Larger Foraminifera of Late Eocene Ag;e From Eua, Tonga · 40-pound sample of the material. This...

Larger Foraminifera of

Late Eocene Ag;e From

Eua, TongaGEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 640-B

Larger Foraminifera of

Late Eocene Age From

Eua, TongaBy W. STORKS COLE

LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM EUA, TONGA

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 640-B

Study of eight species

characteristic of upper Eocene

(Tertiary b) stage

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1970

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

WALTER J. HICKEL, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

William T. Pecora, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 55 cents (paper cover)

LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM EUA, TONGA FOREWORD

One of the most widespread units of the Cenozoic section in the islands of the open Pacific is a series of limestones assigned to the upper Eocene (Tertiary b). Such limestones, containing diagnostic larger Forami- nifera, have been reported in many parts of an area spreading 4,000 miles across the tropical Pacific (fig. 1), from Palau and the Mariana Islands on the northwest through the Marshall Islands (Eniwetok) to Fiji and Tonga on the southeast (Whipple, in Hoffmeister, 1932, p. 79-86; Asano, 1939; Cole, 1950, 1957a, 1957b, 1960. In almost all the islands the limestones are dense and crystalline. Foraminifera and algae are abundant local ly, but in most places fossils cannot be extracted and must therefore be studied in random thin sections. On the little island of Eua, Tonga, a locality was recently found where the Eocene limestone is tuffaceous, con siderably weathered, and richly fossiliferous. Abundant fossils that represent a dozen organic groups were found. Such abundance and diversity signaled the find as a remarkable one that would add greatly to our knowl edge of life in the western Pacific during the Eocene.

The island of Eua measures only 12 by 5 miles but it rises 1,000 feet above sea level. It occupies an inter esting position tectonically, as its steep eastern side faces the Tonga Trench. In addition, Eua is the oldest island in the Tonga group that has a plutonic core (Guest, 1959) and a series of associated volcanic rocks, which are partly blanketed by thick limestones of late Eocene age. Younger volcanic rocks and sediments of late Tertiary age are also present (Hoffmeister, 1932).

This series of reports is concerned with one fades of the upper Eocene limestone. After the limestone series was deposited, Eua was uplifted periodically and a sequence of six terraces was cut in the limestones on the windward (eastern) side. Hoffmeister was the first to recognize the Eocene age of the main limestone of the terraces, three of which have veneers of Pliocene reef corals. He made a planetable map of the terraced eastern ridge and recorded the average altitudes of the terraces as 100, 200, 340, 400, 550, and 760 feet, The east-facing "rocky backbone" of Eua thus looks in profile like a giant staircase facing the Tonga Trench. The Eocene limestone may once have covered all of Eua

but is now largely limited to the eastern ridge (Hoff meister, 1932; the Eocene Foraminifera were described by Whipple in this same report, p. 79-86).

The fossils described in this series of reports vere obtained from an outcrop on the 400-foot terrace about a quarter of a mile north of Vaingana (fig. 2). At this locality, the limestone lies close to the under lying volcanic rock and is tuffaceous and partly weath ered; almost everywhere else on Eua the limestone is pure, hard, and crystalline.

In 1943, Harold T. Stearns, then of the U.S. Geo logical Survey, also served as a consultant to the Armed Forces at Pacific bases and made a brief visit to Eua. He collected a sample that contained half a dozen fossil brachiopods from the 400-foot terrace on the eastern side of the island. Stearns recorded the locality as: "Tele-a-hiva at elevation of 400 feet about % mile north of army lookout tower, at the second stream north of Vaigana [sic]." The brachiopods vere examined by G. A. Cooper of the U.S. National Mu seum. Some years later when I was studying other island fossils collected by Stearns, Cooper showed me the brachiopods and expressed a desire for additional specimens so that he could continue his study of their internal structures.

In 1966,1 learned that Yoshio Kondoof the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu intended to visit Eua in connection with his studies of living Pacific island land snails (under National Science Foundation grant GB-3974). I sent Stearns' locality data and marked copy of Hoffmeister's Eua map to Kondo, and I in formed Stearns of the plan to collect additional material.

Late in August 1967, Kondo reached Eua and, aided by a Tongan guide, Tomiki, and an interpreter, Moêse Vea, spent 2 days searching for the fossil locality. The lookout tower mentioned by Stearns 110 longer exists and Kondo found that Tele-a-hiva translates to "Nine Gulches." Traveling northward from "Vaigana" (Otu Vaingana) through heavy brush on exceedingly rugged karst topography for about 1,000 feet, he reached the first of the gulches. There he found a soft fossiliferous layer between two harder limestones and collected a

in

40-pound sample of the material. This gulch locality is probably not the exact spot visited by Stearns. The two collections have minor differences in nature of preservation, but they obviously came from the same formation.

The exact extent of the richly fossiliferous bed is

not known but it is probably limited both horizontally and vertically. In 1926, when Hoffmeister made his map of the terraces, he did not come upon this facies, and in 1928 when I spent 2 weeks on Eua with Hoff meister, reviewing his mapping, no exposures of this zone were seen although we visited Vaingana. Addi-

FIGURE 1. Location of Tonga and other island groups in the southwest Pacific where upper Eocene limestone has been identified.Dashed line marks structural boundary of the Pacific Basin (andesite line).

FIGURE 2. Map of Eua, Tonga, showing the location of. the recently discovered fossil outcrop (X) and the main mass of Eocene limestone (patterned area) on the east side of the island, as mapped by Hoffmeister (1932).

tional fieldwork in the area of the rugged "l rine Gulches" would be worthwhile.

William Melson of the Smithsonian Institution ex amined hand specimens and this section of the tuffaceous limestone and noted that the volcanic constit uents are highly altered, making it difficult to determine their original nature. The rock is composed of 50 percent or more of volcanoclastic debris, much of which has been replaced by calcite. The predominant volcanic fragments are of porphyritic pumiceous glassy material; most of the phenocrysts are plagioclase, now largely replaced by calcite. The original groundmass of pu miceous glass is now devitrifled and dark brown. Fragments of tuff are rare. There appears to be a large and varied assemblage of secondary minerals. The volcanic garments are mainly porphyritic ande- sitic rocks, or possibly plagioclase-bearing dacites. The presence of abundant fossils suggests that the volcanic material has been reworked.

The soft tuffaceous limestone collected by Kondo was treated with a wetting agent and penetrant ir the laboratory. The material broke down easily, revealing a variety of fossil remains: Foraminifera, discoasters, corals, hydrozoans, brachiopods, bryozoans, anneUds, crinoids, echinoids, ostracodes, barnacles, decapod crus taceans, mollusks, shark teeth, otoliths, and spores and other plant microfossils.

W. Storrs Cole has described the larger Forairinif- era; these fossils suggest to him a depth of depos: tion of about 200 feet, but other groups notably the smaller Foraminifera, the corals, brachiopods, bryozoans, mollusks, ostracodes, and barnacles point to a considerably greater depth of deposition.

Material representing a total of 17 organic groups was distributed to paleontologists for study and report. Seven of these collections were small or were made up of incomplete specimens leading only to summary reports, but the others, except for the larger Foraminif era, contained much new material. The brachiopod, bryozoan, ostracode, barnacle, and mollusk collections contained the first identifiable Eocene species fron: the island of the open Pacific, an area extending 4,000 miles from Palau to Tonga.

HARRY S. LADD

CONTENTS

Foreword-________________Abstract..- _ ______________Introduction. _____________The fauna.__________--__-Paleoecological implications _ Description of species. _

Family Camerinidae___Genus Camerina,..Gemis Pellatispira.

PageillBl

1123335

Description of species Continued Family Camerinidae Continued

Genus Heterostegina- ________Genus Spiroclypeus, ________

Family Discocyclinidae__________Genus Discocyclina, _________Genus Asterocyclina- ________

References cited.___________________Index____-_______-_______--_--___-

Page

B 9 10 1010111416

ILLUSTRATIONS

[Plates 1-5 follow index]

PLATE 1. Pellatispira.2. Camerina, Spiroclypeus, Asterocyclina, Heterostegina, Discocyclina, and Pellatispira.3. Asterocyclina, Heterostegina, and Camerina.

4, 5. Asterocyclina.

TABLE

PageFIGURE 1. Map showing the location of Tonga and other island groups in the southwest Pacific where upper Eocene lime

stone has been identified-____--_-__________________________________-__----__--____-__-___--__-_-__ iv2. Map of Eua, Tonga, showing the location of the recently discovered fossil outcrop and the main mass of Eocene

limestone.__-_--__,-_____________________._________________________-___---_-_-_--___--_-_____-_- v

Page

TABLE 1. Distribution of larger Foraminifera in the Tertiary b (upper Eocene) sample from Eua, Tonga, and elsewhere. __ B2VII

LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM EUA, TONGA

LARGER FORAMINIFERA OF LATE EOCENE AGE FROM EUA, TONGA

By W. STORES COLE

ABSTRACT

Eight species of larger Foraminifera characteristic of the Tertiary b (upper Eocene) stage of the Indo-Pacific region were recovered from a sample collected at an elevation of 400 feet about one-quarter mile north of Vaingana, Eua, Tonga. The most abundant specimens in this fauna are Pellatispira. Het- erostegina and Asterocyclina were found in moderate numbers, but Camerina and Spiroclypeus were uncommon. This fauna developed in warm, shallow waters (about 200 feet in depth) in a protected ecologic niche.

The genus Biplanispira Umbgrove, 1938, is demonstrated to be a synonym of Pellatispira Boussac, 1906. Specimens pre viously identified as Pellatispira fulgeria Whipple (synonym: Biplanispira absurda Umbgrove) are considered to be aberrant forms of Pellatispira madaraszi (Hantken).

INTRODUCTION

In 1932, Hoffmeister published a report on the geol ogy of Eua, Tonga, one section of which was an analysis of larger Foraminifera prepared by G. Leslie Whipple. Species of larger Foraminifera from Tertiary b (upper Eocene) were described and illustrated, and "Recent species In the younger limestones" (Whipple, in Hoff meister, 1932, table 5) were listed without discussion or illustrations.

Cole (1957a, p. 333, 334) examined the types of cer tain of the species described by Whipple and referred specimens from Saipan Island to these species. Later, Cole (1960a, p. A3) wrote:

Whipple (1932, in Hoffmeister, p. 79) described several species from the Tertiary b (upper Eocene) of Eua, Tonga. Certain of these species were identified incorrectly and others were inade quately described. A revised list of certain of these species fol lows :

Names used by Whipple Names used in this report

Camerina pengaronensis (Verbeek)__ C. pengaronensis(Verbeek).

Pellatispira fulgeria Whipple. ______ Biplanispira fulgeria(Whipple).

Discocyclina (Discocyclina) fritschi D. (D.) omphala (H. DouvillS). (Fritsch).

euaensis Whipple,________ D. (D.) omphala(Fritsch).

(Asterocyclina) stellata A. matanzensis Cole. (d'Archiac).

Harry S. Ladd of the U.S. Geological Survey sent the author abundant, excellently preserved, matrix-free specimens of larger Foraminifera collected by Yoshio Kondo of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum at an elevation

of 400 feet about one-quarter mile north of Vaingana, Eua, Tonga (fig. 2). This locality would be at the eastern edge of the Eocene limestone on the areal geologic map prepared by Hoffmeister (1932, p. 19, fig. 3) and associated with the 400-foot terrace (Hoffmeister, 1932, p. 14, fig. 2).

The most abundant specimens in the sample were Pellatispira madaraszi (Hantken). Whipple (in Hoff meister, 1932, p. 81) identified specimens in the samples he studied as P. rutteni Umbgrove, a species which is considered to be a junior synonym of P. madc,raszi. Whipple wrote: "This species occurs abundantly at an altitude of 840 feet (E-390), associated with Camerina pengaronensis on the highest ridge of the island." In addition, specimens of Heterostegina sp. (= H. saipanensis Cole) were recorded from this locality (E-390).

