =a(h'm0(r' and (h0

charac(0ris(ic 34 curr0n( and =a(h'm0(r' in (h0 -a(0r ar0 50r' im:3r(an( 43r (h0 shi: and

(h0 c3ns(ruc(i3n 34 (h0 :3r(. In addi(i3n, 3(h0r 4ac(3rs (ha( mus( =0 c3nsid0r0d is (h0

s0dim0n( (ha( s0((l0s a( (h0 =3((3m 34 (h0 s0a. This si(ua(i3n can l0ad (3 sil(in1 s3 (h0 shi:

cann3( :ass (h0 ar0a. Th0r043r0, i( is n0c0ssar' (3 d3 dr0d1in1 shi::in1 chann0l. Th0

 :ur:3s0 34 dr0d1in1 is (h0 shi: c3uld sail sa40l'.

T3 10( (h3s0 in43rma(i3n, -0 mus( d3 (h0 =a(h'm0(ric sur50'. Th0 :ur:3s0s 34 

(his sur50' ar0 (3 10( (h0 -a(0r d0:(h and s0a=0d (3:31ra:h', and (3 4ind (h0 (h0 :3(0n(ial

dan10r 43r (h0 sailin1 shi:. 6a(h'm0(ric sur50's c3nduc(0d al3n1 (h0 c3rrid3r includ0

sur50's -i(h 5ar'in1 -id(h. 6' kn3-in1 (his (0rm, -0 can d3 und0rs(and (h0 4i0ld

c3ndi(i3n and s(ar( :r3c0ssin1 (h0 si(ua(i3n.

1'+Aim an* %urpose

2r3;0c( aim9

. 2lannin1 (h0 sur50' lan0 and calcula(0 (h0 (3(al (im0 and =ud10( 43r sur50'in1

. O=(ainin1 (h0 c3n(ur and (h0 =a(h'm0(ric ma: 34 %0(a:an1 ar0a

1'3 %ro,e(t Co-erage

<0 :lan (3 d3 (his :r3;0c( in %0(a:an1, -hich is l3ca(0d %aliman(an. %0(a:an1 is

3n0 34 (h0 r010nci0s 34 <0s( %aliman(an :r35inc0 3n (h0 63rn03 Island in Ind3n0sia.

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%0(a:an1 ci(' is l3ca(0d a( 3!S B #/3!/E. This da(a is n00d0d 43r dr0d1in1 34 

shi::in1 lan0 sur50' :ur:3s0s. This :r3;0c( r0:3r( discuss0s a=3u( :lannin1 a s3undin1

lin0 43r =a(h'm0(ric sur50' :ur:3s0s and calcula(0 (h0 =ud10( (ha( n00d0d (3 10( (h0 da(a

34 (h0 d0:(h and (h0 (3:31ra:h' 34 =a(h'm0(r'. Th0n -0 can 10( (h0 c3nclusi3n a=3u( (h0

ar0as (ha( n00d (3 =0 dr0d10d.

Figure 1'1 L3ca(i3n 34 %0(a:an1 3n (h0 ma:

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C$A%TE# !!

BA!C T$EO#.

+'1 Bat/ymetry

6a(h'm0(r' is (h0 s(ud' 34 und0r-a(0r d0:(h 34 lak0 3r 3c0an 4l33rs. 6a(h'm0(r'

in53l50d (h0 m0asur0m0n( 34 3c0an d0:(h (hr3u1h d0:(h s3undin1. Th0 da(a us0d (3 mak0

 =a(h'm0(ric ma:s (3da' (':icall' c3m0s 4r3m an 0ch3 s3und0r s3nar m3un(0d =0n0a(h

3r 350r (h0 sid0 34 a =3a(, sh3( a =0am 34 s3und d3-n-ard a( (h0 s0a4l33r 3r 4r3m r0m3(0

s0nsin1 s's(0ms. Th0 am3un( 34 (im0 i( (ak0s 43r (h0 s3und 3r li1h( (3 (ra50l (hr3u1h (h0

-a(0r, =3unc0 344 (h0 s0a4l33r, and r0(urn (3 (h0 s3und0r in43rms (h0 0>ui:m0n( 34 (h0

dis(anc0 (3 (h0 s0a4l33r.

In 3rd0r (3 mak0 a =a(h'm0(ric ma:s, -0 n00d (3 d3 (h0 =a(h'm0(ric sur50'in1.

Earl' (0chni>u0s us0d 43r =a(h'm0(ric sur50'in1 is usin1 a r3:0 (3 m0asur0 (h0 d0:(h.

This (0chni>u0s is in044ici0n( and n3( accura(0 =0caus0 i( 3nl' m0asur0 (h0 d0:(h in a

sin1l0 :3in( a( a (im0 and (h0r0 is s0a curr0n( and -a50 (ha( c3uld mak0 (h0 r3:0 =0nd. As

(h0 d050l3:m0n( 34 (im0s, (h0 (0chn3l31i0s can =0 50r' h0l:4ul a( si(ua(i3n lik0 (his.

+'+ E(/o oun*ing

Ech3 s3undin1 is a (':0 34 SONA8 us0d (3 d0(0rmin0 (h0 d0:(h 34 -a(0r ='

(ransmi((in1 s3und :uls0s in(3 -a(0r. Th0 (im0 in(0r5al =0(-00n 0missi3n and r0(urn 34 a

 :uls0 is r0c3rd0d, -hich is us0d (3 d0(0rmin0 (h0 d0:(h 34 -a(0r al3n1 -i(h (h0 s:00d 34 

s3und in -a(0r a( (h0 (im0. This in43rma(i3n is (h0n (':icall' us0d 43r na5i1a(i3n :ur:3s0s

3r in 3rd0r (3 3=(ain d0:(hs 43r char(in1 :ur:3s0s.

Ech3 s3undin1 can als3 r040r (3 h'dr3 ac3us(ic echo sounders d04in0d as ac(i50

s3und in -a(0r s3nar us0d (3 s(ud' 4ish. H'dr3 ac3us(ic ass0ssm0n(s ha50 (radi(i3nall'

0m:l3'0d m3=il0 sur50's 4r3m =3a(s (3 05alua(0 4ish =i3mass and s:a(ial dis(ri=u(i3ns.

C3n50rs0l', 4i@0dGl3ca(i3n (0chni>u0s us0 s(a(i3nar' (ransduc0rs (3 m3ni(3r :assin1 4ish.

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+'3 G% ystem

Th0 7l3=al 23si(i3nin1 S's(0m 72S is a s:ac0G=as0d na5i1a(i3n s's(0m (ha(

 :r35id0s l3ca(i3n and (im0 in43rma(i3n in all -0a(h0r c3ndi(i3ns, an'-h0r0 3n 3r n0ar (h0

Ear(h -h0r0 (h0r0 is an un3=s(ruc(0d lin0 34 si1h( (3 43ur 3r m3r0 72S sa(0lli(0s. Th0

s's(0m :r35id0s cri(ical ca:a=ili(i0s (3 mili(ar', ci5il, and c3mm0rcial us0rs ar3und (h0

-3rld. Th0 Uni(0d S(a(0s 1350rnm0n( cr0a(0d (h0 s's(0m, main(ains i(, and mak0s i( 4r00l'

acc0ssi=l0 (3 an'3n0 -i(h a 72S r0c0i50r.

