Large Power Transformer Study - June 2012_0

7/28/2019 Large Power Transformer Study - June 2012_0

1/54

LARGEPOWERTRANSFORMERSAND

THE

U.S.

ELECTRIC

GRID

Infrastructure

Security

and

Energy

RestorationOfficeofElectricityDeliveryandEnergyReliability

U.S.DepartmentofEnergy

LargePowerTransformersandtheU.S.ElectricGrid


2/54

Thispageintentionallyleftblank.

i


FORFURTHERINFORMTION

ThisreportwaspreparedbytheOfficeofElectricityDeliveryandEnergyReliabilityunderthe

direction

of

Patricia

Hoffman,

ssistant

!ecretary,

and

"illiam

#ryan,

Deputy

ssistant!ecretary.

!pecific

$uestions

about

information

in

this

report

may

be

directed

to

Dr.

%enneth

&riedman,

!eniorPolicydvisor'kenneth.friedman(h$.doe.gov).

Tiffany*.+hoiof+&nternationalcontributedtothisreport.


3/54

The-.!.DepartmentofEnergywouldliketoacknowledgethefollowingreviewersfortheircontributiontothisreport##mericanTransmission+ompany/orthmericanElectricalReliability+orporationOntarioPower0eneration!cott,

Daniel-.!.Departmentof+ommerce-.!.

Department

of

Homeland

!ecurity-.!.&ederalEnergyRegulatory+ommission

+overphotosources

1argepowertransformerphoto!iemens.comHigh2voltagetransmissionlinesphoto-tilities2me.com

DOE3OE3!ER4une5675ii


T!LEOF"ONTENTS

1istof&igures............................................................................................................................ iv

1istofTables .............................................................................................................................. iv

E9ecutive!ummary........................................................................................................................ v

.ntroduction ......................................................................................................................... 7

7.7

&ocus

of

the

!tudy .................................................................................................................

7

7.5#ackground........................................................................................................................... 5

7.:!copeandDefinitionof1argePowerTransformers............................................................ :

.PowerTransformer+lassification...................................................................................... ;

5.7PowerTransformersintheElectric0rid.............................................................................. ;

5.5Physical+haracteristicsof1argePowerTransformers........................................................

:.7Overview............................................................................................................................... >

:.7.7

Pre$ualification

of

=anufacturers

.............................................................................

>:.7.5#iddingProcess......................................................................................................... ?


4/54

:.7.:Production.................................................................................................................. ?

:.7.@1eadTime.................................................................................................................. ?

:.7.;Transportation.......................................................................................................... 76

:.5Raw=aterials-sedin1argePowerTransformers............................................................ 77

:.5.7

Electrical

!teel

and

1arge

Power

Transformers

......................................................

75

:.5.50lobalElectrical!teel!uppliers............................................................................. 75

:.:Aariabilityof+ommodityPrices........................................................................................ 7:

A.PowerandTransmissionnfrastructurenvestmentTrends............................................. 7;

@.7

0lobal

Power

0eneration

+apacity.....................................................................................

7;

@.5Transmissionnfrastructurenvestmentinthe-nited!tates............................................. 7B

A.0lobalPowerTransformer=arket................................................................................... 7?

;.7-.!.PowerTransformer=arketOverview........................................................................ 56

;.5%ey0lobal!uppliersofPowerTransformers.................................................................... 55

;.5.7+onsolidationofPowerE$uipment=anufacturers ................................................. 5@

;.:1argePowerTransformer=anufacturing+apacityin/orthmerica.............................. 5;

;.@Historicalmportsof1argePowerTransformerstothe-nited!tates............................... 5B

;.;

+hallenges

in

0lobal

!ourcing

of

1arge

Power

Transformers

...........................................

:6

A.+oncludingRemarks ......................................................................................................... :6

ppendi9.cronyms................................................................................................................ ::

ppendi9#.0lobalElectrical!teel=anufacturerProfiles ......................................................... :@

DOE3OE3!ER4une5675iii

Large

Power

Transformers

and

the

U.S.

Electric

Grid

ppendi9+.PlannedTransmission1inesinthe-nited!tates................................................... :

ppendi9&.!elected0lobalPowerTransformer=anufacturers............................................... :?

ppendi90.PowerTransformerndustryin+hina..................................................................... @6

ppendi9H.PowerTransformer=anufacturers"ebsites ......................................................... @5

ppendi9.#ibliography............................................................................................................. @:

LISTOFFIGURES

&igure7.ElectricPower0ridRepresentation................................................................................ ;

&igure5.+ore2Type1argePowerTransformer!howing=aCornternal+omponents................