The present sample seemingly represents the same or nearly the same ecological situation as the one in which Whipple found abundant Pellatispira and some speci mens of Camerina and Heterostegina. However, the sample on which this report is based contained, in addition, many specimens of Asterocyclina and rare specimens of Spiroclypeus.

The specimens in the sample from Eua, Tonga, were sorted into groups based on external appearance. Se lected specimens from each group were sectioned. Where- ever possible, pairs of specimens that were identical in external appearance were selected from each group one of which was made into an equatorial sectior, and the other into a vertical section. A sufficient number of pairs of specimens were sectioned from each group to establish with certainty that the internal structures were similar. In total, over 150 oriented thin sections were made and photographed by the writer.

An attempt was made to obtain the specimens upon which Whipple (in Hoffmeister, 1932) based his report. However, these specimens have been misplaced, as they could not be located either at the University of Roches ter or in the collection of the U.S. National Museum.

THE FAUNA

On first analysis, nine supposedly valid species (table 1), all of which had been reported from other Indo-Pacific localities assigned to the Tertiary b (upper

Bl

B2 LARGER FORAMINIFERA

Eocene) stage, were recognized. In addition one small specimen (pi. 2, fig. 18) of Discocyclina (Discocyclina), which could not be identified specifically, was found. Detailed study resulted in the reduction of the nine species to eight, as specimens identified as Pellatispira fulgeria Whipple were combined with P. madaraszi (Hantken). For clarity, however, in this analysis of the fauna, the name P. fulgeria (synonym: Biplanispira absurda Umbgrove) will be used, as this form has been reported as a valid species in many articles.

TABLE 1. Distribution of larger Foraminifera in the Tertiary b (upper Eocene) sample from Eua, Tonga, and elsewhere

Species found in the sample

praecipua Cole... ...

Pellatispira fulgeria l Whipple---.-- _

Occurrence elsewhere

Saipan

X X

X X X X X X

Eniwetok

X X X X X X X X X

Viti Levu, Fiji

X

X X

X X X

Indonesia

X

X

X X X

1 In the following section an attempt will be made to demonstrate that specimens previously identified as Pellatispira fulgeria (synonym: Biplanispira absurda) are aberrant forms of Pellatispira madaraszi. The specific name P. fulgeria is used in this section for comparative purposes only,

In the Tertiary b (upper Eocene) sediments of Saipan Island (Cole, 1957a, p. 322), 20 species of larger Foraminifera were identified in the examination of samples from 98 localities. In nine cores from Eni wetok Atoll drill hole F-l, 18 species of larger Foram inifera were recovered (Cole, 1957b, p. 749). Core 12 (4,316-4,341 ft.) in this drill hole contained 10 of the 18 species, which was the largest number recovered in any of the cores examined. This same core con tained Pellatispira, madaraszi (Hantken) identified as P. orbitoidea (Provale) hi abundance.

In addition to P. madaraszi, core 12 of Eniwetok Atoll drill hole F-l had five other species which occur in the sample from Eua, Tonga. These species are: Asterocyclina matanzensis Cole, A. penuria Cole, A. praecipua Cole, Camerina pacifica (Whipple) (identi fied in core 12 as Operculinoides saipanensis Cole), and Heterostegina saipanensis Cole. Three species, Cam erina pengaronensis (Verbeek), Pellatispira fulgeria Whipple, and Spiroclypeus vermicularis, which occur in the sample from Eua, Tonga, were not recovered from core 12; of these, however, C. pengaronensis and S. vermicularis occurred in core 11 (4,197-4,222 ft) of Eniwetok Atoll drill hole F-l.

Thus, in the 144-foot interval from the top of core 11 (4,197 ft) to the bottom of core 12 (4,341 ft) in Eniwe tok Atoll drill hole F-l, the nine species in the sample from Eua, Tonga, occurred. These data suggest that the ecological conditions under which the fauna of the sample from Eua, Tonga, formed were similar to those

of the interval represented by cores 11 and 12 of Eniwetok Atoll drill hole F-l.

Although the sample from Eua, Tonga, may be most satisfactorily correlated with this interval in Eniwetok Atoll drill hole F-l because of the number of species which are common, it is not implied that this fauna represents a distinct zone in the Tertiary b (upper Eocene) stage. For example, Whipple (in Hoffmeister, 1932, table 5) recorded Discocyclina s. s. at four local ities on Eua, Tonga, and Cole (1960a, p. A3) identified Discocyclina (Discocyclina) omphala (Fritsch) at one locality on Viti Levu, Fiji. As Pellatispira was not found in association with Discocyclina at th°<se locali ties, the assumption might be made that t-vo stratigraphically separate zones formed in the Tertiary b (upper Eocene) stage.

In the 98 samples from Saipan Island (Ccê, 1957a, p. 322), Pellatispira and Discocyclina were both re ported from 44 localities; however, Pellatispira and Discocyclina occurred in association at only 16 of these localities. These data suggest that the stn.tigraphic range of Pellatispira is the same as that of Discocyclina, but that Pellatispira favors one ecological situ ation and Discocyclina another.

Although there are sufficient data available to corre late the Tertiary b (upper Eocene) faunas tl roughout the Indo-Pacific region, our present knowledge does not indicate the possibility of subdivision of this stage into distinct and stratigraphically separate paleontologic zones characterized by one species or group of species.

As noted previously, only one small specimen that could be referred to the genus Discocyclina vras found in the Eua, Tonga, material. Hoffmeister (1932, p. 25) wrote that he collected Discocyclina along a small stream which had eroded a ravine in the 100-foot terrace, at which place "* * * the genus Discocyclina was found in the foraminiferal limestone beneath the thin coral reef of the lowest terrace." In discussing a high p; nnacle of limestone Hoffmeister (1932, p. 26) wrote: "Tv e rock at the base of the pinnacle is hard and compact, showing mainly foraminifera of the genus Discocyclina." The genus Discocyclina without question occurs in the Ter tiary b (upper Eocene) limestones of Eua, Tonga, but it seemingly has a limited distribution which may be due to ecological controls.

Another large distinctive species which did not occur in the present sample is Pellatispira hqfmeisteri Whip- pie. This species, however, was reported by Cole (1957a, p. 334) from Saipan Island and is, in the writer's present evaluation of it, a valid species.

PALEOECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

This fauna is dominated by abundant specimens of Pellatispira, which have an extensive variety of shapes

LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM EUA, TONGA B3

and sizes. Specimens of Heterostegina and Asterocyclina are present in moderate numbers, but representatives of the genera Camerina and Spiroclypeus are rare. Of these genera, only Camerina and Heterostegina have species still living.

Few, if any, of the tests of the larger Foraminifera in this fauna show any evidence of abrasion. The thin rims and elongate delicate rays of the Asterocyclina (pi. 4, fig. 3) are perfectly preserved. The fragile margins (pi. 1, figs. 2, 4) oiPellatispira are intact. Thus, the situation in which these large Foraminifera lived and their tests accumulated must have been protected from extensive wave or current action. Such protection might have been provided by the water depth, by a dense mat of seaweed, or by some favorable combination of these.

R. D. Norton (1930, p. 347) wrote: "Heterostegina seems to thrive in temperatures from about 22°C to 27°C and in depths down to perhaps 40 fathoms." Cole (1957b, p. 750) analyzed the occurrence of certain Holocene genera of larger Foraminifera in the vicinity of the Philippine Islands and Bikini Atoll. He wrote: "The abundant or common occurrence of Heterostegina at average depths of 25-32 fathoms agrees with the 40 fathoms given by R. D. Norton."

Cushman, Todd, and Post (1954, p. 320) wrote con cerning the faunas of the lagoons of certain of the Marshall Islands: "In the lagoon fauna as a whole, the dominant species is Amphistegina madagascariensis D'Orbigny. Next in abundance in the lagoons is Heterostegina suborbicularis D'Orbigny * * *." Myers (1943, p. 29) observed that Heterostegina is "* * * found on firm sandy mud bottoms and are most numer ous near patches of weeds where the juveniles may be taken in considerable numbers."

Genera such as Camerina seem to have a greater depth range than Heterostegina (Cole, 1957b, p. 750), as abundant specimens of Camerina have been reported at depths of 10 fathoms or less to 70 fathoms or more. Myers (1943, p. 29) found, moreover, that Camerina (= Operculina) flourished best on "soft mud bottoms."

The composition of this fauna in comparison with the ecological conditions under which living specie^1 of Heterostegina and Camerina exist suggests that it formed in warm shallow water (about 200 ft in depth) that had a moderately firm substratum upon which extensive patches of weeds grew. These conditions could be satisfied best in a lagoon but possibly could prevail in a protected situation on the outermost part of a reef.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES

Family CAMERINIDAE Genus CAMERINA Bruguiere, 1792

Camerina pacifica (Whipple)

Plate 2, figures 1-5

1932. Operculina pacifica Whipple, in Hoffmeister, Bernice P.Bishop Mus. Bull. 96, p. 83, pi. 20, figs. 1, 8.

1953. Operculina sp., in Cole and Bridge, U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 253, p. 21, pi. 4, fig. 15.

1957. Operculinoides saipanensis Cole, U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 280-1, p. 331, pi. 102, figs. 15, 16.

1957. Operculinoides saipanensis Cole. Cole, U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 260-V, p. 755, pi. 232, figs. 7-14; pi. 233, figs.31, 32.

1959. Operculina eniwetokensis Cole, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-V, p. 756, pi. 232, figs. 15-23 [imprint date 1957].

1960. Operculina saipanensis (Cole). Cole, U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 374-A, p. A4.

1963. Operculina saipanensis (Cole). U.S. Geol. Survey Prof.Paper 403-E, p. E3.

1963. Operculina eniwetokensis Cole. Cole, U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 403-E, p. E3, E16, pi. 5, figs. 11, 12- 25.

The test is small and has an inflated subcentral area over the embryonic chambers surrounded by a rim which progressively widens distally. The sutures of the chamber walls show on the surface of the flat rim as slightly raised, gently recurved lines.

Measurements of thin sections of Tongan specimens, to which have been subjoined measurements made from the median section of the type published by Whipple (in Hoffmeister, 1932, pi. 20, fig. 1), follow.

Measurements of sections of Camerina pacifica (Whipple)

Height __ ....................... mm.. Width. .............._........... .mm..

Embryonic chambers:

Number of chambers in final volution...

Fig. 1

2.18 1.83+

55x6040x90

1003

102250

Specimen shown on pi. 2

Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 '

2. 2 2. 1 2. 1 1.9 1.55 1.7+ .

50x50 .........................40x70 .........................

100 ........... ..............3.75 ............ 5 .

7 .........................10 25 31 .31 ..--...-...- 90 .

Type specimen

Fig. 5 Hoflmeister, 1932, pi. 20, fig. 1)

1. 9+ 4. 0 ........... 3.2

.5 ...,_____.._.--.....

125(?)........... 2.5..-_.-..--. 7........... 15......._... 34

220 ....................

1 Microspheric specimen.


Remarks. Since 1932 three specific names, Oper culina pacifica Whipple (in Hoffmeister, 1932, p. 83), Operculinoides saipanensis Cole (1957a, p. 331), and Operculina eniwetokensis Cole (1957b, p. 756), have been given to small operculine camerinids from Tertiary b (upper Eocene) sediments. All these specimens seem ingly should be referred to one species, Camerina paci fica (Whipple).

In part, the separation of the specimens into three species resulted from an attempt to use an artificial generic classification in which such inexactly defined genera as Operculina and Operculinoides were recognized (Cole, 1966). In addition, minor variations in size, num ber of chambers, and similar features were given exag gerated importance.

Megalospheric specimens (pi. 2, figs. 1,5) as well as microspheric specimens (pi. 2, fig. 4) in the sample from Eua, Tonga, are similar to the types of Operculinoides saipanensis Cole (1957a, pi. 102, figs. 15, 16) from Sai- pan Island and to specimens assigned to that species from Eniwetok Atoll drill hole F-l (Cole, 1957b, pi. 232 figs. 7-14; pi. 233, figs. 31, 32). The types and the specimens from Eniwetok Atoll drill hole F-l were as signed to the genus Operculinoides.

