LATVIA’S INFORMATIVE INVENTORY REPORT 1990 - 2010 · Latvia’s Informative Inventory Report 2012...

LATVIA’S INFORMATIVE INVENTORY REPORT 1990 - 2010

Submitted under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

2012

Latvia’s Informative Inventory Report 2012

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Data sheet Title: Latvia’s Informative Inventory Report 1990 - 2010

Submitted under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

Date: March 2012 Authors: Intars Cakars, Lauris Siņics, Ieva Sīle, Aiva Puļķe – Latvian Environment,

Geology and Meteorology Centre

Gaidis Klāvs - Institute of Physical Energetics (FEI) Laima Bērziņa – Latvia University of Agriculture

Editing: Armands Plāte

The Ministry of the Environmental Protection and Regional Development Department of Environmental Protection Contact: Ieva Sīle Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre

Maskavas 165, Riga, LV 1019, Latvia E-mail: [email protected]


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CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 10

1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON EMISSION INVENTORIES ............................................. 10

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR INVENTORY PREPARATION .. 10

1.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS OF INVENTORY PREPARATION ........................................ 10

1.4 DESCRIPTION OF KEY SOURCE CATEGORIES ................................................................... 11 1.5 GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPLETENESS ............................................................. 12 1.6 UNCERTAINTIES ............................................................................................................ 13 1.7 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL ................................................................... 13

2 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION TRENDS .............................................................. 15

3 ENERGY SECTOR (NFR 1) .................................................................................... 21

3.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................... 21 3.1.1 Quantitative overview ......................................................................................... 21

3.1.2 Description ......................................................................................................... 24

3.2 STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION (NFR 1A1A, 1A1C, 1A2, 1A4) ................................... 24

3.2.1 Source category description ............................................................................... 24

3.2.2 Key categories .................................................................................................... 28

3.2.3 Methodological issues ........................................................................................ 30

3.3 TRANSPORT (NFR 1A3, NFR 1A5) ................................................................................ 39



3.4 FUGITIVE EMISSIONS (NFR 1.B) ..................................................................................... 52


3.4.2. Key categories ................................................................................................... 53

3.4.3. Methodological issues ....................................................................................... 53

3.5 INTERNATIONAL BUNKERS .............................................................................................. 54

4 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (NFR 2) ..................................................................... 57

4.1. SECTOR OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................ 57

4.1.1 Quantitative overview ......................................................................................... 57

4.1.2 Description ......................................................................................................... 58

4.2 MINERAL PRODUCTS (NFR 2A) ..................................................................................... 59


4.2.2 Key categories .................................................................................................... 61


4.3 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (NFR 2B) .................................................................................... 67


4.3.2 Key categories .................................................................................................... 67


4.4 METAL PRODUCTION (NFR 2C) ..................................................................................... 67


4.4.2 Key categories .................................................................................................... 68


4.5 OTHER PRODUCTION (NFR 2D) ...................................................................................... 69


4.5.2 Key categories .................................................................................................... 70


5 SOLVENT AND OTHER PRODUCT USE (CRF SECTOR 3) ........................... 72


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5.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................... 72 5.1.1 Quantitative overview ......................................................................................... 72

5.1.2 Description ......................................................................................................... 73

5.1.3 Key categories .................................................................................................... 74

5.2 PAINT APPLICATION (3A) .............................................................................................. 74

5.2.1 Source category description ............................................................................ 74

5.2.2 Methodological issues ..................................................................................... 75

5.3 DEGREASING AND DRY CLEANING (3B) ........................................................................ 77 5.3.1 Source category description ............................................................................ 77


5.4 CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, MANUFACTURE AND PROCESSING (3C) .................................... 80



5.5 OTHER – PRINTING, DOMESTIC SOLVENTS USE AND OTHER PRODUCT USE (3D1, 3D2, 3D3) ..................................................................................................................................... 82



6 AGRICULTURE (NFR 4) ........................................................................................ 86

6.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................... 86 6.2 MANURE MANAGEMENT (NFR 4.B) ............................................................................... 87



6.3 AGRICULTURAL SOILS (NFR 4.D) .................................................................................. 91



6.4 PM EMISSION FROM STABLES (NFR 4.B) ........................................................................ 93 6.4.1 Source category description ............................................................................... 93


6.5 OTHER (NFR 4G) ........................................................................................................... 95 6.5.1 Source category description ............................................................................... 95


7 LAND-USE CHANGES AND FORESTRY (NFR 7A) .......................................... 97

7.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................... 97 7.2 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES.............................................................................................. 97

8 WASTE (NFR 6) ........................................................................................................ 99

8.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................... 99 8.2 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL .................................................................................................. 99


8.2.2 Methodological issues ...................................................................................... 100

8.3 WASTE WATER HANDLING ........................................................................................... 100

8.3.1 Source category description ............................................................................. 100


8.4 WASTE INCINERATION .................................................................................................. 102

8.4.1 Source category description ............................................................................. 102


9 RECALCULATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS ................... .............................. 105

9.1 RECALCULATIONS ........................................................................................................ 105 9.2 PLANNED IMPROVEMENTS ............................................................................................ 106

10 PROJECTIONS ....................................................................................................... 108


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11 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 109

ANNEX 1 .......................................................................................................................... 110

ANNEX 2 .......................................................................................................................... 119

ANNEX 3 .......................................................................................................................... 122

ANNEX 4 .......................................................................................................................... 123

ANNEX 5 .......................................................................................................................... 129


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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Key Source Analysis 2010 .................................................................................. 11 Table 1.2 Sources not estimated (NE) ................................................................................. 12 Table 1.3 Sources included elsewhere (IE) ......................................................................... 13 Table 3.1 Consumption of energy resources in Latvia (TJ),................................................ 21

Table 3.2 Electricity and heat production and consumption in Latvia (TJ) ........................ 22

Table 3.3 Emissions from Energy Sector in 1990–2010 ..................................................... 24

Table 3.4 Fuel consumption in 1.A.1 Energy industries in 1990−2010 (PJ) ...................... 31

Table 3.5 Fuel consumption in 1.A.2 Manufacturing industries and construction in 1990–2010 (PJ) .............................................................................................................................. 33

Table 3.6 Fuel consumption in 1.A.4 Other sectors in 1990–2010 (PJ).............................. 37

Table 3.7 Fuel consumption in road transport (TJ) ............................................................. 47 Table 3.8 Emission factors used for emissions calculation from Railway .......................... 48

Table 3.9 Emission factors used in the calculation of Particulate Matters emissions from Railway ................................................................................................................................ 48

Table 3.10 SO2 Emission factors for Diesel oil used in the calculation of SO2 emissions from Railway ....................................................................................................................... 48

Table 3.11 Fuel consumption in Railway transport (TJ) ..................................................... 48 Table 3.12 Fuel consumption in navigation ........................................................................ 50 Table 3.13 Emission factors used in the calculation of emissions from navigation ............ 50

Table 3.14 Emission factors used in the calculation of emissions from Civil Aviation...... 51

Table 3.15 Fuel consumption in civil aviation (TJ) ............................................................ 52 Table 3.16 Fugitive emissions from oil products 1990-2010 (Gg) ..................................... 53

Table 3.17 NMVOC emission factors (g/kg) ...................................................................... 54 Table 3.18 PM emission factors (g/tonne) .......................................................................... 54 Table 3.19 Activity data used for NMVOC emission calculation in 1990-2001 (PJ) ......... 54

Table 3.20 Activity data used for particulate matters emissions calculation in 1990–2010 (Gg) ...................................................................................................................................... 54

Table 3.21 Energy consumption in International Transport (TJ) ........................................ 55

Table 3.22 Emission factors to calculate emissions from International Aviation ............... 55

Table 3.23 Emission factors to calculate emissions from International Navigation ........... 55

Table 3.24 Emission factors for Particulate Matters for international navigation .............. 55

Table 3.25 SO2 Emission factors used for Diesel oil in the SO2 calculation of emissions for International Bunkers .......................................................................................................... 56 Table 3.26 SO2 Emission factors used for RFO in the SO2 calculation of emissions for International Bunkers .......................................................................................................... 56 Table 4.1 Emissions from Industrial Processes sector in 1990–2010 ................................. 57

Table 4.2 Emissions from Mineral Products in 1990-2010 ................................................. 59

Table 4.3 EFs for cement clinker production (Gg/Gg) ........................................................ 63 Table 4.4 Cement production activity data in 1990–2010 (Gg) .......................................... 63

Table 4.5 Emission factors for lime production in 1990–2010 (Gg/Gg) ............................ 64

Table 4.6 Lime production activity data in 1990–2010 (Gg) .............................................. 64

Table 4.7 Emission factors for asphalt roofing and road paving in 1990–2010 .................. 65

Table 4.8 Activity data for road paving with asphalt and asphalt roofing production ........ 65

Table 4.9 Emission factors for glass production in 1990–2010 .......................................... 66

Table 4.10 NMVOC emissions from glass fibre production in 1990–2010 (Gg) ............... 66

Table 4.11 Particulate matters emissions from Chemical Industry in 2008-2010............... 67

Table 4.12 Emissions from Metal Production in 1990-2010............................................... 68

Table 4.13 Emission factors for Iron and Steel production in 1990–2010 .......................... 69

Table 4.14 Steel production activity data in 1990–2010 (tonnes) ....................................... 69


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Table 4.15 Emissions from Pulp and Paper (2.D.1) and Food and Drink (2.D.2) production sectors in 1990-2010 (Gg) ................................................................................................... 70 Table 4.16 NMVOC emission factors for food and drink industries .................................. 70

Table 4.17 Activity data of 2.D.1 Pulp and Paper and 2.D.2 Food and Drink production sectors in 1990-2010 ............................................................................................................ 71

Table 5.1 Emissions from Solvent and Other Product use in 1990–2010 (Gg) .................. 72

Table 5.2 Emissions from Paint Application use in 1990–2010 (Gg) ................................. 75

Table 5.3 NMVOC emission factors for paint application .................................................. 76

Table 5.4 Activity data for paint application estimation in 1990-2001 (1000 litres) .......... 76

Table 5.5 Emissions from Degreasing and Dry Cleaning in 1990–2010 (Gg).................... 77

Table 5.6 NMVOC emission factor for 3.B Degreasing and dry cleaning sector ............... 78

Table 5.7 Activity data for degreasing emissions estimation in 1990-2002 ....................... 79

Table 5.8 Activity data for degreasing emissions estimation in 2003-2010 (Gg) ............... 79

Table 5.9 Activity data for estimation in 2003-2010 (Gg) .................................................. 81 Table 5.10 Emissions from 3.D.5 Other sectors in 1990–2010 (Gg) .................................. 82

Table 5.11 Emission factor for 3.D Other sectors for 1990-2002 (2003) ........................... 83

Table 5.12 Activity data for emissions estimation in 1990-2002 (2003) ............................ 84

Table 5.13 Activity data for emissions estimation in 2003-2010 (Gg) ............................... 84

Table 6.1 Average N excretions per head of animal ........................................................... 88 Table 6.2 N excretion for swine in average ......................................................................... 89 Table 6.3 Average ammonia emission factors* (kg) ........................................................... 89 Table 6.4 Number of livestock for 1990 -2010 in the end of the year (thousand heads) .... 90

Table 6.5 Ammonia and NMVOC emissions from fertilizers use in 1990-2010 (Gg) ....... 91

Table 6.6 PM emissions from crop production and agricultural soils ................................. 92

Table 6.7 Used nitrogen (Gg) .............................................................................................. 92 Table 6.8 Area covered by crops, thsd.ha............................................................................ 93 Table 6.9 PM emissions in 2000 – 2010 (Gg) ..................................................................... 93 Table 6.10 PM Emission factors ......................................................................................... 94 Table 6.11 Emissions from grassland burning in 1993-2010 .............................................. 95

Table 6.12 Default emission factors for emission calculation related burning of last year’s grass ..................................................................................................................................... 95

Table 6.13 Area of last years grass ...................................................................................... 96 Table 7.1 Emissions from on – site burning in the forest .................................................... 97 Table 7.2 Emission ratios for open burning of forests ........................................................ 97 Table 7.3 PAH emission factors and ratios for burning ...................................................... 98 Table 8.1 Generated wastes in Latvia .................................................................................. 99 Table 8.2 Landfill gas amount and NMVOC emissions ................................................... 100

Table 8.3 Activity data and emission factors for calculation of NH3 and NMVOC emission from Waste Water Handling sector ................................................................................... 101 Table 8.4 Activity data type and value example ............................................................... 101 Table 8.5 Activity data and result of emission (NH3 and NMVOC) calculations from Waste Water Handling sector 1990-2010 ..................................................................................... 101 Table 8.6 Incinerated wastes in Latvia .............................................................................. 102 Table 8.7 Emissions from Waste incineration for year 2010 ............................................ 102

Table 8.8 Burned bodies in Riga crematorium .................................................................. 103 Table 8.9 Emission factors for waste incineration ............................................................ 103 Table 8.10 Emission factors from cremation..................................................................... 104 Table 9.1 Difference for stationary combustion emissions ............................................... 105 Table 9.2 Difference of emissions for Submission 2011 and Submission 2012 (%) ........ 105

Table 9.3 Planned improvements for Sub-category A.3. Transport .................................. 106


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, NH3 emissions in 1990-2010 (Gg) ........................... 16 Figure 2.2 Emissions of particulate matter in 2000-2010 (Gg) ........................................... 17

Figure 2.3 Emissions of heavy metals in 1990-2010 (Mg) ................................................. 18

Figure 2.4 Emissions of PAHs in 1990-2010 (Mg) ............................................................. 18 Figure 2.5 Emissions of HCB and PCB in 1990-2010 (kg) ................................................ 19

Figure 2.6 Emissions of DIOX in 1990-2010 (g I-Teq) ...................................................... 20 Figure 3.1 Main emissions from stationary fuel combustion (NMVOC, CO, NOx, SOx) (Gg) ...................................................................................................................................... 26

Figure 3.2 Particular matter emissions from stationary fuel combustion (Gg) ................... 27

Figure 3.3 Heavy metal emissions from stationary fuel combustion (Gg) .......................... 28

Figure 3.4 Emissions from stationary fuel combustion in 2010 (%) ................................... 29

Figure 3.5 Fuel consumption in 1.A.1 Energy industries in 1990–2010 (PJ) ..................... 33

Figure 3.6 Fuel consumption in 1.A.2 Manufacturing industries and construction in 1990–2010 (PJ) .............................................................................................................................. 36

Figure 3.7 Emissions from Transport sector by subsectors in 2010 .................................... 40

Figure 3.8 Emissions from road transport by vehicles’ groups in 2010 .............................. 41

Figure 3.9 NOx emissions from road transport in Latvia .................................................... 42

Figure 3.10 SOx emissions from road transport in Latvia .................................................. 42 Figure 3.11 NMVOC emissions from road transport in Latvia ........................................... 42

Figure 3.12 Distribution of passenger cars fleet by sub-classes .......................................... 43 Figure 3.13 Distribution of gasoline passenger cars fleet by layers .................................... 44

Figure 3.14 Distribution of diesel oil passenger cars fleet by layers ................................... 44

Figure 3.15 Distribution of light duty vehicles fleet by sub-classes ................................... 45

Figure 3.16 Distribution of light duty vehicles fleet by layers ............................................ 45 Figure 3.17 Distribution of heavy duty vehicles fleet by sub-classes ................................. 46

Figure 3.18 Distribution of heavy duty vehicles fleet by layers .......................................... 46 Figure 3.19 Development of Fuel consumption in road transport (TJ) ............................... 47

Figure 3.20 Development of emissions in railway .............................................................. 49 Figure 3.21 Development of gasoline and diesel oil fuel consumption in navigation ........ 50

Figure 3.22 Development of emissions in domestic navigation .......................................... 51

Figure 3.23 Fuel consumption in civil aviation (TJ) ........................................................... 52 Figure 3.24 Emissions in International aviation .................................................................. 56 Figure 4.1 Division of emissions in Industrial Processes sector (NFR 2) in 2010 .............. 59

Figure 4.2 Division of emissions in Mineral Production sector in 2010 ............................. 61

Figure 5.1 Distribution of NMVOC emissions in Solvent and Other Product Use Sector for 2010 (Gg) ............................................................................................................................. 73

Figure 5.2 NMVOC emission from Solvent and Other Product Use in 1990-2010 (Gg) ... 74

Figure 5.3 NMVOC emissions Chemical Products, Manufacture and Processing sector in 1997–2010 (Gg) ................................................................................................................... 80

Figure 6.1 Distribution of ammonia emissions in 2010 ...................................................... 86 Figure 6.2 Ammonia emissions from Agricultural sector in 1990 – 2010 (Gg) ................. 86

Figure 6.3 Particulate Matter emissions from the agricultural sector 2000 – 2010 (Gg) .... 87

Figure 6.4 Ammonia emissions from Manure Management in 2010 .................................. 87

Figure 8.1 Disposed waste amounts in Latvia (Gg) .......................................................... 100 Figure 9.1 Difference of NMVOC emissions in Submission 2011 and 2012 (Gg) .......... 106


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Abbreviations CEPMEIP/TNO - Co-ordinated European Programme on Particulate Matter Emission Inventories, Projections of “Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek”. CORINAIR- The Core Inventory of Air Emissions in Europe CSB – Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia EDR – Emission Data Report EMEP – Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation od the Long Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe EMEP/CORINAIR – Atmospheric emission inventory guidebook, Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation on the Long Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe, The Core Inventory of Air Emmisions in Europe; EMEP/EEA 2009 - The EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook; FEWE – Polish Foundation for Energy Efficiency; GHG – Greenhouse Gases IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC 1996 – Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse gas Inventories (1997) IPCC GPG 2000 – IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty management in national Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2000) IPCC GPG LULUCF 2003 – IPCC Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (2003) IPPC - Integrated Pollution Prevention Control LEGMC – Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre LULUCF – Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry MoE - Ministry of Environment MoT - Ministry of Transport NCV – Net calorific value NFR - Nomenclature For Reporting OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development REBs – Regional Environmental Boards RTSD – Road Traffic Safety Department SFS – State Forest Service UN – United Nations; UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Pollutants: As – arsenic Cr – chromium Cd – cadmium Cu – copper CO – carbon monoxide Hg – mercury HM – heavy metals SO2 – sulphur dioxide NH3 – ammonia Ni – nickel NMVOC – non-methane volatile organic compounds

NO2 – nitrogen dioxide

NOx – nitrogen oxides Pb – lead DIOX – dioxins TSP – total suspended particulates PM2.5 – particulate matter, particle size smaller than 2.5 µm

PM10 - particulate matter, particle size smaller than 10 µm

POP – persistent organic pollutants Zn – zinc PAHs – polyaromatic hydrocarbons HCB – hexachlorobenzene Se – Selenium


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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON EMISSION INVENTORIES The Republic of Latvia has ratified the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Geneva, 1979) by Resolution Nr. 63 of 7 July 1994 of the Cabinet of Ministers of Latvia. Later on Latvia has signed following Protocols of Convention:

• The 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs); • The 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Heavy Metals; • The 1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-

level Ozone.

According to the revised Guidelines for Reporting Emission Data under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (ECE/EB.AIR/97, revised 27 January 2009) Party shall annually submit an emission inventory to the secretariat.

This report is Latvia’s Annual Informative Inventory Report (IIR) due by 15 March 2012. The report contains information on Latvia’s inventories for 1990 - 2010.

The annual emission inventory for Latvia is reported in the Nomenclature for Reporting (NFR09 dated 30.9.2009) format as requested in the revised Reporting Guidelines.

The issues addressed in this report are: Trends in emissions, description of each NFR category, recalculations, planned improvements.

The latest recalculations to emission inventory were done for the time period from 1990 to 2009. They were done because of the change of activity data in Energy (including Transport sector), Industrial processes, Solvent and other product use and Waste sectors.

This report is made based on resubmitted emission data on 15 March 2012. It contains information on Latvia’s emission inventories for years from 1990 to 2010 for anthropogenic emissions of NOx; CO; NMVOC; SOx; NH3; TSP; PM10; PM 2,5; Pb; Cd; Hg; PCBs; DIOX; PAHs; HCB; As; Cr; Cu; Ni; Se and Zn.

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR INV ENTORY

PREPARATION Latvia’s Informative Inventory Report (IIR) is prepared by the state Ltd LEGMC cooperating with other institutions. The purpose of the LEGMC is to collect and process environmental information, to carry out environmental monitoring and inform the general public of the status of the environment, to provide for the geological supervision and rational use of natural recourses, to implement the state policies in geology, meteorology, climatology, hydrology, and air quality and the impact of transboundary air pollution.

The experts at the LEGMC have created inventory in co-operation with following institutions and using expert publications and evaluations:

� The Ministry of the Environmental Protection and Regional Development; � Central Statistical Bureau; � Institute of Physical Energetics; � Latvian State Forest Research Institute "Silava"; � Latvia University of Agriculture; � Ministry of Agriculture.

1.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS OF INVENTORY PREPARATION The process of inventory compilation consists of inventory planning where methodological and organisational issues, including time frame of inventory preparation are decided.


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In the first stage specific responsibilities are defined and allocated. In the second stage, the inventory preparation process, were collected activity data, emission factors and all relevant information needed for finally estimating emissions.

Latvia’s emissions inventory is based on the IPCC 1996, IPCC GPG 2000, IPCC GPG LULUCF 2003 and EMEP/EEA 2009.

NFR format is used to prepare inventory for years 1990–2010. To calculate emissions, supplemental locally developed database in Excel format was used for all sectors except Road Transport. A special Computer Programme for Road Transportation (COPERT IV), which is proposed to be used by EEA member countries for the compilation of CORINAIR emission inventories, was used. Additional researches were made, based on needs of recalculation, to compile data and investigate appropriate approach to fulfil Convention requests.

Generally activity data has used from Central Statistical Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, different enterprises and other institutions.

The deadline for submitting to LEGMC activity data and its description for all institutions involved in inventory process is 1st of November; only final data regarding fuel consumption was received until 30th of November when CSB prepared Energy balances for EUROSTAT according to additional agreement.

More detailed information on methodologies and activity data is given in the description of the sectors in chapters 3-8.

1.4 DESCRIPTION OF KEY SOURCE CATEGORIES The Key source analysis for years 1990 and 2010 was done by LEGMC according to EMEP/EEA 2009 Level and Trend assessment. The lists of the Key source analysis emission sources that contributed to 95% of the total national emissions are reported. The Key source analysis was performed for each reported pollutant separately. The key source for 2010 is shown in the Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 Key Source Analysis 2010

Component Key source categories (Sorted from high to low from left to right) Total (%)

SOx 1 A 1 a 1 A 2 f i 1 A 4 c i 1 A 4 a i 1 A 4 b i 1 A 2 e 1 A 2 a 2 C 1 2 A 1 1 A 3 c

95.894% 23.880% 18.322% 12.974% 12.490% 11.211% 7.524% 3.086% 2.712% 2.231% 1.465%

NOx 1 A 3 b iii 1 A 3 b i 1 A 1 a 1 A 4 b i 2 C 1 1 A 3 c 1 A 2 f i 1 A 4 a i 1 A 3 b ii 1 A 4 c i 1 A 3 d ii

93.005% 32.741% 10.701% 8.611% 8.419% 8.096% 7.750% 6.350% 4.286% 2.745% 1.677% 1.629%

NH3 4 D 1 a 4 B 1 a 4 B 1 b 4 B 8 4 B 9 a 6 B

96.244% 34.320% 20.383% 16.442% 10.259% 7.886% 6.955%

NMVOC 1 A 4 b i 2 A 6 3 D 3 3 A 1 3 D 2 1 A 3 b i 1 A 2 f i 2 D 2 1 A 4 a i 1 B 2 a v 1 A 4 b ii

95,465% 44.670% 21.514% 9.244% 6.016% 3.483% 2.629% 2.408% 2.100% 1.251% 1.135% 1.014%

CO 1 A 4 b i 1 A 4 b ii 1 A 2 f i 7 A 1 A 3 b i 1 A 4 a i 1 A 3 b iii 1 A 1 a

97,060% 65.212% 8.085% 6.824% 6.408% 4.921% 3.384% 1.121% 1.105%

TSP 1 A 4 b i 2 A 6 1 A 2 f i 1 A 4 a i 4 B 9 a 1 A 3 b vi 4 B 8 2 C 1

96,398% 55.986% 29.883% 4.144% 2.206% 1.270% 1.068% 0.925% 0.915%

PM10 1 A 4 b i 2 A 6 4 D 1 a 1 A 2 f i 2 A 1 1 A 4 a i 1 A 3 b iii 1 A 3 b i 1 A 3 b vi 2 C 1

95,427% 66.826% 8.039% 5.273% 4.950% 3.327% 2.634% 1.213% 1.202% 1.027% 0.935%

PM 2.5 1 A 4 b i 1 A 2 f i 1 A 4 a i 2 A 1 2 A 6 1 A 3 b iii 1 A 3 b i 1 A 1 a

95.742% 79.513% 5.776% 3.060% 2.894% 1.276% 1.234% 1.206% 0.784%

Pb 2 C 1 1 A 3 b i 1 A 4 b i 1 A 2 f i 1 A 4 a i 1 A 3 b iii

95.278% 47.008% 19.038% 16.947% 6.008% 3.436% 2.841%

Hg 1 A 4 b i 1 A 2 f i 1 A 1 a 1 A 4 a i 1 A 2 a 1 A 4 c i

96.211% 29.373% 28.358% 17.470% 17.110% 2.262% 1.639%

Cd 2 C 1 1 A 4 b i 1 A 1 a 1 A 2 f i 1 A 4 a i 1 A 3 b i 1 A 3 b iii 1 A 4 c i

95.189% 38.051% 21.945% 13.294% 9.828% 6.153% 2.656% 2.021% 1.241%


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Component Key source categories (Sorted from high to low from left to right) Total (%)

DIOX 1 A 4 b i 1 A 2 f i 1 A 4 a i 7 A

95.283% 74,317% 11,164% 5,882% 3,920%

PAH 1 A 4 b i 7 A 1 A 2 f i 1 A 4 a i

97.970% 75.846% 13.199% 5.803% 3.122%

HCB 1 A 4 b i 1 A 2 f i 1 A 1 a 1 A 4 a i

96.073% 59.200% 17.864% 9.756% 9.252%

PCBs 1 A 1 a 1 A 2 f i 1 A 4 b i 1 A 4 a i 1 A 1 c

96.881% 29.685% 29.592% 17.705% 16.962% 2.937%

1.5 GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPLETENESS All territory of Latvia is covered by the inventory. Emissions from large part of NFR tables have been estimated. Where this is not the case, notation keys – NE (not estimated), IE (included elsewhere), NA (not applicable) or NO (not occurred), are used.