72S c3nc0:( is =as0d 3n (im0. Th0 sa(0lli(0s carr' 50r' s(a=l0 a(3mic cl3cks (ha(

ar0 s'nchr3ni+0d (3 0ach 3(h0r and (3 1r3und cl3cks. An' dri4( 4r3m (ru0 (im0 main(ain0d

3n (h0 1r3und is c3rr0c(0d dail'. Lik0-is0, (h0 sa(0lli(0 l3ca(i3ns ar0 m3ni(3r0d :r0cis0l'.

72S r0c0i50rs ha50 cl3cks as -0llBh3-050r, (h0' ar0 n3( s'nchr3ni+0d -i(h (ru0 (im0,

and ar0 l0ss s(a=l0. 72S sa(0lli(0s c3n(inu3usl' (ransmi( (h0ir curr0n( (im0 and :3si(i3n. A

72S r0c0i50r m3ni(3rs mul(i:l0 sa(0lli(0s and s3l50s 0>ua(i3ns (3 d0(0rmin0 (h0 0@ac(

 :3si(i3n 34 (h0 r0c0i50r 43r i( (3 c3m:u(0 43ur unkn3-n >uan(i(i0s (hr00 :3si(i3n

c33rdina(0s and cl3ck d05ia(i3n 4r3m sa(0lli(0 (im0.

F3r r0c0i50r in c3n(inu3us, m3s( r0c0i50rs ha50 a (rack al13ri(hm, s3m0(im0s

call0d a tracker, (ha( c3m=in0s s0(s 34 sa(0lli(0 m0asur0m0n(s c3ll0c(0d a( a di440r0n(

(im0sBin 0440c(, (akin1 ad5an(a10 34 (h0 4ac( (ha( succ0ssi50 r0c0i50r :3si(i3ns ar0 usuall'

cl3s0 (3 0ach 3(h0r. A4(0r a s0( 34 m0asur0m0n( ar0 :r3c0ss0d, (h0 (rack0r :r0dic(s (h0

r0c0i50r l3ca(i3n c3rr0s:3ndin1 ar0 usuall' cl3s0 (3 0ach 3(h0r. A4(0r a s0( 34 

m0asur0m0n(s ar0 :r3c0ss0d, (h0 (rack0r :r0dic(s (h0 r0c0i50r l3ca(i3n c3rr0s:3ndin1 (3

(h0 n0@( s0( 34 sa(0lli(0 m0asur0m0n(s. <h0n (h0 n0- m0asur0m0n(s -i(h (h0 (rack0r 

 :r0dic(i3n. In 10n0ral, a (rack0r can a im:r350 r0c0i50r :3si(i3n and (im0 accurac', =

r0;0c( =ad m0asur0m0n(s, c 0s(ima(0 r0c0i50r s:00d and dir0c(i3n.

Th0 disad5an(a10 34 a (rack0r is (ha( chan10s in s:00d 3r dir0c(i3n can 3nl' =0

c3m:u(0d -i(h a d0la', and (ha( d0ri50d dir0c(i3n =0c3m0s inaccura(0 -h0n (h0 dis(anc0

(ra50l0d =0(-00n (-3 :3si(i3n m0asur0m0n(s dr3: =0l3- 3r n0ar (h0 rand3m 0rr3r 34 

 :3si(i3n m0asur0m0n(. 72S uni(s can us0 m0asur0m0n(s 34 (h0 D3::l0r shi4( 34 (h0

si1nals r0c0i50d (3 c3m:u(0 50l3ci(' accura(0l'. M3r0 ad5anc0d na5i1a(i3n s's(0m us0

addi(i3nal s0ns3rs lik0 a c3m:ass 3r an in0r(ial na5i1a(i3n s's(0m (3 c3m:l0m0n( 72S.

72S is im:3r(an( (3 :l3((in1 (h0 d0:(h da(a and mak0 (h0 =a(h'm0(ric ma:. I( is a

h3ri+3n(al :3si(i3nin1 -hil0 (h0 50r(ical da(a ca:(ur0d =' =a(h'm0(ric sur50'in1.

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+' et/o* o2 apping

Th0 ma::in1 m0(h3d (ha( -0 us0d 43r :r3c0ssin1 (h0 sur50' da(a is %ri1in1

m0(h3d. %ri1in1 m0(h3d, as kn3-n as 7aussian :r3c0ss r01r0ssi3n, is a m0(h3d 34 

in(0r:3la(i3n 43r -hich (h0 in(0r:3la(0d 5alu0s ar0 m3d0l0d =' a 7aussian :r3c0ss

1350rn0d =' :ri3r c35arianc0s, as 3::3s0d (3 a :i0c0-is0G:3l'n3mial s:lin0 ch3s0n (3

3:(imi+0 sm33(hn0ss 34 (h0 4i((0d 5alu0s. Und0r sui(a=l0 assum:(i3ns 3n (h0 :ri3rs,

%ri1in1 1i50s (h0 =0s( lin0ar un=ias0d :r0dic(i3n 34 (h0 in(0rm0dia(0 5alu0s. This

in(0r:3la(in1 m0(h3ds =as0d 3n (h0 3(h0r cri(0ria such as sm33(hn0ss n00d n3( 'i0ld (h0

m3s( lik0l' in(0rm0dia(0 5alu0s. Th0 m0(h3d is -id0l' us0d in (h0 d3main 34 s:a(ial

anal'sis and c3m:u(0r 0@:0rim0n(s. This (0chni>u0 is als3 kn3-n as <i0n0rB%3lm313r35

 :r0dic(i3n.

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C$A%TE# !!!

O#K CO%E

Th0 sc3:0 34 -3rk 43r (his :ar(icular sur50' -as (3 cr0a(0 a d0(ail0d =a(h'm0(ric

char(. In addi(i3n. Sid0 sl3:0s 34 Slack 23in( usin1 a mul(i =0am 0ch3 s3und0r m0(h3d.

Fur(h0rm3r0, sid0 scan s3nar -as us0d (3 :r35id0 addi(i3nal s0a=0d in43rma(i3n,

 :ar(icularl' in n0arGsh3r0 shall3- -a(0r -hich c3uld n3( =0 ima10d -i(h (h0 mul(i =0am

(ransduc0r ar3und (h0 Slack 23in( sh3r0lin0. S3 -0 us0d sin1l0G=0am 0ch3 s3und0r. Sid0

scan s3nar ima10r' su::l0m0n(s (h0 =a(h'm0(ric sur50', 34(0n :r35idin1 m3r0 d0(ail 3n

(h0 na(ur0 and c3m:3si(i3n 34 (h0 s0a 4l33r 40a(ur0s.

3'1 ur-ey %lanning

Th0 4irs( :lannin1 s(0: (3 d3 is :r0:arin1 =as0 ma:, -hich is :r35id0d in 5ari3us

s3urc0. <ha( is a =as0ma: Th0 (0rm =as0ma: has s00n 34(0n in 7IS and r040rs (3 a

c3ll0c(i3n 34 7IS da(a and3r 3r(h3r0c(i4i0d ima10r' (ha( 43rm (h0 =ack1r3und s0((in1 43r 

a ma:. Th0 4unc(i3n 34 (h0 =as0ma: is (3 :r35id0 =ack1r3und d0(ail n0c0ssar' (3 3ri0n(

(h0 l3ca(i3n 34 (h0 ma:. 6as0ma:s als3 add (3 (h0 a0s(h0(ic a::0al 34 a ma:.