Other specimens recovered from Eniwetok Atoll drill hole F-l (Cole, 1957b, p. 756, pi. 232, figs. 15-23), which had fewer chambers and a thinner subcentral umbonal area, were assigned to the genus Operculina and described as a new species, Operculina eniwetokensis Cole. One figured specimen (pi. 2, fig. 2) is similar to the types of this species.

Later detailed studies (Cole, 1960b, 1961, p. 377-383; 1966) of large suites of specimens from many geo graphic areas and from various stratigraphic horizons have demonstrated that the assumed structural diff erences upon which many of the supposedly valid gen eric names for camerinids were based are common to all these specimens. Cole (1961, p. 377) wrote: "These genera have been defined in terms of intergradational features which are specific rather than generic differences."

Although the postulate that the specimens under consideration should be assigned to the genus Cam erina may not be acceptable, it is evident from the structure and development of the test that they cannot be placed in two genera.

The test of the specimens which Whipple (1932, in Hoffmeister, p. 83) named Operculina pacifica is about twice as large as that of 0. eniwetokensis, but the number of coils, chambers per volution, and certain other features of 0. pacifica are similar to those of 0. eniwetokensis. The distal chambers of 0. pacHica are slightly over twice as high and are twice as wide as those of 0. eniwetokensis. Thus, the only difference between these two species is the size of the chambers,

A possible explanation of this increase in size of the chambers in 0. pacifica is that these specimens developed in a more favorable ecological situation than did the smaller specimens named 0. eniwetokensis. Moreover, large and small specimens of a species often occur together (Cole, 1958, pi. 18, figs. 7, ?).

The only significant differences between specimens named Operculinoides saipanensis and Operculina eni wetokensis are the number of chambers p^r volution and the total number of chambers in the test. The chambers in 0. saipanensis have approximately the same height as those of 0. eniwetokensis, but the cham bers in 0. saipanensis are narrower, thus more chambers developed per volution.

As the differences in the number of chambers and in their size can readily be controlled by e?ologic and other factors, such as the availability of food and rapidity of test development, all these specimens are considered to be ecological variants of one species.

The chamber walls of the one available median sec tion of Camerina pacifica (Whipple) (1932, in Hoff meister, pi. 20, fig. 1) are irregularly thickened on the distal side. This same kind of development occurs occasionally in specimens formerly referred to Oper culinoides saipanensis (see Cole, 1957b, pi. 232, fig. 12) and in specimens (pi. 2, fig. 2) in the present fauna.

Camerina pengaronensis (Verbeek)

Plate 3, figures 10, 11, 13-16

1871. NummuUtes pengaronensis Verbeek, Neues Jahrb. Mineral- ogie, Geologic, u. Palaeontologie, Jahr. 1871, p. 3-6, pi. 1, figs. la-k.

1892. NummuUtes nanggoelani Verbeek, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned- erlandsche-Indie, v. 51, no. 2, p. 116, 118 [imprint date 1891].

1932. Camerina pengaronensis (Verbeek). Doornink, Geol.-Mijnb. Genoot. Nederland en Kolonien Verb., geol. ser., v. 9, p. 283, 284, pi. 4, figs. 1-3; pi. 6, fig. 12 [references].

1932. Camerina semiglobula Doornink, Geol.-Mijnb. Genoot. Nederland en Kolonien Verb., p. 292-295, pi. 7, figs. 1-14; text figs, d, e.

1932. Camerina pengaronensis (Verbeek). Whipjê, in Hoff meister, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 96, p. 80.

1953. Camerina saipanensis Cole, in Cole and Bridge, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 253, p. 20, 21, pi. 2, figs. 7-19.

1957. Camerina saipanensis Cole. Cole, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 280-1, p. 330, pi. 102, fig. 20.

1957. NummuUtes striatus Hanzawa, Geol. Soc. America Mem. 66, p. 41, 42, pi. 1, figs. 1-3, 9-11 [not Camerina striata Bruguiere, 1792].

1957. NummuUtes pengaronensis (Verbeek). HanzaATra, Geol. Soc. America Mem. 66, p. 43, pi. 1, fig. 8.

1959. Camerina pengaronensis (Verbeek). Cole, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-V, p. 753, 754, pi. 231, figs. 1-17 [im print date 1957].

1963. Camerina pengaronensis (Verbeek). Cole, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 403-E, p. E3.


As the specimens in this collection are identical with those illustrated and described from Saipan Island (Cole, in Cole and Bridge, 1953, p. 20) and Eniwetok Atoll drill hole F-l, particularly from core 13 at 4,406-

4,431 feet, the specimens are illustrated, but not described.

However, certain measurements made from thin sec tions of these specimens are given.

Measurements of sections of Camerina pengaronensis (Verbeek)


Fig. 10 Fig. 16 Fig. 11 Fig. 15 Fig. 14 Fig. 13

Height..................................Width..................................Thickness...... ........Embryonic chambers:

...mm. 2.62.45

110x16070x160

1904.75

82483

3.02.7 ...

90x110 ...80x170 ...

180 ...6.125 ...

9 ...23 ...

108 ...

2. 45 1. 85

1.4 1.2

......... 130x160 ............. 80x160 ............. 220 ...

1,115 1,000

2.5 3.45

1.71 2.45

.......... .......200

1,400 1,000

Occurrence elsewhere. Saipan Island (Cole, 1957a, p. 330); Eniwetok Atoll drill hole F-l (Cole 1957b, p. 753); Guam Island (Cole, 1963, p. E3); Viti Levu, Fiji (Cole, 1960a, p. A4); Java (Doornink, 1932, table 2, p. 306, 307); Borneo (van der Vlerk, 1929, p. 20).

Remarks. Doornink (1932, p. 283) and Cole (1957b, p. 753) have discussed this species in detail. Sen Gupta (1965, p. 91) placed Camerina pengaronensis (Verbeek) in the synonymy of Nummulites beaumonti d'Archiac and Haime. This Lutetian species is much larger than, and internally has only a superficial resemblance to, C. pengaronensis particularly in transverse sections. Be cause of the stratigraphic occurrence of C. beaumonti in the Lutetian of India, it is more logical to consider C. beaumonti as the ancestor of the late Eocene C. pen garonensis than to combine these species.

Nagappa (1959, pi. 10, fig. 5) has figured specimens from the Kopili stage, upper Eocene, Jamtia Hills, Assam, which are without question C. pengaronensis. His illustrations compare favorably in number of coils, size, and number of chambers with illustrations of specimens of C. pengaronensis from Saipan Island and Eniwetok Atoll drill hole F-l.

The data available suggest that C. beaumonti is not only a stratigraphically older species than C. pengaro nensis, but also that the two species can be distinguished by differences in size, number of whorls, number of chambers, and other structures, such as the internal striated axial plug in C. pengaronensis.

Genus PELLATISPIRA Boussac, 1906

1906. Pellatispira Boussac, Soc. Geol. France Bull., 4th ser.,v. 6, p. 91 [type: P. douvillei Boussac = Nummulitesmadaraszi Hantken, 1876].

1936. Heterospira Umbgrove, Leidsche Geol. Mededel., v. 8,no. 1, p. 156 [type: Heterospira mirabilis Umbgrove,1936].

1937. Biplanispira Umbgrove, Leidsche Geol. Mededel., v. 8, no. 2, p. 309 (name substituted for Heterospira Umb grove, 1936, not Heterospira Koken, 1896).

The structure of the test of the genus Biplanispira is the same as that of Pellatispira, except the primary revolving spire of chambers in Biplanispira becomes a double row of chamber-lets on each side of the marginal cord (see Cole, in Cole and Bridge, 1953, pi. 6, figs. 0-19; Cole, 1957a, pi. 99, figs. 1-6, pi. 100, figs 1-3). In Pellatispira the primary revolving spire of chambers is continuous to the periphery of the test (pi. 1, fig. 7; Cole, 1957a, pi. 96, all figs.). Thus, in specimens of Pellatispira the marginal cord occupies the area between the cham bers of the spire, whereas in specimens of Biplanispira the marginal cord is continuous and has bilaterally symmetrically arranged chamberlets on each side of it.

In certain specimens assigned to Pellatispira (pi. 2, figs. 20, 23; pi. 1, figs. 3, 8), the marginal cord pene trates deeply into the proximal side of some of the spiral chambers, and in a few specimens (Cole, 1057a, pi. 97, fig. 1) the marginal cord completely bisects the spiral chamber so that two chamberlets are pro duced. This same kind of arrangement of chamberlets and chambers is shown on the lower end of the speci men illustrated as figure 10, plate 1.

Some specimens assigned to Biplanispira have a sequence of small supplemental chambers at the periphery of the test (Cole, 1957a, pi. 99, fig. 2). This feature is found in specimens of Pellatispira (pi. 1, fig. 8, upper left side; fig. 10, top) and in specimens assigned to Biplanispira absurda (Umbgrove, 1938, fig. 15).

Inasmuch as the basic structures and arrangement of these structural elements in the test are so similar in specimens which have been separated previously into two genera, it seems best to consolidate these two


genera. A description of the redefined genus Pellatispira (synonym: Biplanispira} follows: Test discoidal, or lenticular, often bilaterally symmetrical; embryonic chambers bilocular, large in megalospheric specimens; embryonic chambers followed by an evolute planispiral coil of median chambers in which the coils are sepa rated from each other by an expanded marginal cord, or by an initial short coil of median chambers beyond which there are two layers of closely coiled chamberlets which are separated by an intervening sheetlike marginal cord; covering wall on each side of the median zone is composed of many pillars between which are outwardly radiating coarse canals.

Available data suggest that certain specimens which previously have been referred to Biplanispira mirabilis (Umbgrove) represent a valid species. However, these specimens should be referred to the redefined genus Pellatispira.

Biplanispira has the same geographic distribution and stratigraphic range in the Indo-Pacific region as Pellatispira. Although the proposed consolidation of these two genera expresses best the biologic relationship of the species, this proposal does not affect either the stratigraphic range or geographic distribution of the species, all of which would be assigned to Pellatispira.

In the Indo-Pacific region, three species of Pellatispira seemingly are valid. They are: P. madaraszi (Hantken), P. hofmeisteri Whipple, and P. mirabilis (Umbgrove). A detailed analysis of P. madaraszi and its synonyms follows.

Pellatispira madaraszi (Hantken) 1

Plate 1, figures 1-13; plate 2, figures 19-23

1876. Nummulites madaraszi Hantken, Kgl. Ungarischen Geol.-anst. Mitt. Jahrb., v. 4, p. 86, pi. 16, figs. 7a-c [imprintdate 1875].

1906. Pellatispira douvillei Boussac, Soc. Ge"ol. France Bull.,4th ser., v. 6, p. 91, 92, pi. 2, figs. 10-13.

1906. Pellatispira madaraszi (Hantken). Boussac, Soc. Ge"ol.France Bull., 4th ser., v. 6, p. 92, 93, pi. 2, fig. 14.

1909. Assilina madaraszi (Hantken). Provale, Riv. ItalianaPaleontologia, v. 14, p. 66-70, pi. 4, figs. 21-24; pi. 5,figs. 1-4 [imprint date 1908].

1909. Assilina madaraszi orbitoidea Provale, Riv. ItalianaPaleontologia, v. 14, p. 71, pi. 5, fig. 5 [imprint date1908].

1921. Pellatispira madaraszi von Hantken var. provalei Yabe,Tohoku Imp. Univ. Sci. Repts., 2d ser. (geology), v. 4,no. 4, p. 108.

1928. Pellatispira madaraszi von Hantken var. provalei Yabe.Umbgrove, Dienst Mijnb. in Nederlandsch-Indie,Nederlandsche Akad. Wetensch. Mededel., no. 10,p. 17, 18, figs. 27-33.