NE (not estimated):

“NE” is used for existing emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases that have not been estimated.

IE (included elsewhere):

“IE” is used for emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases that have been estimated but included elsewhere in the inventory instead of the expected source/sink category.

NA (not applicable):

“NA” is used for activities in a given source/sink category that do not produce emissions or emissions are negligible.

C (confidential):

“C” is used for emissions that could lead to the disclosure of confidential information classified in the national legislation if reported at the most disaggregated level. In this case a minimum of aggregation is required to protect business information.

The completeness is estimated taking into account the usage of notation key NE relation this number to total amount of the subcategories. Completeness is estimated for all emissions.

The Table 1.2 and Table 1.3 show the Latvia’s data submission completeness for the emissions in 2010.

Table 1.2 Sources not estimated (NE)

NFR09 code Substance(s) Reason for not estimated

2 A 1 Cement production

HMs no methodology available, NE according to EMEP 2009

2 A 2 Lime production HMs no methodology available, NE according to EMEP 2009

2 D 3 Wood processing NOx, NMVOC, SOx, NH3 no statistical data is available

6 C e Small scale waste burning

All pollutants no statistical data is available

6 A Solid waste disposal on land

NH3, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, Hg no emisson factor is available

6 C d Cremation NH3, PM2.5, PM10, Se, Zn, HCB, benzo(b) fluoranthene, benzo(k) fluoranthene, Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene, Total PAH 1-4

no emisson factor is available


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NFR09 code Substance(s) Reason for not estimated 6 C a Clinical waste incineration (d)

NH3, PM2.5, PM10, Se, Zn no emisson factor is available

6 C b Industrial waste incineration (d)

NH3, Se no emisson factor is available

Table 1.3 Sources included elsewhere (IE)

NFR09 code Substance(s) Included in NFR

code 3 A 3 Other coating application (Please specify the sources included/excluded in the notes column to the right)

NMVOC 3 A 1 Decorative coating application

3 A 2 Industrial coating application NMVOC 3 A 1 Decorative coating application

4B13; 4B9c; 49b NH3 4B9a

6 C a Clinical waste incineration (d) benzo(a) pyrene, benzo(b) fluoranthene, benzo(k) fluoranthene, Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene

Total PAH 1-4

6 C b Industrial waste incineration (d) benzo(a) pyrene, benzo(b) fluoranthene, benzo(k) fluoranthene, Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene

Total PAH 1-4

1 A 3 b ii Road transport: Light duty vehicles

PCDDs, PAHs 1 A 3 b i Road transport: Passenger cars

1 A 3 b iii Road transport: Heavy duty vehicles


1 A 3 b iv Road transport: Mopeds & motorcycles


1.6 UNCERTAINTIES The calculation of uncertainty estimates was made according to the Tier 1 method presented by the IPCC GPG 2000. The Tier 1 method is based on emission estimates and uncertainty coefficients for activity data and emission factors.

Uncertainty coefficients have been assigned based on expert judgement or on default uncertainty estimates according to IPCC GPG 2000 and EMEP/EEA 2009, because there is a lack of the information about background data to make actual calculations. For each source, the uncertainty for activity data and emission factors was estimated and given in per cent. The uncertainty analysis was done for the all sectors: Energy, Industrial Processes, Solvent and Other Product Use, Agriculture, LULUCF and Waste. Uncertainties are estimated only for main pollutants - NOx, CO, NMVOC, SOx and NH3.

The overall uncertainty for NOx is 74.4%, for CO – 103.7%, for NMVOC – 85.5%, for SOx – 79.3% and for NH3 – 93.6%. The trend uncertainty is calculated for NOx – 39%, for CO – 82.5%, for NMVOC – 80.1%, for SOx – 11% and for NH3 – 31.6%. Uncertainties for these pollutants are high basically due to use default emission factors.

Complete set of reporting tables can be found in Annex 4.

1.7 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL The following Quality control (QA/QC) activities were carried out in the inventory preparation process:

• Processing; • Handling, • Documentation; • Recalculations;


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• Cross – checking.

The inventory is archived each year and it is possible to regenerate information.

Quality Control (QC):

Quality Control (QC) is a system of routine technical activities, to measure and control the quality of the inventory as it is being developed. The QC system is designed to:

- Provide routine and consistent checks to ensure data correctness and completeness;

- Identify and address errors and omissions;

- Document and archive inventory material.

QC activities include general methods such as accuracy checks on data acquisition and calculations and the use of approved standardized procedures for emission calculations, measurements, estimating uncertainties, archiving information and reporting. These activities are implemented by sector experts and national inventory compiler. During inventory preparation for UNFCCC some incorrectnesses were found by sectoral experts and therefore necessary to resubmit data on 15 March 2012.

Before submitting data to CEIP/EEA NFR formats was checked with RepDab.

Quality assurance (QA)

Quality Assurance (QA) activities include a planned system of review procedures conducted by personnel not directly involved in the inventory compilation/development process. In the inventory preparation process, general quality control procedures have been applied. Some specific quality control procedures related to check of activity data and emission factors was carried out.

Before submitting data and IIR to CEIP/EEA they were approved by The Ministry of the Environmental Protection and Regional Development.


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2 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION TRENDS

The emission estimates of air pollutants in Latvia include following emissions sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, non-methane volatile organic compounds, ammonia, particulates (TSP, PM10, PM2.5), heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel, vanadium, zinc), PAHs, PCBs and DIOX.

The limit values for Latvia’s National Emission Ceiling by 2010 are as follows:

• Sulphur dioxide – 101 kt; • Nitrogen oxide – 61 kt; • Non-methane volatile organic compounds – 136 kt; • Ammonia – 44 kt.

Summary of NOx, NH3, SO2 and NMVOC emissions per years are presented in the following table:

NOx

(as NO2)

NMVOC SOx

(as SO2) NH3

1990 65.09 101.54 104.83 48.22 1991 59.80 75.69 85.96 44.88 1992 50.16 70.88 72.89 33.46 1993 45.28 70.99 67.42 21.22 1994 42.55 69.93 67.28 18.03 1995 39.30 67.25 49.11 16.28 1996 39.67 69.82 55.21 15.49 1997 38.90 66.59 42.92 15.19 1998 37.97 64.26 38.52 14.30 1999 36.38 63.85 30.32 13.08 2000 36.14 64.62 16.12 13.05 2001 39.23 68.81 12.54 14.75 2002 38.80 61.24 11.06 14.50 2003 39.23 64.58 8.85 15.15 2004 38.74 109.63 6.78 14.89 2005 37.25 73.28 6.61 15.58 2006 37.34 74.56 5.86 15.71 2007 38.32 83.17 5.68 16.39 2008 34.11 73.66 4.69 16.15 2009 31.96 60.54 4.11 16.51 2010 33.72 65.01 3.16 17.34

The 2010 provisional emission inventory shows that Latvia has fulfilled the 2010 emission projection requirements:

Year NOx

(as NO2) NMVOC

SOx (as SO2)

NH3

Provisional emission inventory 2010 33.72 65.01 3.16 17.34 National Emission Ceiling 2010 61 136 101 44

Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, non-methane volatile organic compounds and ammonia emissions are shown in Figure 2.1.

.


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Figure 2.1 SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, NH3 emissions in 1990-2010 (Gg)

SO2

Since 1990 to 2010 the total SO2 emission has decreased by 96.99%. The reduction is mainly due to use of fuels with lover content of sulphur as well as fuel switching from solid and liquid types of fuel to natural gas and biomass. The main source of emissions is Energy sector. In 2010, the sulphur dioxide emissions were 3.16 Gg and generally from Energy sector.

NOx

The total NOx emissions have decreased by 48.19% from 1990 to 2010. Generally reduction is due to decrease of total fuel consumption that was caused by decrease due to transformation of national economy as well as energy efficiency and control measures, fuel switch from solid fuels and heavy liquid fuels to natural gas and biomass fuels. In 2010, the total nitrogen oxides emissions were 33.72 Gg and mainly were generated in the Energy sector (including Transport sector).

NH3

The total ammonia emissions have decreased by approximately 64.05% from 1990 to 2010. Almost all NH3 emissions are from agricultural activities, and only a minor part originates from Waste water handling (6.95%) and Transport sector (about 1.5%). In the latest years it is observed, that total ammonia emissions had increased due to increasing use of nitrogen fertilizers and number of some categories of livestock.

CO

The CO emission trend shows decrease of emissions for period 1990 – 2010 by 43.35%. Carbon monoxide emissions, total 257.79 Gg (2010), originates generally from the Energy sector. Residential sector generated the biggest part of the total CO emissions – 73.3%.

NMVOC

The total emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds were 65.01 Gg in 2010 and have decreased by 35.97% from 1990 to 2010. NMVOC emissions mainly were generated in the Energy sector (Residential stationary plants) – 44.67%, and in the Industrial Processes sector (Road Paving with Asphalt) – 21.51% in 2010.


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PM

PM emissions are shown in the Figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2 Emissions of particulate matter in 2000-2010 (Gg)

PM emissions has a tendency to increase from 2000 to 2010 (PM2.5 – 18.28%; PM10 – 22.58%, TSP – 32.90%) and it is because of increased amount of used fuel. Almost all Particulate Matter emissions are from Energy sector, especially from Residential sector – for PM2.5 there were 79.51%, PM10 – 66.83% and TSP – 55.99% respectively. It is explained with large amount of wood and wood wastes combusted in this sector. The emissions from these two particular sectors are constantly increasing since the beginning of 90ties. Slight emission decrease in 1999-2000 is explained with the change of percentage that is used to divide activity data used in roofing and road paving. The sharp emission increase in 2003-2004 is explained with Latvia’s accession to EU in the May of 2004 before and after what the road paving works were very active. In that particular year VIA Baltica that connects the capitals of all Baltic States was built. According to CSB one particular road contractor has quite large amount of bitumen mixtures imported and used. That particular contractor was working on the VIA Baltica highway. In next years the road paving activities decreased but not to the level of the years before 2004, because Latvia is a participant in EU since 2004 and there are financial resources from EU projects available for national infrastructure projects.

Heavy metals

Emissions of heavy metals are shown in the Figure 2.3.


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Figure 2.3 Emissions of heavy metals in 1990-2010 (Mg)

Fluctuation of heavy metals emissions reflects changes in economical situation when country had a transition from command economy to market economy. In the latest years heavy metal emissions has stable tendency. In 2010, the main source of Pb is Iron and Steel Production with 47.01% of total emissions, but for Hg and Cd – Energy Industry.

PAHs, PCB; HCB

The PAHs emissions are shown in the Figure 2.4. The PCB and HCB emissions are shown in the Figure 2.5.

Figure 2.4 Emissions of PAHs in 1990-2010 (Mg)

The total PAH emissions have increased in 1990–2010 by 12.32%. The increase is explained with the increase of biomass consumption and with the increase of solid fuels – coal and coke, and wood consumption in manufacturing plants although the solid fuel consumption in 2009-2010 has decreased, comparing with years 2008-2009. 75.85% from total PAHs in 2010 are generated in 1A4b Residential sector and mainly in solid biomass combustion processes. It has to be noted that PAHs emissions from solid biomass consumption in 1A4b sector are estimated using default Tier1 methodology and Tier1 emission factors from EMEP/EEA 2009. Amount of solid biomass combusted in different


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types of combustion installation types are not available yet. The PAHs emissions reported in Submission 2012 is assumed as potentially overestimated as in the latest year’s newer and effective small combustion installations are used in the households. The Tier 2 method and emission factors is planned to use for next inventories as some studies will be carried out.

13.2% of total PAHs emissions are reported as generated in on-site slash burning in the forests (sector 7A). These emissions are potentially overestimated as there is no precise information on burned amounts so the expert's assumption is used. Therefore the improvements of the emission estimation have to be done as PAHs emissions are the most significant of POPs emissions in Latvia.

Figure 2.5 Emissions of HCB and PCB in 1990-2010 (kg)

HCB emissions had increased by 73.82% from 1990-2010. Emissions have increased because of increasing use of wood and wood wastes consumption in stationary fuel combustion sector. HCB emissions from stationary fuel combustion are estimated only from solid fuels – coal and coke, and solid biomass combustion activities. As it was mentioned before biomass consumption in 1990-2010 have increased by almost 80%. As default Tier1 methodology and Tier1 emission factors from EMEP/EEA 2009 are used in HCB emissions estimation the emissions are also potentially overestimated. For detailed emissions estimation fuel combustion divided in used combustion technology is needed so Tier2 emission factors from EMEP/EEA 2009 would be possible to use. The Tier 2 method and emission factors is planned to use for next inventories as some studies will be carried out.

PCBs emissions had decreased in 1990-2010 by 75.58%. In 2010, all PCB emissions are from Energy sector.

DIOX

The DIOX emissions from 1990-2010 is shown in Figure 2.6.


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Figure 2.6 Emissions of DIOX in 1990-2010 (g I-Teq)

DIOX emissions have increased year by year and it is connected with an increase of biomass combustion processes from where main emissions emitted. Approximately 91% emissions from all DIOX emissions generates the Energy sector, but the biggest part from Energy sector emissions – Residential sector (74.32% from total 2010 emissions).

DIOX emission increase in 2008-2009 by 12.32% is explained with the increase of solid biomass consumption by 14.58%, but in 2009-2010 there is a decrease of DIOX emissions by 3.44% because of wood products’ less use comparing with year 2009. The DIOX emissions increase is affected by the same reasons as in the beginning of 90ties – the crisis in national economy and the implemented measures to decrease the financial problems in country – the increase of VAT and other taxes, increase of prices, decrease of purchasing capacity of population. Also the global fuel market problems that caused increase of fuel price and the implementation of EU ETS were one of the reasons why the companied switched their activities to in-country type of fuel use.

Dioxins emission increase in 1990-1991 is explained with crisis in national economy when country went through total restructuring – consumption of imported liquid and solid fuels decreased but consumption of solid biomass as in-country type of fuel increased. In 1991-1992 solid biomass consumption remained almost the same but liquid fuels consumption decreased by 16 PJ and gaseous fuels decreased by 27 PJ.

Emission fluctuation in 1999-2002 is explained with fuel consumption decrease due to crisis in neighbourhood Russian Federation and fluctuations of emissions from waste sector – cremation.


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3 ENERGY SECTOR (NFR 1)

3.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW 3.1.1 Quantitative overview

Both the imported (natural gas, liquid gas, oil and oil products, coal) and local fuels (wood, peat, hydro resources) are used by the Energy sector in Latvia (Table 3.1). Mainly the imported fuels (natural gas and heavy oil) are used in heat generation. Smaller boiler houses burn local fuel and coal as well.

The use of natural gas as a primary energy resource has grown increasingly since middle of the 90ties. The largest consumers of natural gas are combined heat and power plant (CHP) and heat generation enterprises as well as industrial enterprises.

Oil products have an important place in the Latvian energy resource market; their market share is about 35.58% in 2010, including heavy fuel – residual fuel oil and shale oil, with about 0.61% although the residual fuel oil consumption in 1990 was 20.75% from total fuel consumption in country. Essential decrease of heavy oil share in energy balance is explained with implementation of the EU Directive 1999/32/EC prescribing that sulphur content of heavy oil must not exceed 1%. The biggest part from liquid fuel consumption contributes to gasoline and diesel oil with 80.0% from total liquid fuel consumption when gasoline is mostly consumed in transport sector and only small part is used in off-roads. Diesel oil consumption divides by combusted in transport sector – 78.8%, and combusted in stationary combustion installations – 21.2% from total diesel oil consumption.

Table 3.1 Consumption of energy resources in Latvia (TJ)1,2

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Energy consumption – total 304109 173147 147390 172334 180438 184143 176540165332 181501 Shale oil 79 2440 157 118 118 79 39 39 Liquefied petroleum gas 3689 1548 2140 2550 2687 2414 2186 2003 2103 Gasoline and aviation gasoline 26796 18128 14831 15126 16753 18299 16672 13941 12667 Jet kerosene 3067 1166 1123 2463 2852 3414 4105 4297 4926 Other kerosene 648 432 43 Diesel oil (including gasoil) 43000 17166 20693 32887 36371 41343 39133 36500 38994 Residual fuel oil 63092 36134 9460 3167 2152 1624 1096 1421 1069 White spirits 84 84 126 126 126 84 84 42 40 Lubricants 1633 963 879 1088 1088 1088 1047 628 586 Bitumen 1633 712 2009 2512 3098 3349 3600 2218 1967 Paraffin waxes 126 335 251 251 209 293 461 Petroleum coke 429 627 132 165 627 Other liquids 2637 712 2553 209 1088 963 795 711 1005 Used oils 879 848 263 234 263 117 95 Coal 26098 7172 2761 3146 3409 4248 4248 3409 4378 Peat 3286 3838 2452 80 70 90 90 30 100 Peat briquettes 867 403 31 1 1 6 6 Coke 290 211 290 188 161 107 134 134 80 Oil shale 28 Natural gas 99653 42279 45635 56852 58892 56922 55814 51381 61313 Wood and wood products: 27581 42102 39695 49396 49748 48706 46018 52591 51354

firewood 34351 34257 33808 32696 36354 33993 wood remains 8421 8102 7011 6129 7687 7829 wood chips 6134 6934 7361 6667 8112 8596 wood briquettes 221 221 238 238 204 374 wood pellets 270 234 288 288 234 562

Charcoal 60 30 45 60 60 60

1 CSB. Annual Eurostat Energy Questionnaire, 2010 (with updates in 2011) 2 http://data.csb.gov.lv/DATABASE/vide/Ikgadējie%20statistikas%20dati/Enerģētika/Enerģētika.asp


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1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Used tires 183 131 210 210 26 105 Municipal wastes 62 1076 Bioethanol 43 1 108 350 Biodiesel 107 60 73 82 73 808 Landfill gas 246 230 224 277 293 421 Sewage sludge gas 95 87 92 92 115 137 Straws 11 16 14 29 60

Total share of solid fuels in national market is quite low – approximately 2.5%. The solid fuel consumption in last years is stable still it had decreased by 85.07% since 1990. From 2009 to 2010 solid fuel consumption had increased by 28% that is explained with increasing of coal and peat consumption. In 2006-2008 solid fuel consumption had increased by 22.88% that is explained with coal consumption increase in minerals production although in 2007-2008 also coke consumption in steel production has increased by 25.23%. The decrease in 2008-2009 is explained with an increase of biomass fuel use due to ETS implementation as well as decrease is explained with decrease of building and construction sector activities due to economical crisis in country.

Natural gas consumption has a stable place in total fuel consumption when natural gas consumption is 32.77% in 1990 and 33.78% in 2010. Natural gas consumption decreased by 38.47% in 1990-2010 due to total decrease of natural economy in comparison with 1990, although in last two years natural gas consumption have an increasing tendency – by 19% from 2009 to 2010.

Biomass fuels are wood and wood products, straw, charcoal and biofuels. In the total fuel consumption the share of firewood and other wood products is quite substantial and has reached 28.29% in 2010 by the side of 1990 when firewood consumption was only about 9.07% from total energy consumption.

In latest years liquid and gaseous biofuels are becoming more popular when in 2010 these biofuels consumption is 0.95% in comparison with 0.21% in 2007. In latest years also such biomass fuels as straws are used.

Hydroelectric power plants (HPP) and CHPs produce part of the electrical power, while part is imported (Table 3.2). Volume of electricity generation directly depends on the through-flow of the river Daugava. Also the import of electricity from Russia, Estonia and Lithuania has a quite substantial role in the electricity supply.

Table 3.2 Electricity and heat production and consumption in Latvia (TJ) 3

Electricity Heat

Production Own

use and losses

Import Export Final consumption

Production Own

use and losses

Final consumption

CRF 1.A.2.

CRF 1 A.3.

CRF 1.A.4.

TOTAL CRF 1.A.2

CRF 1.A.4

TOTAL

1990 16 186 6 883 25 700 12 798 11 484 918 17 550 29 952 99 439 15 171 32 929 51 339 84 268

1991 11 790 6 682 15 217 7 10 807 785 17 255 28 847 96 120 16 096 33 394 46 630 80 024

1992 9 076 5 645 14 688 7 8 316 745 13 777 22 838 75 442 10 953 22 632 41 857 64 489

1993 10 350 6 102 9 619 612 5 440 688 10 904 17 032 54 846 9 954 7 154 37 738 44 892

1994 11 898 6 681 9 533 2 988 5 076 670 10 102 15 848 46 822 7 330 1 998 37 494 39 492

1995 10 573 6 372 9 529 1 408 5 130 677 10 267 16 074 46 112 8 215 1 969 35 928 37 897

1996 6 700 7 989 12 377 760 4 975 641 9 266 14 882 47 137 8 838 2 046 36 253 38 299

1997 10 634 7 694 6 566 4 5 519 634 8 935 15 088 45 721 8 317 1 976 35 428 37 404

1998 15 545 6 559 3 290 1 382 5 296 612 10 310 16 218 42 872 8 950 1 940 31 982 33 922

1999 9 932 5 774 9 349 2 311 5 130 554 10 375 16 059 36 191 8 115 1 162 26 914 28 076

2000 10 163 5 202 7 589 1 159 5 159 547 10 411 16 117 31 867 6 815 659 24 393 25 052

2001 10 210 5 688 8 424 1 645 5 562 623 10 314 16 499 33 937 7 038 641 26 258 26 899

2002 8 906 5 188 10 217 1 764 5 494 518 11 563 17 575 33 048 6 541 630 25 877 26 507

2003 8 330 5 065 9 616 137 5 778 490 12 456 18 724 33 516 6 409 626 26 481 27 107

3 http://data.csb.gov.lv/DATABASE/vide/Ikgadējie%20statistikas%20dati/Enerģētika/Enerģētika.asp


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Electricity Heat

Production Own

use and losses

Import Export Final consumption

Production Own

use and losses

Final consumption

CRF 1.A.2.

CRF 1 A.3.

CRF 1.A.4.

TOTAL CRF 1.A.2

CRF 1.A.4

TOTAL

2004 11 369 4 975 9 839 2 290 5 882 500 13 072 19 454 31 093 6 174 608 24 311 24 919

2005 12 139 4 767 10 278 2 545 6 120 533 13 972 20 625 31 144 5 886 684 24 574 25 258

2006 9 878 4 522 10 116 1 087 6 332 540 15 242 22 114 30 056 5 454 634 23 968 24 602

2007 10 030 4 194 17 870 7 070 6 538 504 16 740 23 782 28 685 4 911 554 23 220 23 774

2008 11 405 4 198 16 715 7 643 6 127 497 17 237 23 861 26 402 4 010 349 22 043 22 392

2009 12 625 4 032 15 333 9 378 5 421 436 16 114 21 971 26 308 4 063 298 21 947 22 245

2010 12 848 4 626 14 303 11 160 5 724 453 16 197 22 374 28 662 4 414 387 23 861 24 248

Types of fuels used for combustion in Latvia:

• Liquid Fuels are mainly imported from Latvia’s neighbourhood countries – Lithuania, Belarus, Russian Federation, Norway and others and consist of:

o shale oil; o liquefied petroleum gas; o motor gasoline and aviation gasoline; o kerosene type jet fuel; o other kerosene; o gasoline type jet fuel; o motor diesel oil and heating gas oil; o residual fuel oil; o other liquids:

� used oils, � pyrolysis resin, � petroleum coke,

• Solid fuels consist of coal and coke imported from Commonwealth of Independent States (countries of former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) and local fuels – peat and peat briquettes that are mainly produced inside country but not imported;

• Gaseous Fuels (natural gas) are 100% imported from Russian Federation; • Biomass Fuels:

o solid biomass – wood and other wood products, charcoal, straws, is mainly produced and used inside of the country,

o methane obtained from biogas that is 100% produced inside of the country – landfill gas that is used since 2002 when first landfill started to collect and combust biogas with energy recovery, and sludge gas that is combusted with energy recovery since 1993 in one sewage purification plant,

o liquid biofuels – biogasoline, biodiesel, that are mainly imported from Latvia’s neighbourhood countries and other liquid biofuels – glycerine, that are remaining product in chemical industry.