T':ical 7IS da(a and ima1inar' (ha( mak0 u: (h0 la'0rs 43r a =as0ma: such ass(r00(s, :arc0ls, =3undari0s c3un(r', c3un(', ci(' =3undari0s, shad0d r0li04 34 a di1i(al

0l05a(i3n m3d0l, -a(0r-a's, and a0rial 3r sa(0lli(0 ima10r'. D0:0ndin1 3n (h0 (':0 34 

ma:, an' c3m=ina(i3n 34 (h3s0 la'0rs can =0 us0d. F3r 0@am:l0, 43r a ma: sh3-in1

43r0cl3s0d :r3:0r(i0s, (h0 =as0ma: -3uld c3nsis( 34 7IS da(a such as s(r00(s -i(h la=0ls

and :arc0l lin0s. A ma: sh3-in1 hikin1 (rails -3uld =0n04i( 4r3m a =as0ma: c3n(ainin1 a

di1i(al 0l05a(i3n m3d0l 3r (3:3 lin0s (ha( sh3-s 0l05a(i3n, (hus all3- 5i0-0rs (3

und0rs(and (h0 ris0 and 4all 34 a (rails :a(h.

3'+ Ben(/mar)  

60nchmark is a r040r0nc0 43r :r3c0ssin1 (h0 da(a. 60nchmarks ar0 (h0 4i@0d

0l05a(i3n mark0rs a1ains( -hich (h0 +0r3 s0((in1 34 (h0 1au10 is ch0ck0d durin1 i(s

3:0ra(i3n, 4r3m -hich h'dr31ra:h0rs ma' r0c350r char( da(um 43r 4u(ur0 sur50's, and

(hr3u1h -hich sur50'3rs and 0n1in00rs ma' r0la(0 (h0ir sur50's and s(ruc(ur0s (3 char(

da(um. H'dr31ra:hic =0nchmarks landmark (h0 0l05a(i3n 34 (h0 =0nchmarks a=350

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char( da(um and (his :r3c0dur0 is =asic (3 char(in1 and 1au1in1 :r3c0dur0s. Onl' (h0

H'dr31ra:hic S0r5ic0 34 Canada ma' assi1n 3r al(0r (h0 0l05a(i3n >u3(0d 43r a

 =0nchmark a=350 char( da(um.

As :ar( 34 (h0 ins(alla(i3n :r3c0dur0 34 an' -a(0r l050l 1au10, a minimum 34 

(hr00 =0nchmarks ar0 0s(a=lish0d in (h0 imm0dia(0 5icini(' J km 34 (h0 1au10, -i(h

n3 (-3 in (h0 sam0 40a(ur0 3r s(ruc(ur0. Th0 0l05a(i3n di440r0nc0 =0(-00n (h0

 :r0liminar' 1au10 +0r3 and 0ach 34 (h0 =0nchmarks is (h0n d0(0rmin0d =' accura(0

s:iri( l050llin1. <h0n (h0 0l05a(i3n 34 char( da(um is 4inall' ch3s0n -i(h r0s:0c( (3 (h0

 :r0liminar' 1au10 +0r3, (h0 =0nchmark 0l05a(i3ns ar0 c3n50r(0d and r0c3rd0d in (h0

 =0nchmark d0scri:(i3ns as 0l05a(i3ns a=350 char( da(um. I4 (h0 -a(0r l050l 1au10 is (3

c3n(inu0 in 3:0ra(i3n, i(s :0rman0n( +0r3 -3uld =0 s0( (3 char( da(um. Th0 =0nchmarks

 :r35id0 43r (h0 r0c350r' 34 char( da(um in 4u(ur0 sur50's and 43r c3nsis(0nc' in (h0

s0((in1 34 1au10 +0r3 43r all -a(0r l050l m0asur0m0n(s a( (h0 sam0 si(0. F3r 3ur cas0 6M

da(a ac>uir0d 4r3m 6ak3sur(anal.

3'3 oun*ing Line %lan

In sur50' :lannin1 (h0r0 ar0 s3m0 (0chnical :r0:ara(i3n -0 n00d (3 d3, includin1

 :r0:arin1 6as0d Ma:, 2r0:arin1 su::3r(in1 da(a such as =0nchmark :3in( 4r3m

6ak3su(anal, Minis(r' 34 2u=lic <3rk and 3(h0r 7350rnm0n( A10nci0s. 60nchmark -ill

 =0 us0d as a r040r0nc0 :3in(. A4(0r (ha(, -0 mak0 (idal 3=s0r5a(i3n s(a(i3n :lannin1. Th0n

-0 n00d (3 mak0 s3undin1 lin0 :lan. S3undin1 lin0 is a r3u(0 :lan -h0r0 (h0 shi: (ha( d3

(h0 sur50'in1 -ill (ra50l and (ak0 da(a. S3undin1 lin0 c3n(ain (h0 main lin0 and cr3ss

ch0ck lin0. Th0 main lin0 is (h0 r3u(0 :lan -h0r0 (h0 main da(a (ak0n -hil0 (h0 cr3ss

ch0ck lin0 is (h0 r3u(0 (3 (ak0 da(a as a c3rr0c(i3n and ch0ckin1 :3in( 43r (h0 main da(a.

Th0 main lin0 sh3uld =0 :arall0l and :0r:0ndicular (3 sh3r0 lin0 -hil0 (h0 cr3ss ch0ck 

lin0 sh3uld =0 a=3u( $#3G/#3 an1l0 (3 main lin0. Th0 1a: =0(-00n 0ach mainlin0 sh3uld =0

cl3s0 0n3u1h s3 (h0 =a(h'm0(ric da(a (ha( ca:(ur0d =' (h0 shi: is 133d and 4r3m (h0 da(a

-0 c3uld mak0 =a(h'm0(ric ma: in =0((0r r0s3lu(i3n . 6u( 43r (h0 cr3ss ch0ck lin0 (h0 1a:

d3n( ha50 (3 =0 (ha( cl3s0 =0caus0 -0 ;us( (ak0 (h0 da(a ;us( 43r ch0ckin1 (h0 main da(a.

D0:(h s3undin1 r040rs (3 (h0 ac( 34 m0asurin1 d0:(h. I( is 34(0n r040rr0d (3 sim:l'

as s3undin1. Da(a (ak0n 4r3m s3undin1s ar0 us0d in =a(h'm0(r' (3 mak0 ma:s 34 (h0 4l33r 

34 a =3d' 34 -a(0r, and -0r0 (radi(i3nall' sh3-n 3n nau(ical char(s in 4a(h3ms and 400(.

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Th0 Na(i3nal Oc0anic and A(m3s:h0ric Adminis(ra(i3n NOAA, (h0 a10nc' r0s:3nsi=l0

43r =a(h'm0(ric da(a in (h0 Uni(0d S(a(0s, s(ill us0s 4a(h3ms and 400( 3n nau(ical char(s. In

3(h0r c3un(ri0s, (h0 In(0rna(i3nal S's(0m 34 Uni(s m0(r0s has =0c3m0 (h0 s(andard 43r 

m0asurin1 d0:(h.

S3undin1K d0ri50s 4r3m (h0 Old En1lish sund , m0anin1 s-immin1, -a(0r, s0a i(

is n3( r0la(0d (3 (h0 -3rd s3und in (h0 s0ns0 34 n3is0 3r (3n0s.