&[email protected]....................................................................... 76

&igure;."orldnstalledProductionofElectrical!teelin566B ................................................. 7:

&igure.

Estimated

Power

0eneration

nfrastructure

nvestment

/eeds

in

the

"orld

&rom

5676to56:;.......................................................................................................................................... 7


5/54

&igure?.HistoricalTransmissionnvestmentinthe-nited!tates&rom7?B;to566: .............. 7B

&igure76.EstimatedHistoricalandProCectedTransmissionnvestmentinthe-nited!tates

&rom7??;to567; ........................................................................................................................ 7>

&igure77.*earlynstallmentof1argePowerTransformers inthe-nited!tates&rom7?@>to

56666,666pounds).Procurementandmanufacturingof1PTsisacomple9processthatre$uirespre$ualificationofmanufacturers,acompetitivebiddingprocess,thepurchaseofrawmaterials,andspecialmodesoftransportationdue

to

its

sie

and

weight.

The

result

is

the

possibility

of

e9tended

lead

times

that

could

stretchbeyond56monthsifthemanufacturerhasdifficultyobtainingcertainkeypartsormaterials.
http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959267http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959268http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959269http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959270http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959271http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959272http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959273http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959274http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file///C:/Users/28105/Documents/Choi%20ICF/Transformers/TChoi%20docs/DRAFTS/06152012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327959275http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597


6/54

Two

raw

materialscopper

and

electrical

steelaccount

for

over

;6

percent

of

the

total

cost

ofan1PT.Electricalsteelisusedforthecoreofapowertransformerandiscriticaltotheefficiency

and

performance

of

the

e$uipmentG

copper

is

used

for

the

windings.

n

recent

years,thepricevolatilityofthesetwocommoditiesintheglobalmarkethasaffectedthemanufacturingconditionsandprocurementstrategyfor1PTs.

Therisingglobaldemandforcopperandelectricalsteelcanbepartiallyattributedtothe

increasedpowerandtransmissioninfrastructureinvestmentingrowingeconomiesaswellasthereplacementmarketforaginginfrastructureindevelopedcountries.The-nited!tatesisoneoftheworldFslargestmarketsforpowertransformersandholdsthelargestinstalledbaseof1PTsandthisinstalledbaseisaging.Theaverageageofinstalled1PTsinthe-nited!tatesisappro9imately

@6

years,

with

B6

percent

of

1PTs

being

5;

years

or

older.

"hile

the

lifee9pectancyofapowertransformervariesdependingonhowitisused,agingpowertransformersaresubCecttoanincreasedriskoffailure.

!incethelate7??6Fs,the-nited!tateshase9periencedanincreaseddemandfor1PTsG

however,despitethegrowingneed,the-nited!tateshashadalimiteddomesticcapacitytoproduce1PTs.n5676,si9powertransformermanufacturingfacilitiese9istedinthe-nited!tates,andtogether,theymetappro9imately7;percentofthe/ationFsdemandforpower

7Throughoutthisreport,thetermlargepowertransformer'1PT)isbroadlyusedtodescribeapowertransformer

with

a

ma9imum

capacity

rating

greater

and

or

e$ual

to

766

=A

unless

otherwise

noted.

DOE3OE3!ER4une5675v


transformersofacapacityratinggreaterthanore$ualto@toJ>7Bmillion-.!.dollar.Powertransformersaregloballytradede$uipment,andthedemandforthismachineryisforecastedtocontinuetogrowatacompoundannualgrowthrateofthreetosevenpercentinthe-nited!tatesaccordingtoindustrysources.nadditiontoreplacingaginginfrastructure,the-nited!tateshasneedsfortransmissione9pansionandupgradestoaccommodatenewgenerationconnectionsandmaintainelectricreliability.

"hileglobalprocurementhasbecomeacommonpracticeformanyutilitiestomeettheir

growing

need

for

1PTs,

there

are

several

challenges

associated

with

it.

!uch

challenges

includethepotentialfore9tendedleadtimesduetoune9pectedglobalevents'e.g.,hurricanes)or


7/54

difficulty

in

transportationG

the

fluctuation

of

currency

e9change

rates

and

material

pricesG

andculturaldifferencesandcommunicationbarriers.Theutilityindustryisalsofacingthechallengeof

maintaining

e9perienced

in2house

workforce

that

is

able

to

address

procurement

andmaintenanceissues.