• Other Fuels are municipal wastes and industrial wastes – used tires, collected by and combusted in cement production plant in Latvia.

Types of fuels used as feedstocks in Latvia: • Liquid Fuels – 100% imported from Latvia’s oil importers from neighbourhood

countries and Scandinavian countries: o white spirits; o lubricants; o bitumen; o paraffin waxes.


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3.1.2 Description

Emissions from fuel combustion comprise all in-country fuel combustion, including point sources, transport and other fuel combustion. Emissions from fuel combustion in the Energy sector are divided into following subcategories:

• 1.A.1 Energy Industries; • 1.A.2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction; • 1.A.3 Transport – covers emissions from road transport, civil aviation, railways and

domestic navigation; • 1.A.4 Other Sectors (Commercial/Institutional, Residential,

Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries); • 1.A.5 Other (Not elsewhere specified); • 1.B Fugitive emissions from solid fuels, natural gas and oil.

The Energy sector is the most significant source of emissions for most of the EMEP emissions (Table 3.3).

Table 3.3 Emissions from Energy Sector in 1990–2010

NOx NMVOC SOx NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn Dioxins PAHs PCBs HCB

(Gg) (Gg) (Gg) (Gg) Gg Gg Gg (Gg) Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg g I-Teq Mg kg kg

1990 61.16 80.73 100.23 0.09 NR NR NR 447.18 88.21 0.22 0.24 0.38 1.46 5.55 23.43 0.32 15.30 26.26 7.18 4.51 8.48

1991 56.79 56.76 81.41 0.11 NR NR NR 390.69 80.94 0.21 0.21 0.33 1.35 5.12 20.72 0.26 14.49 29.50 8.21 5.15 9.62

1992 48.29 53.45 70.50 0.12 NR NR NR 367.48 75.64 0.18 0.18 0.29 1.12 4.50 17.08 0.25 12.74 26.51 7.32 4.67 8.39

1993 43.42 54.45 67.08 0.13 NR NR NR 374.21 72.35 0.17 0.16 0.29 1.05 4.29 16.51 0.24 12.46 28.36 7.80 4.97 8.93

1994 40.31 53.01 66.45 0.14 NR NR NR 359.91 67.24 0.15 0.12 0.27 0.89 4.04 15.97 0.19 12.02 27.52 7.54 4.89 8.56

1995 37.22 51.54 48.12 0.15 NR NR NR 332.11 60.55 0.14 0.09 0.22 0.77 3.73 12.10 0.16 10.59 27.78 7.56 4.96 8.36

1996 37.49 52.39 54.11 0.16 NR NR NR 339.03 58.01 0.15 0.09 0.24 0.78 3.76 13.88 0.14 11.50 28.90 7.88 5.21 8.71

1997 35.71 48.65 41.82 0.17 NR NR NR 306.31 51.58 0.14 0.08 0.21 0.73 3.68 10.73 0.11 10.54 27.45 7.44 4.88 8.22

1998 34.69 45.87 37.44 0.18 NR NR NR 283.92 46.57 0.14 0.08 0.21 0.67 3.61 10.05 0.12 10.31 26.32 7.18 4.78 7.82

1999 32.90 43.84 28.90 0.19 NR NR NR 265.85 6.90 0.13 0.07 0.19 0.64 3.55 8.81 0.11 9.66 25.64 6.96 4.62 7.59

2000 32.69 42.57 15.19 0.19 22.65 23.30 24.01 264.10 6.55 0.11 0.06 0.13 0.54 3.76 4.97 0.08 8.35 24.13 6.62 4.36 7.18

2001 35.99 45.50 11.42 0.21 25.07 25.75 26.20 284.30 7.05 0.12 0.06 0.14 0.58 4.41 4.37 0.08 9.45 26.95 7.36 4.79 8.06

2002 35.46 43.62 9.85 0.23 24.53 25.23 25.58 269.18 6.86 0.12 0.06 0.14 0.56 4.51 4.16 0.07 9.37 26.14 7.13 4.67 7.77

2003 35.62 44.66 7.53 0.26 25.81 26.53 26.87 271.64 6.93 0.12 0.06 0.14 0.59 4.73 4.10 0.06 9.73 27.35 7.49 4.90 8.13

2004 35.13 44.08 5.36 0.29 26.32 26.73 27.32 268.98 7.02 0.13 0.06 0.14 0.61 4.88 3.95 0.06 10.05 28.26 7.64 4.98 8.33

2005 33.65 42.43 5.16 0.37 26.53 26.95 27.60 267.91 4.33 0.13 0.07 0.13 0.61 5.12 3.44 0.06 10.16 28.73 7.75 5.04 8.48

2006 33.59 40.74 4.08 0.40 25.94 26.41 27.07 262.88 4.61 0.13 0.07 0.14 0.65 5.66 3.55 0.06 10.47 28.28 7.57 4.90 8.29

2007 34.64 38.86 3.86 0.42 25.43 25.95 26.63 252.40 4.86 0.13 0.07 0.14 0.68 6.31 3.40 0.07 10.70 27.75 7.41 4.79 8.14

2008 30.62 35.95 2.90 0.38 24.74 25.22 25.97 237.29 4.55 0.12 0.07 0.13 0.63 5.96 2.89 0.08 10.15 26.80 7.25 4.70 7.92

2009 28.60 38.72 2.30 0.36 27.44 27.90 28.77 252.93 4.32 0.13 0.07 0.14 0.62 5.28 3.11 0.08 10.48 30.07 8.09 5.25 8.85

2010 30.03 36.32 3.00 0.33 25.88 26.37 27.12 241.09 4.32 0.14 0.08 0.15 0.67 5.62 3.25 0.08 10.77 28.80 7.63 4.92 8.42

Decrease of emissions depends on economical and social situation in the beginning and ending of the 90-ties. Since 2000, fuel consumption as well as emissions from fuel combustion has increased due to development of national economy.

The emission in 2009-2010 was mainly affected by the crisis because the previously used types of imported fuels – increase of global price, increase of national taxes, decrease of purchasing capacity, were switched to in-country solid biomass fuels. Also the implementation of EU ETS was the reason why especially in industrial facilities the biomass consumption increased sharply. Particulate matters and POPs emissions were mostly affected by biomass consumption increase.

3.2 STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION (NFR 1A1A, 1A1C, 1A2, 1A4) 3.2.1 Source category description

This chapter includes stationary combustion plants and autoproducers plants and fuel combustion for off–roads in NFR sectors 1.A.1.a, 1.A.1.c, 1.A.2 and 1.A.4.

1.A.1 Energy industries sectors include emissions from fuel combustion in point sources in energy production including emissions from off–road. 1.A.1 sector also includes the


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emissions from on-site use of fuel in the energy production facilities and emissions from manufacturing of solid fuels (peat briquettes plant) – these emissions are reported under 1.A.1.c Manufacture of solid fuels and other energy industries sector. There is no petroleum refining in Latvia.

1.A.2 Manufacturing industries and construction sector include emissions from fuel combustion in combustion installations for industrial production including emissions from off–road. 1.A.2 sector also includes the emissions from on-site use of fuel in the industrial production facilities (autoproducers) – these emissions are reported under particular sub-sectors of 1.A.2 according to IPCC 1996.

Under 1.A.2 f Other sector emissions from following industrial sectors are reported:

• Non-Metallic Minerals • Transport Equipment • Machinery • Mining and Quarrying • Wood and Wood Products • Construction • Textiles and Leather • Non-specified (Industry)

1.A.4 Other Sectors include emissions from the small combustion of fuels in Commercial/Institutional, Residential sectors and Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries. In addition, emissions from mobile machinery used in Commercial, Residential and Agriculture and Forestry sectors are included here as off-road. Also emissions from autoproducers are included in relevant sectors of 1.A.4 as it is stated that emissions have to be reported in sector they are created.

A table of emissions from stationary fuel combustion can be seen on Annex 5.

The biggest part of total emissions from stationary fuel combustion has decreased in 1990-2010 except the NH3, Dioxins, PAHs and HCB emissions. Particulate matters emissions have increased in 2000-2010 by 12.07%. These are emissions that are mostly emitted from solid biomass combustion that is increased by 89.16% in 1990-2010.

Emissions from 1.A.1 sector are decreasing year by year until 2009, but in 2010 emissions increased. In the beginning of 90-ties it is explained with economical crisis caused by changes of political and social situation in the country when national economy was completely reorganized. In the end of 90-ties the decrease is explained with economical crisis in Russian Federation with whom Latvia has close economical collaboration. Decrease of emissions in years 2008-2009 is explained with crisis in national economy caused by global financial crisis, and the influence can also be seen in year 2010. Although the heat and electricity production for population use is influenced by crisis in national economy in smaller level than industrial production the emissions are decreasing as population is using less electricity and residential sector is switching from central district heating to individual heating.

Still in 2008-2010 almost all emissions with exception of NOx, Ni and Se have increased due to increase of liquid, solid and biomass fuel consumption and share of liquid and solid fuel consumption in total amount of fuel combusted in 1.A.1 sector. Also NOx and SOx emissions are taken from national database “2-AIR” where all polluters and combustors report their emission data therefore in the emission measuring the best available technique is taken into account. Lasting decrease of emissions is explained with high standards of physical characterization of fuels and fuel switching to the fuels with lower costs and emissions – natural gas and biomass.


26

Emissions from 1.A.2 were increasing in 2001-2008; 2010 due to sharp development of nation economy and industry as well as increase of demand of industrial production and improvement of well-being of population. Increase of emissions are also caused by constant increase of solid fuels – coal, and other fuels (used tires) consumption that mostly is combusted in mineral and steel production industry. Decrease of emissions in 2007-2008 is influenced by the features of national economy development when in-country industrial production already started to decrease due to increase of costs of the production and dominance of imported products. Crisis in national economy in the second half of 2008 also influenced a decrease of total emissions. Due to this significant increase of biomass consumption all emissions increased in 2010.

Almost all emissions have decreased in 1990-2010 1.A.4 Other Sectors that is explained with changes and redistribution of structure of national economy as well as with significant decrease of fuel consumption in the sector. Increase of emissions in 2008–2009 is explained with development of national economy and well-being of population. But in years 2009-2010 one can see a decrease in emissions with exception of NOx, SOx, some heavy metals (Hg, Cr, Ni) and PCBs, which can be explained with consequences caused by crisis. The emissions are also affected by increase of individual heating supply consumers in 1.A.4.b Residential sector. The increase of gaseous fuels consumption, steady biomass fuel consumption and increase of peat consumption caused the increase of all emissions with the exception of SOx and PCBs emissions. Also high costs of liquid fuels and increase of natural gas prices in Latvia have caused the situation when previously used fuel had switched to biomass.

Figure 3.1 Main emissions from stationary fuel combustion (NMVOC, CO, NOx, SOx) (Gg) 4

SOx had the biggest decrease in time period 1990–2010 by 97.07% (Figure 3.1). The emission decrease is explained with fuel switch from heavy liquid fuels and solid fuels to natural gas and biomass use to cut the increased costs of these fuels and to meet the commitments of EU ETS.

The biggest decrease of SOx fuel consumption was in Energy industries sector in 1990-2010 with 97.92% decrease and a decrease by 1.77% in years 2008-2009, although it had 4.64% increase in 2009-2010. Decrease of SOx emissions from Energy industries sector in latest years is explained with the methodology change when emissions were taken from national database “2-AIR” for 2005-2010 where all air polluters have to report their

4 *NOx and SOx emissions on the secondary axis


27

emission data. As solid fuels and heavy liquid fuels are used in smaller amounts SOx emissions are decreasing year by year.

Still SOx emissions from Manufacturing Industries and Construction sectors have increased in 2004-2008 by 14.94% due to increase of coal consumption in Manufacturing Industries, especially in mineral production industries where coal consumption increased by 4450%. The SOx emissions had the biggest decrease in 2008-2009 by 35% mainly due to decrease of coal consumption decrease by 44.13%, but in years 2009-2010 SO2 emissions increased by 41.54% because of increased coal use by 34.84% in mineral product industries.

Comparing with previous year, NMVOC and CO emissions have decreased, which can be explained with an increase of biomass consumption. There can also be seen 2.08% increase of NOx.

Figure 3.2 Particular matter emissions from stationary fuel combustion (Gg)

Particulate matter emissions constantly increased in 2000-2010 in total that is explained with an increase of wood and wood products consumption in residential, commercial and institutional combustion plants. Small decrease in 2001-2002 is explained with total fuel consumption decrease in this time period. Still since 2005 particulate matters emissions have decreased due to the decrease of total fuel consumption as well as with increase of natural gas consumption in commercial and institutional buildings instead of wood and wood products consumption. Still in 2008-2009 the particulate matters’ emissions again increased by little less than 12% due to sharp increase of solid biomass consumption influenced by development of EU ETS sector as well as by economical crisis that resulted in higher taxes (and total price) of other imported types of fuels – diesel oil, natural gas, coal, that were introduced by the government to increase total income in national economy. However, in 2009-2010 particular matter emissions decreased by 6.11%, and it can be explained with a decrease of wood consumption in 1.A.4 Other sectors – Residential by 8.7%.


28

Figure 3.3 Heavy metal emissions from stationary fuel combustion (Gg) 5

The heavy metal emissions had decreased for about 36.7%–86.5% in 1990-2010. Decrease of heavy metal emissions is explained with decrease of total fuel consumption in early 90-ties due to economical crisis in country. In the latest years heavy metal emissions decreased due to fuel switch from heavy liquid and solid fuels to natural gas and biomass consumption where heavy metal emissions are negligible. All emissions in 2009-2010 have increased with an exception of Se emissions. It is also explained with the increase of solid biomass share in total stationary combusted fuel consumption amount. Solid fuels have higher emission factors than solid biomass but the rate of increase of biomass consumption is higher than the rate of decrease of solid fuels.

PAH emissions have increased by 4.62% (total PAHs) in 1990-2010, HCB emissions increased by 72.2% and PCDDs emissions increased by 9.85% in 1990-2010 that is explained with sharp decrease of solid biomass consumption due to reasons explained previously. Although there is an increase in these emissions, particular matter emissions have decreased, comparing with years 2008-2009, which can be explained with almost 2 times higher PAH, HCB and PCDDs emissions previous years. The only exception is PCBs emissions which have a decrease in 1990-2010 by 75.53% and in 2008-2010 by 22.62%. The decrease of PCBs emissions is explained with solid fuels consumption decrease – solid fuels have significantly higher emission factor than solid biomass therefore the decrease of first mentioned has a bigger effect.

3.2.2 Key categories

Stationary fuel combustion is a key source for SOx, NMVOC, CO, TSP, PM10, PM2.5, Hg, Cd, As, Ni, Se, Zn, PCDDs, PAHs, PCBs and HCB emissions (Figure 3.4).

Stationary combustion is the most important source for NMVOCs, CO, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, Hg, Dioxins, PAHs and HCBs emissions. More than 90% from stationary fuel combustion have NMVOCs and NH3 emissions, but more than 80% have PM2.5, PM10, TSP, CO, PCDDs (dioxins) and PAHs emissions.

5 *NOx and SOx emissions on the secondary axis


29

Figure 3.4 Emissions from stationary fuel combustion in 2010 (%)6

SOx emissions from 7 subsectors of stationary fuel combustion were 89.49% from total SOx emissions in 2010, and 1.A.1.a sector was the second most important with 23.88%. The SOx emissions from stationary fuel combustion have lost the importance because of constant decrease of SOx emissions generation fuels.

4 subsectors of stationary fuel combustion generated 49.34% NMVOC emissions of the total Latvia’s NMVOC emissions in 2010 with residential sector as the most important with 44.67%. The most important source for NMVOC emissions from stationary fuel combustion is solid biomass combustion where wood and wood products combustion in residential sectors accounted 89.67% from total stationary fuel combustion and 44.84% of total NMVOC emissions.

In 2010 stationary fuel combustion sectors accounted for 77.79% of the total Latvia’s CO emission with 4 key source categories. Residential plants were the largest emission source accounting for 65.21% of the total Latvia’s CO emissions. Wood combustion accounted the largest part of the emissions from residential plants with 77.03% from total stationary fuel combustion.

Stationary fuel combustion generated 88.35% of the total Latvia’s PM2.5 emissions, 74.41% of the Latvia’s total PM10 emissions and 62.34% of the Latvia’s total TSP emissions with 3 key sources for all three emissions from stationary fuel combustion in 2010. Mainly particulate matters are generated in biomass combustion that contributes 61.24% of the total Latvia’s TSP emissions.

In 2010 stationary fuel combustion accounted 94.57% of the Latvia’s total mercury emissions with 5 biggest sub-sectors. Mercury emissions from stationary fuel combustion is mainly emitted in solid fuels and biomass fuel combustion that’s why main mercury emitters from stationary fuel combustion are residential combustion installations, mineral production plants and institutional sector. Cadmium emissions from stationary fuel combustion account 52.29% from total emission with 5 subsector where residential sector

6 data values are given in Gg


30

is the biggest producer of cadmium emissions in stationary fuel combustion sector with 21.95% from total Cd emissions.

Stationary fuel combustion is main producer of POPs emissions – PCDDs, PAHs, HCB and PCBs. For Submission 2012, HCB emissions only from solid fuels and solid biomass combustion were estimated therefore residential sector is the largest sector of HCB emissions with 59.2% of total stationary fuel combustion emissions. Solid biomass combustion is the main source of PAHs emissions in 2010 therefore residential and other manufacturing industries are the biggest emitter of PAHs emissions with 75.85% and 10.56% respectively. 3 sub-sectors of stationary fuel combustion are key sources with 91.36% for the PCDDs emissions when solid biomass and solid fuels are the main emitters for the emissions.

3.2.3 Methodological issues

Methods

Tier1 method was used to calculate emissions from the stationary fuel combustion. Calculation of all emissions from fuel combustion is done with Excel databases developed by experts from LEGMC.

The general method for preparing inventory data was used:

qBEFEm ×= where: Em – total emissions (Gg) EF – emission factor (t/TJ) Bq – amount of fuel in thermal units (TJ)

NOx and SOx emission data of 2005-2010 from combined heat and power plants as well as heat production only plants are taken from database “2-AIR” where enterprises that do any pollution activity and have A, B or C category pollution permits report their emission data.

Emission factors and other parameters

The main sources for emission factors are:

• EMEP/CORINAIR 2007; • EMEP/EEA 2009; • IPCC 1996.

SOx emissions factors were calculated by formula taken from IPCC Guidelines and were calculated by national expert considering physical characterizations of types of fuels used in Latvia and national and international legislation. Percentage amount of sulphur content in used fuels is taken from national database “2-AIR” where polluters report the sulphur content data for certain types of fuels (Annex 2).

Emission factors for SOx are calculated by using following equation.

−×

−×××

×100

100

100

10010

1

1002 6 nr

Q

s

where: EF – emission Factor (kg/TJ) 2 – SO2 / S (kg/kg) s – sulphur content in fuel (%) r – retention of sulphur in ash (%) Q – net calorific value (TJ/kt) 106 – (unit) conversion factor n – efficiency of abatement technology and/or reduction efficiency (%).


31

The default NOx, CO and NMVOC emission factors used in estimation of emission were taken from IPCC 1996 (Annex 1). Emission factors for sludge gas were equalled to natural gas emission factors due to unavailability of particular emission factors for sludge gas. Other emission factors are taken from EMEP/CORINAIR 2007 and EMEP/EEA 2009.

Gasoline emission factors are used for emission estimation from off-roads.

The municipal wastes consumption is reported in 1.A.2.f sector still the emissions are not reported from the combustion of this type of fuel due to lack of emission factors in official methodology.

Activity data

1.A.1 Energy industries

Mainly emissions from fuel combustion are calculated using fuel consumption data from the CSB prepared within Annual questionnaires for 1990-2010 sent to EUROSTAT.

The CSB data collection system is based on detailed compulsory surveys 1–EK (semi-annual) and 2-EK (annual). Form 1-EK “Survey on acquisition and consumption of energy resources” is collected from about 5000 enterprises and organizations (with all kind of economic activity) that are included in the lists of suppliers of statistical information. Consumption of fuel in sectors of national economy is surveyed in State and local government enterprises of all sectors regardless the number of employed, and in other enterprises employing 50 and more persons. Every half-year about 5000 respondents are surveyed. Data on enterprises and organizations employing less than 50 persons are obtained once a year with the help of random sampling and generalizing received results (survey 2–EK). 1–EK and 2–EK represent the basic tool for creating energy balances at a country level.

Table 3.4 Fuel consumption in 1.A.1 Energy industries in 1990−2010 (PJ)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000


Liquid fuels 40.479 33.253 28.440 27.170 30.860 20.519 27.334 17.438 20.662 17.491 8.347

Solid fuels 5.261 4.746 5.508 5.579 4.517 5.211 4.149 3.965 2.782 1.765 2.780

Gaseous fuels 48.609 49.859 39.792 24.255 16.779 24.117 18.828 28.442 27.088 25.720 28.868

Biomass 0.436 0.590 0.673 0.865 1.300 1.065 1.637 3.413 4.112 3.700 3.344

1.A.1.a Public Electricity and Heat Production

Liquid fuels 40.140 33.002 28.189 26.919 30.426 20.266 26.110 17.107 18.115 14.485 6.311

Diesel oil 5.524 5.226 3.824 0.935 0.382 0.085 0.042 0.297 0.085 0.085 0.127

RFO 32.561 26.146 23.183 24.563 30.044 20.016 25.984 16.768 17.905 14.007 5.278

LPG 0.046 0.046 0.046 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Other liquid 2.009 1.583 1.137 1.421 NO 0.126 0.084 0.042 0.126 NO NO

Shale oil NO NO NO NO NO 0.039 NO NO NO 0.394 0.905

Solid fuels 3.683 3.440 3.880 4.544 3.613 4.085 3.144 3.141 2.191 1.415 2.340

Coal 2.305 1.736 1.935 2.106 1.366 1.395 0.740 0.541 0.427 0.370 0.370 Peat briquettes 0.03098 0.0154 0.0155 0.0155 0.0155 0.0774 0.062 0.077 0.0155 NO NO

Peat 1.347 1.688 1.930 2.422 2.231 2.613 2.342 2.523 1.749 1.045 1.970

Natural gas 47.802 49.234 39.162 23.631 16.143 23.172 17.785 27.871 26.347 25.080 28.059

Biomass 0.436 0.590 0.673 0.865 1.300 1.065 1.637 3.387 4.078 3.599 3.235

Solid biomass 0.436 0.590 0.673 0.831 1.300 1.045 1.595 3.363 4.060 3.558 3.191

Sludge gas[1] NO NO NO 0.034 0.000 0.020 0.042 0.024 0.018 0.041 0.044

Biogas NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

1.A.1.c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries

Liquid fuels 0.339 0.251 0.251 0.251 0.433 0.253 1.224 0.330 2.547 3.005 2.037

Diesel oil 0.212 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.212 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.212 0.127

RFO 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.041 1.096 0.203 0.487 0.731 0.447

LPG 0.046 NO NO NO 0.182 NO NO NO NO NO NO

Jet fuel NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.216 0.346 NO

Other liquid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 1.716 1.716 1.423


32

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Shale oil NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.039

Solid fuels 1.578 1.307 1.628 1.035 0.905 1.126 1.005 0.824 0.591 0.350 0.441

Coal NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.028 0.028 0.028

Peat 1.578 1.307 1.628 1.035 0.905 1.126 1.005 0.824 0.563 0.322 0.412

Natural gas 0.808 0.625 0.630 0.624 0.637 0.944 1.042 0.572 0.740 0.639 0.809

Solid biomass NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.026 0.034 0.101 0.109

Continuation of Table 3.4

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010


Liquid fuels 5.562 5.279 3.769 3.347 2.436 1.553 1.470 0.945 1.214 0.932

Solid fuels 1.673 1.318 0.899 0.306 0.270 0.135 0.397 0.518 0.561 0.430

Gaseous fuels 33.579 32.544 34.078 32.415 33.355 35.235 32.668 32.698 31.303 38.662

Biomass 4.152 4.667 5.558 5.530 4.732 5.323 5.297 5.179 5.267 5.789

1.A.1.a Public Electricity and Heat Production

Liquid fuels 5.068 4.825 3.437 2.932 2.183 1.300 1.219 0.692 1.044 0.719

Diesel oil 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 NO NO

RFO 4.425 4.425 3.207 2.801 2.111 1.218 1.137 0.650 1.015 0.690

LPG NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Other liquid 0.167 0.042 0.029 0.088 0.029 NO NO NO 0.029 0.029

Shale oil 0.433 0.315 0.157 NO NO 0.039 0.039 NO NO NO

Solid fuels 1.524 1.280 0.863 0.270 0.224 0.125 0.361 0.466 0.482 0.430

Coal 0.398 0.285 0.210 0.210 0.184 0.105 0.341 0.446 0.472 0.420 Peat briquettes NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Peat 1.126 0.995 0.653 0.060 0.040 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.010 0.010

Natural gas 32.700 31.737 33.203 31.542 32.481 34.295 32.098 31.892 30.805 37.787

Biomass 3.670 4.185 4.700 4.672 4.250 4.841 4.754 4.636 4.510 5.267

Solid biomass 3.617 4.097 4.644 4.570 4.132 4.741 4.675 4.556 4.390 5.286

Sludge gas[1] 0.053 0.088 0.056 0.102 0.118 0.100 0.079 0.080 0.120 0.119

Biogas NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.084

1.A.1.c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries

Liquid fuels 0.494 0.455 0.332 0.415 0.253 0.253 0.251 0.253 0.170 0.212

Diesel oil 0.170 0.212 0.170 0.212 0.212 0.212 0.170 0.212 0.170 0.212

RFO 0.284 0.203 0.162 0.203 0.041 0.041 0.081 0.041 NO NO

LPG NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Jet fuel NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Other liquid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Shale oil 0.039 0.039 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Solid fuels 0.149 0.039 0.036 0.036 0.046 0.010 0.036 0.052 0.079 NO

Coal 0.028 0.028 0.026 0.026 0.026 NO 0.026 0.052 0.079 NO

Peat 0.121 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.010 NO NO NO

Natural gas 0.878 0.808 0.875 0.873 0.873 0.940 0.571 0.806 0.498 0.875

Solid biomass 0.482 0.482 0.858 0.858 0.482 0.482 0.543 0.543 0.757 0.503

The biggest decrease in time period 1990–2010 for the two sub-sectors of 1A1 Energy industries sector was for liquid fuel consumption in 1.A.1.a subsector – 97.7% (Table 3.4, Figure 3.5). It is explained with fuel switching processes when liquid fuels were switched to other more low-costs fuels. Also stronger legislation contributed fuel switching to the type of fuels with lower level of emissions. And that’s why also the consumption of solid fuels decreased. In the latest years consumption of solid fuels is increasing that is explained with increase of coal consumption in Energy industries – 300% in 2006-2010. The increase of solid fuel consumption was promoted by increase of oil price in world when coal combustion was cheaper than combustion of residual fuel oil and diesel oil.