Tradi(i3nal (0rms 43r s3undin1s ar0 a s3urc0 43r c3mm3n 0@:r0ssi3ns in (h0

En1lish lan1ua10, n3(a=l' Kd00: si@K a s3undin1 34 $ 4a(h3ms. On (h0 Mississi::i

8i50r  in (h0 !#s, (h0 l0adsm0n als3 us0d 3ldG4ashi3n0d -3rds 43r s3m0 34 (h0 num=0rs

43r 0@am:l0 ins(0ad 34 K(-3K (h0' -3uld sa' K(-ainK. Thus -h0n (h0 d0:(h -as (-3

4a(h3ms, (h0' -3uld call K=' (h0 mark (-ainK. Th0 Am0rican -ri(0r  Mark T-ain,  a

43rm0r ri50r :il3(, lik0l' (33k his :0n nam0 4r3m (his cr'. Th0 (0rm li50s 3n in (3da's

-3rld in 0ch3 s3undin1, (h0 (0chni>u0 34 usin1 s3nar  (3 m0asur0 d0:(h.

3' Ti*al O4ser-ation

Tid0 ar0 a ris0 and 4all (h0 sur4ac0 34 s0a l050ls =0caus0 34 (h0 m33n 1ra5i(a(i3n,

sun 1ra5i(a(i3n, r3(a(i3n and r053lu(i3n 34 0ar(h. Tid0 caus0 (h0 d0:(h 34 (h0 s0a 5ar'

d0:0nds 3n -h0n (h0 d0:(h ar0 m0asur0d. This is =0caus0 (h0 m33n 1ra5i(a(i3n and (h0

sun 1ra5i(a(i3n is s(r3n1 0n3u1h (3 dra- and ur10 (h0 s0a l050l. 60caus0 34 (his (id0,

 =a(h'm0(ric is n3( accura(0 i4 (h0 =a(h'm0(ric da(a hasn( c3rr0c(0d =' (idal da(a. S3

 =a(h'm0(ric is ac(uall' c3nn0c(0d (3 (idal. Tidal 3=s0r5a(i3n usuall' 3=s0r50d 3n "# 3r !

da's. Tidal 3=s0r5a(i3n c3uld =0 d3n0 manuall' and au(3ma(icall'. And 43r =a(h'm0(ric

da(a c3rr0c(i3n, (idal da(a usuall' 3=s0r50 -i(h d0ns0 (im0 in(0r5al durin1 =a(h'm0(ric

sur50'.

Th0r0 is s3m0 (idal 3=s0r5a(i3n m0(h3d. L0as( S>uar0, Admiral(', and NAOTid0

3''1 Least 5uare

Th0 m0(h3d 34 least s5uares is a s(andard a::r3ach in r01r0ssi3n anal'sis

(3 (h0 a::r3@ima(0 s3lu(i3n 34 350rd0(0rmin0d s's(0ms, i.0., s0(s 34 0>ua(i3ns in

-hich (h0r0 ar0 m3r0 0>ua(i3ns (han unkn3-ns. KL0as( s>uar0sK m0ans (ha( (h0

350rall s3lu(i3n minimi+0s (h0 sum 34 (h0 s>uar0s 34 (h0 0rr3rs mad0 in (h0

r0sul(s 34 050r' sin1l0 0>ua(i3n.

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Th0 m3s( im:3r(an( a::lica(i3n is in da(a 4i((in1. Th0 =0s( 4i( in (h0 l0as(G

s>uar0s s0ns0 minimi+0s (h0 sum 34 s>uar0d r0siduals,  a r0sidual =0in1 (h0

di440r0nc0 =0(-00n an 3=s0r50d 5alu0 and (h0 4i((0d 5alu0 :r35id0d =' a m3d0l.

<h0n (h0 :r3=l0m has su=s(an(ial unc0r(ain(i0s in (h0 ind0:0nd0n( 5aria=l0 (h0

@ 5aria=l0, (h0n sim:l0 r01r0ssi3n and l0as( s>uar0s m0(h3ds ha50 :r3=l0ms in

such cas0s, (h0 m0(h3d3l31' r0>uir0d 43r 4i((in1 0rr3rsGinG5aria=l0s m3d0ls ma'

 =0 c3nsid0r0d ins(0ad 34 (ha( 43r l0as( s>uar0s.

L0as( s>uar0s :r3=l0ms 4all in(3 (-3 ca(013ri0s9 lin0ar 3r 3rdinar' l0as(

s>uar0s and n3nGlin0ar l0as( s>uar0s, d0:0ndin1 3n -h0(h0r 3r n3( (h0 r0siduals

ar0 lin0ar in all unkn3-ns. Th0 lin0ar l0as(Gs>uar0s :r3=l0m 3ccurs in s(a(is(ical

r01r0ssi3n anal'sis i( has a cl3s0dG43rm s3lu(i3n. Th0 n3nGlin0ar :r3=l0m is

usuall' s3l50d =' i(0ra(i50 r04in0m0n( a( 0ach i(0ra(i3n (h0 s's(0m is

a::r3@ima(0d =' a lin0ar 3n0, and (hus (h0 c3r0 calcula(i3n is similar in =3(h

cas0s.

23l'n3mial l0as( s>uar0sd0scri=0 (h0 5arianc0 in a :r0dic(i3n 34 (h0

d0:0nd0n( 5aria=l0 as a 4unc(i3n 34 (h0 ind0:0nd0n( 5aria=l0 and (h0 d05ia(i3ns

4r3m (h0 4i((0d cur50.<h0n (h0 3=s0r5a(i3ns c3m0 4r3m an 0@:3n0n(ial 4amil'

and mild c3ndi(i3ns ar0 sa(is4i0d, l0as(Gs>uar0s 0s(ima(0s and ma@imumGlik0lih33d 0s(ima(0s ar0 id0n(ical.P Th0 m0(h3d 34 l0as( s>uar0s can als3 =0

d0ri50d as a m0(h3d 34 m3m0n(s 0s(ima(3r.

Th0 43ll3-in1 discussi3n is m3s(l' :r0s0n(0d in (0rms 34 lin0ar  4unc(i3ns

 =u( (h0 us0 34 l0as(Gs>uar0s is 5alid and :rac(ical 43r m3r0 10n0ral 4amili0s 34 

4unc(i3ns. Als3, =' i(0ra(i50l' a::l'in1 l3cal >uadra(ic a::r3@ima(i3n (3 (h0

lik0lih33d (hr3u1h (h0 Fish0r in43rma(i3n, (h0 l0as(Gs>uar0s m0(h3d ma' =0

us0d (3 4i( a 10n0rali+0d lin0ar m3d0l.

F3r (h0 (3:ic 34 a::r3@ima(in1 a 4unc(i3n =' a sum 34 3(h0rs usin1 an

3=;0c(i50 4unc(i3n =as0d 3n s>uar0d dis(anc0s, s00 l0as( s>uar0s 4unc(i3n

a::r3@ima(i3n.Th0 l0as(Gs>uar0s m0(h3d is usuall' cr0di(0d (3 Carl Fri0drich

7auss )/!,=u( i( -as 4irs( :u=lish0d =' Adri0nGMari0 L010ndr0.

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3''+ A*miralty

A n0- 0di(i3n 34 (h0 Admiralty Method of Tidal Prediction N.2. !/

-as issu0d in &anuar' /)$, and i( is 40l( (ha( (his is a sui(a=l0 3::3r(uni(' (3

d0scri=0 (h0 m0(h3d in s3m0 d0(ail, -i(h (h0 r0as3ns 43r (h0 al(0ra(i3ns (ha( ha50

n3- =00n mad0.

