Large and Small-scale Incineration 1 Beat Stauffer, seecon international gmbh.

Large and Small-scale Incineration


1

Beat Stauffer, seecon international gmbh


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Contents

1. Concept

2. How can Incineration optimise SSWM

3. Design Principles (large-scale)

4. Treatment Efficiency (large-scale)

5. Operation and Maintenance

6. Applicability

7. Pros and Cons

8. Design Principles (Small-scale)

9. Treatment Efficiency (Small-scale)

10.Operation and Maintenance (Small-scale)

11.Applicability (Small-scale)

12.Pros and Cons (Small-scale)

13.References

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4

1. Concept

Source: WASTE INCINERATION (2010) and AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT

BANK (2002)

Is Incineration Sustainable?

Large-scale incineration

Small-scale incineration



Is Incineration Sustainable?

• In the hierarchy of integrated solid waste management, incineration is not considered as a very sustainable method.

• With a highly developed system, energy recovery is possible.

• The last desirable is landfilling (leaching, smouldering).

• Open burning of waste must be avoided.

5

1. Concept

Source: WASTE INCINERATION (2010) and AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT

BANK (2002)



Negative Effects of Open Burning (and Landfills)

6

2. How it can optimise SSWM

Leachate leads to groundwater contamination.

Sourc

e:

GR

EEN

PEA

CE (

20

08

)

Heavy air pollution due to

open fires or smouldering.



Negative Effects of Open Burning (and Landfills)

7


Leachate leads to groundwater contamination.

Sourc

e:

GR

EEN

PEA

CE (

20

08

)

Heavy air pollution due to

open fires or smouldering.

Direct inhalation of toxic substances by the local community, dump- or landfill workers.

Accumulation of toxic substances along the food chain.

Sourc

e:

GR

EEN

PEA

CE (

n.y

.)

Source: KLOHN and FROEHLICH (2011)



Controlled Incineration

8


Source: GREENPEACE (2008)

Large-scale incinerators

Small-scale incinerators




9





• No landfills necessary

• No leachate• No open fires• Less air pollution• Disinfection (i.e.

of medical waste)• Break down of

some hazardous chemicals

Benefits of incineration




10





BUT

• Toxic flue gases• Residual ash still

has to be disposed of safely



Which Incineration Technique is Affordable?

• Big loads (50 - 1000 tons/day)

• Size of waste does not matter

• Waste-to-Energy

• Experts for O&M

• Expensive

11

3. Design Principles



• Small loads (12 – 100 kg/hour)

• Requires small-sized waste or it has to be shredded before

• Can be built with local available material

• Pre-fabricated products

• Trained labours for O&M



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1. Holding area2. Grabbed and dropped into a

hopper3. Incinerator (approx. 800 ºC),

50 to 1000 tons per day4. Waste-to-Energy system

(boilersteamturbine)5. Collection point for heavy

ash, extraction of metals6. Scrubber reactor for the

extracton hazardous pollutants (e.g. SO2 and dioxins)

7. Fine particulate removal system

8. Chimney

to Nr. 6

from Nr. 5

Source: BBC (2009)

Mass-burn Incinerator

3. Design Principles (Large-scale)



Fluidised-bed Incinerator

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3. Design Principle (Large-scale)

• Bed of limestone or sand

• Circulating or bubbling technology

• Capacity of 50 to 150 tons/day

• Energy recovery system applicable

The scheme of a fluidised-bed incinerator (bubbling bed). Source: EISENMANN (n.y.)



Modular Incinerator

14


Source: UNEP (2005)

• Prefabricated modules, in general 1 – 4 units

• Capacity of 5 to 120 tons/day and unit

• Energy recovery system applicable

• Used in smaller communities

• 1st chamber: low interior gas velocities under controlled temperature conditions

• 2nd chamber: completes the oxidation reactions of the combustible products



Sludge Incineration

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• Reduces the volume of dried sludge

• Destroys pathogens and toxic organic chemicals

• Solution if there is no land available for sludge disposal

A possible design how sewage sludge incineration can be integrated in a MSW incineration plant. Source: PUTZMEISTER (2000) and WASTEWATER SYSTEMS (n.y.)



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4. Treatment Efficiency (Large-scale)

• Weight reduction up to 75 %.

• Volume reduction up to 90 %.

• Breaks down some hazardous, non-metallic organic wastes.

• Destroys bacteria and viruses.

• Efficient flue gas cleaning systems.

Pollution Removal

Health Aspects and Pollution

• Complex air pollution control system.

• Risk of environmental pollution or health risk from modern facilities are low.



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5. Operation and Maintenance (Large-scale)• Maintenance and servicing by trained technicians.

• When incineration is done in a manner that has low adverse health and environmental impacts it is expensive.

• When it is done poorly (with low financial costs) it can be expensive in terms of human health and environmental impacts.

Control room of a waste incineration plant. Source: MAUELL (n.y.)



• Where land for landfilling is scarce

• Where technical know-how is available

• Where capital costs as well costs for O&M can be covered

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6. Applicability (Large-scale)

Waste incineration plant in Switzerland. Source: GEVAG (n.y.)