Consumption of biomass fuel has increased by 1227.75% in 1990–2010. Solid biomass has lower cost and liquid and solid fuels were switched to biomass and natural gas.

Years 2006-2009 had quite high average temperature that’s why fuel consumption for CHP and heat plants for heat production decreased as there wasn’t any need of high heat


33

production amount, but in year 2010 the average temperature was lower and the use of fuel consumption increased. Fuel consumption decrease in 1.A.1 Energy industries sector is explained also with decrease of central heating supply consumers when they switched to individual heating supply.

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

Liquid fuels Gaseous fuels Solid fuels Biomass

Figure 3.5 Fuel consumption in 1.A.1 Energy industries in 1990–2010 (PJ)

1.A.2 Manufacturing industries

Emissions from 1.A.2 sector are calculated using fuel consumption data from the CSB prepared within Annual questionnaires for 1990-2010 sent to EUROSTAT. The data collection system for 1.A.2 sector is the same as for 1.A.1 sector (Table 3.5).

Autoproducers data prepared by CSP are taken into account into the calculation of the emissions from 1.A.2 sector according to IPCC 1996.

Only gasoline combustion is reported as off-roads in 1.A.2 sector. It is sure that diesel oil is also consumed as off-roads but for now it is not possible for CSB and LEGMC to divide the consumption between fuel combusted stationary and filled in technological vehicles. Due to that all diesel oil reported in the sector is estimated as combusted stationary.

Table 3.5 Fuel consumption in 1.A.2 Manufacturing industries and construction in 1990–2010 (PJ)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

1.A.2 Manufacturing industries and construction

Liquid fuels 28.963 18.770 16.010 16.557 16.022 16.341 15.981 15.687 12.669 11.157 7.496

Solid fuels 1.598 1.008 1.110 1.748 1.645 0.824 0.767 0.740 0.686 0.702 0.518

Gaseous fuels 25.610 23.489 19.006 12.431 9.761 9.990 9.885 9.548 9.791 9.144 9.858

Biomass 0.617 0.603 0.616 1.779 2.101 2.414 2.664 2.740 3.188 3.180 2.696

Other fuels 0.037 0.131

1.A.2.a Iron and Steel

Liquid fuels 2.057 1.017 0.733 0.731 0.913 0.705 0.785 1.162 1.088 1.130 1.173

Diesel oil 0.042 0.042 0.042 NO 0.042 NO NO NO NO NO 0.042

RFO 1.177 0.974 0.690 0.284 0.284 0.203 0.325 0.325 NO NO NO

Other liquid 0.837 NO NO 0.447 0.586 0.502 0.460 0.837 1.088 1.130 1.130

Shale oil NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Solid fuels 0.053 0.105 0.132 0.134 0.185 0.158 0.158 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.264

Coal NO NO NO 0.028 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Coke 0.053 0.105 0.132 0.105 0.185 0.158 0.158 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.264

Natural gas 4.238 3.602 3.426 2.893 3.109 2.361 2.521 3.955 4.038 3.900 3.913


34

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

1.A.2.b Non-Ferrous Metals

Diesel oil NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Natural gas NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.054 0.101 0.169

1.A.2.c Chemicals

Liquid fuels 3.642 2.059 1.684 2.964 3.250 4.547 3.451 3.207 0.325 0.164 0.122

Diesel oil 0.127 0.127 0.085 NO 0.042 NO NO NO NO 0.042 NO

RFO 3.126 1.543 1.340 2.964 3.207 4.547 3.451 3.207 0.325 0.122 0.122

Other kerosene 0.389 0.389 0.259 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Other liquid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Coal NO NO 0.028 0.028 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Natural gas 0.423 0.578 0.414 0.643 0.693 1.091 0.703 0.304 0.302 0.365 0.318

Biomass NO 0.423 0.578 0.414 0.643 0.693 1.091 0.703 0.304 0.302 0.365

Wood NO 0.423 0.578 0.414 0.643 0.693 1.091 0.703 0.304 0.302 0.365

Other Liquid Biofuels NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

1.A.2.d Pulp, Paper and Print

RFO 0.203 0.162 0.122 0.122 0.041 0.081 NO NO NO NO NO

Coal 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.114 0.057 0.057 0.057 0.057 0.028 0.028 NO

Natural gas 2.701 2.614 2.412 0.654 0.044 0.101 0.119 0.105 0.095 0.101 0.101

Wood NO NO NO 0.065 0.188 0.087 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.040 0.023

1.A.2.e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco

Liquid fuels 10.547 7.700 7.045 6.807 4.419 4.694 5.429 5.205 5.239 4.133 2.971

Diesel oil 3.229 3.229 3.102 3.229 0.765 0.552 0.510 0.807 0.722 0.552 0.552

RFO 7.105 4.425 3.898 3.532 3.654 4.060 4.791 4.222 4.385 3.492 1.746

LPG 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 NO NO NO 0.046 0.046 0.046 NO

Jet fuel NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.043 0.086 0.043 NO NO

Other kerosene NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043

Other liquid 0.167 NO NO NO NO 0.042 0.042 NO NO NO NO

Shale oil NO NO NO NO NO 0.039 NO NO NO NO 0.630

Solid fuels 1.069 0.598 0.655 0.593 0.581 0.309 0.309 0.267 0.184 0.239 0.140

Coal 0.911 0.598 0.655 0.541 0.512 0.256 0.256 0.199 0.142 0.171 0.114

Coke 0.158 NO NO 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.026 0.053 0.026

Peat briquettes NO NO NO NO 0.015 NO NO 0.015 0.015 0.015 NO

Natural gas 3.149 2.698 2.511 3.501 2.831 3.066 3.282 3.042 2.723 2.604 2.613

Biomass 0.228 0.231 0.230 0.238 0.316 0.327 0.330 0.325 0.328 0.349 0.450

Wood 0.228 0.231 0.230 0.238 0.316 0.327 0.330 0.325 0.328 0.349 0.450

Other Liquid Biofuels NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

1.A.2.F Other

Liquid fuels 12.513 7.832 6.427 5.934 7.400 6.314 6.316 6.113 6.017 5.855 4.002

Gasoline 0.880 0.220 0.220 0.220 0.132 0.044 0.132 0.088 0.088 0.044 0.044

Diesel oil 2.167 2.210 0.807 0.552 0.765 0.935 0.807 0.935 0.935 0.935 0.892

RFO 9.297 5.359 5.400 5.075 6.415 5.116 5.197 4.913 4.994 4.588 1.462

LPG NO NO NO NO 0.046 0.091 0.137 0.091 NO 0.046 0.046

Jet fuel 0.043 0.043 NO 0.086 0.043 0.086 0.043 0.086 NO NO NO

Other kerosene 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Other liquid 0.126 NO NO NO NO 0.042 NO NO NO 0.124 0.771

Shale oil NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.118 0.787

Solid fuels 0.448 0.276 0.295 0.878 0.795 0.300 0.243 0.152 0.209 0.171 0.114

Coal 0.369 0.256 0.285 0.825 0.768 0.285 0.228 0.142 0.199 0.171 0.114

Coke 0.079 NO NO 0.053 0.026 NO NO NO NO NO NO

Peat briquettes NO NO NO NO NO 0.015 0.015 NO NO NO NO

Peat NO 0.020 0.010 NO NO NO NO 0.010 0.010 NO NO

Natural gas 15.099 13.997 10.243 4.741 3.083 3.371 3.260 2.141 2.581 2.073 2.745

Wood 0.389 0.372 0.386 1.472 1.590 1.993 2.301 2.375 2.820 2.733 2.176

Other fuels NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.037 0.131

Used tires NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.037 0.131

Municipal wastes NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO


35

Continuation of Table 3.5

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

1.A.2 Manufacturing industries and construction

Liquid fuels 4.892 4.612 4.741 4.530 3.654 4.280 4.050 3.309 3.034 3.379

Solid fuels 0.518 0.496 0.397 0.407 1.105 1.498 2.074 2.130 1.497 1.945

Gaseous fuels 11.600 12.848 12.726 13.093 13.550 13.263 12.884 11.839 9.281 10.531

Biomass 3.856 3.393 3.309 4.706 5.535 6.428 5.388 5.798 8.641 9.808

Other fuels 0.245 0.332 0.291 0.314 0.183 0.131 0.210 0.365 0.840 0.945

1.A.2.a Iron and Steel

Liquid fuels 1.083 0.963 0.963 0.963 0.652 0.963 0.963 0.917 0.793 1.005

Diesel oil NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

RFO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.122 0.081 NO

Other liquid 1.005 0.963 0.963 0.963 0.610 0.963 0.963 0.795 0.712 1.005

Shale oil 0.079 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Solid fuels 0.264 0.241 0.134 0.188 0.161 0.134 0.107 0.134 0.134 0.107

Coal NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.026

Coke 0.264 0.241 0.134 0.188 0.161 0.134 0.107 0.134 0.134 0.080

Natural gas 4.066 3.904 3.970 4.031 4.131 4.098 4.125 3.827 3.403 3.835

1.A.2.b Non-Ferrous Metals

Diesel oil 0.042 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Natural gas 0.190 0.269 0.302 0.269 0.203 0.204 0.201 0.134 0.101 0.134

1.A.2.c Chemicals

Liquid fuels 0.164 0.162 0.122 NO NO NO NO 0.153 0.126 0.085

Diesel oil NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.042 0.085 0.085

RFO 0.122 0.162 0.122 NO NO NO NO 0.081 0.041 NA

Other kerosene NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Other liquid 0.042 NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.029 NO NO

Coal NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Natural gas 0.270 0.279 0.309 0.406 0.443 0.480 0.381 0.514 0.519 0.605

Biomass 0.318 0.270 0.279 0.309 0.406 0.446 0.482 0.383 0.516 0.520

Wood 0.318 0.270 0.279 0.309 0.406 0.443 0.480 0.381 0.514 0.519

Other Liquid Biofuels NO NO NO NO NO 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.001

1.A.2.d Pulp, Paper and Print

RFO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Coal 0.028 0.028 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 NO NO NO NO

Natural gas 0.135 0.134 0.168 0.168 0.202 0.235 0.201 0.201 0.101 0.101

Wood 0.013 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.027 0.020 0.016 0.007 0.163 0.156

1.A.2.e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco

Liquid fuels 1.650 1.483 1.122 0.960 0.999 1.003 0.785 0.536 0.616 0.614

Diesel oil 0.467 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.297 0.255 0.212 0.212 0.212 0.170

RFO 0.974 0.893 0.609 0.406 0.406 0.447 0.325 0.122 0.244 0.284

LPG 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.091 0.091 0.046 0.091 0.091



Other liquid 0.084 0.126 0.088 0.130 0.171 0.171 0.117 0.117 0.029 0.029

Shale oil 0.079 0.079 0.039 0.039 0.079 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.039

Solid fuels 0.140 0.141 0.158 0.105 0.132 0.105 0.079 0.079 0.052 0.055

Coal 0.114 0.114 0.131 0.105 0.105 0.079 0.079 0.079 0.052 0.052

Coke 0.026 0.027 0.027 NO 0.027 0.027 NO NO NO NO

Peat briquettes NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.003

Natural gas 2.781 2.989 2.765 3.242 3.154 3.254 2.688 2.373 1.935 1.918

Biomass 0.800 0.842 0.719 0.916 1.034 0.772 0.701 0.394 0.488 0.339

Wood 0.800 0.842 0.719 0.916 1.034 0.772 0.701 0.394 0.483 0.333

Other Liquid Biofuels NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.005 0.006

1.A.2.F Other

Liquid fuels 2.194 1.985 2.534 2.607 2.003 2.315 2.299 1.733 1.510 1.675

Gasoline 0.044 0.069 0.044 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.044 0.044

Diesel oil 0.850 0.892 0.850 1.020 1.062 1.275 1.785 1.402 1.232 0.935

RFO 0.447 0.122 0.081 0.041 0.122 0.081 0.122 0.041 NO 0.041

LPG NO NO NO 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 NO NO


36

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010


Other kerosene

Other liquid 0.618 0.784 1.441 1.335 0.646 0.786 0.220 0.117 0.234 0.656

Shale oil 0.236 0.118 0.118 0.079 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.039 NO NO

Solid fuels 0.085 0.085 0.079 0.089 0.787 1.232 1.888 1.914 1.311 1.783

Coal 0.085 0.085 0.079 0.079 0.787 1.232 1.888 1.914 1.311 1.783

Coke NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Peat briquettes NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Peat NO NO NO 0.010 NO NO NO NO NO NO

Natural gas 4.157 5.273 5.212 4.977 5.419 4.992 5.287 4.789 3.223 3.937

Wood 2.997 2.502 2.551 3.723 4.445 5.578 4.598 5.208 7.860 9.125

Other fuels 0.245 0.332 0.291 0.314 0.183 0.131 0.210 0.365 0.078 0.945

Used tires 0.245 0.332 0.291 0.314 0.183 0.131 0.210 0.210 0.021 0.107

Municipal wastes NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.155 0.057 0.838

All fuel types with an exception of biomass fuels have decreased in 1990-2010 when liquid fuels had the biggest decrease in time period – 88.33%. It is explained with fuel switching processes when liquid fuels were changed to other less costing fuels. Also stronger legislation contributed fuel switching to the type of fuels with lower level of emissions. Decrease of natural gas reflects the total decrease of industrial production if comparing with 1990.

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

Liquid fuels Gaseous fuels Biomass Solid fuels Other fuels

Figure 3.6 Fuel consumption in 1.A.2 Manufacturing industries and construction in 1990–2010 (PJ)

After the crisis in the beginning of 90-ties natural gas consumption steadily increased with some small exceptions due to fuel switch processes and development of national economy.

Solid fuels consumption has increased in 1990-2010 by 22%, the increase of solid fuels – mainly coal consumption is explained with the development of mineral production sector in Latvia – cement production where coal consumption increased more than four times. Solid fuels consumption steadily were growing since 2003 with more than 400% increase. The increase of solid fuel consumption was promoted by increase of oil price in world when coal combustion was cheaper than combustion of residual fuel oil and diesel oil.

Consumption of biomass fuel has increased very significantly – by 1490% in 1990–2010. Lower costs of solid and liquid biomass, free and large availability of the fuel in-country as well as development of EU ETS were the main reason for liquid and solid fuels switch to biomass and natural gas. Years 2006-2009 had quite high average temperature that’s why


37

fuel consumption for autoproducers heat plants for heat production decreased as there wasn’t any need of high heat production amount, but in year 2010 the average temperature was lower and the use of fuel consumption increased.

Consumption of used tires and municipal wastes in Mineral production reported as Other Fuels have increased by 2473.36% in 1999-2010. The increase was influenced by sharp increase of cement production that was caused by increasing demand of construction materials and sharp development of construction sector.

1.A.4 Other sectors

Emissions from 1.A.4 sector are calculated using fuel consumption data from the CSB prepared within Annual questionnaires for 1990-2010 sent to EUROSTAT. The data collection system for 1.A.4 sector is the same as for 1.A.1 and 1.A.2 sectors (Table 3.6). Data for 1.A.4.b sector is obtained by CSB with household surveys done once in 5 years and using extrapolation for the years in between.

Autoproducers data prepared by CSB are taken into account into the calculation of the emissions from 1.A.4 sector according to IPCC 1996.

Only gasoline combustion is reported as off-roads in 1.A.4 sector. It is sure that diesel oil is also consumed as off-roads but for now it is not possible for CSB and LEGMC to divide the consumption between fuel combusted stationary and filled in technological vehicles. Due to that, all diesel oil reported in the sector is estimated as combusted stationary.

Table 3.6 Fuel consumption in 1.A.4 Other sectors in 1990–2010 (PJ)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

1.A.4 Other Sectors

Liquid fuels 29.452 34.043 25.645 21.848 14.536 9.139 9.079 8.000 7.145 7.550 6.966

Solid fuels 23.526 20.774 16.882 13.965 9.879 5.570 6.028 4.997 3.596 2.884 2.204

Gaseous fuels 25.610 23.489 19.006 12.431 9.761 9.990 9.885 9.548 9.791 9.144 9.858

Biomass 0.617 1.026 1.194 2.189 2.737 3.100 3.742 3.423 3.472 3.424 3.014

1.A.4.a Commercial/Institutional

Liquid fuels 15.077 18.184 13.331 11.085 5.835 3.210 3.077 2.610 2.215 2.458 1.794

Gasoline 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.220 NO 0.085 0.087 0.041 0.086 0.086

Diesel oil 8.116 11.515 7.436 7.478 1.530 1.190 1.147 0.552 0.340 0.935 1.020

RFO 6.577 6.496 5.765 3.207 3.776 1.583 1.665 1.746 1.380 1.218 0.609

LPG 0.046 NO NO 0.182 0.137 0.091 0.137 0.182 0.410 0.091 NO

Other kerosene 0.043 0.130 0.086 0.173 0.173 0.346 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.086 NO

Other liquid 0.251 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.042 NO

Shale oil NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.079

Solid fuels 15.585 11.930 11.492 8.143 4.623 3.015 3.523 2.895 2.490 2.065 1.596

Coal 14.913 11.412 10.872 7.855 4.297 2.903 3.273 2.732 2.419 2.049 1.565

Peat briquettes 0.511 0.356 0.449 0.248 0.155 0.062 0.139 0.093 0.031 0.015 0.031

Peat 0.161 0.161 0.171 0.040 0.171 0.050 0.111 0.070 0.040 NO NO

Natural gas 6.101 6.411 5.521 3.635 1.932 2.356 2.319 1.849 2.222 2.589 3.099

Biomass 5.218 5.162 5.282 5.508 5.630 8.282 8.029 7.636 5.615 6.179 4.991

Wood 5.218 5.162 5.282 5.508 5.630 8.282 8.029 7.636 5.615 6.179 4.991

Landfill gas NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Straws NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Other liquid biofuels NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

1.A.4.b. Residential

Liquid fuels 4.908 5.672 5.003 4.011 2.848 1.403 1.272 1.363 1.454 1.406 1.444

Gasoline NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.132

Diesel oil 1.912 2.762 2.592 1.827 0.892 0.127 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.085 0.127

RFO 0.041 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

LPG 2.869 2.823 2.368 2.140 1.913 1.275 1.230 1.321 1.412 1.321 1.184

Other kerosene 0.086 0.086 0.043 0.043 0.043 NO NO NO NO NO NO

Solid fuels 6.828 7.874 4.818 5.295 4.555 2.074 2.205 1.887 0.992 0.734 0.522

Coal 6.404 7.542 4.440 5.037 4.411 1.821 1.964 1.708 0.797 0.683 0.512


38

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Peat briquettes 0.294 0.201 0.248 0.248 0.124 0.232 0.201 0.139 0.155 0.031 NO

Peat 0.131 0.131 0.131 0.010 0.020 0.020 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.020 0.010

Natural gas 3.970 4.238 4.905 5.090 4.361 4.182 3.799 3.093 2.927 2.857 2.665

Wood (including charcoal) 20.010 24.669 24.320 26.396 26.800 30.003 31.349 29.730 29.994 29.058 28.228

1.A.4.c. Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries

Liquid fuels 9.468 10.187 7.311 6.753 5.853 4.527 4.730 4.026 3.476 3.687 3.729

Gasoline 1.628 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.044 0.044 0.044

Diesel oil 6.161 8.583 6.161 5.269 4.419 3.952 3.909 3.654 3.229 3.399 3.442

RFO 1.421 1.340 0.974 1.218 1.259 0.487 0.690 0.284 0.203 0.244 0.244

LPG 0.046 0.046 NO 0.091 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Other kerosene 0.086 0.086 0.043 0.043 0.043 NO 0.043 NO NO NO NO

Other liquid 0.126 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Solid fuels 1.112 0.970 0.572 0.527 0.700 0.481 0.300 0.215 0.114 0.085 0.085

Coal 1.081 0.939 0.541 0.455 0.655 0.455 0.285 0.199 0.114 0.085 0.085

Peat briquettes 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 NO NO NO

Peat NO NO NO 0.040 0.030 0.010 NO NO NO NO NO

Natural gas 14.073 13.825 1.380 0.671 0.739 0.641 0.706 0.572 0.606 0.505 0.506

Wood 1.220 1.229 1.271 1.306 1.307 0.358 0.365 0.617 0.648 0.665 0.590

Continuation of Table 3.6.

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

1.A.4 Other Sectors

Liquid fuels 7.482 6.969 7.876 7.936 7.757 8.392 7.879 7.097 7.756 8.191

Solid fuels 3.004 2.391 2.213 2.180 2.125 2.037 2.032 1.874 1.649 2.180

Gaseous fuels 11.600 12.848 12.726 13.093 13.550 13.263 12.884 11.839 9.281 10.531

Biomass 4.128 3.634 3.569 4.968 5.912 6.816 5.797 5.992 9.028 10.140

1.A.4.a Commercial/Institutional

Liquid fuels 2.048 1.868 2.196 2.167 1.810 2.225 1.892 1.579 1.564 1.493

Gasoline 0.075 0.046 0.039 0.041 0.042 0.038 0.043 0.039 0.044 0.044

Diesel oil 1.190 1.243 1.465 1.546 1.198 1.626 1.643 1.339 1.389 1.317

RFO 0.609 0.325 0.284 0.284 0.365 0.365 0.041 0.081 0.041 0.041

LPG 0.091 0.046 0.182 0.137 0.137 0.137 0.137 0.091 0.091 0.091


Other liquid 0.084 0.209 0.226 0.159 0.029 0.058 0.029 0.029 NO NO

Shale oil NO NO NO NO 0.039 NO NO NO NO NO

Solid fuels 1.552 1.423 1.347 1.285 1.069 1.141 1.136 0.949 0.750 1.025

Coal 1.537 1.423 1.337 1.285 1.049 1.101 1.075 0.918 0.734 1.023

Peat briquettes 0.015 NO NO NO NO NO 0.001 0.001 0.006 0.002

Peat NO NO 0.010 NO 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.030 0.010 NO

Natural gas 3.359 4.117 4.286 4.768 4.753 5.010 5.704 5.701 5.428 5.618

Biomass 5.497 5.709 5.965 6.894 6.736 6.640 7.237 4.995 4.834 5.109

Wood 5.497 5.663 5.803 6.652 6.485 6.381 6.966 4.691 4.482 4.716

Landfill gas NO 0.046 0.162 0.242 0.251 0.259 0.271 0.290 0.323 0.331

Straws NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.014 0.029 0.058

Other liquid biofuels NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.004

1.A.4.b. Residential

Liquid fuels 1.440 1.440 1.398 1.443 1.577 1.621 1.439 1.393 2.024 2.237

Gasoline 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.220 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.264

Diesel oil 0.170 0.170 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.850 1.062

RFO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

LPG 1.139 1.139 1.139 1.184 1.230 1.230 1.047 1.002 0.911 0.911


Solid fuels 1.338 0.854 0.787 0.817 1.004 0.843 0.843 0.873 0.873 1.129

Coal 1.338 0.854 0.787 0.787 0.944 0.813 0.813 0.813 0.813 1.049


Peat NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.020

Natural gas 3.007 3.298 3.667 3.964 4.199 4.333 4.595 4.700 4.313 5.216

Wood (including charcoal) 30.519 30.078 31.850 32.043 32.174 31.165 30.388 30.108 33.607 30.684


Liquid fuels 3.994 3.660 4.282 4.326 4.370 4.546 4.548 4.125 4.167 4.461


39

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Gasoline 0.011 0.017 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 NO NO NO

Diesel oil 3.739 3.399 3.994 4.079 4.164 4.461 4.504 4.079 4.122 4.461

RFO 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.203 0.162 0.041 NO NO NO NO

LPG NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.046 0.046 NO


Other liquid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Solid fuels 0.114 0.114 0.079 0.079 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.026 0.026

Coal 0.114 0.114 0.079 0.079 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.026 0.026


Peat NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Natural gas 0.713 0.703 0.850 1.016 0.842 0.807 0.765 0.588 0.522 0.977

Wood 0.546 0.508 0.506 0.607 0.552 0.534 0.713 0.324 0.729 0.596

The biggest decrease in 1990-2010 was for solid fuel consumption – 90.73%, and liquid fuels consumption – 72.19%. It is explained with fuel switching processes when solid and liquid fuels were changed to other less costing fuels. Also stronger legislation contributed fuel switching to the type of fuels with lower level of emissions.