The-.!.electricpowergridisoneofthe/ationFscriticallife2lineinfrastructureonwhichmany

othercriticalinfrastructuredepend,andthedestructionofthisinfrastructurecancauseasignificantimpacttonationalsecurityandthe-.!.economy.The-.!.electricgridfacesawidevarietyofpossiblethreats,includingnatural,physical,cyber,andspaceweather."hilethepotentialeffectofthesethreatsontheelectricpowergridisuncertain,publicandprivatestakeholdersoftheenergyindustryareconsideringvariousriskmanagementstrategiestomitigate

potential

impacts.

This

DOE

report,

through

the

assessment

of

1PT

procurement

andsupplyissues,providesinformationtohelptheindustryFscontinuouseffortstobuildcriticalenergyinfrastructureresilienceintodayFscomple9,interdependentglobaleconomy.

DOE

3

OE

3

!ER

4une

5675

vi


I.INTRO&U"TION

'.'

FO"USOFTHE

STU&%

ntodayFsdynamic,intersectedglobaleconomies,understandingmarketcharacteristicsand

securingthesupplybasisofcriticale$uipment,suchaslargepowertransformers'1PTs),5

becomesincreasing

imperative

for

maintaining

the

resilience

of

the

Electricity

!ubsector.:

The

purposeofthisreportistoprovideinformationtodecision2makersinbothpublicandprivatesectorsaboutthecountryFsrelianceonforeign2manufactured1PTsandpotentialsupplyissues.

TheOfficeofElectricityDeliveryandEnergyReliability,

-.!.DepartmentofEnergy'DOE),aspartofitson2goingeffortstoenhancetheresilienceofthe/ationFscriticalinfrastructure,assessedthemanufacturingandsupplyconditionsof1PTsinthisreport.@PowertransformershavelongbeenamaCorconcernforthe-.!.electricpowersector.;&ailureofasingleunitcouldresultintemporaryservice

interruption

and

considerable

revenue

loss,

as

well

asincurreplacementandothercollateralcosts.!hould

PathsForward

Refineourunderstandingofthe

threatsandrisksassociatedwiththeglobalsupplychainthroughupdatedassessments.

-

The

National

Strategy

forGlobalSupplyChainSecurity,WhiteHouse,2012

severaloftheseunitsfailcatastrophically,itwillbechallengingtoreplacethem.

1PTsarespecial2orderedmachineriesthatre$uirehighly2skilledworkforcesandstate2of2the2art

facilities.nstallationof1PTsentailsnotonlysignificantcapitale9pendituresbutalsoalongleadtimeduetointricatemanufacturingprocesses,includingsecuringrawmaterials.saresult,assetownersandoperatorsinvestconsiderableresourcestomonitorandmaintain1PTs,asfailuretoreplaceaging1PT!couldpresentpotentialconcernsincludingmountingmaintenancecostsandune9pectedpowerfailure.


8/54

5Throughoutthisreport,thetermlargepowertransformer'1PT)isbroadlyusedtodescribeapowertransformer

withama9imumcapacityratingof766=Aorhigher,unlessotherwisenoted.!ee!ection7.:,!copeand

Definitionof1argePowerTransformers, fordiscussions relatingtotheinconsistenciesintheindustryFsdefinition

for1PTs,andsee!ection5.5,Physical+haracteristicsof1argePowerTransformers, forkeyphysicalattributesof

1PTs.:TheElectricity!ubsectorreferstotheelectricityindustryasdescribedintheEnergy!ector!pecificPlan'!!P).

TheEnergy!ector,asdelineatedbyHomeland!ecurityPresidentialDirectiveB'H!PD2B),includestheproduction,

refining,storage,anddistributionofoil,gas,andelectricpower,e9ceptforhydroelectricandcommercial nuclear

powerfacilities.TheKEnergy!ectorLisnotmonolithicandcontainsmanyinterrelatedindustriesthatsupportthe

e9ploration,production,transportation,anddeliveryoffuelsandelectricitytothe-.!.economy.This!!P

distinguishesbetweentheElectricity!ubsectorandtheOiland/atural0as!ubsector.!eethe5676Energy!!P,

http33energy.gov3sites3prod3files3oeprod3Documentsand=edia3EnergyM!!PM5676.pdf 'accessed4anuary;,5675).@

The

Homeland

!ecurity

Presidential

Directive2B

'H!PD2B)

established

the

-nited

!tatesF

national

policy

foridentifyingandprioritiingcriticalinfrastructureforprotectionfromterroristattacks.talsoidentifiedthe/ationFs

