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Project Design
Project Design
Leonellha Barreto Dillon, seecon gmbh
Project Design
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Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source!Copyright
Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the open-source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in the SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing organisations.
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Disclaimer
The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or supporting partner organisations.
Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.
Copyright & Disclaimer
Project Design
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3
From Community Action Plan to Projects
Once the Community Action Plan has been written, strategic objectives should be agreed, which will provide a framework for planning future actions.
Community Action Plan
Strategic Objectives
Objective 1
Objective 2
Objective 3
...
Objective N
Future Planning
Project 1
Project 2
Project 3
...
Project N
Project Design
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So, the aim of the project should be:
For instances:
Strategic Objectives
•To eradicate open defecation in our town by 2015
• To increase the access to improved sanitation facilities to 90% by 2020.
•To safely reuse 50% of treated wastewater in agricultural fields by 2020.
Actions to be taken:
Awareness raising campaign...
Demand creation & information campaign
Construction of new toilet facilities...
Construction of a treatment plant...
achieving one or a defined number of strategic objectives and ultimately the overall water and sanitation vision.
Project 1
Project 2
Project Design
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5
Definition of Project
SOURCE: METHOD123 (2003): Project Management Guidebook. URL: www.method123.com. [Accessed: 20.05.2010]
A project is a unique venture to
produce a set of outputs within clearly
specified time, cost and quality
constraints.
Project Design
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Project Design
It consists of two elements:
Project design is a result of both project planning and the project proposal.
Both steps are essential to forming a solid project design.
• project planning (formulation of project elements; e.g with the help of a Logical Framework); and
• project proposal writing (converting the plan into a project document).
Project Design
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Build a team for proposal development:
-Leader: coordinate all inputs and write core sections.
-Technical experts: brainstorming, give input in technical issues.
-Administrative staff: give accurate information related to budget.Review carefully the Community Action Plan
Hold a kick-off meeting and share your ideas
Tips to start successfully your project design:
Identify potential funding options
Getting Ready to Start a Project
Project Design
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Project Tree
Goal Goal
Objective 1Objective 1 Objective 2Objective 2
Result 1Result 1 Result 2Result 2 Result 3Result 3
Activity 1
Activity 1
Activity 2
Activity 2
Activity 3
Activity 3
Activity 4
Activity 4
ProblemProblemHierarchy of Goal, Objectives, Results and Activities
SOURCE: NEBIU, B. (2002): Developing Skills of NGOs, Project Proposal Writing. Szentendre: The Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe.
Project Design
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A problem is a negative undesired situation.
Defining the Problem
When formulating the problem, you should clearly specify:
1- Reasons
2- Results
3- Magnitude (number or percentage of impacted persons)
4- Place of the problem
5- The impact of the problem on other problems especially poverty
environment, women and unemployment.
Example:
•50% of the citizens of village (X) suffer from the garbage scattered everywhere in the streets.
•100% of the citizens of village (z) drink contaminated water.
SOURCE: NEBIU, B. (2002): Developing Skills of NGOs, Project Proposal Writing. Szentendre: The Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe.
Project Design
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Using the Logical Using the Logical Framework ApproachFramework Approach
Project Design
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What is a Logframe?
A logical framework (or logframe) is a management
tool that assists in project design by clearly stating the
key components, how the project is expected to work
and how success will be measured
Project Design
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The Logframe Matrix
Project Project StructureStructure
Indicators of Indicators of performanceperformance
Means of Means of verificationverification
Risks and Risks and AssumptionsAssumptions
GoalGoal
PurposePurpose
OutputsOutputs
ActivitiesActivities
First step: Top-Down
Project Design
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Goal – greater why
The long-term impact of the project
A Hierarchy of Objectives
Purpose – why
What we hope to achieve – the immediate impact of the project
Outputs – what
Specific results produced by activities. The TOR & deliverables
Activities – how
Units of work undertaken to produce outputs
Project Design
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14
It is a long term goal (mostly at the national level) this particular project together with other projects contribute to its achievement
Goal of the Project
Example:
•improving the quality of life in the community Z
The goal is defined as “it contributes to …”
Project Design
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Goal of the Project (cont.)
Tips for Setting a Project Goal
1.There should be only one goal per project.
2. The goal should be connected to the vision for development.
3. It is difficult or impossible to measure the accomplishment of the goal using measurable indicators, but it should be possible to prove its merit and contribution to the vision.
SOURCE: NEBIU, B. (2002): Developing Skills of NGOs, Project Proposal Writing. Szentendre: The Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe.
Project Design
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16
Purpose of the Project
Characteristics:
•Specific
•Measurable
•Applicable
•Realistic
•Timely
The objectives should address the core problem in terms of the
benefits to be received by the project beneficiaries or target
group as a direct result of the project. A project will likely
have multiple objectives.
SOURCE: NEBIU, B. (2002): Developing Skills of NGOs, Project Proposal Writing.
Szentendre: The Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe.
Project Design
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Example:
•Increase the number of families from village Z in quantity X who live in a clean garbage-free environment within Y years.
•Improve the water supply in quantity X and quality Y for the population of village Z in the next N years.
Requirements of drafting the project objective:
•percentages or figures
•place specified
•target group specified
•time-specific
•positive desired state
Purpose of the Project (cont.)
Project Design
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Outputs of the Project
Results describe the services or products to be delivered to the
intended beneficiaries.
This is what the project team is promising to
deliver.
The results are more detailed than the objectives and the goal, and
should be possible to measure through the use of objective indicators.
SOURCE: NEBIU, B. (2002): Developing Skills of NGOs, Project Proposal Writing. Szentendre: The Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe.