Since 1992, biomass as fuel dominates in Other Sectors. The biggest part of solid biomass consumption goes to Residential sector where biomass is main fuel in small capacity burning installations. Consumption of biomass fuel has increased substantially by 53.34% in 1990–2010 in Residential sector.

Since 1997, gaseous fuel consumption was constantly increasing until 2007. These are types of fuels with lower cost to whom liquid and solid fuels were switched. The increase of fuel consumption in Other sectors is strongly linked to fuel consumption decrease in Energy industries when central heating supply consumers switched to individual heating supply. In the latest years fluctuation of gaseous fuel are observed. The consumption of gaseous fuel increased by 13.47% in 2010 comparing to 2009.

3.3 TRANSPORT (NFR 1A3, NFR 1A5) 3.3.1 Source category description

Emissions from Transport sector include following sectors:

• Road Transport; • Railway; • Civil Aviation; • Domestic Navigation; • Military aviation (CRF 1.A.5.b)

The biggest part of Transport emissions take up Road Transport then follows Railways. Domestic Aviation and Navigation contribute a very small part of Transport emissions (Table 3.4). The only exception is SOx emissions where railway is the main source of emissions.

NOx

National

navigation

(Shipping)

1,58%

Railways

13,91%

Road

transport

83,01%

International

aviation (LTO)

1,50%Civi l

aviation(LTO)

0,00%

NMVOC Road transport

87,77%

National

navigation

(Shipping)

1,60%

Railways

10,07%

International

aviation (LTO)

0,56%

Civil

aviation(LTO)

0,00%


40

SOx

International

aviation (LTO)

27,16%

National

navigation

(Shipping)

7,16%

Railways

46,38%

Civil

aviation(LTO)

0,04%

Road transport

19,27%NH3

Road

transport

99,76%

International

aviation (LTO)

0,00%

Civil

aviation(LTO)

0,00%

National

navigation

(Shipping)

0,02%

Railways

0,21%

Figure 3.7 Emissions from Transport sector by subsectors in 2010

Road Transport includes all transportation types of vehicles on roads: passenger cars, light duty vehicles, buses, heavy-duty vehicles and motorcycles and mopeds. The source category does not cover farm and forest tractors driving occasionally on the roads because they are included in “other sectors” as off–roads (Agriculture, Forestry etc.). Railway Transport includes railway transport operated by diesel locomotives. Civil Aviation includes helicopters, airplanes with turbojet engine and airplanes with piston engines. Military aircrafts are included in Other (NFR 1.A.5.b).

In different subsectors various changes have taken place in 2010. In civil aviation the fuel consumption has increased by 50%, whereas in the road transport it has increased by 5.2%. In the railway the fuel consumption has decreased by 10%, but in navigation it has increased approximately 2 times. The major reason for this tendency was recession of the national economy in some sectors and recovery of economy in other sectors. The road transport is widely used in the domestic transportation of goods and also for providing cross-border transport service. The freight road transport approximately constitutes 44% of the total freight in the country.

Domestic Navigation compromises all domestic waterway transport – leisure boats, sea-going ships and towboats and also maritime domestic navigation – tugboats and support fleet.


Tier 2 approaches have been applied for jet kerosene emission calculation for time period 2004-2010 in civil aviation and international aviation. Tier 1 approach has been applied for aviation gasoline emission calculation in civil aviation. Tier 1 approaches have been applied for emission calculation in railway and domestic navigation. Default EFs for railway, navigation is used (EMEP/Corinair 2006).

Tier 2 approach based on implementation of COPERT IV model has been applied for emission calculation in road transport.

Road transport

Emission calculation from Road transport is made using the “Computer Programme to calculate Emissions from Road Transportation” (COPERT IV), which is proposed to be used by EEA member countries for the compilation of CORINAIR emission inventories. COPERT IV methodologies can be applied for the calculation of traffic emission estimates at a relatively high aggregation level. Calculation of emissions is based on fuel consumption of road vehicles and of average mileage of vehicles and the fixed emission factors. Road traffic vehicles use five different fuels – gasoline, diesel oil, liquid petroleum gases (LPG), natural gas and biofuel. Before emission calculation COPERT IV model was calibrated to be consistent with actual fuel consumption (energy statistics). Deviation


41

between fuel consumption in COPERT model and statistics is less than 0.11%. Thus we can say that all emission calculation is based on actual fuel consumption.

Corresponding to the COPERT IV fleet classification, all vehicles in the Latvia fleet are grouped into vehicle classes, subclasses and layers. The layer classification is a further division of vehicle sub-classes into groups of vehicles with the same average fuel consumption and emission factors, according to EU emission legislation levels.

Figure 3.8 Emissions from road transport by vehicles’ groups in 2010

In COPERT IV, fuel consumption and emission simulation can be made for operationally hot engines, taking into account gradually tighten emission standards and emission degradation due to catalyst wear. Furthermore, the emission effects of cold-start and evaporation are simulated. Estimation of evaporative emissions of hydrocarbons and the inclusion of cold start emission effects are dealt with in the Latvian inventory by using LEGMC meteorological input data for ambient temperature variations during months; the distribution of evaporate emissions in the driving modes are used default by COPERT IV model. Trip-speed dependent basis factors for fuel consumption and emissions are implemented. The fuel consumption and emission factors used in the Latvia inventory come from the COPERT IV model.


42

NOx, Gg

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

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95

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01

20

02

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03

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07

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08

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09

20

10

Figure 3.9 NOx emissions from road transport in Latvia

SO2, Gg

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

0,3

0,35

0,4

0,45

0,5

19

90

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03

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04

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06

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07

20

08

20

09

20

10

Figure 3.10 SOx emissions from road transport in Latvia

NMVOC, Gg

0

5

10

15

20

25

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

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20

02

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20

04

20

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06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

Figure 3.11 NMVOC emissions from road transport in Latvia


43

When analyzing the development of emissions in road transport in 2010 following trends could be mentioned:

� NOx and SOx emissions have increased comparing with year 2009 by 8,6% and 5,9% corresponding. The main reason is increasing of diesel fuel consumption;

� NMVOC emissions have decreased by 7.3% compare with year 2009 mainly due to decrease of gasoline consumption;

� The main sources of NOx emissions are heavy duty vehicles (HDV) 58% followed by passenger cars 23%;

� The main sources of NMVOC emissions are passenger cars 64% and HDV 22%.

� The main sources of SOx emissions are passenger cars 54% and HDV 32%.

As a basis for model input information, CSB data have been used considering the actual fuel consumption calibration with statistical fuel consumption (Table 3.15), LR Road Traffic Safety Directorate (RTSD) collected and published data have been used considering stock of road transport in Latvia. Total mileage data for passenger cars, light duty trucks, heavy duty trucks and buses produced by the RTSD is used for the years 1996-2010.

Figure 3.12 Distribution of passenger cars fleet by sub-classes

Analysing the development of the passenger car fleet in the time period 1990 – 2010, following features can be noted (Figure 3.12, Figure 3.13, Figure 3.14):

� Cars with a gasoline engine of a capacity > 2.0l constitute the major part; � Cars with a gasoline engine of a capacity < 1.4l during the whole period have small

changes; � As of 2000, the number of cars with diesel engines, both, < 2.0l and > 2.0l, grow

rapidly; � As of 2002, in the car fleet with a gasoline engine, the number of EURO 1, EURO 2,

EURO 3 and EURO 4 cars grow rapidly. In 2010 a share of EURO 3 and EURO 4 cars constitute 48,3%;

� As of 2003, in the car fleet with a diesel engine, the number of EURO 1, EURO 2, EURO 3 and EURO 4 cars grow rapidly. In 2010 a share of EURO 3 and EURO 4 cars constitute 45,3%.


44

Figure 3.13 Distribution of gasoline passenger cars fleet by layers

Figure 3.14 Distribution of diesel oil passenger cars fleet by layers

The vehicle numbers per LDV sub-class and layers are shown in Figure 3.15 and Figure 3.16.

Annalysing the development of LDV fleet in the following time period, major features can be noted as follows:

� As of 1996, the number of cars with a gasoline engine decreases; � As of 2000, the number of cars with a diesel engine rapidly increases; � As of 2002, the number of EURO 2 and EURO 3 cars rapidly increases.


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Figure 3.15 Distribution of light duty vehicles fleet by sub-classes

Figure 3.16 Distribution of light duty vehicles fleet by layers

The vehicle numbers per HDV sub-classes and layers are presented in Figure 3.17 and Figure 3.18. Annalysing the development of HDV fleet in the following time period, major features can be noted as follows:

� As of 1999, the number of cars with a gasoline engine rapidly decreases; � As of 1999, the number HDV cars with tonnage 14-34 t and a diesel engine starts to

increase; � As of 2000, average age reduction of cars takes place gradually.


46

Figure 3.17 Distribution of heavy duty vehicles fleet by sub-classes

Figure 3.18 Distribution of heavy duty vehicles fleet by layers


47

As seen in Table 3.8 and Figure 3.19, the fuel consumption has essentially changed in the time period 1990 – 2010. The gasoline consumption from the highest consumption in 1990 has decreased till 1999, reaching the lowest consumption and after six year stabilisation the increase was seen in 2006 and 2007. Consumption of gasoline had decreased in 2010 by 24% comparing with year 2008. Whereas the diesel fuel consumption starting from 1997 has increased all the time till 2007. While it decreased in 2008 and 2009. Diesel fuel consumption has decreased in 2009 and 2010 by 11% and 3% corresponding compare with year 2008. It was in place substantial biomass consumption increasing in year 2009 and 2010 in road transport.

Figure 3.19 Development of Fuel consumption in road transport (TJ) LPG, natural gas and biomass on right axes

Table 3.7 Fuel consumption in road transport (TJ)

Gasoline, TJ Diesel oil TJ LPG, TJ Natural gas, TJ Biofuel, TJ 1990 24216.8 8326.1 591.9 339 1991 22190.8 8116.1 501.0 195 1992 21265.5 6586.8 227.7 172 1993 20651.2 6798.0 273.2 93 1994 19639.7 6797.7 91.1 75 1995 17994.4 6884.0 91.1 37 1996 17596.0 6796.4 91.1 58 1997 16193.1 7859.1 91.1 37 1998 15222.3 8710.0 136.6 37 1999 14682.5 9090.9 273.2 37 2000 14505.1 11471.2 865.2 75 2001 15250.6 15929.9 865.5 112 2002 14949.8 17168.0 865.2 75 2003 14949.8 18609.0 956.2 75 2004 15037.7 20222.5 1047.4 75 2005 14729.5 22180.2 1092.9 75 107 2006 16311.4 25240.4 1184.0 75 57 2007 17854.3 29485.3 1093.1 74 71 2008 16266.6 28254.8 956.5 37 81 2009 13585.4 25165,3 865.3 4 173 2010 12309.0 27449.7 989.1 0 1102

Other mobile sources

Other mobile sources are Railway, Civil Aviation, and National Navigation.


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To calculate emissions from Railway, Civil Aviation and Domestic Navigation the EMEP/CORINAIR methodology is used. Tier 1 approach is used for remission calculation in railway and domestic navigation and Tier 2 approach for emission calculation in civil aviation. The calculation includes Main Pollutants, Particulate Matters, Primary and Other Heavy metals, Dioxins and PAHs.

Factor Emissions DataActivity Emissions ×=


Railway

Default emission factors for Railway (Table 3.8) are taken from EMEP/CORINAIR methodology. The emission factors for Particulate Matters are taken from CEPMEIP/TNO database (Table 3.9). The SO2 emissions factors are used consistent with sulphur content in diesel oil by years (Table 3.10).

Table 3.8 Emission factors used for emissions calculation from Railway

NOX CO NMVOC NH3 Cd Cr Cu Ni Se Zn Benzo(a)

pyren benzo(b)

fluoranthene

Gg/PJ Mg/PJ Diesel

oil 0.932 0.252 0.109 0.000165 0.00024 0.00118 0.04001 0.00165 0.00024 0.02353 0.000706 0.0011767

Table 3.9 Emission factors used in the calculation of Particulate Matters emissions from Railway

PM2.5 PM10 TSP

Gg/PJ Diesel oil 0.032243 0.033890 0.035773

Table 3.10 SO2 Emission factors for Diesel oil used in the calculation of SO2 emissions from Railway

Sulphur content

NCV EF

(Gg/PJ) 1990-1998 0.2 42.49 0.0941 1999-2003 0.05 42.49 0.0235 2004-2010 0.035 42.49 0.0165

Emissions from Railways are calculated using fuel consumption from Energy balance prepared by CSB of Latvia (Table 3.11).

The railway transport accomplishes approximately 60% of freight transport in Latvia and the transit transport traffic is dominant. In 2009, transported freight along the railway and therefore the diesel consumption has decreased, compared to 2008 level. Railway transport includes railway transport operated by diesel locomotives. In 2009, amount of traffic was decreased therefore amount of consumption of diesel oil decreased by 6% if comparison with 2008. In 2010, the amount of traffic decreased therefore amount of diesel oil consumption decreased by 9.61% in comparison with 2009.

Table 3.11 Fuel consumption in Railway transport (TJ)

Diesel oil Biomass 1990 7181 - 1991 7011 - 1992 5694 - 1993 3527 - 1994 3102 - 1995 3229 - 1996 3229 - 1997 3399 -


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Diesel oil Biomass 1998 3102 - 1999 2677 - 2000 2762 - 2001 2847 - 2002 2974 - 2003 3399 - 2004 3484 - 2005 3484 - 2006 3059 - 2007 3314 - 2008 3314 - 2009 3102 - 2010 2804 35

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NOx NMVOC SOx

Gg

Figure 3.20 Development of emissions in railway

When analysing the development of emissions trends in railway, following features could be noted:

� Due to the decreasing of fuel consumption in railway all emissions have been decreased by approximately 10% in year 2010 comparing with year 2009.

Navigation

Although Latvia has several ports, local navigation that could transport freight or passengers among local ports is not developed. Major activities in harbours deal with international freight transport. In 2010, the diesel oil consumption increased 1.75 times compared to 2009 level. Number of services for international freight in harbours mostly affects the changes in the fuel consumption. In navigation, the emissions are calculated for diesel-fuelled tugs and barges and gasoline – fuelled private boats.

The data about the diesel oil consumption in navigation is derived from the CSB. CSB has started to collect data as of year 2006. For the time period 1990–2005 and for the gasoline consumption the data is used from the study (FEI7, 2004). Development of the fuel consumption in navigation is presented in Figure 3.21 and Table 3.12.

7 “Research on fuel consumption by domestic aviation and private boats in domestic navigation”


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Figure 3.21 Development of gasoline and diesel oil fuel consumption in navigation

Table 3.12 Fuel consumption in navigation

Diesel oil Gasoline 1990 11 2 1991 10 3 1992 7 3 1993 5 3 1994 6 3 1995 6 3 1996 6 3 1997 6 3 1998 6 3 1999 6 3 2000 6 3 2001 6 3 2002 6 4 2003 6 4 2004 6 4 2005 5 4 2006 4 4 2007 43 5 2008 85 5 2009 170 4 2010 297 3

Default EFs (Table 3.13) for navigation is used (EMEP/CORINAIR 2006):

Table 3.13 Emission factors used in the calculation of emissions from navigation

NOx CO NMVOC NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP Gg/PJ Gg/PJ Gg/PJ Gg/PJ Gg/PJ Gg/PJ Gg/PJ

Diesel oil 1.84749 0.17416 0.06589 0,00016 0.032948 0.035302 0.035302 Gasoline (from 2003) 0.2140 13,05505 4,12875 0,00016

0.216105 0.216105 0.216105 Gasoline (1990-2002) 0.2138 13.05488 4,12702 0,00016

EFs for gasoline are different due to varying NCV. The SO2 emissions factors are used consistent with sulphur content in diesel oil and gasoline.


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0

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Figure 3.22 Development of emissions in domestic navigation

Analysing the development of the emission trends in domestic navigation, following features can be noted:

• NOx emissions in navigation constitute 1,58% from the total NOx emissions in transport;

• In year 2010 NOx and SOx emissions have increased by 83% comparing with year 2009 due to fuel consumption increasing by approximately 85%. NMVOC emissions have been increased by 25%.

Aviation

EMEP/CORINAIR 2006 Guidelines Tier 2 and Tier 1 approaches have been applied. Tier 2 approaches have been applied for jet kerosene emission calculation for time period 2004-2009. Tier 1 approach has been applied for aviation gasoline emission calculation. Using Tier 2 approach, emissions for LTO (landing/take off) and cruise are calculated individually. Prior to the emission calculation, representative aircraft type was chosen, for which the fuel consumption and emission data exist in the EMEP/CORINAIR databank.

Default emission factors for Civil Aviation are taken from EMEP/CORINAIR methodology and are presented in Table 3.14.

Table 3.14 Emission factors used in the calculation of emissions from Civil Aviation

NOx CO NMVOC SO2 PM

Gg/PJ Aviation petrol 0.25 0.1 0.05 0.023 10

The data about fuel consumption in aviation is derived from the CSB. CSB has started to collect data as of year 2006 (Figure 3.23 and Table 3.15Figure 3.23). For the time period 1990 – 2005 and for aviation gasoline consumption the data is used from the study (FEI, 20048). For 2004 onwards, the air flight statistics is provided by the Riga Airport.

8 “Research on fuel consumption by domestic aviation and private boats in domestic navigation”


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Figure 3.23 Fuel consumption in civil aviation (TJ)

Table 3.15 Fuel consumption in civil aviation (TJ)

Jet kerosene. TJ Aviation gasoline. TJ

1990 0.76 0.16 1991 0.78 0.16 1992 0.81 0.17 1993 1.34 0.29 1994 2.68 0.57 1995 5.35 1.14 1996 8.04 1.71 1997 10.72 2.28 1998 13.40 2.85 1999 16.07 3.42 2000 18.76 3.99 2001 21.44 4.56 2002 23.73 5.13 2003 25.46 5.42 2004 43.00 5.70 2005 38.00 6.00 2006 12.75 6.40 2007 14.82 8.40 2008 34.52 5.40 2009 2.3 1.7 2010 2.1 4.0

3.4 FUGITIVE EMISSIONS (NFR 1.B)

3.4.1 Source category description

Under fugitive emissions from fuels Latvia reports following categories:

• 1.B.1.c Other fugitive emissions from solid fuels include fugitive particulate matters emissions from coal transportation and storage;

• 1.B.2 Fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas include NOx and CO emissions from category 1.B.2.b ii Transmission/Distribution; 1.B.2.b iii Other Leakage (in residential and commercial sectors) and 1.B.2.d Other – underground storage;

• 1.B.2 Fugitive emission from oil and natural gas includes NMVOC emissions from category 1.B.2.a Oil storage.


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Table 3.16 Fugitive emissions from oil products 1990-2010 (Gg)

1 B 1 c Other fugitive

emissions from solid fuels 1 B 2 b Natural gas

1 B 2 a v Distribution of oil

products PM2.5 PM10 TSP NOx CO NMVOC

1990 0.0056 0.0555 0.1388 - - 2.979 1991 0.0048 0.0479 0.1197 - - 2.533 1992 0.0040 0.0400 0.1000 - - 2.411 1993 0.0036 0.0363 0.0907 - - 2.342 1994 0.0026 0.0259 0.0649 - - 2.239 1995 0.0015 0.0155 0.0387 - - 2.019 1996 0.0015 0.0147 0.0367 - - 1.994 1997 0.0012 0.0123 0.0307 - - 1.833 1998 0.0009 0.0092 0.0231 - - 1.715 1999 0.0008 0.0081 0.0202 - - 1.656 2000 0.0006 0.0063 0.0158 - - 1.324 2001 0.0008 0.0081 0.0203 0.0000013 0.0000046 1.387 2002 0.0007 0.0066 0.0164 0.0000013 0.0000046 1.351 2003 0.0006 0.0063 0.0158 - - 1.324 2004 0.0006 0.0062 0.0155 0.0000013 0.0000046 1.407 2005 0.0008 0.0075 0.0188 - - 0.861 2006 0.0008 0.0081 0.0202 - - 0.642 2007 0.0010 0.0099 0.0247 - - 0.629 2008 0.0010 0.0099 0.0249 0.499 2009 0.0008 0.0080 0.0201 - - 0.643 2010 0.0010 0.0102 0.0254 - - 0.738

There are no oil refineries in Latvia; therefore NMVOC emissions from gasoline distribution were only calculated for the time period 1990–2001. For the years 1990–1999 it was impossible to acquire precise data on fuel storage technologies (vapour filters, vapour storage, etc.), therefore experts’ opinion was taken into consideration. Experts concluded that most of the fuel was stored incorrectly until 2000, when most fuel storage facilities had fuel vapour storage, but not vapour filters and pumps. For 2002–2010 fugitive NMVOC emission from oil products storage and distribution in oil terminals and pump stations was taken from statistical database “2-AIR” where operators have to report fugitive NMVOC emissions from activities with oil products.

Fugitive particulate matters emissions in 2000-2010 from the operations of solid fuels – coal and coke, transportation via railways and storage and handling, are estimated (Table 3.16).

3.4.2. Key categories

There are no key source categories in the sector.

3.4.3. Methodological issues

Methods

LEGMC receives data about emissions from the natural gas holding company “Latvijas Gāze”, which calculates emissions by itself. LEGMC has methodological material, which describes how these emissions are calculated, but due to lack of financial resources it is not possible to translate them. Brief essences of the methods are given below.

Emissions were calculated from:

• End user internal gas provision systems; • Distribution systems; • Gas transport pipeline systems; • Underground gas storage facility (in Inčukalns);


54

• Below more detailed information on these systems is provided.

EMEP/CORINAIR methodology is used to estimate fugitive NMVOC emissions from operations with gasoline in 1990–2001. For time period 2002–2010 NMVOC emission data are taken from operator’s reported in database “2-AIR” so this is bottom-up reporting.

Particulate matters emissions are estimated by using the simple methodology multiplying activity data with emission factor.

Emission factors

NMVOC emission factor for emission from gasoline transportation and storage estimation in 1990–2000 were taken from the local expert research and is based on the expert’s judgment. Emission factor for 2000-2001 is taken from EMEP/CORINAIR as default emission factor for gasoline distribution.

Table 3.17 NMVOC emission factors (g/kg)

1990-1999 2000-2001 4.9 3.93

Emission factors for particulate matters emission estimation are taken from TNO/CEPMEIP database.

Table 3.18 PM emission factors (g/tonne)

Coal Coke TSP 150 110 PM10 60 44 PM2.5 6 4.4

Activity data

Activity data for NMVOC emission calculation was used from CSB Energy Balance. Activity data for 2002–2010 isn’t obtained because final emission data was taken from operator’s reports to database “2-AIR”. This emission data is reported by the petrol stations and oil terminals and verified by Regional Environment State Bureau. Mostly these emissions are obtained by using measurement or estimated using mass balance method.

Table 3.19 Activity data used for NMVOC emission calculation in 1990-2001 (PJ)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Gasoline 26.75 22.75 21.65 21.03 20.11 18.13 17.91 16.46 15.40 14.87 14.83 15.53

Table 3.20 Activity data used for particulate matters emissions calculation in 1990–2010 (Gg)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 coal 917 795 663 599 425 252 239 196 146 126 97 127 102 101 98 120 130 162 162 130 167 coke 11.0 4.0 5.0 8.0 10.0 8.0 8.0 12.0 11.0 12.0 11.0 11.0 10.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 3.0

3.5 INTERNATIONAL BUNKERS International bunkers cover International Aviation and Navigation according to the IPCC GPG 2000. Emissions from International Aviation and Navigation are not included into national total emissions.