Th0 m0(h3d is in(0nd0d (3 su::l' a :r0dic(i3n 34 h3url' h0i1h(s 43r all

(h3s0 :3r(s 43r -hich Harm3nic C3ns(an(s ar0 :u=lish0d in Admiral(' Tid0

Ta=l0s A.T.T., <h0n us0d -i(h (h0 da(a 1i50n 43r S0c3ndar' 23r(s, (his

 :r35id0s (h0 =0s( a5aila=l0 :r0dic(i3n 34 =3(h h3url' h0i1h(s and Hi1h and L3-

<a(0rs. <h0n us0d 43r S(andard 23r(s, a 50r' c3n50ni0n( m0(h3d 34 :r35idin1

h3url' h0i1h( :r0dic(i3ns is a5aila=l0, =u( acc3un( mus( =0 (ak0n 34 (h0 hi1h and

l3- -a(0r :r0dic(i3ns :u=lish0d in A.T.T.

Th0s0 la((0r ar0 =as0d 3n a 50r' lar10 num=0r 34 Harm3nic C3ns(an(s and

(h0 us0 34 50r' lar10 0l0c(r3nic c3m:u(0rs, and ar0 (hus 34 a much hi1h0r 

s(andard (han an' :r0dic(i3n :r35id0d =' (h0 Admiral(' M0(h3d. 6' :l3((in1 (h0

S(andard 23r( :r0dic(i3ns 4r3m 2ar( I 34 A.T.T. 3n (h0 F3rm 6 N.2. !/ and

(h0n dra-in1 a cur50 (3 :ass (hr3u1h (h0s0 :3in(s -hil0 43ll3-in1 (h0 10n0ral

sha:0 34 (h0 cur50 3ri1inall' 3=(ain0d 3n F3rm 6, a :r0dic(i3n 34 a 50r' hi1h

s(andard can =0 3=(ain0d. F3r s3m0 S0c3ndar' 23r(s in A.T.T. (h0r0 is n3

sui(a=l0 S(andard 23r( a5aila=l0. In (h0s0 circums(anc0s, (h0 l0((0r “p” is 1i50n

ins(0ad 34 (im0 di440r0nc0s, and (h0 3nl' -a' a :r0dic(i3n can =0 3=(ain0d is ='

(h0 us0 34 N.2. !/.

Th0 M0(h3d has =00n 50r' car04ull' d0si1n0d -i(h (h0 n00ds 34 (h0

marin0r al-a's =3rn0 in mind. Thus, sim:lici(' has =00n k0:( (3 (h0 43r04r3n( as

4ar as :3ssi=l0, -i(h3u( r0ducin1 (h0 accurac' 34 (h0 :r0dic(i3ns (3 such a l050l

(ha( (h0' ar0 n3 l3n10r 34 an' :rac(ical 5alu0. Th00 >ui:m0n( r0>uir0d has als3

 =00n k0:( (3 (h0 minimum, s3 (ha( (h0 3nl' (33ls n00d0d in addi(i3n (3 (h0 =33k 

34 43rms and A.T.T. ar0 a :0ncil, :air 34 di5id0rs, and :arall0l rul0. O(h0r 

0>ui:m0n( such as a :3ck0( calcula(3r 3r slid0 rul0 can =0 us0d (3 ad5an(a10 i4 

a5aila=l0 h3-050r, a small (a=l0 34 l31ari(hms is includ0d insid0 (h0 c350rs 34 

 N.2. !/. Th0 M0(h3d in53l50s (h0 c3m=ina(i3n 34 (h0 Tidal An1l0s A and

Fac(3rs F 43r (h0 da' -i(h (h0 43ur main Harm3nic C3ns(i(u0n(s M, S, %

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and O 43r (h0 :lac0 c3nc0rn0d. Th0 50c(3rial sum 34 (h0 (-3 s0midiurnal S.D.

c3ns(i(u0n(s is 3=(ain0d =' :l3((in1 3n F3rm A. H3url' h0i1h(s 43r (h0 S.D. (id0

ar0 0@(rac(0d 4r3m F3rm A usin1 (h0 di5id0rs and :l3((0d 3n F3rm 6 r040rr0d (3

(h0 lin0 34 M0an L050l -hich, a4(0r =0in1 c3rr0c(0d 43r kn3-n s0as3nal

5aria(i3ns, has =00n dra-n acr3ss (h0 43rm. An h3url' s:00d 34 / :0r h3ur has

 =00n assum0d 43r (h0 (3(al S.D. (id0.

Th0 5alu0s 34 A and F ar0 calcula(0d 43r #### 3n0 Tim0 3n (h0 da' in

>u0s(i3n and c3rr0c(0d (3 ## 3n0 Tim0 =' (h0 addi(i3n 34 (h0 an1l0s a. Thus

(h0 :has0s ar0 c3rr0c( a( n33n =u( =0c3m0 :r31r0ssi50l' in 0rr3r du0 (3 (h0

assum:(i3n 3 4 a sin1l0 s:00d 43r all (h0 S.D. c3ns(i(u0n(s. Th0 0rr3r in53l50d in

usin1 (his sim:li4i0d m0(h3d 34 calcula(i3n is nil a( ## and incr0as0s

 :r31r0ssi50l' as (h0 (im0 incr0as0s 3r d0cr0as0s, =0c3min1 a ma@imum in (idal

h0i1h( 34 a=3u( * % 34 M a( #### and *##. H3-050r, du0 (3 (h0 4ac( (ha( (his

0rr3r 5ari0s -i(h (h0 r0la(i50 :has0s 34 (h0 c3ns(i(u0n(s c3nc0rn0d, (his

ma@imum is n3( 34(0n a((ain0d.

Th0 c0n(ral (im0 43r (h0s0 calcula(i3ns -as ch3s0n (3 =0 n33n as i( -as

c3nsid0r0d (ha( m3s( na5i1a(i3n (ak0s :lac0 durin1 da'li1h( h3urs and (ha(

(h0r043r0 a :r0dic(i3n -i(h i(s 1r0a(0s( accurac' a( midGda' -3uld =0 m3s(

us04ul. I4 (h0 an1l0s a ar0 i1n3r0d in (h0 calcula(i3n 3n F3rm A, (h0 accurac'

(h0n =0c3m0s 1r0a(0s( a( #### 3n (h0 da' in >u0s(i3n. An 0s(ima(0 34 (h0 0rr3rs

in53l50d in a :ar(icular :r0dic(i3n 4r3m (his caus0 can =0s( =0 43und ='

 :r0dic(in1 (-3 c3ns0cu(i50 da's and 3=(ainin1 (h0 di440r0nc0 =0(-00n (h0 (-3

 :r0dic(i3ns a( midni1h(. I4 (h0 m0an 34 (h0s0 (-3 :r0dic(i3ns is acc0:(0d as (h0

 =0s( a5aila=l0 43r midni1h(, and (h0 di440r0nc0s 43und ar0 us0d (3 c3rr0c( (h0

(-3 cur50s :r31r0ssi50l' 4r3m midni1h( (3-ards n33n, (h0 :r0dic(0d cur50s s3

3=(ain0d -ill 05id0n(l' 1i50 a =0((0r r0sul( (han (ha( 3=(ain0d 4r3m 3n0 da's

calcula(i3ns.

Th0 Diurnal :r0dic(i3n is 3=(ain0d in a similar -a' usin1 (h0 50c(3rial

sum 34 %, and O, and an assum0d s:00d 34 *iR :0r h3ur. A1ain s3m0

 :r31r0ssi50 0rr3r mus( aris0 4r3m n33n (3-ards midni1h( in 0ach dir0c(i3n. In

(his cas0 i( is much m3r0 di44icul( (3 ass0ss (h0 ma1ni(ud0 34 (h0 0rr3rs (ha( ma'

aris0 4r3m (his caus0 du0 (3 (h0 c3nsid0ra=l0 5aria(i3ns in (h0 r0la(i3nshi:s

 =0(-00n %( and O, 4r3m ar0a (3 ar0a. H3-050r 0@:0ri0nc0 has sh3-n (ha( (h0

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c3nsid0ra=l0 addi(i3nal c3m:u(a(i3n n0c0ssar' i4 (h0 ac(ual s:00ds 34 (h0

c3ns(i(u0n(s ar0 all (3 =0 us0d cann3( =0 ;us(i4i0d 43r (his a::r3@ima(0 m0(h3d 34 

 :r0dic(i3n :ar(icularl' (h0 m0(03r3l31icall' caus0d :0r(ur=a(i3ns in (h0 ac(ual

(idal l050ls ar0 c3nsid0r0d.

