Design of a Large Industrial Project Risk Tool – Calculating Risk and
Opportunity Adjusted ROI
Ken J. Kallaher, P.E.Corporate Fellow
•
Aviation
Bridges
Brownfield Development
Chemical
Civic + Cultural
Commercial + Retail
Education
Entertainment + Sports
Federal
Food Processing
Forest Products
Healthcare
Highways + Roads
Hospitality + Gaming
Hydroelectric
Hydrology + Hydraulics
Justice + Correctional
Manufacturing
Mining
Mission Critical
Nuclear
Petrochemical
Pipelines
Ports + Marine
Rail + Transit
Renewables + Alternative Energy
Science + Technology
Solid Waste + Recycling
Transmission + Distribution
Urban Development
Waste Water Collection + Treatment
Water Supply, Treatment + Distribution
Picture
Picture
Designs and implements
Project Management Systems and
Processes
What does our group in exp do?
• Engineering Management• Planning & Scheduling• Cost Management
• Contract Management (Goods and Services)
• 20 other fields of expertise
• Pre-Project Phase, from Idea to Project funding
• Execution Phase
• Start-up
Manages Projects across
the entire Project life
cycle
Develops and manages
Operations Readiness
Plans
Provides tailored Project
Management Services
Sales and implementation of specialized
project management
software
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« Specialized »• Development and Implementation of Project Selection
and Delivery Models (PSDM)
• Development and Implementation of Project
Management Systems (Procedures)
• Development and Management of Operations
Readiness Plans (ORP)
• Commissioning and Start-up Management
• Development and Implementation of Project
Governance Structure
• Review and Audit of Project Controls
• Project Finance Modeling Assistance
• Management (or support) of Owners activities
• Procurement and Logistics Management
• Plant shut-down Management
• Portfolio Management
• «VIPs»
• Claims Analysis
• Bankable Studies
Areas of competency« Traditional »
PMI type of services• Project management training and coaching
• Management of Pre-Project Phase
• Risk Management
• Value Engineering
• Project Direction
• Detailed study coordination
• Construction Management
• Scope Management
• Project Planning and Scheduling
• Cost Control
• Performance Management
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Current Condition• Client X >$20B/yr. revenue, >80 countries• Largest BU competes in highly competitive markets
requiring large projects to be built on tight schedules • Other BUs - smaller highly custom/specialized• Highly distributed / independent regions / BU with
strong central control over funding – multiple cultures• Centralized process – not consistently followed, pencil
whip “check the box” attitude prevalent with some until an Executive (or up and comer) asks tough questions
• Very successful company with many “wins” & great projects + some very significant overruns & late
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Gaps
• Qualitative risk analysis done too early (insufficient data) with strong regional bias
• No formal opportunity analysis done or pursued• Quantitative analysis done by EPC to protect EPC only• Capital allocation between competing projects done by
Sponsor credibility & ability to withstand “questioning”• Historically decentralized project organization with
pockets of excellence and pockets of inexperience (can’t change central process, minimal impact on local)
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Target Condition – “Top 7 Slides”• Consistent, repeatable process based on *GBP• Easy to do qualitative analysis very early in project
development to screen for show stoppers & focus *RMP• One tool to capture and prioritize risks and opportunities
from geographically diverse & highly independent groups• Facilitated qualitative analysis to create *RIRR from top
20 (maximum) independent risks / opportunities• Graphical “easy to visualize” results usable by domain
experts and top executives• Can’t do “top 10” in a 50 minute presentation – review
first principals first, then tool
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* LegendGBP - Global Best PracticesRMP - Risk Management ProcessRIRR - Risk Adjusted IRR
Modern Risk Management
• AS/NZS 4360:1995• AS/NZS 4360:2004• ISO 31000:xxxx• PMI, AACEi standards• Pick 1• Don’t reinvent the wheel
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1
13
Identify Risk Analyze Risk
Response Planning
Tracking
ControlIterate!!