1 Pellatispira fulgeria Whipple (synonym: Biplanispira absurda Umbgrove) is considered to be an aberrant form of Pellatispira madaraszi. P. fulgeria is discussed separately after typical specimens of P. madaraszi are analyzed.

1928. Pellalispira orbitoidea (Provale). Umbgrove, Dienst Mijnb.in Nederlandsch-Indie, Nederlandsche Akr.d. Wetensch.Mededel., no. 10, p. 18, 19, figs. 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11-26,34-41.

192S. Pellatispira rutteni Umbgrove, Dienst Mijrb. in Neder landsch-Indie, Nederlandsche Akad. Wetensch.Mededel., no. 10, p. 20, 21, figs. 57-61.

1028. Pellatispira inflata Umbgrove, Dienst Mijrb. in Neder landsch-Indie, Nederlandsche Akad. Wetensch.Mededel., no. 10, p. 21, figs. 42-56.

192S. Pellatispira glabra Umbgrove. Dienst Mijnb. in Neder landsch-Indie, Nederlandsche Akad. Wetensch. Med edel., no. 10, p. 22, figs. 62-68.

1928. Pellatispira irregularis Umbgrove, Dienst Mijnb. inNederlandsch-Indie, Nederlandsche Akad. Wetensch.Mededel., no. 10, p. 23, 24, figs. 69-74.

1928. Pellatispira crassicolumnata Umbgrove, E : enst Mijnb.in Nederlandsch-Indie, Nederlandsche Akad. Wetensch.Mededel., no. 10, p. 24, 25, figs. 75-80.

1932. Pellatispira rutteni Umbgrove. Whipple, in Hoffmeister,Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 96, p. 81, pi. 21, fig. 6.

1941. Pellatispira madaraszi (Hantken) var. indicct. Rao, MysoreUniv. Jour., sec. B (sci.), v. 2, pt. 2, p. 13, 14, pi. 1,figs. 2, 5; pi. 2, fig. 3.

1941. Pellatispira orbitoidea (Provale). Rao, Mysore Univ.Jour., sec. B (sci.), v. 2, pt. 2, p. 14, 15, pi. 1, figs. 1, 3,4, 6, 8; pi. 2, fig. 4.

1941. Pellatispira inflata Umbgrove var. minor Rao, MysoreUniv. Jour., sec. B (sci.), v. 2, pt. 2, p. 15, figs. 3, 7.

1947. Pellatispira reticularis Hanzawa, Japanese Jour. Geologyand Geography, v. 20, nos. 2-4, p. 59, 60, pi. 14, figs.1-3; pi. 15, fig. 1.

1957. Pellatispira orbitoidea (Provale). Cole, U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 280-1, p. 333, pi. 96, figs. 3-5, 7-9; pi. 97,figs. 1-12; pi. 99, figs. 7-11.

1957. Pellatispira provaleae Yabe. Cole, U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 280-1, p. 333, pi. 96, figs. 1, 2, 6; pi. 98,figs. 1-12.

An attempt will be made to demonstrate that large, distinctive specimens which previously have been iden tified either as Biplanispira absurda Umbgrove, 1938, or as Pellatispira fulgeria Whipple (in Hoffmeister, 1932) are aberrant specimens of Pellatispira madaraszi (Hantken) or, in some cases, that they may be excep tional specimens of Pellatispira mirabilis (Umbgrove). For convenience, P. madaraszi will be discussed first, followed by an analysis of P. fulgeria of which B. absurda is a synonym (Cole, 1957a, p. 338). Separate synonymies are given.

Remarks. -In 1908, Provale (p. 66, pi. 5, figs. 1-4) identified specimens from the upper Eocene of Borneo as Assilina madaraszi (Hantken), a European species. These specimens are compressed, highly ornamented, and have a distinct spiral surface depression which reflects the internal coil of median chambers. As sociated with these specimens were others (Provale, 1908, pi. 5, fig. 5) which are inflated and evenly bi convex and have the surface covered by distinct papillae. Provale (1908, p. 71) designated this kind "Assilina madaraszi var. orbitoidea n. f."


Yabe (1921, p. 106-108) figured specimens of Pel latispira from the upper Eocene of Hillsborough Island (Bonin Island) and Ishigaki-jima, Ryukyu Islands. He stated (Yabe, 1921, p. 108): "The Bornean form which Provale called P. madaraszi is distinguished from the type of the above named species and its variety douvillei by the more densely pustulated surface of the shell, and may conveniently be distinguished as P. madaraszi var. provalei." In this same article Yabe (1921, p. 108) referred to "Assilina" madaraszi var. orbitoidea Pro- vale as Pellatispira orbitoideus (Provale).

Umbgrove (1928) studied specimens of Pellatispira from Java, Borneo, and Celebes. He accepted Yabes' definition of P. madaraszi provalei and P. orbitoidea (Provale). In addition Umbgrove (1928) distinguished five new species: P. rutteni, P. inflata, P. glabra, P. irregularis, and P. crassicolumnata. Hanzawa (1947, p. 59) named specimens from Nakanai, New Britain, as P. reticularis, a species which Cole (in Cole and Bridge, 1953, p. 22) recognized as a synonym of P. rutteni. Umbgrove, an opinion with which Hanzawa (1957, p. 53) later agreed.

In his initial study of the larger Foraminifera of Saipan Island, Cole (in Cole and Bridge, 1953, p. 21, 22) identified two species of Pellatispira P. crassicolumnata Umbgrove and P. rutteni Umbgrove. As more specimens from Saipan Island became available, Cole (1957a, p. 333) revised his concept of certain species of Pella tispira. In addition to P. reticularis Hanzawa, he- assigned P. rutteni Umbgrove and P. inflata Umbgrove to the synonymy of Pellatispira orbitoidea (Provale). Cole (1957a, p. 333) wrote: "The name P. orbitoidea has been given to compressed lenticular individuals. More inflated individuals have been called P. inflata, and larger indiv duals with an umbonate central area which is surrounded by a rim have been termed P. rutteni. All of these form an integrated series and are grouped together."

At the same time Cole (1957a, p. 333) recognized P. provaleae Yabe as a distinct species. He wrote: "P. promleae differs from P. orbitoidea in possessing pillars of two different sizes, the larger of which project irreg ularly above the surface of the test." However, Cole recognized that P. crassicolumnata Umbgrove was a synonym of P. provaleae Yabe.

Thus, by 1957, eight species of Pellatispira had been recognized in the Indo-Pacific upper Eocene. Of these, P. inflata, P. reticularis, and P. rutteni had been assigned to the synonymy of P. orbitoidea, and P. crassicolumnata had been placed in the synonymy of P. provaleae.

In the matrix-free larger Foraminifera fauna from Eua, Tonga, specimens of Pellatispira are the most abundant element. The majority of these specimens could be identified readily as P. orbitoidea (Provale).

Another group of specimens could be recognized as P. provaleae Yabe. However, specimens occurred which were intermediate in all respects between these two supposedly valid species.

The following comparison should be made between the specimens illustrated on plate 1 (this report) from Eua, Tonga, and Umbgrove's illustrations (1928).

Eua, Tonga, specimens, Compare with Umbgrove's Umbgrove's identification pi. 1, fig. (1928) illustration, fig.

1...-__----_--_-.-_------- 33--...-._--.-___.___-..--- P. madaraszi provaleae.2-----_--------_---_-_._---- 76, 78__................. crassicolumnata.3, 4.._.__.____........ 57, 59___....___.__. rutteni.6----------...-----------_ 37-._...................... orbitoidea.9------.--.-- --- _-.- 54, 56-. .-.------. .-- inflata.

Comparison of Umbgrove's illustrations (1928, figs. 50-56) of P. inflata with his illustrations of P. glabra (1928, figs. 62-65) will demonstrate that these speci mens are similar, particularly when one notes that the illustrations of P. inflata are from oriented thin sections whereas most of those of P. glabra are from oblique thin sections.

All the supposedly valid species have similar median sections. The differences upon which the various- spe cies have been based are observed in the external ornamentation and transverse sections. Yet, when many specimens and thin sections are examined, a completely gradational series is found in a single popu lation. Therefore, the conclusion has been reached that only one species is represented. However, the question remains concerning the specific name which should be applied to this species.

Rao (1941) discussed and illustrated specimens of Pellatispira from near Surat and Broach, western India. He identified P. orbitoidea (Provale) and described P. madaraszi indica Rao and P. inflata minor Rao as new varieties. The specimens which Rao illustrated can be duplicated by specimens ir the series from Eua, Tonga. Thus, the geographic range of this Indo-Pacific species, as defined in this report, can be extended to western India through Assam, where Nagappa (1959, pi. 11, figs. 6-12) found rneci- inens of Pellatispira which he illustrated under the names P. glabra Umbgrove and P. infiata Umbgrove.

Grimsdale (1952, p. 225) reported that the European species P. madaraszi (Hantken) occurs in the upper Eocene of Kirkuk, Iraq. Aubouin and Neumann (1959, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2) identified specimens from Greece as P. madaraszi indica Rao.

Although more records would be desirable, the localities at which Pellatispira has been found suggest a continuous distribution of this genus in the upper Eocene from southern Europe to the central Pacific at Eniwetok Atoll (Cole, 1957b, p. 765).


Boussac (1906, p. 91) based the genus Pellatispira on a new species, P. douvillei, which he described from the Priabonian (upper Eocene) of Italy, and assigned Nummulites madaraszi Hantken to this new genus.

o

Later authors (see summary by Roveda, 1961, p. 205, 206) considered that P. douvillei Boussac (1906) was a synonym of P. madaraszi (Hantken, 1876).

The illustrations of European specimens (Boussac, 1906, pi. 2, figs. 10-14; Tobler, 1929, pi. 17, figs. 1-4; Roveda, 1961, pi. 16, figs. 1-5; pi. 17, figs. 4-6) of P. madaraszi are similar to Indo-Pacific specimens which have been identified previously as P. provaleae Yabe. Detailed study has convinced me that P. pro valeae is a synonym of P. madaraszi and that Pro vale (1908, p. 66) was correct when she assigned specimens from Borneo to the European species.

P. provaleae is without question a synonym of P. madaraszi. The series of specimens from Saipan Is land (Cole, 1957a, p. 333) and Eua, Tonga (pi. 1, figs. 1-9), show complete gradation from the P. mada raszi kind (compressed, highly ornamented) to the in flated kind (P. rutteni, P. orbitoidea, and P. infata). Although the Indo-Pacific specimens from a given local ity have a variety of shapes and sizes, illustrations of the European specimens seem to indicate that only the compressed, highly ornamented kind is present.

Many specimens of Pellatispira from many localities on Saipan Island (Cole, 1957a, table 1) were analyzed. P. provaleae (based on thin, compressed specimens) was recorded from 33 localities. P. orbitoidea (based on inflated specimens) occurred at 23 localities at each of which P. provaleae also occurred.

At most localities where abundant specimens of Pellatispira are present, the specimens run the gamut of shape and size, whereas at localities that have fewer specimens, there is more consistency in shape and size. This relation suggests that in an extremely favorable ecological situation maximum diversity and develop ment occurs, whereas other situations may impose lim itations on shape and size. Nevertheless, all these specimens form a continuous, gradational series and thus represent only one species, P. madaraszi.

One specimen (pi. 1, fig. 5) that externally resembles the "inflata" kind of Umbgrove is interesting in that it has "twinned" embryonic chambers. It is the first specimen of this kind encountered.

A discussion of P. fulgeria Whipple, 1932, a synonym of P. madaraszi (Hantken) (1876) follows:


1932. Pellatispira fulgeria Whipple, in Hoffmeister, Bernice P.Bishop Mus. Bull. 96, p. 82, figs. 2, 3, 5-7.

1938. Biplanispira absurda Umbgrove, Leidsche Geol. Mededel.,v. 10, p. 82-89, figs. 1-17.

1957. Biplanispira fulgeria (Whipple). Cole, U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 280-1, p. 333, pi. 98, figs. 13-1?,

1960. Biplanispira fulgeria (Whipple). Cole, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 374-A, p. A5, pi. 1, fig. 2; pi. 2, fig. 3.