Figure 3'1 Fl3-char(

3''3 NAOti*e

&a:an ha50 d050l3:0d n0- 1l3=al 3c0an (id0 m3d0l and l3adin1 (id0

m3d0l NAO.//= m3d0l 43r $ ma;3r sh3r(:0ri3d c3ns(i(u0n(s M, S, N,

%, N, , 5, L, T, %, O, 2, Q, M, OO, and &. -hich ar0

d050l3:0d =' assimila(in1 a=3u( 4i50 '0ars 34 T3:0@23s0id3n T2 al(im0(0r 

da(a in(3 num0rical h'dr3d'namical m3d0l. &a:an als3 d050l3:0d a r01i3nal

hi1hr0s3lu(i3n 3c0an (id0 m3d0l ar3und &a:an NAO.//&= m3d0l -hich

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assimila(0s c3as(al (id0 1au10 da(a as -0ll as T2 da(a. Th0 n0- m3d0ls ha50

im:r350d (h0 accurac' 34 3c0an (id0 0s(ima(i3n 0s:0ciall' in shall3- -a(0rs

c3m:ar0d -i(h (h0 3(h0r (-3 0@is(in1 (id0 m3d0ls, CS8*.# m3d0l and

7OT//.= m3d0l. This has =00n achi050d =' (h0 43ll3-in1 m0(h3d3l31i0s

a::li0d (3 (h0 curr0n( s(ud'

. Es(ima(i3n 34 al(im0(ric (id0s in small =ins.

. Accura(0 (idal anal'sis =' r0s:3ns0 m0(h3d in -hich 4in0

s(ruc(ur0 34 admi((anc0 du0 (3 FCN r0s3nanc0 and radia(i3nal

an3mal' is (ak0n in(3 acc3un(.

". 2r0cis0 0s(ima(i3n 34 3c0anGinduc0d s0l4Ga((rac(i3nl3adin1 0440c(s

*. Assimila(in1 c3as(al (id0 1au10 da(a in(3 NAO.//&=.

Th0 r0sidual s0a sur4ac0 h0i1h(s ar0 anal'+0d -i(hin 0ach 1rid usin1 (h0

r0s:3ns0 m0(h3d Munk and Car(-ri1h(, /$$. Th0 n3(a=l0 40a(ur0 34 (h0

r0s:3ns0 m0(h3d is (ha( (h0 m0(h3d d30s n3( insis( u:3n 0@:r0ssin1 (h0 (id0s as

sums 34 harm3nic 4unc(i3ns 34 s:0ci4i0d (idal s:0c(ral lin0, =u( 0@:r0ssin1 (h0

(id0s =' sm33(h admi((anc0 4unc(i3ns 34 0ach (idal s:0ci0s.

Th0 accurac' 34 (h0 n0- 3c0an (id0 m3d0ls has =00n 0@amin0d usin1 (id0

1au10 da(a and c3llin0ar r0sidual r0duc(i3n (0s(. NAO.//= sh3-s a c3m:ara=l0

a1r00m0n( -i(h / 3:0nG3c0an (id0 1au10 da(a as -0ll as CS8*.# and7OT//.=. Th0 c3m:aris3n -i(h ! shall3- -a(0r (id0 1au10s, 3n (h0 3(h0r 

hand, su::3r(s (h0 =0((0r accurac' 34 NAO.//= m3d0l in shall3- s0as. Th0 l3cal

c3m:aris3n -i(h # c3as(al (id0 1au10 da(a ar3und &a:an sh3-s 4ur(h0r 

im:r350m0n( =' NAO.//&=. I( has =00n als3 sh3-n (ha( NAO.//= m3d0l 1i50s

small0r c3llin0ar r0siduals in shall3- -a(0rs (han CS8*.# and 7OT//.=. A

 :r0liminar' r0sul( has =00n in(r3duc0d as (3 =ar3(r3:ic 3c0an (idal 0n0r1'

dissi:a(i3n ar3und &a:an.

Th0 main sinks 34 M (idal 0n0r1' ar0 (h0 Y0ll3- S0a G (h0 Eas( China

S0a r01i3n and (h0 S0a 34 Okh3(sk r01i3n -i(hin -hich 3c0an (idal 0n0r1' is

dissi:a(0d a( (h0 m0an ra(0 34 !! 7< and !* 7<, r0s:0c(i50l'. Th0 % (idal

0n0r1' is mainl' dissi:a(0d in (h0 S0a 34 Okh3(sk a( (h0 m0an ra(0 34 / 7<.

Th0 1031ra:hical :l3(s 34 (idal dissi:a(i3n su110s( (ha( (h0 dissi:a(i3n is a

hi1hl' l3cali+0d :h0n3m0n3n in shall3- s0as. H3-050r T2 d0(0c(s =r3adl'

dis(ri=u(0d sur4ac0 mani40s(a(i3n 34 in(0rnal (id0 050n in d00: 3c0an. M3r0

c3m:l0(0 d0scri:(i3n 34 (idal 0n0r1' =ud10(, -hich includ0s c3n(ri=u(i3n 4r3m

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radial l3adin1 (id0, in(0rnal (id0, (h0 0n0r1' c3n50r(0d in(3 shall3-G-a(0r 

c3ns(i(u0n(s, -ill =0 c3n(inu0d in(3 3ur 4u(ur0 -3rk.

3'' E#Gti*e

This m0(h3d is usin1 (h0 a::lica(i3n call0d E87 (id0. This a::lica(i3n can h0l: us (3

calcula(0 (h0 L<S, 3r L3-0s( <a(0r S:rin1, au(3ma(icall'. This a::lica(i3n can mak0 3ur 

 :lannin1 0asi0r.

3'6 #e(oinassan(e

80c3nnaissanc0 sur50' is a s3cial and a r0al c3ndi(i3n sur50' 43r s3m0-h0r0 -0

-ill s(ar( and d3 (h0 sur50'. I( c3n(ain (h0 s3ciali+a(i3n (3 l3cal c3mmuni(', 1350rnm0n(

and 3(h0r s(ak0 h3ld0r in ar0a 34 (h0 sur50' l3ca(i3n. I( s3m0 kind 34 askin1 :0rmissi3n43rmall' and un43rmall'. 80c3nnaissanc0 sur50' als3 c3n(ain 34 und0rs(andin1 l3cal

-0a(h0r, 3ri0n(a(i3n c3n(r3l :3in( and =0nchmark l3ca(i3n, 3ri0n(a(i3n 34 (idal 3=s0r5a(i3n

s(a(i3n, curr0n( m0(0r s(a(i3n, CTD, and 3(h0r :ur:3s0s such as l3cal (rans:3r(a(i3n.