Statement of risk
List of risks(risk register)
Risk evaluation
Risk Classification
Risk prioritization
Risk Mitigation plans
Risk Acceptance Rationale
Risk Tracking Requirements
Risk status report
Risk mitigation plans
Risk decisions
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Risk Management Process – Iterate!2
Iterate
• This is a consistent a weakness I observe• During each monthly iteration, look at triggers and
leading indicators for changes• What new risks have materialized?• What risks have increased or decreased in probability
or consequences?• Doesn’t need to be long or bureaucratic (software can
make this much less painful)
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2
Use Appropriate Risk Treatment• Owners with limited/no megaproject experience often
try to transfer all risks without understanding risk premium• Party with greatest influence/control over risk should own it
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3
“What if” Planning• Traditional approach:Identify potential risksCapture in risk registerAssign someone to each risk (typically a junior person)Check risk management off of “must do to get $$ list”Move on to “more important” tasks
• Ask Integrated Project Team (project risks) and Steering Team (strategic risks) how they will respond to hypothetical but realistic scenarios:What if detailed engineering progress is not on track to
meet the (politically sensitive) start of construction date?For a location sensitive project, what if the primary
location is suddenly unavailable (Trinidad example)?
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4
Standardized Frameworks Help
• Consider a complete graphical risk breakdown structure to organize risks and to prompt thinking about areas that are sometimes missed
• Strongly consider a standardized probability and consequences matrix that allows all risks (project and strategic) to use the same scale and be captured in one unified project risk register
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5
##
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Judgment Frequency Experience
5Almost certain
orFrequent
Expected to occurVery High, may occur at least several times per year
A similar outcome has arisen several times per year in local operations
4Likely
orProbable
More likely to occur than not occur.
High, may occur about once a year
A similar outcome has arisen several times per year in the company worldwide or broader industry
3Possible
orOccasional
As likely to occur as not to occur.
Possible, may occur at least once in a one to ten year period
A similar outcome has arisen at some time previously in local operations
2Unlikely
orRemote
Not impossible, more likely not to occur than to occur.
Not impossible, likely to occur during the next ten to twenty five years
A similar outcome has arisen at some time previously in the company worldwide or broader industry
1Rare
orImprobable
Very unlikely to occur.Very low, very unlikely during the next twenty five years
No experience of this happening in the broader worldwide industry but is theoretically possible
Rating Basis for Probability Rating
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ConsequencesHealth & Safety Environment Regulatory Image & Reputation Financial Impact Facility Integrity Project Performance Employees
5CRITICAL
Fata l i ty of s taff, contractor or the publ ic
Long term environmenta l damage (5 years or longer), requiring >$5 mi l l ion to s tudy or correct or in penal ties
Regulatory intervention and prosecution poss ible
Damage to corporate reputation at international level ; ra ised in international media .Major loss of shareholder, pol i ti ca l or community support
Direct loss or increased cost > $20 mi l l ionEstimating error or capi ta l loss > $20 mi l l ionFraud > $1 mi l l ion
Major unacceptable system, asset, integri ty or condition problemFai lure to achieve cri tica l system, asset or performance goals
Time-cri tica l project misses major mi lestone or deadl ine > 6 monthsFa i lure to achieve cri tica l system, asset or performance
A large number of senior managers or experienced employees leave the company.
4MAJOR
Serious injury or occupationali l lness (non-recoverable) or permanent major disabi l i ties (acute or chronic)
Medium-term (1-5 yr) envi ronmenta l damage, requiring $1 to 5 mi l l ion to s tudy or correct
Breach of l i censes , legis lation, regulation or corporate mandatory s tandards
Damage to corporate reputation at national level ; ra ised in national media . Signi ficant decrease in shareholder, pol i ti ca l or community support
Direct loss or increased cost of $5 – 20 mi l l ionEstimating error or capi ta l loss of $5 – 20 mi l l ionFraud $0.5 - 1 mi l l ion
Fai lure to achieve some system, asset, integri ty or condition targetsFa i lure to achieve some performance targets
Time-cri tica l project misses major mi lestoneor deadl ine by 3-6 monthsFa i lure to achieve some performance targets
Some senior managers or experienced employees leave. High turnover of experienced employees . Company not perceived as an employer of choice.