Certain distinctive specimens (pi. l,figs. 11-13) have long been considered to represent a valid and easily recognized species. Umbgrove (1938) described similar specimens from the Eocene of Borneo as Biplanispira absurda. Earlier, Whipple (in Hoffmeister, 1932, p. 82 pi. 20, figs. 2, 3, 5-7) had named similar specimens from, Eua, Tonga, Pellatispira fulgeria. Although Umbgrove (1938, p. 83) was familiar with Whipple's work, he did not correlate his specimens with the species named by Whipple. Cole (1957a, p. 333) wrote: "Comparison of Umbgrove's illustrations of B. absurda with those given by Whipple of P. fulgeria indicates that only one species is represented."

All these assignments may be incorrect in view of the data which have accumulated since that time. Specimens of this kind may represent aberrant forms of P. mirabilis (Umbgrove) and P. madaraszi (Hantken). which resemble each other.

Umbgrove (1938, p. 84) listed the species which occurred with the type specimens of B. absurda. The lists include several species of Pellatispira as recognized by Umbgrove at that time, but he did not record 11 Biplanispira" mirabilis in these samples. It is signifi cant that Umbgrove (1938, p. 89) suggested that "* * * a few sections of foraminifera, which I described for merly, in 1928, as Pellatispira crassicolumnata, belong to the present species [B. absurda]."

Whipple (in Hoffmeister, 1932, table 5) found P. fulgeria at three localities on Eua, Tonga. Although Whipple found specimens of P. "rutteni" and P. hojf- meiMeri Whipple at several localities, he did not record or illustrate any specimens which might be identified as "Biplanispira" mirabilis.

The present collection from Eua, Tonga, contains abundant specimens of Pellatispira and about seven specimens that are identical with those identified by Whipple as Pellatispira fulgeria. These large, com pressed, strongly papillate specimens having p,n inflated periphery are recognized readily, even before they are sectioned.

One specimen (pi. 1, fig. 10) selected for sectioning appeared externally to be a rather large specimen of P. madaraszi. However, the transverse thin section of this specimen has internal structures which resemble both P. madaraszi and P. fulgeria. The central area resembles that of typical specimens of P. madaraszi (compare this area of fig. 10, pi. 1, with the specimens illustrated as figs. 2 and 4 of pi. 1). The peripheral zone of this speci men, however, is similar to that of P. fulgeria and


"Biplanispira" absurda (see Umbgrove, 1938, figs. 14, 15).

The central area of P. Julgeria (pi. 1, fig. 13) resembles that of P. madaraszi (pi. 1, fig. 7), but beyond this cen tral area in P. julgeria, the marginal cord is wide, and secondary chamberlets develop on each side of the marginal cord. In P. madaraszi (pi. 1, fig. 7), the pri mary coil of chambers extends to the periphery, and secondary chamberlets are developed only rarely.

The available data suggest that typical specimens of P. madaraszi can be interconnected with typical speci mens of P. Julgeria through such specimens as the one illustrated as figure 10, plate 1. It should be emphasized that these specimens of P. Julgeria from Eua, Tonga, are associated with abundant specimens of P. mad araszi, and the specimens of "Biplanispira" absurda from Borneo are likewise associated with specimens of P. madaraszi. "Biplanispira" mirabilis was not recorded from the type locality of P. julgeria or of B. absurda.

Even if the suggestion that P.fulgeria is a synonym of P. madaraszi is not accepted, it should be obvious from the similarities in structures and from association that B. absurda is a synonym of P. Julgeria. Moreover, these specimens represent Pellatispira. Umbgrove (1938) incorrectly assigned B. absurda to Biplanispira because of the secondary chamberlets which develop.

The problem remains concerning the possibility that P. mirabilis may develop an aberrant form which re sembles the one developed by P. madaraszi. Cole (1957b, p. 765; table 4, p. 749) reported the occurrence of P. Julgeria (rare) in association with abundant specimens of P. mirabilis in core 11 of Eniwetok Atoll drill hole F-l. P. mad>araszi was not found in this core.

Cole (1957a, table 1, p. 322) found specimens identi fied as "Biplanispira" Julgeria at 23 localities on Saipan Island. These specimens were associated at 15 localities with "B." mirabilis, and at 10 of these 23 lo calities P. madaraszi occurred. "Biplanispira" Julgeria and "Biplanispira" mirabilis, without any specimens of Pellatispira, were found at nine localities. At one local ity in the upper Eocene of Viti Levu, Fiji, Cole (1960a, p. A3) found "Biplanispira" mirabilis (common) associated with rare specimens of "Biplanispira" Julgeria.

These data prove that "Biplanispira" mirabilis and Pellatispira madaraszi occur together, and specimens identified as P. Julgeria and "Biplanispira" absurda occur in association with either one or both of these species.

The structure of the test of "Biplanispira" mirabilis is essentially the same as that of Pellatispira madaraszi. The major difference is that Pellatispira madaraszi has a coil of primary chambers (pi. 1, fig. 7) which is contin

uous to the periphery of the test. In Biplanispira mirabilis there is a short coil of primary chambers around the embryonic chambers after which two coils of chamberlets develop, one on either side of a central fibrous zone (marginal cord) (Cole, in Cole and Fridge, 1953, pi. 6, figs. 9-19). Thus, aberrant growth in either P. madaraszi or "Biplanispira" mirabilis would result in specimens which would be so identical in internal structure that they could not be separated specifically.

It is entirely possible that continued analysis of these forms will demonstrate that specimens assigned here to P. mirabilis can be intergrated into the P. madaraszi series. Certainly, there is evidence that the julgeria kind of specimen can develop either in the P. madaraszi or the P. mirabilis series.

Genus HETEROSTEGINA d'Orbigny, 1826

Heterostegina saipanensis Cole

Plate 2, figure 15; plate 3, figures 4-6, 8, 9, 12

1953. Heterostegina saipanensis Cole, in Cole and Bridge, U.S.Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 253, p. 23, 24, pi. 2, figs. 4, 6.

1957. Heterostegina saipanensis Cole. Cole, U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 280-1, p. 331, pi. 102, figs. 17-19.

1959. Heterostegina saipanensis Cole. Cole, U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 260-V, p. 760-762, pi. 234, figs. 13-24; pi.235, figs. 1-13 [imprint date 1957].

Measurements of certain critical structures from thin sections of this species are given.

Measurements of sections of Heterostegina saipanensis Cole

Specimens shown on pi. 3

Fig. 9 Fig. 12 Fig. 6 Fig. 4 Fig. 5

Height......... - ...-.....-..mm..Width. .._ . _ _ -__mm__

Embryonic chambers:

2.72.1

80x7030x150

1202

2.5

3.53 2

70x7040x120

1201

2.5

4.02.7 -

70x7040x120

1301 .3 .

3.3

1.0

90x95 ..30x70 ..

130 -.

450

3.87

1.0

400

Remarks Whipple (in Hoffmeister, 1932, p. 83, pi. 20 fig. 9) illustrated the central part of a Heterostegina without identifying this specimen as to species. Cole (in Cole and Bridge, 1953, p. 24), in naming specimens from Saipan Island as Heterostegina saipanensis, v^rote: "The median section resembles one illustrated by Whipple (1932, p. 83, pi. 20, fig. 9) from the Eocone of Eua, Tonga." Study of the specimens in the present collection proves that the specimens in the upper Eocene of Eua, Tonga, are indeed the same as the Saipan Island specimens.

362-463i

BIO LARGER FORAMINIFERA

Genus SPIROCLYPEUS Douville, 1905

Spiroclypeus vermicularis Tan


1937. Spiroclypeus vermicularis Tan, De Ingenieur in Neder-landsche-Indie IV Mijnb. en Geol., v. 4, no. 10, p.187-190, pi. 1, figs. 7, 8; pi. 2, figs. 6-10; pi. 3, figs. 13-23; pi. 4, figs. 11-18.

1953. Spiroclypeus sp. Cole, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 253,p. 18, pi. 14, fig. 7.

1957. Spiroclypeus vermicularis Tan. Cole, U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 280-1, p. 333, pi. 102, figs. 12-14.

1957. Spiroclypeus vermicularis Tan. Cole, U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 260-V, p. 764, pi. 238, figs. 1-6, 8-10, 11, 12.

1960. Spiroclypeus vermicularis Tan. Cole, U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 374-A, p. A4, A5, pi. 1, figs. 10-14.

1963. Spiroclypeus vermicularis Tan. Cole, U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 403-E, p. E3, Ell.

1965. Spiroclypeus vermicularis Tan. Adams, Geol. Soc. LondonQuart. Jour., v. 121, p. 295, pi. 23, figs, u-w, aa.

The test is small and has an eccentric evenly biconvex umbonal area which is bordered particularly on the distal margin by a thin flat rim. Some specimens have prominent umbonal bosses (pi. 2, fig. 6) ancf small pa pillae scattered over the remainder of the umbonal area. Other specimens lack the umbonal bosses but have small papillae over the entire umbonal arer.

Measurements of the internal features follow.

Measurements of sections of Spiroclypeus vermicularis Tan


Fig. 10 Fig. 11 Fig. 12 Fig. 8 Fig. 7 Fig. 6 Fig.'

Width... .................... .mm_-Thickness........ _ ......... mm. ...Embryonic chambers:

Diameters of initial chamber.. n_.

Number of operculine chambers __Number of volutions.. __ . __ . ...Lateral chambers:

Length---.-.... __ . _ ... _ .it....Height.....-........ ....... _»__._

Thickness of spiral sheet __ ... p. .

2.22.1

130x14060x160

1o

2.42.1

110x10070x180

12.125

2.82.3 .

110x120 ..70x190 ..

2001 .-

2,5 ..

2.4

.65

130

50103

5050-200

1.45

.62

30-100104

40-6030-100

2.85

1.0

50-12010-20

430-100

100-350

2.0

.7

100x12070x80

200

50-160104

50-6060-120

Remarks. Although Spiroclypeus vermicularis n ex ternal view resembles certain specimens of Heterostegina saipanenis Cole, the two species can normally be sep arated by the numerous small papillae on the surface of S. vermicularis and the absence of these on the surface of H. saipanensis.

The types are from Tertiary b (upper Eocene) sed iments at Koetai, East Borneo. This species is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific area; it has been report ed from Saipan Island, Guam Island, Eniwetok Atoll drill hole F-l, Viti Levu, Fiji, and Sarawak.

The material from Eua, Tonga, contained only a few specimens of this species. Although these specimens are typical, they are small. The infrequent occurrence and the small size of the specimens suggests that the ecological situation was not optimum for their development.

Family DISCOCYCLINIDAEGenus DISCOCYCLINA Giimbel, 1870

Subgenus DISCOCYCLINA Giimbel, 1870

Discocyclina (Discocyclina) sp.

Plate 2, figure 18

Remarks. The specimen illustrated as figure 18, plate 2, has a diameter of 1.3 mm and so far as could

be ascertained seems to be a representative of the genus Discocyclina .§. s. This was the only specimen of this kind found.

The embryonic chambers are unusual as? there are three nearly globular, concentric chambers. The inner most chamber has an internal diameter of about 100 ju and a wall about 10 ju thick. This inner chamber is encircled by a slightly larger chamber that has a slightly thicker wall. The distance between these two chambers is about 10 M- These two chambers are en closed by a larger chamber that has an internal diameter of about 200 ju and a wall about 20 ju thick. The distance between the outermost chamber wall and the outer wall of the middle chamber is about 30 p. This interval appears to be subdivided into small rec tangular chambers.

The equatorial chambers are arranged around the embryonic chambers in fairly regular concentric rows. These chambers are either rectangular or faintly hex agonal in shape.