Figure 3'+ 60nchmark 43r 703d0(ic Sur50'

3'7 Lan* ur-eying

Land sur50'in1 is a sur50' -h0r0 -0 s'nchr3ni+0 (h0 land da(a, (idal da(a, and

sh3r0lin0 da(a. Th0 sh3r0lin0 m0asur0m0n( is n0c0ssar' 43r c3rr0la(0d =a(h'm0(ric da(a (3

land sur50' da(a. F3r 10((in1 da(a usuall' (his sur50' n00d (3 =0 d3n0 =' small =3a( (ha(

sail in 50r' shall3- -a(0r. S3m0 34 (h0 sur50' 0>ui:m0n( is (h03d3li( and -a(0r:ass. F3r 

(h0 (idal da(a, land sur50'in1 is im:3r(an( =0caus0 i( als3 c3n(ain (h0 50r(ical da(um

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-h0r0as (h0 r0c3nnaissanc0 and ch33sin1 (h0 =0nchmark :3in( is im:3r(an( 43r (h0

1031ra:hical :3si(i3n 3r (h0 h3ri+3n(al da(um.

Figure 3'3 <a(0r 2ass

3' Current easurement

Curr0n( m0asur0m0n( is a sur50' 43r m0asur0 (h0 s:00d 34 (h0 -a(0r curr0n( 3r an

3=s0r5a(i3n 34 curr0n( 4l3- 50l3ci(' 3n sur50' l3ca(i3n. Usuall' (his 3=s0r5a(i3n and (idal

3=s0r5a(i3n d3n0 simul(an03usl'. 6u( sinc0 num0rical m3d0l ar0 -0ll d050l3:0d, curr0n(

3=s0r5a(i3n 3nl' n00d s050ral da's (3 =0 d3n0.

Figure 3' Curr0n( M0asur0m0n(

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S:00d 34 Curr0n( in l3ca(i3n ar0 calcula(0d as 43ll3-

V   #.! v#.d ×v#.$d v#.d

 N3(09

? 9 A50ra10 Curr0n( S:00d

5 9 A50ra10 curr0n( s:00d 3n s050ral d0:(h

d 9 D0:(h 34 -a(0r 

<a(0r Sam:lin1 and S0dim0n(

<a(0r sam:lin1 and s0dim0n( sam:lin1 in(0nd (3 kn3- (h0 s0dim0n( (ha( -a(0r 

c3n(ains. Th0r0 ar0 (-3 kind 34 s0dim0n( sam:lin1, s0a=0d sam:lin1 and -a(0r 

sam:lin1. S3m0 34 (h0 (33ls ar0

.

Figure 3'6 Clamsh0ll S0dim0n( Sam:l0r 

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Figure 3'7 <a(0r Sam:lin1 T33l

3'8 G% ystem

Th0 7l3=al 23si(i3nin1 S's(0m 72S is a s:ac0G=as0d na5i1a(i3n s's(0m (ha(

 :r35id0s l3ca(i3n and (im0 in43rma(i3n in all -0a(h0r c3ndi(i3ns, an'-h0r0 3n 3r n0ar (h0

Ear(h -h0r0 (h0r0 is an un3=s(ruc(0d lin0 34 si1h( (3 43ur 3r m3r0 72S sa(0lli(0s. Th0

s's(0m :r35id0s cri(ical ca:a=ili(i0s (3 mili(ar', ci5il, and c3mm0rcial us0rs ar3und (h0

-3rld. Th0 Uni(0d S(a(0s 1350rnm0n( cr0a(0d (h0 s's(0m, main(ains i(, and mak0s i( 4r00l'

acc0ssi=l0 (3 an'3n0 -i(h a 72S r0c0i50r .

Th0 72S c3nc0:( is =as0d 3n (im0. Th0 sa(0lli(0s carr' 50r' s(a=l0 a(3mic cl3cks

(ha( ar0 s'nchr3ni+0d (3 0ach 3(h0r and (3 1r3und cl3cks. An' dri4( 4r3m (ru0 (im0

main(ain0d 3n (h0 1r3und is c3rr0c(0d dail'. Lik0-is0, (h0 sa(0lli(0 l3ca(i3ns ar0

m3ni(3r0d :r0cis0l'. 72S r0c0i50rs ha50 cl3cks as -0llVh3-050r, (h0' ar0 n3(

s'nchr3ni+0d -i(h (ru0 (im0, and ar0 l0ss s(a=l0. 72S sa(0lli(0s c3n(inu3usl' (ransmi( (h0ir 

curr0n( (im0 and :3si(i3n. A 72S r0c0i50r m3ni(3rs mul(i:l0 sa(0lli(0s and s3l50s

0>ua(i3ns (3 d0(0rmin0 (h0 0@ac( :3si(i3n 34 (h0 r0c0i50r and i(s d05ia(i3n 4r3m (ru0 (im0.

A( a minimum, 43ur sa(0lli(0s mus( =0 in 5i0- 34 (h0 r0c0i50r 43r i( (3 c3m:u(0 43ur 

unkn3-n >uan(i(i0s (hr00 :3si(i3n c33rdina(0s and cl3ck d05ia(i3n 4r3m sa(0lli(0 (im0.

 F3r 80c0i50r in c3n(inu3us, m3s( r0c0i50rs ha50 a (rack al13ri(hm, s3m0(im0s

call0d a (rack0r, (ha( c3m=in0s s0(s 34 sa(0lli(0 m0asur0m0n(s c3ll0c(0d a( di440r0n( (im0s

 Vin 0440c(, (akin1 ad5an(a10 34 (h0 4ac( (ha( succ0ssi50 r0c0i50r :3si(i3ns ar0 usuall'

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cl3s0 (3 0ach 3(h0r. A4(0r a s0( 34 m0asur0m0n(s ar0 :r3c0ss0d, (h0 (rack0r :r0dic(s (h0

r0c0i50r l3ca(i3n c3rr0s:3ndin1 (3 (h0 n0@( s0( 34 sa(0lli(0 m0asur0m0n(s. <h0n (h0 n0-

m0asur0m0n(s ar0 c3ll0c(0d, (h0 r0c0i50r us0s a -0i1h(in1 sch0m0 (3 c3m=in0 (h0 n0-

m0asur0m0n(s -i(h (h0 (rack0r :r0dic(i3n. In 10n0ral, a (rack0r can a im:r350 r0c0i50r 

 :3si(i3n and (im0 accurac', = r0;0c( =ad m0asur0m0n(s, and c 0s(ima(0 r0c0i50r s:00d

and dir0c(i3n.

Th0 disad5an(a10 34 a (rack0r is (ha( chan10s in s:00d 3r dir0c(i3n can 3nl' =0

c3m:u(0d -i(h a d0la', and (ha( d0ri50d dir0c(i3n =0c3m0s inaccura(0 -h0n (h0 dis(anc0

(ra50l0d =0(-00n (-3 :3si(i3n m0asur0m0n(s dr3:s =0l3- 3r n0ar (h0  rand3m 0rr3r 34 

 :3si(i3n m0asur0m0n(. 72S uni(s can us0 m0asur0m0n(s 34 (h0 D3::l0r shi4( 34 (h0

si1nals r0c0i50d (3 c3m:u(0 50l3ci(' accura(0l'. M3r0 ad5anc0d na5i1a(i3n s's(0ms us0

addi(i3nal s0ns3rs lik0 a c3m:ass 3r an in0r(ial na5i1a(i3n s's(0m (3 c3m:l0m0n( 72S.

72S is im:3r(an( (3 :l3((in1 (h0 d0:(h da(a and mak0 (h0 =a(h'm0(ric ma:. I( is a

h3ri+3n(al :3si(i3nin1 -hil0 (h0 50r(ical da(a ca:(ur0d =' =a(h'm0(ric sur50'in1.