90% of international emissions contribute Navigation. Emissions from marine activities have big fluctuations, due to economical reasons. While emissions from aviation are stable and in last three years there can see very small increase. It can project that also in next years the increase in aviation will be, because essential focus to this sector development is at present actual action.

Fuel consumption for emission calculation is obtained from CSB (Table 3.21).


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Table 3.21 Energy consumption in International Transport (TJ)

Aviation Navigation Jet Kerosene Diesel Oil RFO

1990 3067.2 5013.8 14737.8 1991 4147.2 807.3 5075.0 1992 1166.4 637.4 6820.8 1993 1166.4 1402.2 7429.8 1994 1080.0 2974.3 8688.4 1995 1080.0 1104.7 5156.2 1996 1382.4 934.8 3126.2 1997 1382.4 849.8 2111.2 1998 1252.8 552.4 81.2 1999 1252.8 424.9 NO 2000 1123.2 339.9 NO 2001 1123.2 4249.0 3938.2 2002 1166.4 3611.7 4993.8 2003 1685.2 3101.8 4750.2 2004 2031.0 3186.8 5278.0 2005 2463.0 3824.1 7064.4 2006 2765.0 2761.9 5481.0 2007 3371.0 2506.9 4953.2 2008 4062.0 1912.05 6699.0 2009 4278.0 2591.89 8850.8 2010 4907.0 2932.0 7592.0

Default emission factors for International Aviation and Navigation are taken from EMEP/CORINAIR methodology and are presented in Table 3.22-Table 3.26. The emission factors for Particulate Matters for International Navigation are taken from CEPMEIP/TNO database (Table 3.24).

Table 3.22 Emission factors to calculate emissions from International Aviation

Fuel type Emissions factors, Gg/PJ

NOX CO NMVOC SO2 Jet fuel 0.25 0.1 0.05 0.023

Table 3.23 Emission factors to calculate emissions from International Navigation


NOX CO NMVOC NH3 Diesel oil 1 0.25 0.11 0.0038

RFO 1.6 0.5 0.11 0.0062

Fuel type Emission factors, Mg/PJ

Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn Diesel oil 0.0024 0.00024 0.0012 0.0012 0.0009 0.0012 0.0016 0.0047 0.0118

RFO 0.0049 0.00074 0.0005 0.0123 0.0049 0.0123 0.7389 0.0099 0.0222

Table 3.24 Emission factors for Particulate Matters for international navigation


PM10 PM2.5 TSP Diesel oil 0.035 0.033 0.035

RFO 0.1527 0.1379 0.1527

The SO2 emissions factors are used consistent with sulphur content in diesel oil (Table 3.25 and Table 3.26).


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Table 3.25 SO2 Emission factors used for Diesel oil in the SO2 calculation of emissions for International Bunkers

Fuel

content NCV EF

(Gg/PJ) 1990-1998 0.2 42.49 0.094 1999-2003 0.05 42.49 0.024 2004-2005 0.035 42.49 0.016

Table 3.26 SO2 Emission factors used for RFO in the SO2 calculation of emissions for International Bunkers

RFO Fuel

content NCV

EF (Gg/PJ)

1990-1999 2.8 40.6 1.352 2000-2005 0.2 40.6 0.097

Figure 3.24 Emissions in International aviation


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4 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (NFR 2)

4.1. SECTOR OVERVIEW 4.1.1 Quantitative overview

Under Mineral products there are reported:

• SOx, NOX and NMVOC emissions as well as emissions of particulate matters, heavy metals, dioxins and HCB from cement production;

• CO and NMVOC emissions from asphalt roofing; • NMVOC emissions from road paving with asphalt; • Other – NMVOC emissions from glass wool production and emissions of

particulate matters, heavy metals and dioxins from glass production, dioxins emissions from production of bricks.

Under Chemical Industry there are reported:

• Particulate matters emissions from fertilisers production.

Under Metal production there are reported:

• NMVOC, CO, NOX and SOx emissions as well as emissions of particulate matters, heavy metals, dioxins from iron and steel production.

Under Other production Latvia reports:

• NMVOC emissions from Food and Drink production; • SOx emissions from Pulp and Paper for the period 1990–1996.

There are no emissions reported from the Other (NFR 2.G) sector in Latvia.

Table 4.1 Emissions from Industrial Processes sector in 1990–2010

NOx NMVOC SOx PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn Gg

NO2 Gg

Gg SO2

Gg Gg Gg Gg Gg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg

1990 0.90 0.65 3.41 0.29 1.20 2.78 0.0001 0.07 0.006 0.000 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.02 1991 0.83 0.31 3.15 0.24 0.92 1.97 0.0000 0.05 0.004 0.000 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.01 1992 0.38 0.09 1.42 0.11 0.40 0.84 0.0000 0.04 0.003 0.000 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 1993 0.04 0.76 0.16 0.05 0.26 0.95 0.0001 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1994 0.20 1.64 0.77 0.09 0.47 1.74 0.0003 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1995 0.24 1.54 0.90 0.08 0.44 1.61 0.0002 0.02 0.001 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 1996 0.27 2.80 1.01 0.12 0.68 2.70 0.0004 0.02 0.002 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 1997 0.27 2.93 1.03 0.12 0.68 2.77 0.0005 0.01 0.001 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1998 0.26 2.94 1.00 0.12 0.69 2.78 0.0005 0.02 0.001 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 1999 0.36 4.35 1.34 0.16 0.97 4.02 0.0007 0.01 0.001 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 2000 0.23 6.14 0.85 0.19 1.26 5.54 0.0004 0.01 0.001 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 2001 0.27 7.19 1.04 0.23 1.47 6.47 0.0005 0.05 0.004 0.000 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 2002 0.30 8.10 1.13 0.25 1.65 7.27 0.0006 0.05 0.004 0.000 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 2003 0.33 9.07 1.23 0.28 1.84 8.12 0.0006 0.04 0.003 0.000 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 2004 0.35 52.66 1.33 1.37 10.02 46.45 0.0037 0.05 0.004 0.000 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 2005 0.36 16.85 1.35 0.47 3.29 14.92 0.0012 0.04 0.003 0.000 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 2006 0.45 16.16 1.69 0.47 3.19 14.35 0.0011 0.03 0.002 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 2007 0.46 21.58 1.73 0.60 4.21 19.11 0.0015 0.03 0.002 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 2008 0.45 22.22 1.71 0.62 4.33 19.67 0.0015 0.03 0.002 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 2009 0.70 12.11 1.74 0.54 2.62 10.70 0.0008 0.03 0.002 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 2010 0.48 14.01 0.07 1.15 3.72 12.33 0.0010 0.03 0.002 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Data on emissions in the Industrial Processes sector are linked with the economic situation of the country as well as availability of statistical data. The largest decrease in emissions occurred between 1990 and 1993 (Table 4.1), when industry was going through a crisis.


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It has to be noted that in the beginning of 90ties during the countrywide change in government system and national economy statistics was not well kept. Therefore there is lack of statistical data regarding industry during this time period or they are vague. The data extrapolation was carried out for the sectors where possible although the extrapolation is almost impossible to do due to different circumstances – changes and total restructuring of national economy when industrial development wasn’t predictable and explainable.

Since year 2000 and after the crisis in national economy of Russian Federation in 1999-2000 with whom Latvia has strength economic relations, all emissions from Industrial Processes sector have increased in 2000-2008. It is explained with sharp development of Latvian industry when construction activities increased and industrial production of building materials also increased.

Still at the end of 2008 and in 2009 the global financial crisis caused a crisis in Latvia’s national economy when the industrial production has decreased quite significantly. The decrease mainly is explained with the decrease of population welfare when lots of people lost their jobs, benefits and pensions were decreased and taxes were increased therefore the purchase capacity of population decreased remarkably. Due to that the building and construction sector development decreased as well as companies also were charged with higher taxes. In 2010 all emissions have increased with exception of SOx emissions that decreased by 95.95% and NOx by 31.33 %. It is explained with changes from wet to dry technology of cement production in the first half of 2010. The data about SOx and NOx are not representative because the new dry process cement production technology began to work with full capacity only in July of 2010. To reduce NOx emissions from cement production there is used SNCR (Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction System) method. With the help of the system the flue gas NOx emissions reduction percentage of 40...60 % is achievable, depending on the cement kiln type, fuel and NOx content. Reducing agents such as urea and ammonia are injected to the hot flue gases. They react with nitrogen monoxide and form nitrogen and water. In addition SNCR there are used more than 50% of ecofuel which functions as blaze extinguisher in that way to reduce NOx emission. Switched from wet to dry process cement production SO2 and NOx are measured automatically in new technological plant.

4.1.2 Description

Sources of emissions from Industrial Processes are:

• Mineral products (NFR 2.A); • Chemical industry (NFR 2.B); • Metal production (NFR 2.C); • Other Production (NFR 2.D).


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There are two main categories in Industrial Processes sector – mineral production dominates in NMVOC, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, CO, Hg and Se emissions, but metal production dominates in NOx, SO2, Pb, Cd, As, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn emissions (Figure 4.1) Division of emission most likely could be different because several emissions are not estimated due to lack of official methodology and default or country specific emission factors.

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

NOx NMVOC SO2 PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn

2A Mineral Products 2B Chemical Industry 2C Metal Production 2D Other Production

Figure 4.1 Division of emissions in Industrial Processes sector (NFR 2) in 2010

4.2 M INERAL PRODUCTS (NFR 2A) 4.2.1 Source category description

This chapter includes industrial production plants and emissions from production processes:

• 2.A.1 Cement Production – NOx, NMVOC, SOx, particulate matters and heavy metals emissions;

• 2.A.2 Lime Production – particulate matters emissions; • 2.A.5 Asphalt Roofing – CO, NMVOC and TSP emissions; • 2.A.6 Road Paving with Asphalt – NMVOC and particulate matters emissions; • 2.A.7.d Other Mineral products – particulate matters and heavy metals emissions

from glass production.

Table 4.2 Emissions from Mineral Products in 1990-2010

NOx NMVOC SOx PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn 1990 0.90 0.65 3.41 0.0001 0.07 0.006 0.00013 0.008 0.010 0.00030 0.021 0.035 0.016 1991 0.83 0.31 3.15 0.0000 0.05 0.004 0.00009 0.006 0.007 0.00022 0.015 0.025 0.012 1992 0.38 0.09 1.42 0.00000 0.04 0.003 0.00008 0.005 0.006 0.00018 0.013 0.021 0.010 1993 0.04 0.76 0.16 0.00012 0.005 0.0004 0.00001 0.001 0.001 0.00002 0.001 0.002 0.001 1994 0.20 1.64 0.77 0.0003 0.002 0.0001 0.000003 0.0002 0.0003 0.00001 0.001 0.001 0.0004 1995 0.24 1.54 0.90 0.0002 0.02 0.001 0.00003 0.002 0.002 0.00007 0.005 0.008 0.004 1996 0.27 2.80 1.01 0.0004 0.02 0.002 0.00004 0.002 0.003 0.00009 0.006 0.010 0.005 1997 0.27 2.93 1.03 0.0004 0.01 0.001 0.00002 0.001 0.001 0.00004 0.003 0.004 0.002 1998 0.26 2.94 1.00 0.0005 0.02 0.001 0.00003 0.002 0.002 0.00007 0.005 0.008 0.004 1999 0.36 4.35 1.34 0.0007 0.01 0.001 0.00002 0.001 0.002 0.00005 0.003 0.006 0.003 2000 0.23 6.14 0.85 0.19 1.26 5.54 0.0004 0.01 0.001 0.00002 0.001 0.002 0.00005 0.004 0.006 0.003


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NOx NMVOC SOx PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn 2001 0.27 7.19 1.04 0.23 1.47 6.47 0.0005 0.05 0.004 0.00008 0.005 0.006 0.00019 0.013 0.022 0.010 2002 0.30 8.10 1.13 0.25 1.65 7.27 0.0006 0.05 0.004 0.00009 0.006 0.007 0.00021 0.015 0.024 0.011 2003 0.33 9.07 1.23 0.28 1.84 8.12 0.0006 0.04 0.003 0.00007 0.005 0.006 0.00017 0.012 0.020 0.009 2004 0.35 52.66 1.33 1.37 10.02 46.45 0.0037 0.05 0.004 0.00009 0.005 0.007 0.00020 0.014 0.023 0.011 2005 0.36 16.85 1.35 0.47 3.29 14.92 0.0012 0.04 0.003 0.00007 0.004 0.005 0.00016 0.011 0.018 0.008 2006 0.45 16.16 1.69 0.47 3.19 14.35 0.0011 0.03 0.002 0.00005 0.003 0.004 0.00011 0.008 0.013 0.006 2007 0.46 21.58 1.73 0.60 4.21 19.11 0.0015 0.03 0.002 0.00005 0.003 0.004 0.00011 0.008 0.013 0.006 2008 0.45 22.22 1.71 0.62 4.33 19.67 0.0015 0.03 0.002 0.00005 0.003 0.004 0.00011 0.008 0.013 0.006 2009 0.70 12.11 1.74 0.54 2.62 10.70 0.0008 0.03 0.002 0.00005 0.003 0.004 0.00011 0.008 0.013 0.006 2010 0.48 14.01 0.07 0.79 3.72 12.33 0.0009 0.03 0.002 0.00005 0.003 0.004 0.00011 0.008 0.013 0.006

Most emissions have decreased in 1990-2010 mainly due to decrease of industrial production with exception of NMVOC and CO emissions that have increased by 2055.4% and 800.0% respectively that is explained with development of road construction sector (Table 4.2) Due to increase of total amounts of cars and development of transit transportation in country the necessity to improve road pavement arose. Also the possibility to obtain financing from European Union funds increased the possibility to improve transport infrastructure. Also updated statistical data is used for emission calculation when in previous submissions only amount of bitumen was used as activity data but for Submission 2012 the amount of bitumen mixtures (asphalt, emulsions, asphalt mastic etc) was used.

The emissions from these Asphalt roofing and Road paving with asphalt sectors are constantly increasing since the beginning of 90ties. Slight emission decrease in 1999-2000 is explained with the change of percentage that is used to divide activity data used in roofing and road paving. The sharp emission increase in 2003-2004 is explained with Latvia’s accession to EU in the May of 2004 before and after what the road paving works were very active. In that particular year VIA Baltica that connects the capitals of all Baltic States was built. According to CSB one particular road contractor has quite large amount of bitumen mixtures imported and used. That particular contractor was working on the VIA Baltica highway. In next years the road paving activities decreased but not to the level of the years before 2004. Due to Latvia is participant in EU since 2004 financial resources from EU projects are available for national infrastructure projects.

Particulate matters emissions have increased in 2000-2010 by 122.56% for TSP to 315.79% for PM2.5. Still the particulates have decreased by 13% to 45.59% in 2008-2009 due to decrease of road construction activities. Decrease was caused by the crisis in national economy when financial resources were transferred to and used in other sectors.

All heavy metals emissions have decreased by 63.1% as heavy metals are estimated only from glass production processes so these emissions represent total decrease of glass production sector. The emissions haven’t changed in 2008-2010.


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0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

NOx NMVOC SO2 PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn

2A1 Cement Production 2A2 Lime Production 2A5 Asphalt Roofing 2A6 Road Paving w ith Asphalt 2A7d Glass production

Figure 4.2 Division of emissions in Mineral Production sector in 2010

Cement production sector is a key source category for NOx and SOx emissions with 1.43% and 2.23% respectively from total emissions in 2010. NOx emissions from other sub-sectors of Mineral Production sector are not estimated due to lack of official methodology. CO emissions are only estimated from Asphalt Roofing and these emissions are negligible.

Road Paving with Asphalt is a key source category for NMVOC emission with 21.51%, from total NMVOC emissions. A small part of NMVOC emissions from Mineral production is emitted from cement production and asphalt roofing. The NMVOC emissions from glass production are obtained from national database “2-AIR” where glass production company reports its NMVOCs emissions.

Road paving with asphalt is a key source category for TSP emissions with 28.88% from total TSP emissions and 8.04% from total PM10 emissions and 1.28 % from PM2.5 emissions in 2010. Cement production is also a key source for PM10 emissions with 3.33% from total PM10 emissions and a key source for PM2.5 emissions with 2.89% from total PM2.5 emissions.

Heavy metal emissions are estimated only from glass production according to EMEP/EEA 2009, but heavy metals emissions from cement production are reported as “Not estimated” as there are no emission factors in EMEP/EEA 2009. POPs emissions are not estimated for 2A1, 2A5, 2A6 and 2A7 sectors but for other sectors these emissions are reported as not applicable.


Methods

General Tier1 approach equation from EMEP/EEA 2009 was used to calculate emissions:

ADEFEm ×=


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where: Em – Emissions from industrial production processes (Gg) EF –EF of production process (Gg/Gg) ADclinker –activity data (Gg)

If the production data divided by the technology used in production is available then Tier2 approach was used to calculate emissions using also technology specific EFs from EMEP/EEA 2009.

Calculation of all emissions is done with Excel databases developed by experts from LEGMC.

Emission factors

The main sources for emission factors are:

• EMEP/EEA 2009; • EMEP/CORINAIR 2007; • IPCC 1996.

Activity data

Activity data were taken from the CSB of Latvia and enterprises. Activity data on production and output by manufacturing companies are freely available until 1999. CSB gives only restricted information on production and output of goods since 1999, the information being classified as confidential. LEGMC has signed an agreement with CSB to get data of total production of products from sectors from what data are confidential. Still as industrial producers are participants in the EU ETS the GHG reports of these enterprises have to be freely available. The GHG reports of EU ETS operators are published on LEGMC home page. The data source of the activity data is industrial producers and the confidentiality rules are no longer in force (Table 4.3)

Latvia has simpler situation in activity data of Mineral Products sector because only some or even one facility operates in each sub-category of Mineral Products sector. There is only one facility of cement production, three facilities of lime production, three facilities of glass production, five facilities of bricks production and one facility of tiles production. All previously mentioned mineral producers participate in EU ETS and in International ETS. It is possible to obtain more accurate and complete activity data and emission factors from enterprises that are involved in the emission trading system.

4.2.3.1 Cement clinker production

Methods

Tier2 approach was used to calculate NOx, NMVOC, SOx (from EMEP/CORINAIR 2007) and particulate matters emissions (from EMEP/EEA 2009) from cement production taking into account produced amount of clinker in wet and dry process kilns and technology based EFs.

In the middle 2009 previously operating cement production plant was closed and the new one was opened in different area. In the new facility dry process kiln is used instead of wet process kiln used previously in the old production plant. Therefore particulate matter EFs was updated and the corresponding EFs from EMEP / EEA 2009 for dry process kiln were used for clinker produced in the new facility.

According to A category pollution permit there are total 36 dedusting equipments (filters) installed in the cement production plant with total efficiency approximately 99%.9 These filters mainly are designed to collect large coarse particles. Therefore total estimated TSP emissions are decreased by 99% after the emission estimation using Tier2 EFs from 9 http://old.vpvb.gov.lv/ippc/atlauja/Aatl/Cemex_meiri.pdf (page 15)


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EMEP/EEA 2009. The BAT use is taken into account only starting 2009 for new facility where dry process kiln is used because it is a newly established facility with recently installed BAT with strict control technologies. Therefore TSP EF is estimated using following equation from EMEP/EEA 200910:

( ) 21 TierfiltersPM EFEF ×−= η

where: EFPM – TSP emission factor including BAT use (Gg/Gg) ηfilters – abatement technologies efficiency – 99% EFTier2 – Tier2 EMEP / EEA 2009 emission factor for TSP dry process kiln (Gg/Gg)

Emission factors

PM2.5 and PM10 EFs were used without abatement technologies reduction as there is no information if BAT is used also for smaller particulates.

As the EFs for NOx, NMVOC and SOx are not available in EMEP/EEA 200911 (marked as “Not Estimated”) the EFs from EMEP/CORINAIR 200712 were used as these emissions are emitted in the production according to cement production plant. For Submission 2012 the EFs were divided for wet process kiln used in the first half of 2009 and for dry process kiln used for second half of 2009 and in 2010.

Table 4.3 EFs for cement clinker production (Gg/Gg)

NOx NMVOC SOx PM2.5 PM10 TSP wet process kiln 0.00135 0.00023 0.0051 0.00018 0.00051 0.0006 dry process kiln 0.00245 0.00001 0.0051 0.00095 0.0013 0.000025

Activity data

The produced clinker is not weighed in cement production plant but clinker production is estimated from final cement type by multiplying it with cement/clinker ration according to cement producer GHG report (Table 4.4).

Table 4.4 Cement production activity data in 1990–2010 (Gg)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Produced clinker

668.5617.6278.0 30.8 150.0 175.7 198.0 201.7 195.7 263.0 167.2 203.2 221.0 241.1 260.0 265.4 330.6 338.3 334.5 340.99 834.94

Produced cement

744.3 720 340 114 244 204 325 246 366 301.32 239.24248.54 260.4 295.21 283.65361.08 456.24 522.41505.46 227.46 597.52

4.2.3.2 Lime production

Tier2 approach was used also to estimate particular matters emissions from lime production processes. Only particulate matter emissions were estimated from lime production. There are three lime production plants where two of them are direct lime production plant where in one lime is produced from dolomite and from other the lime is produced from limestone. Lime is also produced in iron and steel plant where the lime is then directly used in steel production process.

Emission factors

As all 3 lime production plants have A category pollution permits since 2005 the facilities must have BAT installed and the emissions from the production processes have to be controlled. Therefore controlled EFs from EMEP/EEA 2009 for particulate matters are

10 http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-a-mineral-industry/2-a-1-cement-production.pdf (page 13) 11 http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-a-mineral-industry/2-a-1-cement-production.pdf (pages 12-13) 12 http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/EMEPCORINAIR5/B3311vs2.4.pdf (pages 12-13)


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used for time period 2005-2009. For time period 1990-2004 the uncontrolled EFs from EMEP/EEA 2009 are used to estimate particulate matters emissions.

Following emission factors from EMEP/EEA 2009 to estimate particulate matters emissions are used (Table 4.5).

Table 4.5 Emission factors for lime production in 1990–2010 (Gg/Gg)

PM2.5 PM10 TSP Lime (total production) 1990-2005

0.0007 0.0035 0.009

Lime (total production) 2005-2010

0.00003 0.0002 0.0004

Activity data

Activity data of produced lime in steel production company is taken from plant’s GHG reports within ETS (Table 4.6).

Unfortunately the data of produced lime in direct lime production plants is not available due to confidentiality issue. These data are re-estimated backwards taking into account the approximate percentage of the lime that is produced by using stated amount of raw materials.

The information of technology used in lime production is available:

– in first facility lime is produced only from limestone and there are 3 shaft-type kilns installed in facility;

– in second facility lime is produced only from dolomite using shaft-type kilns;

– in iron and steel production facility lime necessary for steel smelting in open heart furnaces is produced only from limestone in vertical shaft kiln.

Table 4.6 Lime production activity data in 1990–2010 (Gg)

Produced lime 1990 214.2250 1991 160.6780 1992 71.6090 1993 29.7540 1994 25.0840 1995 19.2080 1996 16.3990 1997 10.9770 1998 12.3120 1999 8.1780 2000 7.8940 2001 6.7890 2002 6.7570 2003 5.6750 2004 5.5199 2005 20.4352 2006 14.1160 2007 15.5102 2008 17.2830 2009 9.5810 2010 17.2110

4.2.3.3 Asphalt roofing and Road paving with asphalt

EMEP/EEA 2009 Tier1 was used to estimate NMVOC emissions from the 2A6.Road paving with Asphalt and 2A6 Road Paving with Asphalt. According to CSB the biggest


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part of bitumen mixtures amount is used for road paving. Only small part is used for roofing activities. (Table 4.8.)

NMVOC emissions are estimated using simpler default methodology:

NMVOCbitumenNMVOC EFADE ×=

where: ENMVOC – NMVOC emissions (Gg) ADbitumen – bitumen and bitumen mixtures used in 2A5 and 2A6 activities (Gg) EFNMVOC –NMVOC emission factor (Gg/Gg)

Emission factors

Default CO and NMVOC emission factors are taken from EMEP/EEA 2009.13,14 Due to lack of the technology use information Tier1 EFs were used (Table 4.7).

Table 4.7 Emission factors for asphalt roofing and road paving in 1990–2010

CO

(Gg/Gg) NMVOC (Gg/Gg)

PM2.5 (Gg/Gg)

PM10 (Gg/Gg)

TSP (Gg/Gg)

Asphalt Roofing 0.00001 0.000005 0.0006

Road Paving with Asphalt 0.016 0.0004 0.003 0.014

Activity data

The activity data to calculate NMVOC emissions from road paving and asphalt roofing are taken from the CSB (Table 4.8). For previous submissions the amount of bitumen was used as activity data but for Submission 2012 the amount of bitumen mixtures was used as activity data. According to CSB the bitumen mixtures includes:

� Asphalt bitumen that usually consists of 60% or more of bitumen and solvent. Used for highway paving;

� Emulsion – or a solid asphalt, bitumen, pitch, tar suspensions in water that are used especially in highway paving;

� Asphalt mastic and other bitumen resins, and similar bituminous mixtures that include minerals such as sand or asbestos;

� Products that are sintered in blocks and that are repeatedly melted before use.