The development of the embryonic apparatus indicates that this is an abnormal specimen. Generally it is impossible even with a single normal specimen to identify such a specimen specifically.

LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM EUA, TONGA Bll

Genus ASTEROCYCIINA Giimbel, 1870

Three species of Asterocyclina are recognized. These species are readily recognized in equatorial section by the marked differences in the embryonic apparatuses (pi. 2, figs. 13, 24, 25) and in vertical section by the arrangement of the lateral chambers. Although many specimens were sectioned, it is impossible to arrange these specimens in a continuous gradational series as could be done with the variable sequence of specimens assigned to Pellatispira madaraszi (Hantken).

Asterocyclina matanzensis Cole

Plate 2, figures 14, 24; plate 3, figures 1-3, 7; plate 4, figures 2-4, 6, 8-10, 12

1932. Discocyclina (Asterocyclina) stellata (d'Archiac). Whipple, in Hoffmeister, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 96, p. 84, 85, pi. 21, figs. 1, 2; pi. 22, figs. 6, 7 (not Cakarina stellata d'Archiac, 1846).

1957. Asterocyclina matanzensis Cole, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 280-1, p. 350, pi. 117, figs. 6-10; pi. 118, figs. 9-18.

1959. Asterocyclina matanzensis Cole. Cole, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-V, p. 777, 778, pi. 249, figs. 1-17 [imprint date 1957].

1960. Asterocyclina matanzensis Cole. Cole, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 374-A, p. A6, pi. 1, figs. 4-9.

1963. Asterocyclina matanzensis Cole. Cole, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 403-E, p. E3.

1965. Asterocyclina matanzensis Cole. Samanta, Cushman Found. Forarn. Research Contr., v. 16. pt. 1, p. 23-25, pi. 1, figs. 1-12.

1967. Asterocyclina matanzensis Cole. Cole, Bulls. Arn. Paleon tology, v. 52, no. 233, p. 9, pi. 1, fig. 17; pi. 2, fig. 7.

External views of two specimens are illustrated (pi. 4, figs. 3, 4). The specimen illustrated as figure 4, plate 4, is similar to the specimens illustrated by Whipple (in Hoffmeister, 1932, pi. 21, figs. 2, 3). Whipple's speci mens have diameters slightly over 3 mm. This specimen (pi. 4, fig. 4) has a diameter of about 3.2 mm and an unbonate area having a diameter of about 2.0 mm. One specimen (pi. 4, fig. 3) has long slender tapering rays, the longest of which is 1.7 mm, extending from a nearly globular central area that has a diameter of about 1.9 mm. A more general description of the shape of the test follows.

The test is composed of an umbonal area which may be nearly globular (pi. 3, fig. 2) and surrounded by a narrow rim or by long slender rays (pi. 4, fig. 3). Other specimens (pi. 4, figs. 4, 9) have a more compressed umbonal area which merges into four or five wide compressed rays. The umbonal area and the rays in most of the specimens are covered by small papillae.

The embryonic apparatus consists of a nearly circular initial chamber which is slightly embraced by the larger second chamber (pi. 3, fig. 1, 3; pi. 4, figs. 8, 10, 12). Two distinct periembryonic chambers are located at each end of the dividing wall between the embryonic chambers. The two periembryonic chambers are

separated from each other by two or more normal equatorial chambers which border the initial embryonic chamber between the principal embryonic che.mbers. The second embryonic chamber has on its margin three to five or more, distinct periembryonic chambers which are only slightly smaller than the two principal embryonic chambers (pi. 4, fig. 10). Certain of these periembryonic chambers are in contact; others are separated by one or more normal equatorial chambers.

Measurements of equatorial sections follow.

Measurements of equatorial sections of Asterocyclin?, matanzensis Cole

Specimen shown on

Diameter.... __-_--_-______.__mm_- Embryonic chambers:

Diameters of initial chamber. _ju._ Diameters of second chamber. _ju_. Distance across both chambers. M--

Equatorial chambers: In rays:

In interrays:

PI.

Fig. 1

3.75

90x100 100x190

200 10

30-6025-30

25-3020-25

3

Fig. 3

2.85

80x100 90x185

1908

30-5020-30

30-5015-20

PI.

Fig. 8

2.3

90x110 90x200

200 10

30-4010-20

20-3010-20

4

Fig. 12

3.6

100x130 120x210

230 10

30-5020-30

20-3015-20

The lateral chambers are arranged in regular tiers. The openings of the lateral chambers are low, and the thickness of the intervening floors and roofs is about equal to the height of the lateral chamber cavity, lender pillars are irregularly scattered throughout the umbonate part of vertical sections.

Measurements of vertical sections follow.

Measurements of vertical sections of Asterocyclina matanzensisCole

Specimen shown on

PI. 3 PI. 4


Diameter of umbo.___ ........

Thickness...... ................Embryonic chambers:

Length. ........_.............Height. ......................Thickness of outer wall _ .....

Equatorial layer:Height at center... ............Height at periphery. ..........

Lateral chambers:Number. ... ...................Length. .......................Height......-..,-...---..-.--.Thickness of roofs and floors.-.

Surface diameter of pillars. _.-__.

......mm..

. mm -

--.------jti--........ -ft......... _-M--

.-..-_. .-/*.-

..--__--./*--

..--._---/*-.

....... ..ft..

........ -M--

1.6.5 .

2.0

908010

3050

3740-10010-20

1040-100

2.25

1.14

1709010

4080

2560-8010-15

1060-90

1.3.35.65

1305010

4030

1450-70

101050

1.3.5 .

.7o

12(18010

3090

1440-60

1010

30-50

2.85

1.5

806015

3050

3670-80

101050

Occurrence elsewhere. Saipan Island (Cole, 1957a, p. 350); Eniwetok Atoll drill holes (Cole, 1957b, p. 777); Guam Island (Cole, 1963, p. E3); Viti Levu, Fiji (Cole, 1960a, p. A6); Assam (Samanta, 1965, p. 23).

Remarks. Whipple (in Hoffmeister, 1932, p. 84) assigned similar specimens from Eua, Tonga, to Disco cyclina (Asterocyclina) stellata (d'Archiac). The illustra-


tions, measurements, and description given by Whipple demonstrate conclusively that the specimens he identi fied as Asterocyclina stellata are the same as those which are identified here as A. matanzensis.

Concerning certain specimens Whipple (in Hoff- meister, 1932, p. 85) wrote: "At the proximal end of each ray there are two or three elongate equatorial chambers, this number increases toward the periphery producing a fan-like arrangement of the chambers with in the ray." This unusual arrangement is shown excel lently in the specimen illustrated as figure 6, plate 4. This same phenomenon is found in certain specimens (Cole, 1957a, pi. 118, fig. 17) from Saipan Island, the type locality of A. matanzensis.

Cole (1967, p. 9) stated previously that A. matanzensis has a "general resemblence" to A. stellata (d'Archiac) (Neumann, 1958, pi. 30, figs. 1-7) from the Lutetian and Bartonian of France. The lateral chambers of A. stellata have more open cavities than do those of A. matanzensis, and the ring of periembryonic chambers on the border of the second embryonic chamber in A. stellata is more complete and has more chambers than in A. matanzensis.

Relatively few adequate photographs of thin sections of A. stellata have been published. As additional illus trations become available, it may be possible to demon strate satisfactorily that A. matanzensis is a junior synonym of A. stellata (d'Archiac). For the present, A. matanzensis is retained as a valid species, closely related to A. stellata.

Asterocyclina penuria Cole

Plate 2, figures 16, 17, 25; plate 4, figures 1, 5, 7, 11, 13, 14

1957. Asterocyclina penuria Cole, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 280-1, p. 350, 351, pi. 116, figs. 1-10 [references and discussion]. [Nom. nov. for Orthophragmina pentagonalis Deprat, 1905, preoccupied by Asterodiscus pentagonalis Schafhault, 1863.]

1957. Discocyclina (Discocyclina) dispansa Hanzawa, not Lyco- phris dispansus Sowerby, 1840, Geol. Soc. America Mem. 66, p. 83, 84, pi. 13, figs. 1, 3, 4; pi. 14, figs. 2, 3, 8, 9.

1958. Asterodiscus cuvillieri Neumann, Soc. Geol. France Mem. 83 (new ser.), v. 37, pt. 2-3, p. 119-121, pi. 21, figs. 1-8; pi. 32, fig. 5; text fig. 40.

1959. Asterocyclina penuria Cole. Cole, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof.Paper 260-V, p. 778-780, pi. 246, figs. 1-11; pi. 247,figs. 1-15; pi. 248, figs. 8, 12-17 [imprint date 1957].

1959. Asterocyclina penuria Cole. Cole, Cushman Found. Foram.Research Contr., v. 10, pt. 1, p. 12-14, pi. 1, figs. 1-4,6-11; pi. 2, figs. 1-9; pi. 3, figs. 1-4.

1963. Asterocyclina penuria Cole. Cole, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof.Paper 403-E, p. E3.

The test has diameters of 2.3 to 7.0 mm and thick nesses of 1.2 to 2.7 mm. Specimens are usually strongly umbonate (pi. 4, figs. 5, 13), and the inflated central area is bordered by a narrow flange. Other specimens (pi. 4, fig. 11) are compressed and lenticular. The

central area does not show any rays. If rays are present, they are weakly developed on the bordering rim. Thus, it is often impossible to recognize that specimens are Asterocyclina until they are sectioned.

The embryonic apparatus consists of two large embryonic chambers in which the larger second chamber slightly embraces the initial chamber. The embryonic chambers are surrounded completely by large periembryonic chambers. The initial embryonic chamber is bordered by two elongate periembryonic chambers (pi. 4, figs. 7, 14; pi. 2, figs. 16, 25). In some specimens (pi. 4, fig. 14) the second embryonic chamber is sur rounded by a ring of about nine rudely rectangular chambers. Other specimens (pi. 2, fig. 25) have the second embryonic chamber bounded by two peri embryonic chambers which are similar to those bor dering the initial embryonic chamber.

Measurements of equatorial sections

Measurements of equatorial sections of Asterocyclina penuria Cole

Specimen showr on

PI. 4 PI. 2


Diameter._.._-_____-__._________ mm.. 4.8Embryonic chambers:

Diameters of initial chamber.... _M. . 230x300Diameters of second chamber.. ___/*._ 180x440 Distance across both chambers.. _ji.. 430 Thickness of outer wall_ ........n.. 10

Equatorial chambers: In rays:

Radial diameter.........._._...M.. 40-100Tangential diameter............/*-- 20-30

In interrays: Radial diameter................/*.. 30-40Tangential diameter..........._M.. 20-30

4.2 5.2 2.3

200x350 230x470

450 10

240x340 220x500

470 10

200x300 180x390

390 10

230x300 200x420

430 10

60-100 20-40

40-60 20-30

80-120 15-20

40-50 20-30

40-80 20

60-100 20

60-100 30-40

30-50 20-35

Normally, there are four rays developed in which the equatorial chambers are radially elongate. These rays are distinct in the zone adj acent to the embryonic apparatus but commonly are less distinct in the pe ripheral zone.

The lateral chambers are abundant, arranged in regular tiers, and have low openings between rather thick floors and roofs. Distinct pillars are irregularly scattered throughout the vertical sections, the greatest concentration being in the umbonal area.

Measurements of vertical sections follow.