7>criticalinfrastructuresectorsandtheagenciesthatwouldberesponsibleforcarryingoutthepolicyforeach

sector.TheDOEisthe!ector2!pecificgencyresponsibleforthecoordination ofcriticalinfrastructureprotection

activitiesfortheEnergy!ector,whichconsistsoftwo!ubsectorsOiland/atural0asandElectricity.!eeH!PD2B

fullte9tathttp33www.dhs.gov39about3laws3gcM757@;?B?>??;5.shtm 'accessed4anuary@,5675).;!uchconcernwasraisedina4une7??6+ongressional Report.!ee-.!.+ongress,OfficeofTechnology

ssessment,PhysicalAulnerabilityofElectric!ystemto/aturalDisastersand!abotage,OT2E2@;:'"ashington,

D+-.!.0overnmentPrintingOffice,4une7??6).

DOE3OE3!ER4une56757


Therefore,thisreporte9aminesthefollowing

+lassificationandphysicalcharacteristicsof1PTsG

PowertransformerprocurementandmanufacturingprocessesG

!upplysourcesandpricevariabilityoftworawcommoditiescopperandelectricalsteelG

0lobalanddomesticpowertransformermarketandmanufacturingconditionsG

%eyglobalsuppliersof1PTstothe-nited!tatesGand

Potentialchallenges

in

the

global

sourcing

of

power

transformers.

'.(!")GROUN&

sappliedtoinfrastructure,theconceptofresilienceembodiesKtheabilitytoadapttochanging

conditionsandpreparefor,withstand,andrapidlyrecoverfromdisruption.L


9/54

'H1&)Risk"orkshopin/ovember566?.76+osponsoredbyDOEandthe/orthmerican

K&ramework

for

Establishing

+ritical

nfrastructure

Resilience

0oals,L

the

/ational

nfrastructure

dvisory

+ouncil,October7


10/54

andrecoveryelements,throughane9aminationofthesupplychainof1PTs.

'.*

S"OPEN&

&EFINITIONOF

LRGE

PO+ER

TRNSFORMERS

Throughoutthisreport,theterm1PTisbroadlyusedtodescribeapowertransformerwitha

ma9imumnameplateratingof766megavolt2amperes'=A)orhigherunlessotherwisenoted.However,itshouldbenotedthatthereisnosingle,absoluteindustrydefinitionorcriterionfor

77+riticalnfrastructure!trategicRoadmap,Electricity!ub2sector+oordinating+ouncil,ugust5676,

http33www.nerc.com3docs3escc3E!++M!tratMRoadmapMA:M:7Mug5676Mclean.pdf 'accessed/ovember:6,5677).

/oteTheroadmapdoesnotincludediscussion onthepandemicrisk.

75

&orthe

Energy

!ector

goals

and

visions,

see

Energy

!ector

!pecific

Plan,

5676,

http33energy.gov3sites3prod3files3oeprod3Documentsand=edia3EnergyM!!PM5676.pdf 'accessedDecemberB,5677).7:TheElectricity!ubsector+oordinating+ouncilrepresentstheelectricitysectorasdescribedintheEnergy!ector

!pecificPlan,whichincludesbulkpowersystementitiesdefinedby!ection57;ofthe&ederalPowerct.

DOE3OE3!ER4une5675:

gePowerTransformersandtheU.S.ElectricGrid

whatconstitutes

an

1PT

and

that

additional

specifications

are

often

used

to

describe

different

classesof1PTs.

Thesieofapowertransformeris

determinedbytheprimary'input)voltage,thesecondary'output)voltage,andtheloadcapacitymeasuredby=A.Ofthethree,thecapacityrating,ortheamountofpowerthatcanbetransferred,isoftenthekeyparameterratherthanthevoltage.7@nadditiontothe

able 1. ransmission VoltageClasses

Source:DOE,2006;seeFootnote14.o!i"ie!base!on

in!ustr#re$ie%.

capacityrating,voltageratingsareoftenused

todescribe

different

classes

of

power

transformers,

such

as

e9tra

high

voltage

'EHA),

:@;

to

B


11/54

reporttothe-nited!tates+ongresspursuantto!ection7>7?,!eptember5677,http33www.usitc.gov3publications3B67MB:73Pub@5;


12/54

Source:DOE,2006;seeFootnote14.o!i"ie!base!onin!ustr#re$ie%.

7?