3MODERATE
Lost time or restricted duties injury or occupational i l lness (recoverable)
Short-term (<1 yr) envi ronmenta l damage, requiring up to $1 mi l l ion to correct
Breach of s tandards , guidel ines or impending legis lation. Subject ra ised as corporate concern through audit findings or voluntary agreements
Adverse news in s tate or regional media . Decrease in shareholder, pol i ti ca l , or community support
Direct loss or increased cost of $1 – 5 mi l l ionEstimating error or capi ta l loss of $1 – 5 mi l l ionFraud $0.25 - 0.5 mi l l ion
Some reduction in system, asset,integri ty or condition Some reduction in performance
Time-cri tica l project misses major mi lestoneor deadl ine by 1-3 monthsSome reduction in performance
Poor reputation as an employer. Widespread employee atti tude problems. High employee turnover.
2MINOR
Medica l Treatment or Fi rs t Aid InjuryNo lost time or occupational i l lness
Environmenta l damage, requiring up to $250,000 to s tudy or correct
Breach of internal procedures or guidel ines
Adverse news in loca l media . Concerns on performance ra ised by shareholders , government or the community
Direct loss or increased cost of $0.25 – 1 mi l l ionEstimating error or capi ta l loss of $0.25 – 1 mi l l ionFraud $0.1 - 0.25 mi l l ion
Minor system, asset, integri ty or conditiondegradationMinor performance degradation
Time-cri tica l project misses major mi lestone or deadl ine by <1 month. Minor performance degradation.
Genera l employee morale and atti tude problems. Increase in employee turnover.
1INSIGNIFICANT
No Injury Negl igible envi ronmenta l impact, managed within operating budgets
No breach of l i censes , s tandards , guidel ines or related audit findings
Publ ic awareness may exis t, but there i s no publ ic concern
Direct loss or increased cost below $250,000 Negl igible estimating error or capi ta l lossNegl igible fraud
Negl igible system, asset, integri ty or condition impactNegl igible performance impact
Negl igible mi lestone or deadl ine delay. Negl igible performance impact
Negl igible or i solated employee dissatis faction.
Rating
Opportunities (Positive Risks)
• Use the same level of systematic capture, assignment, strategy and tracking as for negative risks
• Decide which ones (probability x consequence) are worth investing time and resources to go after
• Sometime pursuit of an opportunity requires a significant project change and approval of key stakeholders
• Must identify and decide to pursue before end of FEL 2 to avoid high risk FEL 3 scope changes
• Good article this topic in Dec. 2012 Project Management Journal: “Challenging Classic Project Management: Turning Project Uncertainties into Business Opportunities”
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6
Operations Readiness
• This is frequently a weakness in megaprojects particularly for greenfield
• New region/country amplifies the issues• Integrated Project Team (is supposed to) have systems,
discipline, project controls tracking, etc.• Operations are often left on their own• Global Best Practice is full integration of Operations into
Project Development and Execution System (PDS)
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7
Industrial Project Delivery Model
Start Construction
RFAFull Funds
Advance Check Off
Agreements Signed
MOU Basic EngineringCompleted
Screening Development Delivery
Benefits
FEL 1Concept
FEL 2Pre-Feasibility
2D 3B
StrategicResources
Assessment
Test
ing
Pre-
notic
e
Basic Engineering
Prepare RFQ Documents
Tests Under Load
Production Ramp-Up Production on Specs
(Quantity / Quality)
Warranty Period
Facilities Mechanical Acceptance Completed
Bid Period
Decis
ion
by
Revie
w Bo
ard
Turnover
X weeks Notice
Star
t Me
chan
ical
Acce
ptan
ce
Final Acceptance
Joint Action Plan
ProjectAssessment
EPCM
Con
tract
Awa
rd
Industrial Acceptance
Star
t Me
chan
ical A
ccep
tanc
e
EPCM
FEL 3Feasibility
Fund
s Av
ailab
le
Integrated Project Plan
Preliminary EngineeringConcept
Project Business Case Development
Plans & Programs Development
Proj
ect C
harte
r
Proj
ect S
tate
men
t
Oppo
rtuni
ty S
tate