Measurements of vertical sections of Asterocyclina penuria Cole


Fig. 5 Fig. 11 Fig. 13

Diameter.................................mm.. 4.45 3.5+ 4.85+Thickness.._._._____--.____.--.--.._.-.-.mm.- 2.7 1.37 2.57Embryonic chambers: Length........................... ...._.._.* -- 360 440 450Height.. . . ... _--._.--_..-._._Ai-- 260 250 260Thickness of outer wall................... _M-- 10 10 10

Equatorial layer: Height at center...... ._____.___._.__.___M-- 50 60 80Height at periphery--.......---.--..----../!-- 30 70 80

Lateral chambers: Number............... .........-._... - 31 19 38Length M - 100-140 80-100 100-140 Height....................................M-- 20-30 1C-20 10-20Thickness of floors and roofs.............._M-- 15-20 20 10-20

Surface diameter of thickened areas between the lateral chambers .................. ......ft.. 70-150 150-200 50-180

LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM ETTA, TONGA B13

Occurrence elsewhere. New Caledonia (Deprat, 1905, p. 507); Soemba (Caudri, 1934, p. 97); Saipan Island (Cole, 1957a, p. 350); Eniwetok Atoll drill hole (Cole, 1957b, p. 778); Guam (Cole, 1963, p. E3); seamount near Tuamotu Islands (Cole, 1959, p. 42); France (Neumann, 1958, p. 119, as Asterodiscus cuvillieri); Greece (Aubouin and Neumann, 1959, p. 48, as As- terodiscus cuvillieri).

Remarks. This species is characterized by its distinc tive embryonic apparatus and by the abundant, long, appressed lateral chambers arranged in regular tiers between irregularly scattered, pronounced pillars.

This species was described by Deprat (1905, p. 507) as Orthophragmina pentagonalis and was based upon specimens from New Caledonia. As the specific name 0. pentagonalis had been used by Schafhault in 1863 for a different European species, Cole (1957a, p. 350) proposed the specific name Asterocyclina penuria.

Caudri (1934, p. 97) identified specimens from Soemba, which are without question A. penuria, as A. aff. pentagonalis Deprat. Van der Weijden (1940, p. 38) assigned European specimens from the upper Lutetian and Auversian to Discocyclina (Isodiscodina) penta gonalis (Deprat),

Neumann (1958, p. 119) described Asterodiscus cuvillieri as a new species from the upper Lutetian, Auversian, and Bartonian of Europe. She included in this new species the European specimens which van cler Weijden had assigned to Asterocyclina pentagonalis (Deprat) (= A. penuria Cole). Later, Aubouin and Neumann (1959, p. 48) identified specimens from the upper Eocene and the upper Lutetian of Greece as Asterodiscus cuvillieri Neumann (= Asterocyclina pen uria Cole).

The European specimens to which Neumann (1958) assigned the name Asterodiscus cuvillieri are identical externally and internally to the Indo-Pacific specimens which Cole (1957a) named Asterocyclina penuria; thus, Asterodiscus cuvillieri is a junior synonym of Astero cyclina penuria.

Whipple (in Hoffmeister, 1932, p. 84, pi. 22, figs. 1, 2) briefly discussed and illustrated specimens from several stations in Eua, Tonga, as Discocyclina (Discocyclina} sp. His equatorial section (1932, pi. 22, fig. 1) shows rays of the land which are characteristic of Asterocyclina penuria, and his vertical section (1932, pi. 22, fig. 2) has abundant aligned lateral chambers between irreg ularly developed pillars similar to those of A. penuria. Unfortunately, the embryonic chambers in these illus trations do not show. However, the other internal stuctures are so similar to those of A. penuria that one may correlate Whipple's Discocyclina (Discocyclina) sp. with A. penuria.

Asterocyclina praecipua Cole

Plate 2, figure 13; plate 5, figures 1-21

1959. Asterocyclina praecipua Cole, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof.Paper 260-V, p. 780, pi. 245, figs. 11, 12, 16, 18-20[imprint date 1957].

1963. Asterocyclina praecipua Cole. Cole, U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 403-E, p. E24, pi. 9, figs. 12, 13, 18.

Three external shapes are exhibited by specimens assigned to this species. Certain specimens are sub- circular and have low rays, which are observed only on the margin of the test. In equatorial sections, such specimens normally possess five rays (pi. 5, fig. 20), and in vertical section (pi. 5, figs. 4, 21), the tests are compressed lenticular. Other specimens (pi. 5, fig:?, 11, 19) are quadrate and have four short, bluntly rounded rays. These specimens in vertical section (pi. 5, figs. 1, 2, 12, 13) are inflated and lenticular. Specimens of another group have four elongate rays (pi. 5, figs. 5, 9). In vertical section (pi. 5, figs. 6-8), a small infated umbonal area, from which the elongate rays project, is observed. The surface of all these specimens is covered by small distinct papillae.

The small bilocular embryonic chambers in many of these specimens were destroyed. However, several satis factory sections (pi. 5, figs. 17, 18) were obtained. The periembryonic chambers are small and abundant and form a complete encircling ring around the embryonic chambers.

Measurements of some equatorial sections follow.

Measurements of equatorial sections of Asterocyclina prae^puaCole


Embryonic chambers: Diameters of initial chamber. . _ . _/j- .

Distance across both chambers.. ./j._

Equatorial chambers: In interray areas :

In rays :

Fig. 19

2.1

60x100 70x120

140 5

15-40 15-20

50-65 20-25

Fig. 20

1.6

55x70 40x90

100 5

20-40 20

50 20

Fig. 11

1.75

130

20-30 20-40

40-100 20-30

Fig. 9

3.65+

110 5

30-40 20

100-120 20-30

Tig. 5

2.0

100 5

20-40 20

40-100 10-20

The lateral chambers are somewhat regularly aligned in tiers. The floors and roofs of these chambers are about equal in thickness to the chamber cavity. Heavy distinct pillars are irregularly scattered throughout the vertical sections. Measurements of some vertical sec tions follow.

B14 LARGER FORAMINTFERA

Measurements of vertical sections of Asterocyclina praecipua Cole


Fig. 1 Fig. 13 Fig. 12 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 21

1.7 .75

1.8+ 1.9+ 4. 45 2. 9+ I.67 .9 1.0 .85 .8 .45

90+80

5

1530

Diameter. ___________________ .mmThickness....................mmEmbryonic chambers:

Length._..__..__..._______.___,.-- 140 110 150 90+ ....Height---..-...-.............;.-- 90 90 110 40+ _____Thicknessof outer wall...... __/*.. 10 8 5 ______________

Equatorial layer: Height at center........... .__/*.- 30 25 40 20 30Height at periphery...........M ._ 40 100 50 80 60

Lateral chambers: Number.......................... 17 18 18 22 17 10Length........................M-- 50-70 60-80 50-70 60-70 40-60 40-70Height. .......................A.-- 10-20 10 10 10 10 10Thickness of floors and roofs...M-- 10-20 10 10 10 10 10

Surface diameter of pillars..-_...M.-100-180 50-100 80-100 40-100 60-120 50-100

Remarks, The types are from Eniwetok Atoll drill hole F-1 in core 12 (4,316-4,341 ft). This species is char acterized by the small bilocular embryonic chambers, the thick roofs and floors of the lateral chambers, and the many heavy pillars. Specimens in the collection from Eua, Tonga, have a greater diversity of external shape than the types, but the internal structures of all these specimens are similar.

A few microspheric specimens (pi. 5, figs. 10, 15, 16) were found. These specimens closely resemble microspheric specimens from Guam (Cole, 1963, pi. 9, fig. 18), which were assigned to this species.

REFERENCES CITED

Asano, Kiyoshi, 1939, Limestones of the South Sea Islands under the Japanese Mandate: Yabe Jubilee pub. v. 1, p. 537-550, 2 figs., 2 pis.

Aubouin, Jean, and Neumann, Madeleine, 1959, Contribution & J'etude stratigraphique et micropaleontologique de 1'Eocene en Grece: Rev. Micropaleontologie, v. 2, no. 1, p. 31-49, pis. 1-5, 8 text figs.

Boussac, Jean, 1906, Developpement et morphologic quelques Foraminiferes de Priabona: Soc. G&>1. France Bull., 4th ser., v. 6, p. 88-100. pis. 1-3.

Caudri, C. M. B., 1934, Tertiary deposits of Soemba: Amster dam, Leiden Natl. Mus. Geol. Diss., p. 1-224, 5 pis., 21 text figs., 3 maps.

Cole, W. S., 1950, Larger Foraminifera from the Palau Islands: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 221-B, p. 21-31.

1957a, Larger Foraminifera [of Saipan, Mariana Islands]: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 280-1, p. 321-360., pis. 94-118, 4 tables.

1957b, Larger Foraminifera from Eniwetok drill holes: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-V, p. 743-784, pis. 230- 249, 1 text fig., 6 tables [1959].

1958, Names of and variation in certain American larger Foraminifera, No. 1: Bulls. Am. Paleontology, v. 38, no. 170, p. 179-213, pis. 18-25.

1959, Asterocyclina from a Pacific seamount; Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr., v. 10, pt. 1, p. 10-14, pis. 1-3.

1960a, Upper Eocene and Oligocene larger Foraminifera from Viti Levu, Fiji: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 374-A, p. A1-A7, pis. 1-3, 1 text fig., 1 table.

1960b, The genus Camerina: Bulls. Am. Paleontology,v. 41, no. 190, p. 189-203, pis. 23-26.

1961, An analysis of certain taxonomic problems in the larger Foraminifera: Bulls. Am. Paleontology, v. 43, no. 197, p. 373-407, pis. 28-39.

1963, Tertiary larger Foraminifera from Guam: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 403-E, p. E1-E28, pis. 1-11, 1 text fig., 8 tables.

1966, Additional comments on the foraminiferal genus Camerina: Bulls. Am. Paleontology, v. 50, no. 228, p. 229- 265, pis. 20-27.

1967, Additional data on New Zealand Asterocyclina(Foraminifera): Bulls. Am. Paleontology, v. 52, no. 233,p. 5-18, pis. 1, 2, 1 text fig., 2 tables.

Cole, W. S., and Bridge, Josiah, 1953, Geology and largerForaminifera of Saipan Island: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof.Paper 253, 45 p., 15 pis., 5 tables.

Cushman, J. A., Todd, Ruth, and Post, Rita, 1954, RecentForaminifera of the Marshall Islands: U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 260-H, p. 319-384, pis. 82-9?, 3 text figs.,5 tables.

Deprat, M. J., 1905, Les depots Eocenes Neo-C^ledoniens, leuranalogic avec ceux de la region de la sonde: Soc. G6ol.France Bull., 4th ser., v. 5, p. 485-516, pis. 16-19.

Doornink, H. W., 1932, Tertiary Nummulitidae from Java:Geol.-Mijnb. Genoot. Nederland en Kolonien Verh., Geol.ser., v. 9, p. 267-315, pis. 1-10, 2 tables, text figs. a-L

Grimsdale, T. F., 1952, Cretaceous and Tertiary Foraminiferafrom the Middle East: British Mus. (Nat. History) Bull.,Geology, v. 1, no. 8, p. 223-247, pis. 20-25, 3 text figs.

Guest, N. J., 1959, Geological mapping, Tonga, in Fiji Geol.Survey Dept. Ann. Rept., Council Paper 17, p. 3.

Hanzawa, Shoshiro, 1947, Note on an Eocene foraminiferallimestone from New Britain: Japanese Jour. Geology andGeography, v. 20, nos. 2-4, p. 59-61, pis. 14,15.

1957, Cenozoic Foraminifera from Micronesia: Geol.Soc. America Mem. 66, 163 p., 41 pis., 12 text figs., 7 tables.

Hoffmeister, J. E., 1932, Geology of Eua, Tonga: Bernice P.Bishop Mus. Bull. 96, 93 p., 22 pis., 6 text figs., 6 tables.

Myers, E. H., 1943, Ecologic relationships of larger Foraminifera:Natl, Research Council, Div. Geology and Geography Ann.Rept., 1942-1943, Rept. of the committee on marine ecologyas related to paleontology, no. 3, p. 26-30.

Nagappa, Yedatore, 1959, Foraminiferal biostratigraphy ofthe Cretaceous-Eocene succession in the India-Pakistan- Burma region: Micropaleontology, v. 5, no. 2, p. 145-192,pis. 1-11, 11 text figs., 9 tables.