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C$A%TE# !9

&ATA ANAL.!

'1 ur-ey %lanning

Th0 4i1ur0 =0l3- is r0sul( 4r3m :r3c0ssin1 (h0 (idal da(a. Th0 r0d lin0 is main sur50' lin0,

(h0 =lu0 3n is cr3ss ch0ck lin0, and (h0 '0ll3- 3n0 is dr0d1in1 lin0.

Figure '1 sur50' lin0

Figure '+ c3m=ina(i3n =0(-00n =a(h'm0(ric and c3n(ur 

'+ Cali4rating T/e &ept/

Th0 d0:(h c3rr0c(i3n is calcula(0d =' in(0r:3la(0 m0(h3d (3 10( (h0 0@ac( c3rr0c(i3n, and

(h0n a4(0r (ha( -0 can 10( r0al + =' usin1 (his 43rmula9

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d0:(h Transduc0r D0:(h C3rr0c(i3n 6arch0ck G L<S

'3 ur-ey Line Cal(ulation

L0n1(h m "*$*.!$ m0(0rs

<id(h m "".!* m0(0rs

<id(h m m0(0rs

Ma@. in(0r5al ! m0(0rs

Am3un( 34 lin0 l0n1(h ! ".!* "/ lin0s

Main sur50' lin0 l0n1(h "/ "#*" m0(0rs

In(0r5al cr3ssch0ck lin0 ##

Am3un( 34 Cr3ss ch0ck lin0 ## #./* lin0s

Cr3ss ch0ck lin0 l0n1(h *#$ m0(0rs

T3(al l0n1(h main sur50' lin0 l0n1(h Cr3ss ch0ck lin0 l0n1(h

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"#*" *#$ "## m0(0rs

Sur50' dura(i3nh3urs (3(al l0n1(h =3a( 50l3ci(' **."#* h3urs *! h3urs

Sur50' -3rk da' **."#* !.!* da's $ da's

60caus0 (ha( c3ndi(i3n, (3 mak0 044ici0n( s3 i( -ill (ak0 " da's =' usin1 =3a(s a( (h0

sam0 (im0.

Assum:(i3n

ain sur-ey line

leng/t"#*" m0(0r  

Sur50' ar0a is

calcula(0d as a

r0c(an1l0

Cross (/e() line

leng/t*#$ m0(0r  

=3a( c3n(ain (0am

l0ad0r, 3:0ra(3r S62,

and sur50'3r 

Total sur-ey line

leng/t"## m0(0r  

=3a( includ0d 0ch3

s3und0r and D72S

Boat spee* )*# mh

 =3a( 50l3ci('

ur-ey *uration

using 1 4oat;**."#" h3ur  

)*#!.!")/ da'

mh3ur 

da' -3rk h3urs

h3(0l r33m 43r

 :0rs3n

=3a( c3n(ain accu

and 10nGs0(

car and 1as3lin0

c3un(0d as

' Bu*get Cal(ulation

6ud10( All3ca(i3n Uni(Uni( :ric0

ru:iah

<3rk 

dura(i3n

da's

Mul(i:l'

4ac(3r 

C3s(

ru:iah

T0am L0ad0r   ,!##,#

##"

  /,###,#

##

O:0ra(3r Su= 63((3m 2r340llin1   ,###,#

##

"   $,###,#

##

27

Table 4.1 and 4.2 #ssum$tion

and %ata

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Sur50'3r *  )!#,#

##"

  /,###,#

##

63a(s   ,!##,#

##" .!

  ,!##,#

##

Ech3 S3und0r   ,!##,#

##"

  /,###,#

##

D72S   ,!##,#

##"

  /,###,#

##

Accumula(3r   )##,#

##

  ,*##,#

##

70ns0(   ",!##,#

##

  ),###,#

##

H3(0l, r33ms 43r * :03:l0   "##,#

##"

  ,##,#

##

Dail' Acc3m3da(i3n   ,!##,#

##" .

  !,*##,#

##

Car 1as   ,###,#

##

  ,###,#

##

TOTAL  ,##,#

##

Ta4le '3 6ud10( Calcula(i3n

S3, (h0 (3(al =ud10( (ha( us0d (3 :a' (h0 sur50' :lannin1 is 8:,###,###,G

C$A%TE# 9

CONCL"!ON

6'1Con(lusion

As -0 3=(ain and anal'+0 (h0 da(a, 4inall' (his :r3;0c( c3m0 (3 c3nclusi3n

 =as0d 3n (h0 :r3;0c( aim. Th0 c3nclusi3ns 43r (his :r3;0c( ar09

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Th0 sur50' (33k 3 *ays (3 3=(ain (h0 =a(h'm0(ric da(a. I( c3s(s 8: .##.###,

us0s =3a(s, and :0rs3n0ls as (h0 (a=l0 0@:lain =0l3-9

6ud10( All3ca(i3n Uni(Uni( :ric0

ru:iah

<3rk 

dura(i3n

da's

Mul(i:l'

4ac(3r 

C3s(

ru:iah

T0am L0ad0r   ,!##,#

##"

  /,###,#

##

O:0ra(3r Su= 63((3m 2r340llin1   ,###,#

##"

  $,###,#

##

Sur50'3r *

  )!#,#

##"

  /,###,#

##

63a(s   ,!##,#

##" .!

  ,!##,#

##

Ech3 S3und0r   ,!##,#

##"

  /,###,#

##

D72S   ,!##,#

##"

  /,###,#

##

Accumula(3r   )##,#

##

  ,*##,#

##

70ns0(   ",!##,#

##

  ),###,#

##

H3(0l, r33ms 43r * :03:l0   "##,#

##"

  ,##,#

##

Dail' Acc3m3da(i3n   ,!##,#

##" .

  !,*##,#

##

Car 1as   ,###,#

##

  ,###,#

##

TOTAL   ,##,###

Ta4le 6'1 6ud10( Calcula(i3n

And (h0 addi(i3nal da(a as d0scri=0d =0l3-9

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ain sur-ey line leng/t "#*" m0(0r  

Cross (/e() line leng/t *#$ m0(0r  

Total sur-ey line leng/t "## m0(0r  Boat spee* )*# mh

ur-ey *uration using 1 4oat;**."#" h3ur  

!.!")/ da'

Ta4le 6'+ Da(a Ta=l0

6'+Contur an* Bat/ymetri(

A4(0r (h0 sur50' -as d3n0 and (h0 da(a -as 3=(ain0d, -0 anal'+0 (h0 da(a and

3=(ain (h0 c3un(3ur and ma:9

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Figure 6'1 C3n(ur 

Figure 6'+ 6a(h'm0(ric

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B!BL!OG#A%$.

h((:9---.(a103.c3mind0@G0GidG5GGdGm")$.h(m

h((:s9---.1331l0.c3mma:s:lac0%0(a:an18010nc',<0s(%aliman(an,

Ind3n0siaWG.#)),#/.///!,")/mda(a"m0"*m"m

s#@0#**c4$da$!"49#@#$c40*)$m0hl0nGUS

h((:s9id.-iki:0dia.3r1-ikiAlurX:0la'aran

h((:s9d0nni:asca.=l31s:3(.c3.id###/k3ns0:GdasarGsur50iG=a(im0(ri.h(ml

h((:s9---.acad0mia.0du/*!**#la:3ranX:rak(ikumX3s04isX=a(im0(ri

h((:s90n.-iki:0dia.3r1-iki6a(h'm0(r'

h((:s90n.-iki:0dia.3r1-ikiEch3Xs3undin1