men
t
Operations
4C
Class 3 Class 4 FinalClass 5 Estimate Types Class 2 Class 1
Concept
Study by Review Board
Members
Engineering and other Service Providers contribution
RFA & Information
Memorandum
Funds Appro-priation
RFA
Docs
Issue
d
Preliminary Eng. Basic Engineering
Construction
Release Release Release
Start Turnover
EPCM Bidding & Award Process
Star
t Det
ailed
En
gine
erin
g
ORP Level 0
ORP Level 1
Operations Readiness Plan Level 2
1B 1C 2A 2B 2C 3A 3C 3D
Operations Readiness Plan Level 3
Ideation
Star
t of I
deat
ion
Stag
e
FEL 0Pre-Concept
Acceptance Process
Execution Commissioning Ramp-up Productionon Specs.
4A 4B
Pre-Op. Testing
Dry Tests
FRONT END LOADING (FEL)
Major Gate
Sub-Gate
1A
Star
t ORP
Im
plem
ent.
Bids Analysis & Negotiation
Detailed Eng.
Procurement
By Operations & EPCM
Class 4Initial
The Contracting Process to secure Engineering and other Services at appropriate time to satisfy requirements of FEL stages (and beyond) is not illustrated in this diagram.
Class (AACE) Designation
54 Initial4 Final321
FEL 0 (Pre-Concept)FEL 1 (Concept)FEL 2 (Pre-Feasibility)FEL 3 (Feasibility)DefinitiveFinite
Accuracy(Greenfield)
(-30%,+60%)(-20%,+30%)(-15%,+25%)(-10%,+10%)(Better than ±10%)(Better than ±5%)
Type of Estimates
Accuracy(Brownfield & Mining)(-30%,+60%)(-20%,+30%)(-15%,+25%)(-10%,+15%)(Better than ±10%)(Better than ±5%)
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7
EMENTATION
PRE-FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY EXECUTION
Final Acceptance per Specifications
Full Funds Appropriation
High level Plan setting the course of
action in view ofoperations
Baseline Plan including manpower deployment
and departments’ implementation
strategy
Detailed OR Plan by business process,
done with department’s personnel
Progressive deployment of Operations resources, and execution of activities and deliverables according to OR detailed Plan
ORP Level 1 ORP Level 2 ORP Level 3 ORP Level 3 DEVELOPMENT &IMPLEMENTATION
MONITORING / ENFORCEMENT
Start Construction
COMMISS. & START-UP
Mechanical Completion
Preparation Enforcement• Align OR and project
key milestones
• Identify major categories of OR deliverables
• Draft of organizational structure
• Develop OR master schedule
• Develop preliminary OR and operations budgets
• Identify OR work by Owner and by others
• Develop OR control schedule
• List of business processes by department
• Refine / upgrade ORP documents initiated in ORP Level 1, to satisfy requirements of project funding and IRR calculation
• Develop short-term detailed OR plan
• Develop detailed OR schedule and synchronize with project schedule
• Develop / Implement OR progress monitoring system
• Validate OR budget
• Initiate schedule progress reporting and budget control functions
• Assist Owner’s managers with their ORP implementation
• OR schedule and progress monitoring
• Maintain OR schedule ¨evergreen¨according to OR progress and project evolution
• OR budget monitoring
• Act as facilitators to managers in their Plan’s implementation / execution and dealings with other departments
• Assistance in development and implementation of procedures for facilities tests, commissioning, start-up and acceptances
Implementation
Project Life Cycle and ORP Evolution Processex
p.’s
Key
Con
tribu
tions
24
7
• Operations and Maintenance• Business Management• Procurement / Outsourcing• Sales and Marketing• Information Systems and Technology• Commissioning
• Operations Readiness (transitional department)• Environment, Health and Safety • Human Resources• Community Relations• Finance• Legal Affairs
• List of major categories of OR deliverables by department• Preliminary Owner’s organization, roles and responsibilities• OR master schedule by department (See box below for example)• List of OR work packages (Owner’s & others)• Preliminary effort assessment and resources deployment plan• Preliminary OR budget• Operations and maintenance philosophy• Commissioning and start-up strategy/model• Ramp-up strategy/model
PRE-FEASIBILITY
ORP Level 1
Example of departments covered by an ORP:
Typical ORP Level 1 Deliverables