Neumann, Madeleine, 1958, Revision des Orbitoid6s du Cre"taceet de 1'Eocene en Aquitaine occidentale: Soc. G6ol. FranceMem. 83, new ser., v. 37, pt. 2-3, 174 p., 36 pi -., 54 text figs.

Norton, R. D., 1930, Ecologic relations of some Foraminifera:Seripps Inst. Oceanography Bull., tech. ser., v. 2, no. 9,p. 331-388, 6 tables, 3 text figs.

Provale, Irene, 1908, Di alcune Nummulitine e Orbitoidinedell'isola di Borneo: Riv. Italiana Paleontologia, v. 14, p.55-80, pis. 4-6 [1909].

Rao, S. R. N., 1941, The Tertiary sequence near Surat andBroach (western India), with description of Foraminiferaof the genus Pellatispira from the upper Eocene of thisregion: Mysore Univ. Jour., sec. B (sci.), v. 2, pt. 2, p.5-17, pis. 1, 2.

Roveda, Vittorio, 1961, Contributo allo studio di alcunimacroforaminiferi di Priabona: Riv. Italiana Paleontologia,v. 67, no. 2, p. 153-224, pis. 14-19, 19 text fits., 1 table.

Samanta, B. K., 1965, Asterocyclina from the up'ier Eocene ofAssam, India: Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr.,v. 16, pt. 1, p. 22-26, pi. 1.

LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM ETJA, TONGA P15

Sen Gupta, B. K., 1965, Morphology of some key species of Nummulites from the Indian Eocene: Jour. Paleontology, v. 39, no. 1, p. 86-96, pis. 15-17, 2 text figs.

Tobler, August, 1929, Pellatispira Lm Priabonien von Lenk (Berner Oberland): Eclogae Geol. Helvetiae, v. 22, no. 2, p. 173-175, pi. 17.

Umbgrove, J. H. F., 1928, Het genus Pellatispira in het Indo- pacifische gebied: Dienst Mijnb. in Nederlandsch-Indie, Nederlandsche Akad. Wetensch. Mededel., no. 10, p. 1-60, 80 figs., 1 table.

1938, A second species of Biplanispira from the Eocene

of Borneo: Leidsche Geol. Mededel., v. 10, p. 82-89, figs. 1-17.

Vlerk, I. M. van der, 1929, Groote foraminiferen van >\ O. Borneo: Dienst Mijnb. in Nederlandsch-Indie, Nederland sche Akad. Wetensch. Mededel., no. 9, p. 5-44, 51 figs.

Weijden, W. J. M. van der, 1940, Het genus Discocyclina en Europa: Leiden Univ. Diss., N. V. Leidsche Courant, 116 p., 12 pis.

Yabe, Hisakatsu, 1921, Notes on some Eocene Foramini*era: Tohoku Imp. Univ. Sci. Repts., 2d ser, (geology), v. 4, no. 4, p. 97-108, pis. 16-20, 1 table.

PLATES 1-5

PLATE 1

FIGURES 1-13. Pellatispira madaraszi (Hantken) (p. B6). 1-6, 8-12. Transverse sections.

1. Thin, compressed specimen; compare with figure 13, plate 2 of Boussac (1906); X 20; USNM 651045.

2. Specimen having slightly inflated umbonal area andlarge pillars; X 20; USNM 651046.

3, 4. Specimens having strongly inflated central areas; "P. rutteni" kind; compare with figures 57 and 59 of Umbgrove (1928); X 20; USNM 651047, 651048.

5. Highly inflated specimen having two sets of embry onic chambers; X 20; USNM 651049.

6. Evenly biconvex specimen; "P. orbitoidea" kind; compare with figure 36-38 of Umbgrove (1928); X 20; USNM 651050.

8. Compressed, lenticular specimen, intermediate in shape between figures 1 and 2, this plate; X 20; USNM 651052.

9. Subglobular specimen; "P. inflata" kind; compare with figures 54 and 56 of Umbgrove (1928); X 20; USNM 651053.

10. Specimen which has internal structures of both Pellatispira madaraszi (central area) and "P. fulgeria" (top and bottom); X 20; USNM 651054.

11. Typical "P. fulgeria"; compare with figure 5, plate 20, of Whipple, in Hoffmeister, 1932, and with Biplanispira absurda, figures 2-15, of Umbgrove (1938); X 20; USNM 651055.

12. Slightly thicker and larger specimen than figure 11,this plate; X 12.5; USNM 651056.

7, 13. Median sections.7. Typical median section; X 20; USNM 651051.

13. Median section of the "P. fulgeria" kind; note theexpanded marginal cord and the development ofsecondary chamberlets beyond the zone of theprimary spiral; X 12.5; USNM 651057.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 640-B PLATE 1

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PLATE 2

FIGURES 1-5. Camerina pacifica (Whipple) (p. B3).1, 2. Median sections, centered, X 20, of megalospheric specimens; USNM 651058, 651059.

3. Median section, not centered, X 20, of a megalospheric specimen; USNM 651060.4. Median section, centered, X 20, of a microspheric specimen; USNM 651061.5. Transverse section, X 20, of a megalospheric specimen; USNM 651062.

6-12. Spiroclypeus vermicularis Tan (p. BlO).6. Transverse section, X 20, of a probable microspheric specimen; USNM 651063.

7-9. Transverse sections, X 20, of megalospheric specimens; USNM 651064-651066. 10, 12. Median sections, X 20, of megalospheric specimens; USNM 651067, 651069.

11. Part of a median section, X 40, of a megalospheric specimen to illustrate the embryonic chambers; USNM651068.

13. Asterocyclina praecipua Cole (p. B13).Central part of an equatorial section, X 40, of a megalospheric specimen for comparison of the embryonic appara

tus with those of A. matanzensis (fig. 24, this plate) and A. penuria (fig. 25, this plate); see figure 18, plate 5, for enlargement; USNM 651070.

14, 24. Asterocyclina matanzensis Cole (p. Bll).14. Transverse section, X 20; USNM 651071.24. Part of an equatorial section, X 40, of a megalospheric specimen; see explanation of figure 13, this plate;

USNM 651081. 15. Heterostegina saipanensis Cole (p. B9).

Transverse section, X 20; introduced for comparison with similar sections of Spiroclypeus vermicularis, figures7-9, this plate; USNM 651072.

16, 17, 25. Asterocyclina penuria Cole (p. B12).16. Equatorial section, X 20, of a small specimen similar in size and external appearance to certain specimens

of A. matanzensis; USNM 651073.17. Vertical section, X 20, of a companion specimen to figure 16; USNM 651074.25. Part of an equatorial section, X 40, of a megalospheric specimen; see explanation of figure 13, this plate;

USNM 651082. 18. Discocyclina (Discocyclina) sp. (p. BIO)

Part of an equatorial section, X 40, to illustrate the embryonic apparatus and equatorial chambers; USNM651075.

19-23. Pellatispira madaraszi (Hantken) (p. B6).19. Transverse section, X 20, of an inflated, selliform specimen to be compared with specimens from Saipan

Island (Cole, 1957a, pi. 97, fig. 10); USNM 651076.20. Compressed specimen, X 20; USNM 651077.21. Part of a transverse section, X 20, of a microspheric specimen to illustrate the development of the marginal

cord; USNM 651078.22. Part of a transverse section, X 20, of a large, thin, megalospheric specimen; USNM 651079.23. Transverse section, X 12.5, of a probable microspheric specimen; USNM 651080.


25 23 22 21 20

CAMERINA, SPIROCLYPEUS, ASTEROCYCLINA, HETEROSTEGINA,

DISCOCYCLINA, AND PELLATISPIRA

PLATE 3

FIGURES 1-3,7. Asterocyclina matanzensis Cole.(p- Bll).1. Equatorial section, X 20, of a specimen having a subglobular

central area and elongate rays; see plate 4, figure 10, for enlarge ment of the embryonic apparatus; USNM 651083.

2. Vertical section, X 20, of a specimen having a narrow rim from which bluntly rounded rays protrude; USNM 651084.

3. Equatorial section, X 20, of a specimen having an evenly lenticular central area which merges with five bluntly rounded rays; USNM 651085.

7. Vertical section, X 20, of a specimen similar to the one from whichthe equatorial section, figure 3, was made; USNM 651089.

4-6, 8, 9, 12. Heterostegina saipanensis Cole (p. B9).4, 5. Transverse sections, X 20; USNM 651086, 651087.

6. Part of a median section, X 40, of a specimen having one camer-inid chamber after the embryonic chambers; USNM 651088.

8. Part of a median section, X 40, of a microspheric specimen;USNM 651090.

9, 12. Median sections, X 20, of megalospheric specimens;USNM 651091,651094.

10, 11, 13-16. Camerina pengaronensis (Verbeek) (p. B4).10, 16. Median sections, X 20; USNM 651092, 651098.

11, 13-15. Transverse sections, X 20; USNM 651093, 651095-651097.


13 "W *r 14 Û.'^ 15

ASTEROCYCLINA, HETEROSTEGINA, AND CAMERINA

16

PLATE 4

FIGURES 1, 5, 7, 11, 13, 14. Asterocyclina penuria Cole (p. B12).1. Equatorial section, X 12.5, to illustrate the rayed pat

tern of the equatorial chambers; USNM 651099. 5. Vertical section, X 20, of an inflated specimen; USNM

651103.7. Part of an equatorial section, X 20; USNM 651105.

11. Vertical section, X 20, of a compressed specimen; USNM 651108.

13. Vertical section, X 12.5; USNM 651110.14. Part of an exactly centered equatorial section, X 40,

to illustrate the embryonic, periembryonic, and equa torial chambers; USNM 651111.

2-4 6, 8-10, 12. Asterocyclina matanzensis Cole (p. Bll).2, 9. Vertical sections, X 40, of small specimens; USNM

651100, 651107.3. External view, X 8, of a specimen having a sub-

globular central area and distinct, elongate rays; USNM 651101.

4. External view, X 8, of a compressed specimen havingshort, bluntly rounded rays; USNM 651102.

6. Vertical section, X 20, of an inflated specimen havingnumerous lateral chambers; USNM 651104.

8, 10. Parts of equatorial sections, X 40, to illustrate slight differences in size of the peiiembryonic chambers; USNM 651106, 651085.

12. Equatorial section, X 20; USNM 651109.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEYPROFESSIONAL PAPER 640-B PLATE 4

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PLATE 5

FIGURES 1 21. Asterocyclina praedpua Cole (p. B13).1-4, 6-8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 21. Vertical sections. Figures 1-3, 13, 21, X 40;

figures 4, 6-8, 10, 12, 16, X 20.1, 2, 4, 12, 13. Inflated, biconvex, megalospheric speci

mens having four short, bluntly rounded rays; USNM 651112, 651113, 651115, 651123, 651124.

3, 21. Moderately inflated megalospheric speci mens having many strong pillars and moderately extended rays; USNM 651114, 651129.

6-8. Megalospheric specimens having a distinct umbonal area and four extended rays; USNM 651117-651119.

10, 16. Microspheric specimens having a subglobular central area, strong pillars, and a narrow rim; USNM 651121, 651127.

5, 9, 11, 15, 19, 20. Equatorial sections. All figures X 20,except figure 20, X 40.

5, 9. Megalospheric specimens having tests sim ilar to the specimens illustrated as figures 6-8, this plate; USNM 651116, 651120.

11, 19, .20. Megalospheric specimens having tests sim ilar to the specimens illustrated as figures 1-4, 12, 13, 21, this plate; USNM 651122,651125. 651128.

15. Microspheric specimen having a test sim ilar to the specimens illustrated as figures 10 and 16, this plate; USNM651126.

14, 17, 18. Central parts of equatorial sections of meg alospheric specimens. Figure 14, X 40; figures 17, 18, X 210.

14, 17. Embryonic and periembryonic chambers of the specimen illustrated as figure 19, this plate.

18. Embryonic and periembryonic chambers of another megalospheric specimen; see figure 13, plate 2.

frU-S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1970 O-362-463


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ASTEROCYCLINA

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