19

Advantages:

• No landfills required

• Substantial reduction of the weight (up to 75%) and volume (up to 90%) of solid waste

• Waste-to-energy (production of electricity and heat)

• Disinfection

• Some hazardous chemicals are destroyed

• Some precious elements (e.g. metals, phosphorus may be recovered from the ashes)

Disdvantages:

• High investment, operation and maintenance costs

• Risk of emissions which endanger human health and environment (gases, leaching into groundwater)

• Loss of organic substances such as kitchen waste or green waste from gardening (compared to composting)

7. Pros and Cons (Large-scale)



Low-cost Medical Waste Incinerator

20


• Simple two-chamber incinerator

• Temperatures of 800 ºC or higher

• Capacity of 15 kg/hour

• Locally constructed with bricks and steel components

Source: PRACTICAL ACTION (2000)



Pre-fabricated Products

21


• Several types

• Capacity of 12 - 100 kg/hour

• All kind of wastes (e.g. medical, slaughter, household waste)

Source: INCINER8 (2004) and MAVI DENZ (n.y.)

• In every location possible (e.g. small community, hospital, farm, truck stop)

• Capacity of 12 - 100 kg/hour



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9. Treatment Efficiency (Small-scale)

• Significant weight reduction and volume reduction.

• Breaks down some hazardous, non-metallic organic wastes.

• Destroys bacteria and viruses.

• Modern designs avoid toxic emissions.

Pollution Removal

Health Aspects and Pollution• Risk of environmental pollution or health risk from are much

lower than open burning of waste.

• No more waste piles and backyard burning.

• Operator should wear protection equipment during operation and maintenance.



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10. Operation and Maintenance (Small-scale)• Operator must be trained for the incinerator in use. This

avoids accidents, injuries and damages.

• Protection equipment during O&M is required: heat resistant gloves and boots, a respirator mask, safety goggles, clothes that cover the body and a helmet.

• It is important that the incinerator reaches the optimal temperature for an optimal performance.

• Regular inspection and to enlarge the life cycle and avoid damages are necessary.

Source: PATH (2010)



• It is applicable in every location for almost all kinds of waste.

• It especially avoids open burning, littering in the streets and helps to make harmful (medical) waste non-toxic.

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11. Applicability (Small-scale)

Source: HEALING TALKS (2008)


Source: BARRETO (2009)



Example of a comparison…

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Advantages:

• No landfills required

• Substantial reduction of weight and volume of solid waste

• Breaks down chemical toxics and destroys pathogens (e.g. medical waste)

• There are many different products in all price ranges

Disadvantages:

• Risk of emissions which endanger human health and environment (flue gas)

• Loss of organic substances such as kitchen waste or green waste from gardening

• Risk of malfunction if operators are not instructed

12. Pros and Cons (Small-scale)



26

13. ReferencesAFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (Editor) (2002): Study on Solid Waste Management Options for Africa. Abidjan: African Development Bank. URL: http://www.bscw.ihe.nl/pub/bscw.cgi/d1354356/SOLID%2520WASTE%2520MANAGEMENT%2520STUDY.pdf [13.03.2012]

BBC (Editor) (2009): Burn Baby Burn. London: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7872037.stm [Accessed: 14.03.2012]

EISENMANN (Editor) (n.y.): Waste Disposal - Eisenmann Fluidized Bed Incineration. Holzgerlingen: EISENMANN Anlagenbau GmbH & Co. URL: http://www.eisenmann.com/en/products-and-services/environmental-technology/waste-disposal/fluidized-bed-incineration.html [13.03.2012]

GEVAG (n.y.): Fotogalerie. Untervaz: GEVAG. URL: http://gevag.ch/index.php?id=95 [Accessed 21.03.2008]

GREENPEACE (Editor) (2008): Poisoning the poor – Electronic Waste in Ghana. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International. URL: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/poisoning-the-poor-electroni/ [Accessed 19.03.2008]

GREENPEACE (Editor) (n.y): Children scavenging on Smokey Mountain. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International. URL: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/multimedia/photos/children-scavenging-on-smokey/ [Accessed 21.03.2008]

HEALING TALKS (Editor) (2011): Rise in Medical Waste – an Increasing Global Crisis. http://www.healingtalks.com/health/rise-in-medical-waste-an-increasing-global-crisis/ [Accessed: 22.03.2012]

KLOHN, A.; FROEHLICH, V. (2011): Labor entdeckt 77-mal mehr Dioxin als erlaubt. Welt Online. URL: http://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article12031411/Labor-entdeckt-77-mal-mehr-Dioxin-als-erlaubt.html [Accessed 21.03.2008]

MAUELL (n.y.): Gallery - Control Room Design. Wiltshire: Helmut Mauell Limited. URL: http://www.mauell.co.uk/gallery/control-room/ [Accessed 21.03.2008]

PATH (Editor) (2010): The Incinerator Guidebook. A Practical Guide for Selecting, Purchasing, Installing, Operating and Maintaining Small-Scale Incinerators in Low-Resource Settings. Seattle: PATH. URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=9JH3Xec6tjI [19.03.2012]

PRACTICAL ACTION (Editor) (2000): Low-Cost Medical Waste Incinerator. Rugby: Practical Action. URL: http://www.daenvis.org/waste%20management/medical_waste_incinerator.pdf [Accessed: 19.03.2012]

PUTZMEISTER (2000): Sewage Sludge Incineration with Household Rubbish. Aichtal: Putzmeister Holding GmbH. URL: http://www.putzmeister.es/pm_spain/data/IP_3049_GB.pdf [Accessed: 14.03.2012]

UNEP (Editor) (2005): Solid Waste Management. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). URL: http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/publications/spc/solid_waste_management/index.asp [13.03.2012]

WASTEWATER SYSTEM (n.y): Wastewater Sludge Incineration Technologies. WasteWater System. URL: http://www.wastewatersystem.net/2011/02/wastewater-sludge-incineration.html [Accessed: 14.03.2012]

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Large and Small-scale Incineration 1 Beat Stauffer, seecon international gmbh.

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