According to information from CSB the biggest part of bitumen mixtures is used for road paving. According to IPCC 2006 typically 80-90% of bitumen is used for road paving materials.15 Still as Latvia before the beginning of 90ties was part of former USSR and was going through the economical transitions phase, it was assumed that 80% is used for road paving and remaining is used for asphalt roofing till 2000. After that the 90% amount was used to road paving.

Table 4.8 Activity data for road paving with asphalt and asphalt roofing production

Amount of bitumen mixtures used (Gg)

% of asphalt used for road

paving

% of asphalt used for roofing

Road Paving With asphalt (Gg)

Asphalt roofing (Gg)

1990 39.0 80% 20% 31.20 7.80 1991 12.6 80% 20% 10.08 2.52 1992 2.1 80% 20% 1.68 0.42 1993 58.9280 80% 20% 47.1424 11.7856 1994 125.6250 80% 20% 100.5000 25.1250

13 http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-a-mineral-industry/2-a-5-asphalt-roofing.pdf (page 7) 14 http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-a-mineral-industry/2-a-6-road-paving-with-asphalt.pdf (page 9) 15 http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/3_Volume3/V3_5_Ch5_Non_Energy_Products.pdf (page 5.14)


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Amount of bitumen mixtures used (Gg)

% of asphalt used for road

paving

% of asphalt used for roofing

Road Paving With asphalt (Gg)

Asphalt roofing (Gg)

1995 116.9900 80% 20% 93.5920 23.3980 1996 214.8110 80% 20% 171.8488 42.9622 1997 224.9990 80% 20% 179.9992 44.9998 1998 225.5330 80% 20% 180.4264 45.1066 1999 334.8106 80% 20% 267.8485 66.9621 2000 423.6426 90% 10% 381.2783 42.3643 2001 495.7003 90% 10% 446.1303 49.5700 2002 558.4238 90% 10% 502.5814 55.8424 2003 625.6749 90% 10% 563.1074 62.5675 2004 3651.9587 90% 10% 3286.7628 365.1959 2005 1165.0154 90% 10% 1048.5139 116.5015 2006 1116.6968 90% 10% 1005.0271 111.6697 2007 1492.5170 90% 10% 1343.2653 149.2517 2008 1536.6588 90% 10% 1382.9929 153.6659 2009 838.4465 90% 10% 754.6019 83.8446 2010 971.3158 90% 10% 874.1842 97.1316

As mentioned before in 2004 the sharp increase of bitumen mixtures use was observed that is explained with large amount of road paving works before Latvia’s accession to EU and after that when EU financial instruments became available (Table 4.8).

4.2.3.4 Glass production

The particulate matters and heavy metals EFs were taken from EMEP/EEA 2009 for Tier1 approach.

NMVOC emissions were taken from national database “2-AIR” where glass fibre production plant has reported its NMVOC emissions therefore no EF was used.

Emission factors

Following emission factors from EMEP/EEA 2009 to estimate particulate matters emissions are used (Table 4.9).

Table 4.9 Emission factors for glass production in 1990–2010

PM2.5 PM10 TSP Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn Gg/Gg Gg/Gg Gg/Gg Mg/Mg Mg/Mg Mg/Mg Mg/Mg Mg/Mg Mg/Mg Mg/Mg Mg/Mg Mg/Mg

Glass production

0.00024 0.00027 0.0003 0.0017 0.00013 0.000003 0.00019 0.00023 0.000007 0.00049 0.0008 0.00037

Activity data

NMVOC emissions for time period 1997-2010 were taken from national database “2-AIR” where glass fibre production plant reported its emissions divided by NMVOC sub-type. (Table 4.10.) For time period 1990-1996 only butylacetate data is available from glass fibre production company’s application for GHG permit within EU ETS. For year 2005 also glass production company had reported its NMVOC emissions but since then glass production is not operating therefore NMVOC emissions from glass production are reported only for 2005.

Table 4.10 NMVOC emissions from glass fibre production in 1990–2010 (Gg)

Acetone Butylacetate Acetic acid Formaldehyde Isopropanol

(isopropyl)

Methanol (methyl alcohol)

Methane Kerosene Propan (propyl alcohol)

Formic acid

total NMVOC (Gg)

1990 0.0013 0.00128 1991 0.0018 0.00182 1992 0.0011 0.00111 1993 0.0021 0.00207


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Acetone Butylacetate Acetic acid

Formaldehyde Isopropanol (isopropyl)

Methanol (methyl alcohol)

Methane Kerosene Propan (propyl alcohol)

Formic acid

total NMVOC (Gg)

1994 0.0013 0.00131 1995 0.0016 0.00158 1996 0.0036 0.00360 1997 1.570 3.8040 0.5380 0.1820 0.00609 1998 1.360 3.7510 0.3000 0.0840 1.7100 0.00721 1999 1.121 0.3790 0.2280 0.0810 0.9420 0.00275 2000 0.140 0.6640 0.2940 0.0660 1.5700 0.00273 2001 1.187 1.3670 0.5221 0.0698 0.0991 0.0098 2.6013 0.0396 0.00590 2002 0.6561 0.6483 0.1082 0.1908 0.0263 4.4906 0.1235 0.00624 2003 0.4852 1.1747 0.1073 0.2585 0.0708 3.2663 0.2071 0.00557 2004 0.7470 1.2473 0.1532 0.3566 0.1070 0.0378 4.0271 0.3568 0.00703 2005 1.4932 0.9089 0.1067 0.2757 0.0835 0.6586 1.2000 0.2331 0.00496 2006 1.4859 0.9603 0.1010 0.3600 0.2316 0.0940 1.2737 0.1878 0.00469 2007 1.3145 1.7041 1.7221 2.4136 5.9203 0.01307 2008 0.9678 1.5477 1.5986 2.1726 5.8104 0.01210 2009 1.1724 0.4018 1.0712 0.4009 6.7152 0.00976 2010 1.6839 1.6732 1.3547 2.6126 6.7115 0.01404

4.3 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (NFR 2B) 4.3.1 Source category description

Particulate matters emissions from phosphate fertilizers were estimated and reported in 2B5 sector but only for year 2008-2010 as activity data for other years are not available.

Table 4.11 Particulate matters emissions from Chemical Industry in 2008-2010

PM2.5 PM10 TSP 2008 0.0000129 0.0000172 0.0000215 2009 0.000756 0.001008 0.001260 2010 0.000866 0.001155 0.001443


There are no key categories in this sector.


Methods

Tier 1 method from EMEP/CORINAIR was used to calculate emissions from phosphate fertilizers production. Calculation of all emissions is done with Excel databases developed by experts from LEGMC.

Emission factors

Particulate matters emission factors from EMEP/EEA 2009 are used – 0.00018 Gg/Gg for PM2.5, 0.00024 Gg/Gg for PM10 and 0.0003 Gg/Gg for TSP emissions.

Activity data

Activity data obtained from enterprises and collected in Latvia’s Chemical Substances Registry and in total is 71.5 tonnes in 2008, 4.2 Gg in 2009 and 4.81 Gg in 2010.

4.4 METAL PRODUCTION (NFR 2C) 4.4.1 Source category description

Emissions of NMVOC, CO, NOX and SOx gases as well as emissions of particulate matters, heavy metals and dioxin are reported under 2.C.1 Iron and Steel production sector (Table 4.12).


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Table 4.12 Emissions from Metal Production in 1990-2010

NOx NMVOC SOx PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO Pb Cd As Cr Cu Ni Zn Gg Gg SO2 Gg Gg Gg Gg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg

1990 2.805 0.248 0.088 NR NR NR 0.001 3.960 0.088 0.011 0.248 0.171 0.039 5.500 1991 1.905 0.168 0.060 NR NR NR 0.000 2.689 0.060 0.007 0.168 0.116 0.026 3.735 1992 1.254 0.111 0.039 NR NR NR 0.000 1.770 0.039 0.005 0.111 0.076 0.017 2.458 1993 1.532 0.135 0.048 NR NR NR 0.000 2.163 0.048 0.006 0.135 0.093 0.021 3.004 1994 1.693 0.149 0.053 NR NR NR 0.000 2.390 0.053 0.007 0.149 0.103 0.023 3.320 1995 1.425 0.126 0.045 NR NR NR 0.000 2.011 0.045 0.006 0.126 0.087 0.020 2.793 1996 1.495 0.132 0.047 NR NR NR 0.000 2.111 0.047 0.006 0.132 0.091 0.021 2.932 1997 2.369 0.209 0.074 NR NR NR 0.000 3.345 0.074 0.009 0.209 0.144 0.033 4.645 1998 2.401 0.212 0.075 NR NR NR 0.000 3.390 0.075 0.009 0.212 0.146 0.033 4.708 1999 2.467 0.218 0.077 NR NR NR 0.000 3.483 0.077 0.010 0.218 0.150 0.034 4.837 2000 2.551 0.225 0.080 0.190 0.285 0.350 0.001 3.602 0.080 0.010 0.225 0.155 0.035 5.003 2001 2.562 0.226 0.080 0.191 0.286 0.352 0.001 3.616 0.080 0.010 0.226 0.156 0.035 5.023 2002 2.587 0.228 0.081 0.193 0.289 0.355 0.001 3.652 0.081 0.010 0.228 0.157 0.036 5.072 2003 2.791 0.246 0.088 0.208 0.312 0.383 0.001 3.941 0.088 0.011 0.246 0.170 0.038 5.473 2004 2.841 0.251 0.089 0.212 0.317 0.390 0.001 4.010 0.089 0.011 0.251 0.173 0.039 5.570 2005 2.827 0.249 0.089 0.211 0.316 0.388 0.001 3.991 0.089 0.011 0.249 0.172 0.039 5.543 2006 2.828 0.250 0.089 0.211 0.316 0.388 0.001 3.993 0.089 0.011 0.250 0.172 0.039 5.545 2007 2.847 0.251 0.089 0.212 0.318 0.391 0.001 4.019 0.089 0.011 0.251 0.173 0.039 5.582 2008 2.705 0.239 0.085 0.202 0.302 0.371 0.001 3.819 0.085 0.011 0.239 0.164 0.037 5.305 2009 2.246 0.198 0.070 0.167 0.251 0.308 0.000 3.171 0.070 0.009 0.198 0.137 0.031 4.405 2010 2.730 0.241 0.086 0.203 0.305 0.375 0.001 3.854 0.086 0.011 0.241 0.166 0.037 5.353

The biggest decrease occurred in time period 1990–1991 due to crisis in Latvia’s national economy. Crisis in late 90-ties caused by crisis in Russia’s economy is reflected in decrease of emissions from Metal Production sector. Also final amount of steel products produced in only metal industry facility decreased in latest years.

Main decrease of emission trend occurred in early 90ties that is explained with economical situation in industry for this period (Table 4.12). Since 1995 emissions were increasing due to increase of metal production. Emissions also slightly decreased by 0.5% from 2004 to 2005 that is explained with decrease of output of steel production that is affected by economical situation and demand of products in national and international markets.

In 1990-2007 emissions have increased by 1.5% in 1990-2007 and again have decreased by 5% in 2007-2008 that is explained with economical crisis that already begun in the second part of 2008. The emissions continued to decrease in 2008-2009 – by 16.97%.

Emissions in 2010 have increased comparing to 2009 with about 21.55 %.


NOx, NMVOC, SO2 , TSP, PM10 , PM2.5 , Pb and Cd are key source categories in 2010 with 8.09%, 0.37%, 2.72%, 0.91%, 0.935%, 0.74%, 47.0% and 38.051% emissions respectively from total emissions.


Methods

Tier1 method from EMEP/CORINAIR was used to calculate emissions from steel production. Calculation of all emissions is done with Excel databases developed by experts from LEGMC.

Emission factors

Emission factors for NOx, NMVOC and SOx emissions are taken from EMEP/CORINAIR 2007. Carbon dioxide, particulate matters and heavy metals emission factors are taken from EMEP/EEA 2009 for the Submission 2012. According to methodology for


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estimations of emissions from processes in open-heart furnaces, where 95% of total steel production is produced.

Table 4.13 Emission factors for Iron and Steel production in 1990–2010

NOx NMVOC SOx PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO Pb Cd As Cr Cu Ni Zn Gg/Gg Gg/Gg Gg/Gg Gg/Gg Gg/Gg Gg/Gg Gg/Gg Mg/Mg Mg/Mg Mg/Mg Mg/Mg Mg/Mg Mg/Mg Mg/Mg

0.0051 0.00045 0.00016 0.00038 0.00057 0.0007 0.000001 0.0072 0.00016 0.00002 0.00045 0.00031 0.00007 0.01

Activity data

Activity data were taken from the CSB of Latvia and enterprises. Activity data on production and output by manufacturing companies are freely available until 1999. CSB gives only restricted information on production and output of goods since 1999, the information being classified as confidential. LEGMC has signed an agreement with CSB to get data of total production of products from sectors from what data are confidential. Still as industrial producers are participants in the EU ETS the GHG reports of these enterprises have to be freely available.

The GHG reports of EU ETS operators are published on LEGMC home page. The data source of the activity data is industrial producers and the confidentiality rules are no longer in force.

Latvia has simpler situation in activity data of 2C1 Metal Production because there is only one steel producer and it participates in EU ETS and in International ETS. It is possible to obtain more accurate and complete activity data and emission factors from enterprise that is are involved in the emission trading system (Table 4.14)

Table 4.14 Steel production activity data in 1990–2010 (tonnes)

Crude steel production 1990 550000 1991 373492 1992 245834 1993 300393 1994 331955 1995 279326 1996 293167 1997 464529 1998 470835 1999 483744 2000 500292 2001 502277 2002 507194 2003 547346 2004 556974 2005 554345 2006 554546 2007 558156 2008 530462 2009 440458 2010 535301

4.5 OTHER PRODUCTION (NFR 2D) 4.5.1 Source category description

Other Production sub-sector includes indirect emissions from:

• Pulp and Paper industry; • Food and drink industry.


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Table 4.15 Emissions from Pulp and Paper (2.D.1) and Food and Drink (2.D.2) production sectors in 1990-2010 (Gg)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 NMVOC 3.38 3.27 2.76 2.10 1.83 1.89 1.85 1.95 2.10 2.06 2.00 1.93 2.20 2.20 2.10 2.19 2.03 1.44 1.38 1.30 1.36 SOx 1.10 1.34 0.92 0.14 0.01 0.05 0.04 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

The biggest fluctuations occurred in time period 1991–1993 due to changes in economical situation in country (Table 4.15). Decrease of NMVOC emissions in time period 1999–2001 is explained with economical crisis in neighbourhood Russia with whom Latvia has stable economical relations. For the years in time period 2002–2004 NMVOC emissions were stable. NMVOC emissions have decreased by 29.3% in 2006-2007 that is explained with decrease of produced spirits by 35.5%. The emissions in 2008-2009 have decreased by 5.99% that is explained with the crisis in national economy that affected food and drink production industry as purchasing capacity decreased due to decreased salaries, increased taxes etc. After going through a crisis in 2009 emissions in 2010 are increased about 5.08%.

SOx emissions are reported for time period 1990 – 1996 when pulp and paper industry were closed due to facility closes. In latest years wood pulp and paper industry is developing again still wood pulp is imported and not produced in country so SOx emissions that occurred in pulp production processes are not emitted.


NMVOC emissions in Food and Drink production are key source category in 2010 with 2.10 % respectively from total emissions.


Methods

Tier 1 method from EMEP/CORINAIR was used to calculate emissions from Pulp and paper production and Food and drink production sectors. NMVOC emissions from the food and drink industry as well as SOx emissions from pulp and paper industry are calculated at the LEGMC.

Emission factors

The NMVOC emission factors (Table 4.16) are taken from the IPCC 1996 with exception of NMVOC emission factor for spirits production. For Submission 2012, NMVOC emissions factor from EMEP/CORINAIR that corresponds to other spirits was used. Central Statistical Bureau provided aggregated statistical data where it can be seen that 95.5% of all spirits produced in Latvia is produced from grains (sheer alcohol or spirits) and no brandy and whiskey is produced in Latvia. That's why previously used emission factor as for Spirits (unspecified sort) 15 kg/hl (alcohol) was changed to emission factor as for Other Spirits 0.4 kg/hl (alcohol).

Table 4.16 NMVOC emission factors for food and drink industries

Production Emission factors Wine 0.08 kg/hl Beer 0.035 kg/hl Spirits 0.4 kg/hl Meet, fish, poultry 0.3 kg/t Sugar 10 kg/t Cakes, biscuits, breakfast cereals 1 kg/t Bread 8 kg/t Animal forage 1 kg/t


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Activity data

Activity data for calculation of the NMVOC emissions from the food and drink industry is obtained from the CSB. Activity data of pulp and paper sub-sector also were taken from CSB (Table 4.17) LEGMC has signed an agreement with CSB to get data of total production of products from sectors where data are confidential. Still for the 2007 data for the category – wine production, was classified as confidential and not available for the LEGMC. That’s why for this category 2006 year’s data was used also for years 2007-2010.

Table 4.17 Activity data of 2.D.1 Pulp and Paper and 2.D.2 Food and Drink production sectors in 1990-2010

1. Pulp and Paper Wine Beer Spirits Meat, fish, poultrySugar Cakes, biscuits,

breakfast cereals BreadAnimal forage

Gg 1000 hl 1000 hl 1000 hl Gg Gg Gg Gg Gg 1990 36.6 19.9 87.4 324.5 569.3 31.0 54.8 314.0 200.0 1991 44.7 197.5 1295.3 330.0 490.4 35.0 39.2 293.0 200.0 1992 30.8 179.8 858.9 259.3 281.6 39.0 22.1 240.0 200.0 1993 4.7 87.7 545.9 217.4 154.0 26.0 15.8 177.4 245.4 1994 0.2 134.2 637.9 314.8 95.6 15.8 22.7 161.5 174.0 1995 1.5 159.2 652.8 341.5 82.8 29.3 24.4 145.4 214.4 1996 1.5 154.7 644.9 379.6 100.5 31.2 13.1 137.1 206.2 1997 NO 114.7 714.8 456.4 129.1 41.2 16.9 132.1 205.0 1998 NO 99.6 721.0 417.4 110.9 64.9 18.1 124.8 203.3 1999 NO C 953.2 C 166.9 C 20.8 121.5 144.5 2000 NO C 945.1 C 197.3 C 24.3 121.1 173.8 2001 NO C 996.6 C 244.6 C 24.4 123.1 184.9 2002 NO C 1199.2 C 262.9 C 29.0 122.6 201.3 2003 NO C 1336.6 C 264.4 C 37.3 124.0 201.4 2004 NO C 1313.1 C 262.5 C 43.6 119.3 211.8 2005 NO C 1293.3 C 243.8 C 53.6 116.3 248.6 2006 NO C 1383.0 C 288.4 C 45.0 107.3 244.2 2007 NO C 1414.3 C 286.0 NO 46.5 102.3 336.8 2008 NO C 1333.8 C 297.7 NO 38.5 100.7 307.3 2009 NO C 1292.4 C 253.5 NO 33.3 95.9 299.3 2010 NO C 1484.9 C 242.2 NO 37.5 89.9 405.8


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5 SOLVENT AND OTHER PRODUCT USE (CRF SECTOR 3)

5.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW 5.1.1 Quantitative overview

This sector contains NMVOC emissions from sectors:

• Paint Application 3.A; • Degreasing and dry cleaning 3.B; • Chemical Products, Manufacture and Processing 3.C; • Printing 3.D.1; • Domestic solvent use including fungicides 3.D.2; • Other product use 3.D.3.

Table 5.1 Emissions from Solvent and Other Product use in 1990–2010 (Gg)

Paint

Application

Degreasing and Dry Cleaning

Chemical Products,

Manufacture and

Processing Printing

Domestic Solvent

Use

Other Product

Use 1990 7.45 2.27 NE 1.73 4.8 NE 1991 6.13 2.26 NE 1.73 4.78 NE 1992 5.45 2.25 NE 1.72 4.76 NE 1993 4.72 2.2 NE 1.68 4.65 NE 1994 4.6 2.16 NE 1.65 4.57 NE 1995 3.6 2.12 NE 1.62 4.5 NE 1996 4.21 2.1 NE 1.6 4.44 NE 1997 4.43 2.08 0.05 1.59 4.4 NE 1998 4.8 2.06 0.04 1.57 4.35 NE 1999 5.13 2.04 0.02 1.56 4.32 NE 2000 5.45 2.02 0.05 1.54 4.28 NE 2001 5.76 2.01 0.05 1.54 4.26 NE 2002 0.97 1.99 0.1 1.52 0.74 4.94 2003 1.32 0.01 0.11 0.01 1.31 5.32 2004 2.12 0.03 0.13 0.01 2.09 5.86 2005 2.08 0.01 0.19 0.02 2.62 6.34 2006 3.12 0.01 0.29 0.03 4.62 6.99 2007 4.14 0.12 0.85 0.06 7.21 8.32 2008 2.45 0.08 0.56 0.08 5.44 4.91 2009 1.58 0.05 0.31 0.07 1.84 4.01 2010 3.91 0.01 0.29 0.24 2.26 6.01

Solvent and Other Product Use generates 19.6% from total Latvia’s NMVOC emissions in 2010. The biggest part of the sector’s emissions is generated in 3.D.3 Other product use with 47.25% of the total Solvents and Other Product Use sector. The second and third part is generated in 3.A.1 Decorative coating application and 3.D.2 Domestic solvent use including fungicides and sectors with 30.74% and 17.77% respectively.

Emissions in the Solvent and Other Product Use sector are linked with the economic situation of the country. Decrease in emissions occurred between 1990 and 1995, when industry was going through a crisis.

It has to be noted that in the beginning of 90ties during the country wide change in government system and national economy statistics was not well kept. Therefore there is lack of statistical data.

Still the data is quite incomparable for 1990-2001 (or 2002 for some sectors) mostly Tier1 default methodology is used when the number of population is used as activity data and the


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default EMEP/CORINAIR emission factors are used. For CRF 3.A Paint Application sector the paint use data are determined in national expert research and default emission factors for solvent and water based paints are used. Only after 2002 (or 2003) the most accurate statistics are being collected as Chemicals Register was established. In the Chemicals Register all companies operating with chemicals have to report their data of imported and produced amounts. From the Chemicals Register the produced and imported amounts of products containing NMVOCs are obtained together with the percentage of particular NMVOC in produced or imported product.

The NMVOC emissions from chemical products production process for 2002-2010 are obtained from national database “2-AIR” from paint, perfumery, pharmacy and other chemicals producers have reported their emissions. For 2002-2010 the NMVOC emissions from chemical products use – mostly foams, are also obtained from Chemical Register and reported in 3.C sector. For 1997-2001 the NMVOC emissions from pharmaceutical formulations and perfumery products are reported.

In 2003-2010 the emissions have an increasing tendency. This increase is explained with better statistical information.

Figure 5.1 Distribution of NMVOC emissions in Solvent and Other Product Use

Sector for 2010 (Gg)

5.1.2 Description

Emissions in the Solvent and Other Product Use sector are linked with the economic situation of the country. Decrease in emissions occurred between 1990 and 1995, when industry was going through a crisis (Table 5.1, Figure 5.1).

It has to be noted that in the beginning of 90ties during the countrywide change in government system and national economy statistics was not well kept. Therefore there is lack of statistical data.

Still the data is quite incomparable as for 1990-2001 (or 2002 for some sectors) mostly Tier1 default methodology is used when the number of population is used as activity data and the default EMEP/CORINAIR emission factors are used. 3.A Paint Application sector the paint use data are determined in national expert research and default emission factors for solvent and water based paints are used. Only after 2002 (or 2003) the most accurate statistics are being collected as Chemicals Register was established. In the Register all companies operating with chemicals have to report their data of imported and produced


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amounts. From the Register the produced and imported amounts of products containing NMVOCs are obtained together with the percentage of particular NMVOC in produced or imported product.

The NMVOC emissions from chemical products production process for 2002-2010 are obtained from national database “2-AIR” from paint, perfumery, pharmacy and other chemicals producers have reported their emissions. For 2002-2010 the NMVOC emissions from chemical products use – mostly foams, are also obtained from Chemical Register and reported in 3.C sector. For 1997-2001 the NMVOC emissions from pharmaceutical formulations and perfumery products are reported.

Figure 5.2 NMVOC emission from Solvent and Other Product Use in 1990-2010 (Gg)

So the data of 2003-2010 is mostly comparable and trustful. In 2003-2010 the emissions have an increasing tendency up to year 2007 with the biggest increase in 3.D.1 Printing sector. This increase is explained with better statistical information. NMVOC emissions from 3.A Paint Application had increased by 196.2%, from 3.D.2 Domestic Solvents Use – by 72.5% and from 3.C Chemical Products, Manufacture and Processing – by 13%. In 2008 the consequences of inflation were already noticeable when the production decreased in all sectors as financial sector lead. The decrease in 2008-2009 was already caused by financial and economical crisis in country when well-being of population and their purchasing capacity decreased, but in 2009-2010 the amount of emissions increased.