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7
Solution for Client X• Solution included a process that built on client’s current practices• Excel based tool with all quantitative analysis done in @RISK• Input: simple cash flows copied direct from client’s financial model• Each tab of the tool dedicated to specific function or information
(Consequences tab, Graphical RBS tab, cash flow inputs, etc.)• Build a bridge between current condition and global best practices
26
Simple Early Qualitative Tool
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• Bridge to client’s current process• As more is known add standard 5 x 5 probability & consequences • Before full funding, quantitative analysis (beyond EPC) is added
Risk register input IRR per line Output
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• Single register eliminates qualitative vs. quantitative redundancy• Can’t see from this sanitized view – Capex / Opex selection• Best / expected / worst used as parameters for @RISK distribution• 15 Level 2 entries in RBS, Level 1 grouped automatically - graphs
X
22% chance Sponsor gets fired (WACC=11%)5.7% chance of exceeding BU hurdle rateExperts saw it & immediately began: what if….
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Qualitative Risk Analysis• This consists of using the probability and impact matrix tool
(PIM) to prioritize and rank the risks contained in the risk register. By doing this, you are able to focus your management time and effort on the most important risk areas. In effect, you are able to apply the 80/20 rule – 20% of the risks will cause 80% of the threats to your project objectives, hence you need to focus on those.
• Each risk would be evaluated for it’s probability and impact using a numbered ranking system such as low, low to medium, medium, medium to high, and high. Or perhaps using a 1 to 10 scoring system. Each risk will have the numbers for probability multiplied together to get a priority score so that these can be ranked. Other data could be captured for each risk such as urgency or proximity, and the category (for example hardware, software, commercial, design, and so on).
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Quantitative Risk Analysis• As the name might suggest, this is quantifying (assigning a
value = quantity) the ranked risks often done in terms of time or cost. There are several tools that help in this. One is by using decision trees to arrive at a monetary amount for each risk (the extra cost incurred or time delay if the risk happened).
• Another tool is expected monetary value analysis. If a risk would incur an extra $1000 and it has a 25% probability, then the risk cost value could be seen as $250. If this was done for all the risks, then simply adding up each risk cost value could be used as a risk budget to help fund the aggregated risks.
• A risk is an uncertain event, that if it did occur, it would have an impact on the project’s objectives. But a risk can be a negative impact threat or a positive impact opportunity. Both have uncertainty which is what makes them both examples of a risk.
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Risk Response“Negative” Risk Responses• Transfer - Reallocate the risk to others• Accept - Do not develop mitigation strategies. May develop
contingency plan if needed• Watch - Monitor risk attributes; establish metrics; identify
contingency strategy if needed• Mitigate - Eliminate or reduce likelihood of occurrence or impact;
identify contingency plan• Avoid - Find a way around risk
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Bankable Quality Projects
• Bank’s engineer will typically want to see the risk register monthly and will expect changes (iteration)
• Risk Management is a pervasive theme with exceptionally high pressure to transfer all risks
• Partnership projects significantly complicate risk management process (not linear with # of partners)
• Consider project from Banker’s perspective (typical Banker’s Checklist slide)
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Covered by IM Chapter No.