On4uly7@,5677,anantidumpingdutypetitionwasfiledwiththe-.!.Departmentof+ommerceFsnternational

Tradedministrationandthe-!T+concerningimportsof1PTsfromtwo%oreanproducers,HyundaiHeavy

ndustriesandHyosung+orporation. Thepetitionallegedthatbetween566>and5676,the%oreanmanufacturers

aggressively e9pandedinthe-nited!tatesFmarketbyselling1PTsatpricesthatsignificantlyundercutdomestic

marketpricesandinsomeinstancesbelowthedomesticproducersFcostofmaterials.&inaldecisiononthiscaseis

e9pectedinpril5675.56!ource/ER+Electricity!upplyNDemandDatabase,http33www.nerc.com3page.phpcid@Q:> 'accessed

December7;,

5677).

DOE3OE3!ER4une5675;


transmissionofelectricityandstepsitdownfordistributiontothelevelusedbycustomers.57

Powertransformersarealsoneededateverypointwherethereisachangeinvoltageinpower

transmission

to

step

the

voltage

either

up

or

down.

&igure

7

illustrates

a

simplified

arrangementofthe-.!.electricgridsystem.

(.(PH%SI"L"HR"TERISTI"S OFLRGEPO+ERTRNSFORMERS

n1PTisalarge,custom2builtpieceofe$uipmentthatisacriticalcomponentofthebulk

transmissiongrid.#ecause1PTsareverye9pensiveandtailoredtocustomersFspecifications,theyareusuallyneitherinterchangeablewitheachothernorproducedfore9tensivespareinventories.55ccordingtoanindustrysource,appro9imately7.:transformersareproducedforeachtransformerdesign.&igure5illustratesastandardcore2type1PTanditsmaCorinternalcomponents.

lthough

1PTs

come

in

a

wide

variety

of

sies

and

configurations,

they

consist

of

two

mainactivepartsthecore,whichismadeofhigh2permeability,grain2oriented,siliconelectricalsteel,layeredinpiecesGandwindings,whicharemadeofcopperconductorswoundaroundthecore,providingelectricalinputandoutput.Twobasicconfigurationsofcoreandwindingse9ist,thecoreformandtheshellform.ntheusualshell2typepowertransformer,bothprimaryandsecondaryareononelegandaresurroundedbythecore,whereasinacore2typepower

Figure

2.

Core* #)e

+arge

&o%er

rans"ormer

So%ing

a-or

nternal

Com)onents


13/54

Source:/,+iui!*Fille!&o%erTrans"ormers,3tt):%%%05.abb.comglobalscotscot252.ns"$erit#!is)la#2a52787c7"!0e6c12589be007a486""ile))trm)tbrocure2406)l180*%1*en.)!"=accesse!/ugust16,2011>.

57##,http33www.abb.com3cawp3db666:db66537d;


14/54

Source:?E(CS)ecial(e)ort:S)areEui)mentDatabaseS#stem,2011;seeFootnote25.

5:

5@

K1argePowerTransformersfrom%orea,L-!T+,Preliminarynvestigation,!eptember5677,p.2;.

K#enefitsof-sing=obileTransformersand=obile!ubstationsforRapidlyRestoringElectrical!ervice,L-.!.

DepartmentofEnergy,566


15/54

Source:STCan!in!ustr#estimate.

5?,nthe=atterof1argePowerTransformersfrom%orea,

-!T+,

ugust

@,

5677,

http33www.usitc.gov3tradeMremedy3B:7MadMB67Mcvd3investigations356773largeMpowerMtransformers3preliminary3P

D&3+onference566>[email protected]'accessed/ovember5:,5677).

DOE3OE3!ER4une5675>


inspectionofthemanufacturingenvironment.ThisprocesscanoftenberigorousandcostlytopurchasersGhowever,itisanimportantstep,asthemanufacturingenvironmentandcapabilitycansignificantlyaffectreliabilityoftheproduct,especiallyofhigh2voltagepowertransformers.5B

-./.2'I33IGPR1CESS

standardbiddingprocessisinitiatedbyapurchaser,whosendscommercialspecificationsto

$ualified1PTproducers.Theproducersthendesign1PTstomeetthespecifications,estimate

thecost,

and

submit

abid

to

the

purchaser.

The

bids

not

only

include

the

power

transformer

but

alsoservicessuchastransportation,installation,andwarranties.5>E9ceptforafewmunicipalities,most-.!.utilitiesdonotannouncetheamountofthewinningbidortheidentityofthewinningbidder.Thewinningbidderisnotified,andbidtermsnormallyre$uirethattheresultsbekeptconfidentialbyallpartiesinvolved.5?