Project Design
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An indicator is the signal indicating the achievement of the set goal.
Example:
-Number of new water taps in the village
Example of outputs:
•Increase number of families living in a clean garbage-free environment.
•Increased number of households connected to the water supply system; and
•Increased number of water taps in the village.
Outputs of the Project (cont.)
Project Design
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Activities of the Project
Activities:
…are linked to specific outputs
… are usually specific tasks that are allocated to individuals or groups
… be designed having regard to the skills and expertise of the agency and stakeholders
… should be listed in chronological order under each output in the logframe
The tasks to be undertaken to achieve the aspired results.
“Activities are defined using an action verb in a present tense, eg. Design, draw up, search, construct…”
Project Design
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The Logframe Matrix
Project Project StructureStructure
Indicators of Indicators of performanceperformance
Means of Means of verificationverification
Risks and Risks and AssumptionsAssumptions
GoalGoal
PurposePurpose
OutputsOutputs
ActivitiesActivities
Second step: Work Across
Project Design
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Indicators of performance
Indicators allow to measure the progress in terms of quantity, quality and time.
-Outcome indicators: related to the purpose and results.
Example: “Concentration of heavy metal compounds (Pb, Cd, Hg) and untreated sewerage; reduced by 25% (compared to levels in 2010) and meets established national health/pollution control standards by end of 2015”.
-Impact indicators: related to the overall goal, helps to monitor the achievement and the impact of the project.
Example: “Incidence of water borne diseases, skin infections and blood disorders caused by heavy metals, reduced by 50% by 2020”.
Project Design
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Define the means of verification
What are the sources of information/data to verify outcomes and accomplishments?
These may include:
Publications;
Surveys;
Project notes, minutes, reports and records;
Photographs, tapes, videos etc.
Project Design
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24
Identify important assumptions/risks
Conditions which are important to the outcome of the project but may not be controlled by the project
May be external to the project
Important to the project success
Closely related to sustainability issues
Project Design
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25
Project Project StructureStructure
Indicators of Indicators of performanceperformance
Means of Means of verificationverification
Risks and Risks and AssumptionsAssumptions
GoalGoal
PurposePurpose
OutputsOutputs
ActivitiesActivities
IfIf andand
thenthen
Third step: bottom - up
Project Design
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26
A project proposal is a detailed description of a series of activities aimed at solving a certain problem.
SOURCE: NEBIU, B. (2002): Developing Skills of NGOs, Project Proposal Writing. Szentendre: The Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe.
The proposal should contain a detailed explanation of the:
• justification of the project;
• activities and implementation timeline;
• methodology; and
• human, material and financial resources required.
Definition of Project Proposal
Project Design
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27
A concept note is a summary of a proposal containing a brief description of the idea of the project and the objectives to be pursued.
Concept notes are prepare for:
some financing programs, funding agencies require a concept note before the submission of a full proposal.
donors without a formal call for proposals.
Concept Note
Project Design
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Writing a Concept Note: Template
1. Title: it should be snappy, informative, and distinctive.
2. Background: include your problem and its analysis, together with the following two guiding questions:
•Why it is crucial to address the problem identified?
•What has already been done to solve the problem?
3. Objectives
Project Design
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4. Outputs: they should be directly related to the project objectives
5. Activities and duration: a summary of the planned activities to achieve the project objectives should be included here.
Project Design
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Gantt chart or bar chart, which is commonly used for time planning
The Gantt Chart
Project Design
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31
7. Project management (includes monitoring and evaluation): this section should explain how the objectives will be achieved and how the project will be managed and evaluated.
8. Budget
Project Design
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References
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EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2009): Guide to Financial Issues relating to FP7 Indirect Actions. Seventh Framework Programme. URL: ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/docs/financialguide_en.pdf[Accessed: 08.05.2010]
METHOD123 (2003): Project Management Guidebook. URL: www.method123.com. [Accessed: 20.05.2010]
NEBIU, B. (2002): Developing Skills of NGOs, Project Proposal Writing. Szentendre: The Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe. URL: http://documents.rec.org/publications/ProposalWriting.pdf[Accessed: 07.08.2010]
NETSSAF (2008): The NETSSAF Participatory Planning Approach. A Tutorial for Sustainable Sanitation. URL: http://www.netssaftutorial.com [Accessed: 14.05.2010]
PHILIP, R., ANTON, B., BONJEAN, M., BROMLEY, J., COX, D., SMITS, S., SULLIVAN, C. A., VAN NIEKERK, K., CHONGUIÇA, E., MONGGAE, F., NYAGWAMBO, L., PULE, R., BERRAONDO LÓPEZ, M. (2008): Local Government and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Part III: Engaging in IWRM – Practical Steps and Tools for Local Governments. Freiburg: ICLEI European Secretariat GmbH.
PPIAF –PUBLIC-PRIVATE INFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY FACILITY- (2010): What are Public-Private Partnerships. URL: http://www.ppiaf.org [Accessed on 14.05.2010]
SONI, P. (2005): Solution Exchange for WES-NET India. WES-NET India -Water & Environmental Sanitation Network-. URL: http://www.solutionexchange-un.net.in/environment/cr-public/cr-se-wes-29070501-public.pdf[Accessed on 16.05.2010]
TRÈMOLET, S., PEREZ, E. and KOSLKY, P. (2007): WSP Sanitation Financing Study. Methodological Note. URL: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/07-cap-dev/a-material-topic-wg/wg02/tremolet-et-al-2007a-methodological-note-sanitation-wsp-en.pdf[Accessed on 16.05.2010]
Project Design 33
“Linking up Sustainable Sanitation, Water Management & Agriculture”
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