1. A credit risk rather than an equity risk is involved. 72. A satisfactory feasibility study and financial plan have been prepared. 4 & 73. The cost of product or raw material to be used by the project is assured. 4 & 54. A supply of energy at reasonable cost has been assured. 4 & 55. A market exists for the product to be produced. 36. Transportation is available at reasonable cost to move the product to the market. 5 & 67. Adequate communications are available. 4 & 58. Building materials are available at costs contemplated. 49. The EPCM contractor is experienced and reliable. 4 & 510. The Operations Team is experienced and reliable. 4, 5 & 611. Management personnel are experienced and reliable. 412. Unproven technology is not involved. 413. Contractual agreement among joint venture partners, if any, is satisfactory. 214. A stable and friendly political environment exists; licences and permits are available. 4 & 615. The risk of expropriation has been properly considered 816. Country risk is satisfactory. 817. Sovereign risk is satisfactory. 818. Currency and foreign exchange risks have been addressed. 719. The key promoters have made an adequate equity contribution. 2 & 720. The project has value as collateral. 721. Satisfactory appraisals of resources and assets have been addressed. 422. Adequate insurance coverage is contemplated. 823. Force majeure risk has been addressed. 824. Cost over-run risk has been addressed. 825. Delay risk has been considered. 826. The project will have an adequate ROE, ROI and ROA for the investors. 727. Inflation rate projections are realistic. 728. Interest rate projections are realistic. 729. Environmental Impact has been addressed. 430. Socio-Economic Impact has been addressed. 4
Check Items
Sample Banker’s Checklist
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##
Delivery PhaseFEL 3 Feasibility
3A 3BAgreements
SignedBasic Eng.Completed Full Funds
Studyby DRB
Members
Fundsappro-
priation
Dec
isio
nby
DR
B
Fund
s Av
aila
ble
Project Related Documents
Operations ReadinessPlan (ORP)
IRR, Funding& Financing
End Product Value
3AxxFEL 3 Tech. Doc.
3AxxFEL 3 Study
Report
3AxxIntegrated Project Plan 1st Ed.
3AxxFunding Agreement Draft
3AxxEPCM RFQ Doc.
3Axx
3BxxClass 3
Project Estimate
3BxxProj. Business Case - Final
3BxxEPCM Select. Summary
3BxxProject Charter Final
3BxxRaw MaterialsSupply Plan
3BxxProj. EHSProgram
3BxxProduct & Marketing Plan
3BxxORP – Level 2
3BxxProj. Delivery Agreement3Bxx
Integ. Project Plan– Final
Project auth
2Dxx
Energy Contract
EPC
/M C
ontr
act A
war
d
Stud
y Te
am a
nd
Engi
neer
ing
Serv
ices
Pro
vide
r M
obili
zatio
n
2D
2DxxLand Agreements
Lenders & Partners Financial Requirements - Final
Partnership Agreements
Ban
kabl
eD
ocum
ents
–3B
xx
2Dxx
Proj. Business Case - FEL2
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Strategic Risk Mgnt Plan
FinancingStructure Partners
OperationsReadiness
Balance Of
Stage GateDeliverables
Bankable Cost
Estimate &Schedule
ProjectRationale
& Economics
EnablingFramework&
Government
People
Bankable Quality – True North
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Alcoa Confidential
Strong well staffed Owner’s team Supported by a quality engineering service provider
(size, balance sheet, recent track record, experienced people)
Tier 1 EPC/M team utilizing proven systems and procedures
Minimal risk of changes in team or loss of key personnel (incentives); financial penalties to EPC/M for loss of key people
Plan and commitment for quality, experienced construction supervision and workforce
Quantity and quality of team are key to success (“A” team not “C” team). Expect careful scrutiny of key team CV’s for experience both within the industry as well in projects of similar size.
People
Bankable Quality – True North
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