-./.-PR13*CI1

Thetypicalmanufacturingprocessofan1PTconsistsofthefollowingsteps:6

'.Engineeringanddesign,1PTdesigniscomple9,balancingthecostsofrawmaterials'copper,steel,andcoolingoil),electricallosses,manufacturinglaborhours,plantcapabilityconstraints,andshippingconstraints.

(.

"ore

-ilding,+ore

is

the

most

critical

component

of

an

1PT

which

re$uires

highly2

skilledworkforceandcold2rolledgrain2oriented'+R0O)laminatedelectricalsteel.*.+indings/rodctionandassem-l0ofcoreandwindings,"indingsarepredominantlycopperandhaveaninsulatingmaterial.

1.&r0ingo/erations,E9cessmoisturemustberemovedfromthecoreandwindings,becausemoisturecandegradethedielectricstrengthoftheinsulation.

2.Tan3/rodction,tankmustbecompletedbeforethewindingandcoreassemblyfinishthedryingphasesothatthecoreandwindingsdonotstarttoreabsorbmoisture.

4.Finalassem-l0oftheLPT,ThefinalassemblymustbedoneinacleanenvironmentGevenatinyamountofdustormoisturecandeterioratetheperformanceofan1PT.

5.Testing,Testingisperformedtoensuretheaccuracyofvoltageratios,verifypower

ratings,and

determine

electrical

impedances.

nthemanufacturingprocess,certainpartscanbeproducedeitheratthetransformerplantorat

anothervendororsubsidiarylocation,dependingonhowverticallyintegratedtheparticularplantis,whethertheplanthasthenecessarytoolsandcapabilities,aswellaseconomicreasons.:7

-./.4$EA3I+E

n5676,theaverageleadtimebetweenacustomerFs1PTorderandthedateofdeliveryranged

fromfiveto75monthsfordomesticproducersandsi9to7


16/54

5>bid.,p.A2.

5?

:6+onferenceHearingfornvestigation/o.B:72T277>?,-!T+,ugust@,5677,pp.7:;S7:?,-!T+,ugust@,5677,p.?;.

:5bid.,p.2B.

DOE3OE3!ER4une5675?


otherkeyrawmaterials,orifconsiderablenewengineeringisneeded.::nindustrysource

notedthatHAbushingsoftenhavealongleadtimee9tendinguptofivemonths.notherindustrysourceaddedthatHAbushingsareusuallycustomiedforeachpowertransformerandtherearelimitedbushingmanufacturersinthe-nited!tates.=anufacturersmustalsosecuresuppliesofspecificrawmaterialsorotherwisecouldendureane9tendedleadtime.:@

Oncecompleted,apowertransformerisdisassembledfortransport,includingtheremovalofoil,

radiators,bushings,convertors,arrestors,etc.Thepropertransportationofpowertransformeranditskeypartsiscriticaltoensuringhighreliabilityoftheproductandminimiingtheperiodforonsiteinstallation.

-./.5RASP1RAI1

Transportingan1PTis

challengingitslargedimensionsandheavyweightposeuni$uere$uirementstoensuresafeandefficienttransportation.+urrentroad,rail,andportconditionsaresuchthattransportationistakingmoretimeandbecomingmoree9pensive.:;lthoughrailtransport

ismost

common,

1PTs

cannot

be

transferredovernormalrailcars,becausetheycannotberolleddownahillorbumpedintootherrailcars,whichcandamagethepowertransformer.Thisisbecausetheheaviestloadarailroadnormallycarriesisabout766tons,or566,666lb,whereasan1PTcanweighttwotothreetimesthat.:ccesstorailroadisalsobecominganissueincertainareasduetotheclosure,damage,orremovalofraillines.

"henan1PTistransportedontheroad,itre$uiresobtainingspecialpermitsandroutesfromthe

departmentoftransportationofeachstateontherouteofthe1PTbeingtransported.ccordingtoanindustrysource,obtainingthesespecialpermitscanre$uireaninspectionofvariousinfrastructure'e.g.,bridges),whichcanadddelay.naddition,transporting1PTsontheroadcanre$uiretemporaryroadclosuresduetotrafficissues,aswellasanumberofcrewandpoliceofficerstocoordinatelogistic

Date post:	03-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	purit-rawal
View:	216 times
Download:	1 times