There are 3 key source categories for NMVOC emissions from 3 Solvents sector:

– 3.D.3 Other product use with 9.24%; – 3.A.1 Decorative coating application with 6.02%. – 3.D.2 Domestic solvent use including fungicides with 3.48%;

5.2 PAINT APPLICATION (3A) 5.2.1 Source category description

NMVOC emissions are estimated for the sector.

Paint application is the third biggest category of Solvent and Other Products Use sector with 2.87% of total this sector’s NMVOC emissions.


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Table 5.2 Emissions from Paint Application use in 1990–2010 (Gg)

NMVOC 1990 7.447 1991 6.130 1992 5.446 1993 4.722 1994 4.603 1995 3.599 1996 4.206 1997 4.426 1998 4.800 1999 5.132 2000 5.452 2001 5.756 2002 0.97 2003 1.32 2004 2.12 2005 2.08 2006 3.12 2007 4.14 2008 2.45 2009 1.58 2010 3.91

NMVOC emissions from 3.A Paint Application sector are decreasing since 2007 due to economical crisis and the aspects that lead to brake-down of national economy as it was mentioned before. In years 2007-2009 the emissions decreased by 61.84%, but in 2009-2010 emissions increased by 147.47% to 3.91 Gg. Due to sharp increase of well-being of the population and availability of financial resources emissions from paint use had increased by 232.81% in 2003-2007.

The NMVOC emissions from production of paints, solvents, thinners, primers, hardeners, lacquers are reported under sector 3C according to EMEP/EEA 2009.


Methods

The IPCC 1996 allows using two basic approaches for emission estimation depending on the available activity data and emission factors: Production-based approach and Consumption- based approach. According EMEP/CORINAIR emissions can occur during production, during actual use and during disposal.

For years 1990-2001 the emissions are calculated basing on the data of paint use in country when data are obtained during the research of national expert. The methodology is assumed as Tier1 as not the actual (true) data is used for emission calculation. National expert determined during his research possible national NMVOC emission factors for water-based and for solvent-based paints.

NMVOC emissions are estimated using simpler default methodology:

NMVOCpaNMVOC EFADE ×= int

where: ENMVOC – NMVOC emissions (Gg) ADpaint – paint application consumption divided in water-based and solvent-based consumption (Gg) EFNMVOC – water-based or solvent-based paint’s NMVOC emission factor (Gg/Gg)

For years 2002-2010 the data from Chemical Register of imported amounts of paint applications, solvents, thinners and other products reported in EMEP/EEA 2009 for sector


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3.A are used for emission calculation. The NMVOC emissions are calculated basing of the percentage amount of NMVOC content in particular NMVOC containing products. The percentage content is used as emission factor.

It is assumed that the products imported in country in particular year are used in the same year as the actual use data is not available or is confidential.

It is assumed that 100% of all NMVOCs contained in products that are used in country in particular year are emitted during application process.

( )∑ ×= NMVOCPANMVOC pADE

where: ENMVOC – NMVOC emissions (Gg) ADPA – paint and other paint application products containing NMVOCs consumption (Gg) pNMVOC – percentage amount of particular NMVOC in NMVOC containing products (Gg/Gg)

Therefore as it is mentioned there are two different methodologies used in time series. For years 1990-2001 the estimations are based on activity data obtained during national expert’s research and possible national emission factors were determined during same research. For 2002-2010 emission calculation emission estimations are based on imported and produced amount of NMVOC containing paint and applications related products using percentage amount of each particular NMVOC in particular products. As the methodology was changed from lower tier to higher tier the change of using methodology is acceptable in time series. Also it was not possible to recalculate historical emissions using same methodology as for latest years due to unavailable data needed for Tier3 methodology.

Emission factors

Emission factors used for paint application calculations for 1990-2001 are shown in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3 NMVOC emission factors for paint application

Paint type Emission factor, t/t Paint on water base 0.2

Paint on solvent base 0.5

For year 2002-2010 average percentage amount of particular NMVOC is known in paint and applications products imported and assuming used in country in particular year. The exact amount of NMVOCs is estimated for each particular NMVOC in each solvent containing product.

Activity data

In Latvia NMVOC emissions for the Paint Application sub-sector was calculated for year 1990-2001, making use of activity data available from national expert’s assumptions on realized paint amount and national emission factor. Expert divided realized paint amount in two parts – paint on water base and paint on solvent base (Table 5.4).

Table 5.4 Activity data for paint application estimation in 1990-2001 (1000 litres)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Population (thsnd.) 2.67 2.66 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.5 2.47 2.44 2.42 2.4 2.38 2.36 paint consumption per capita (l) 6 5 4.5 4 4 3.2 3.8 4.1 4.5 4.9 5.3 5.7 total consumption (1000 litres) 17.6 14.63 13.07 11.4 11.18 8.8 10.32 11 12 12.94 13.88 14.8

Since 2002 the solvents containing product production and import has to be reported to LEGMC in Chemicals Registry according to national legislation. Therefore the amount of coating and paint applications as well as average percentage amount of particular NMVOCs divided by names and CAS numbers is known. According to EMEP/EEA 2009


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in the particular sector coating and paint applications as well as thinners, hardeners, lacquers and varnishes are reported in this sector. Due to the fact that the actual data is used it is almost impossible to divide the applications used in industrial, domestic or other sectors.

Still according to national legislation export data given in same structure unfortunately is unknown. According to data of paints, varnishes, tanning and dyeing extracts reported by CSB the exported amount of these data is only about 1-4% of total produced in country amount. So the export data was left in produced amount because it wasn’t possible to exclude the data. Still the previously mentioned amount of export part is very small and is in range for small data uncertainty.

For years 2002-2010 the activity data is reported as confidential as import and production amounts of paints and applications are used as activity data. The “C” instead of activity data also is reported just for non-misleading when the activity data is compared as for 2002-2010 different data source is used for the activity data.

5.3 DEGREASING AND DRY CLEANING (3B) 5.3.1 Source category description

NMVOC emissions are estimated for the sector.

Degreasing and Dry Cleaning emissions are the lowest in 3 Solvent and Other Products Use sector with 0.079% of total this sector’s NMVOC emissions.

Table 5.5 Emissions from Degreasing and Dry Cleaning in 1990–2010 (Gg)

NMVOC 1990 2.268 1991 2.259 1992 2.246 1993 2.197 1994 2.159 1995 2.124 1996 2.098 1997 2.077 1998 2.056 1999 2.038 2000 2.019 2001 2.010 2002 1.99 2003 0.01 2004 0.03 2005 0.01 2006 0.01 2007 0.13 2008 0.08 2009 0.05 2010 0.01

The emissions are very incomparable as for 1990-2002 Tier1 default methodology is used when the number of population is used as activity data and the default EMEP/CORINAIR emission factors are used but for 2003-2010 the most accurate statistics are being collected from Chemicals Register where importers and producers of products containing NMVOCs report the amounts their operating with and report the content data of these products.

Like in 3.A Paint Application sector the emissions from Degreasing and Dry Cleaning sector are decreasing since 2007 due to economical crisis and the aspects that lead to brake-down of national economy as it was mentioned before. Since 2007 the emissions have decreased by 92.3%.


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Methods

For historical years 1990-2002 the NMVOC emissions for the sector were estimated using default EMEP/CORINAIR methodology. Simpler Tier1 methodology using number of population as activity data and using per capita emission factor is used in NMVOC emission estimation.

NMVOCEFIE ×=

where E – NMVOC emissions (Gg) I – number of inhabitants EFNMVOC – per capita factor (Gg/cap/year)

For years 2003-2010 the data from Chemical Register of imported amounts of NMVOC containing products that could be used as degreasing and dry cleaning agents in sector 3.B are used for emission calculation. The NMVOC emissions are calculated basing of the percentage amount of NMVOC content in particular NMVOC containing products. The percentage content is used as emission factor.



( )∑ ×= NMVOCDGNMVOC pADE

where: ENMVOC – NMVOC emissions (Gg) ADDG – consumption of degreasing and dry cleaning products containing NMVOCs (Gg) pNMVOC – percentage amount of particular NMVOC in NMVOC containing products (Gg/Gg)

Therefore as it is mentioned there are two different methodologies used in time series. For years 1990-2002 the estimations are based on population number as activity data and default emission factors. The methodology is the simplest one. For 2003-2010 emission calculation emission estimations are based on imported and produced amount of NMVOC containing degreasing and dry cleaning products using percentage amount of each particular NMVOC in particular products. As the methodology was changed from lower tier to higher tier the change of using methodology is acceptable in time series. Also it was not possible to recalculate historical emissions using same methodology as for latest years due to unavailable data needed for Tier3 methodology.

Emission factors

EMEP/CORINAIR Guidelines provide per capita emission factors if there are no locally available data and emission factors to apply detailed methodology. NMVOC emission factor used for other sub-sectors calculations are shown in Table 5.6.

Table 5.6 NMVOC emission factor for 3.B Degreasing and dry cleaning sector

Sectors Emission factor, kg/cap/year Industrial Degreasing 0.85

For year 2003-2010 average percentage amount of particular NMVOC is known in degreasing and dry cleaning products imported and assuming used in country in particular year. The exact amount of NMVOCs is estimated for each particular NMVOC in each solvent containing product.


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Activity data

The activity data for historical years emission estimation is taken from Statistical yearbook 2001 prepared by CSB for years 1990-2000; from Statistical yearbook 2007 prepared by CSB for 2000-2002. CSB updates number of population almost every year so historical statistical yearbooks were used to divert necessity to recalculate the emissions every year (Table 5.7).

Table 5.7 Activity data for degreasing emissions estimation in 1990-2002

Population 1990 2667887 1991 2657709 1992 2642355 1993 2584792 1994 2539812 1995 2499327 1996 2468148 1997 2443414 1998 2419195 1999 2397557 2000 2375339 2001 2364254 2002 2345768

Since 2003 the solvents containing product production and import has to be reported to LEGMC in Chemicals Registry according to national legislation. Therefore the amount of products containing degreasing and dry cleaning agents as well as average percentage amount of particular NMVOCs divided by names and CAS numbers is known. According to EMEP/EEA 2009 in the particular sector all the products that assumingly could be used for degreasing and dry cleaning are used as activity data.

As the activity data for all time series are taken from two different sources and are incomparable the data for 2003-2010 was reported as “C” – confidential. It was done to avoid wrongly interpretation of time series curve where in 2002-2003 a significant decrease of activity data as well as emission factor would be observed as it is now for emission curve.

Still according to national legislation export data given in same structure unfortunately is unknown. According to CSB the exported amount of these data is very negligible. So the export data was left in produced amount because it wasn’t possible to exclude the data.

Table 5.8 Activity data for degreasing emissions estimation in 2003-2010 (Gg)

production / import of NMVOC containing

3.B sector products 2003 0.034 2004 0.085 2005 0.046 2006 0.025 2007 0.17 2008 0.116 2009 0.092 2010 0.082

The activity data in 2002-2010 has increased almost 2.5 times due to improvement of population well-being and increase of demanding for this type of service. As well as data collection is improving form year to year. Since 2007 the activity data is decreasing due to economical and financial crisis that affected of purchasing power of population therefore the finances were switched to other needs and essential goods.


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5.4 CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, MANUFACTURE AND PROCESSING (3C) 5.4.1 Source category description

NMVOC emissions are reported from Chemical Products, Manufacture and Processing sector.

Chemical products manufacturing and processing emissions are third lowest NMVOC emissions in Solvents and Other Product Use sector with 0.446% from total country’s NMVOC emissions.

Figure 5.3 NMVOC emissions Chemical Products, Manufacture and Processing sector in 1997–2010 (Gg)

Clearly visible fluctuations of NMVOC emissions can be observed in the sector. Still as emissions are reported by pharmaceutical and perfumery production plants it is quite difficult to explain these fluctuations.


The NMVOC emissions for 1997-2010 were taken from database “2-AIR” on production of pharmaceutical formulations and perfumery products. “2-AIR” is the database where enterprises that do any pollution activity and have A, B or C category pollution permits report their emission data; it is approximately 3000 enterprises in total every year. From these approximately 3000 enterprises data from only the enterprises that product pharmaceutical formulations and perfumery products is used. The companies reported their NMVOC emissions divided in particular NMVOC.

For years 2003-2010 the data from database “2-AIR” was also collected. For these years also the data from Chemical Register of imported amounts of foams that could be used in particular year in country together with the data of paints and coating application production data was obtained. These data has to be reported in 3.C sector according to EMEP/EEA 2009. The NMVOC percentage amount in each produced and imported product was also reported to Chemical Register by companies. The percentage content is used as emission factor.




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where: ENMVOC – NMVOC emissions (Gg) ADDG – amount of imported foams and produced paint and paint application products containing NMVOCs (Gg) pNMVOC – percentage amount of particular NMVOC in NMVOC containing products (Gg/Gg)

Therefore as it is mentioned there are two different methodologies used in time series. For years 1990-2002 the estimations are based on population number as activity data and default emission factors. The methodology is the simplest one. For 2003-2010 emission calculation emission estimations are based on imported and produced amount of NMVOC containing degreasing and dry cleaning products using percentage amount of each particular NMVOC in particular products. As the methodology was changed from lower tier to higher tier the change of using methodology is acceptable in time series. Also it was not possible to recalculate historical emissions using same methodology as for latest years due to unavailable data needed for Tier3 methodology.

Emission factors

For years 1997-2001 the NMVOC emissions reported by pharmacy and perfumery companies were reported directly in reporting tables.

For year 2002-2010 average percentage amount of particular NMVOC is known in imported foams and produced paint and paint application products in country in particular year. The exact amount of NMVOCs is estimated for each particular NMVOC in each solvent containing product.

Activity data

The activity data for 1997-2002 is not relevant as direct NMVOC emissions reported by companies are used. Also this activity data would be set as confidential as plant specific data of produced amount is confidential in Latvia.

Since 2002 the solvents containing product’s production and import has to be reported to LEGMC in Chemicals Registry according to national legislation. Therefore the amount of products as well as average percentage amount of particular NMVOCs divided by names and CAS numbers is known. According to EMEP/EEA 2009 in the particular sector the amount of imported foams that assumingly could be used in country in the same year as well as paint and paint application production data are used as activity data.

Mostly the data is obtained from one data source still for years 2002-2010 the emissions are estimated additionally using the data from Chemicals Register. For year 1997-2001 the data from Chemical Register is not possible to obtain.

Table 5.9 Activity data for estimation in 2003-2010 (Gg)


3.C sector products 2002 0.07039 2003 0.266 2004 0.077 2005 0.411 2006 1.469 2007 4.286 2008 1.866 2009 1.017 2010 3.589


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The activity data in 2002-2010 have increased by more than 50 times due to improvement of population well-being and construction and building sector in total (Table 5.9). As well as data collection is improving form year to year. Since 2007 the activity data is decreasing due to economical and financial crisis that affected of purchasing power of population and estate property sector that was left still, but comparing with 2009 in year 2010 the emissions have increased by 252.9%.

5.5 OTHER – PRINTING , DOMESTIC SOLVENTS USE AND OTHER PRODUCT

USE (3D1, 3D2, 3D3) 5.5.1 Source category description

These three sectors are the most problematic as for historical years NMVOC emissions are estimated using one methodology taking into account number of population amount but for years 2002 (2003) – 2010 the import and or production data of NMVOC containing printing, domestic solvent and other products is used in emission calculation.

NMVOC emissions from these 3 sectors are 47.25% from total 3 Solvents and Other Product Use emissions (Table 5.10).

Table 5.10 Emissions from 3.D.5 Other sectors in 1990–2010 (Gg)

NMVOC

Printing Domestic

Solvent Use Other

Product Use 1990 1.734 4.802 NE 1991 1.728 4.784 NE 1992 1.718 4.756 NE 1993 1.680 4.653 NE 1994 1.651 4.572 NE 1995 1.625 4.499 NE 1996 1.604 4.443 NE 1997 1.588 4.398 NE 1998 1.572 4.355 NE 1999 1.558 4.316 NE 2000 1.544 4.276 NE 2001 1.537 4.26 NE 2002 1.52 0.74 4.94 2003 0.01 1.31 5.32 2004 0.01 2.09 5.86 2005 0.02 2.62 6.34 2006 0.03 4.62 6.99 2007 0.06 7.21 8.32 2008 0.08 5.44 4.91 2009 0.07 1.84 4.01 2010 0.24 2.26 6.01

The emissions are very incomparable as for 1990-2002 (2003) Tier1 default methodology is used (the number of population is used as activity data and the default EMEP/CORINAIR emission factors are used), but for 2002 (2003) – 2010 the most accurate statistics are being collected from Chemicals Register (importers and producers of products containing NMVOCs report the amounts their operating with and report the content data of these products).

Since 2003 the emissions are constantly increasing till 2007 due to improvement of national economy and well-being of population as well as due to improvement of statistical data collecting. Like in 3.A Paint Application sector the emissions from Other sectors are decreasing since 2007 due to economical crisis and the aspects that lead to brake-down of national economy as it was mentioned before. Since 2007 the emissions have decreased by 45.4%.


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Methods

For historical years 1990-2002 (2003) the NMVOC emissions for the sector were estimated using default EMEP/CORINAIR methodology. Simpler Tier1 methodology using number of population as activity data and using per capita emission factor is used in NMVOC emission estimation.

NMVOCEFIE ×=

where E – NMVOC emissions (Gg) I – number of inhabitants EFNMVOC – per capita factor (Gg/cap/year)

For years 2002 (2003)–2010 the data from Chemical Register of imported amounts of NMVOC containing products that could be used for printing or as domestic and other solvents in sector 3D3 are used for emission calculation. The NMVOC emissions are calculated basing of the percentage amount of NMVOC content in particular NMVOC containing products. The percentage content is used as emission factor.




where: ENMVOC – NMVOC emissions (Gg) ADDG – consumption of domestic and other solvents use as well as printing products containing NMVOCs (Gg) pNMVOC – percentage amount of particular NMVOC in NMVOC containing products (Gg/Gg)

Therefore as it is mentioned there are two different methodologies used in time series. For years 1990-2002 (2003) the estimations are based on population number as activity data and default emission factors. The methodology is the simplest one. For 2002 (2003)–2010 emission calculation emission estimations are based on imported and produced amount of NMVOC containing printing, domestic solvents and other solvents products using percentage amount of each particular NMVOC in particular products. As the methodology was changed from lower tier to higher tier the change of using methodology is acceptable in time series. Also it was not possible to recalculate historical emissions using same methodology as for latest years due to unavailable data needed for Tier3 methodology.

Emission factors

EMEP/CORINAIR Guidelines provide per capita emission factors if there are no locally available data and emission factors to apply detailed methodology. Emission factor used for other sub-sectors calculations are shown in Table 5.11.

Table 5.11 Emission factor for 3.D Other sectors for 1990-2002 (2003)

Sectors Emission factor, kg/cap/year

Graphic Arts, Printing 0.65

Domestic Solvent Use 1.8

For year 2002 (2003)–2010 average percentage amount of particular NMVOC is known in printing products and solvents imported and assuming used in country in particular year.


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The exact amount of NMVOCs is estimated for each particular NMVOC in each solvent containing product.

Activity data

The activity data for historical years emission estimation is taken from Statistical yearbook 2001 prepared by CSB for years 1990-2000; from Statistical yearbook 2007 prepared by CSB for 2000-2002. CSB updates number of population almost every year so historical statistical yearbooks were used to divert necessity to recalculate the emissions every year (Table 5.12).

Table 5.12 Activity data for emissions estimation in 1990-2002 (2003)

Population

1990 2667887

1991 2657709

1992 2642355

1993 2584792

1994 2539812

1995 2499327

1996 2468148

1997 2443414

1998 2419195

1999 2397557

2000 2375339

2001 2364254

2002 2345768

2003 2331480

The production and import of solvents containing product has to be reported to LEGMC in Chemicals Registry according to national legislation since 2002 (2003). Therefore the amount of printing and domestic and other solvents products as well as average percentage amount of particular NMVOCs divided by names and CAS numbers is known. According to EMEP/EEA 2009 in the particular sector all the products that assumingly could be used for degreasing and dry cleaning are used as activity data.

As the activity data for all time series are taken from two different sources and are incomparable the data for 2003-2010 was reported as “C” – confidential. It was done to avoid wrongly interpretation of time series curve where in 2002-2003 a significant decrease of activity data as well as emission factor would be observed as it is now for emission curve.

Still according to national legislation export data given in same structure unfortunately is unknown. According to CSB the exported amount of these data is very negligible. So the export data was left in produced amount because it wasn’t possible to exclude the data.

Table 5.13 Activity data for emissions estimation in 2003-2010 (Gg)


3.D.5 sector products 2002 21.570 2003 64.019 2004 70.139 2005 109.250 2006 142.273 2007 268.491 2008 139.037 2009 80.71 2010 107.702


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The activity data in 2002 (2003)–2010 has increased by almost 5 times due to improvement of population well-being and increase of demanding for this type of service. As well as data collection is improving form year to year. Since 2007 the activity data is decreasing (by 22.54%) due to economical and financial crisis that affected of purchasing power of population therefore the finances were switched to other needs and essential goods, but in year 2010 emissions increased by 33.44% (Table 5.13).


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6 AGRICULTURE (NFR 4)

6.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW Agriculture is one of the most important economic sectors.

In the Submission 2012, mainly NH3, PM, NOx, CO, DIOX and PAH emissions from Agricultural sector are included.

The largest part of NH3 emissions consist Agricultural sector – 89.29% in 2010. The remaining part originates from Transport, Combustion in power plants and Waste water handling (Figure 6.1).

Figure 6.1 Distribution of ammonia emissions in 2010

In 2010, the main part of the ammonia emissions is related to Manure Management - 57% (9.86 Gg) and use of synthetic fertilizers - 34% (5.95 Gg).

Trend of ammonia emissions from Agriculture is shown in the Figure 6.2.

Figure 6.2 Ammonia emissions from Agricultural sector in 1990 – 2010 (Gg)

The ammonia emissions from Agriculture have decreased approximately by 66% over the period of 1990 – 2010. The general reason for this is economical crisis during 1991-1995, when significantly were decreased number of livestock in farms as well as use of nitrogen fertilisers. In the latest years are observed increase uses of fertilizers.


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In NFR the emission of Particulate Matters (PM) is compiled for 2000 to 2010. PM emission amount depends on the number of produced animals. In 2009, emissions decreased if compare with 2008 (Figure 6.3).

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Gg

PM2.5 PM10 TSP

Figure 6.3 Particulate Matter emissions from the agricultural sector 2000 – 2010 (Gg)

6.2 MANURE MANAGEMENT (NFR 4.B) 6.2.1 Source category description

In the NFR category 4.B are included NH3 emissions from Manure Management.

In Figure 6.4, is shown emissions from Manure Management distributed on different livestock categories in 2010. It is seen that the majority of the emission is related to the cattle (65%), swine (18%) and poultry (14%) production.

4 B 1 a Cattle Dairy36%

4 B 1 b Cattle Non-Dairy29%

4 B 8 Swine18%

4 B 3 Sheep2%

4 B 4 Goats0%

4 B 6 Horses1%

4 B 9 Poultry14%

4 B 1 a Cattle Dairy 4 B 1 b Cattle Non-Dairy 4 B 8 Swine 4 B 3 Sheep

4 B 4 Goats 4 B 6 Horses 4 B 9 Poultry

Figure 6.4 Ammonia emissions from Manure Management in 2010


Methods

Emission calculation is based on EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook.

The emission is calculated as the sum of activities (ai) multiplied by the emission factor (EF) for each activity.

iitotal EF a E ∑ •=

The emission estimates are calculated in Excel sheets.


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Emissions factors and other parameters

Data about annual N excretion per animal until 2004 (Figure 6.4) obtained from national studies.16 National expert made an account, based on a research, in which livestock manure amount and nitrogen amount was analyzed over a long time period as well as different available information (Annex 4).

Since 2005, annual N excretion per animal for emission calculation is corrected according to results of newest studies on development of manure normative and livestock units carried out by the State Ltd." Agrochemical Research Centre”. The corrected livestock units are given in national regulations No. 33 but manure normative in home page of Ministry of Agriculture of Latvia (www.zm.gov.lv).

The mass balance approach was used for estimating N excretion by farm livestock. It requires information on both input (N intake) and output (N products) factors. N intake was calculated as feed intake (kg of dry matter) x N content of the feed while Nproducts includes the N in live weight gain, milk, etc.

According to information from previous national studies regarding average Nex for sheep and goats (Table 6.1) in Latvia there was very low level of produced nitrogen (6 kg/animal/yr) in difference from IPCC default (16 kg/animal/yr)17 nitrogen amount because:

• basis of sheep and goats nutrition was rather poor as sheep and goats usually were not fed additionally;

• mainly local breed was used which is not very productive; • in general sheep and goats farming as a branch in Latvia was relatively weakly

developed.

Since Latvia accession to European Union in 2004 the increase in the number of animals is seen for sheep and goats. The reason is increase of funding formed by EU budget and state subsidies. Wherewith the technologies and quality of production were improved and the capacity of realization of products was increased. The nitrogen extraction from those categories of livestock has increased.

Table 6.1 Average N excretions per head of animal

Types of animals N, kg/year till 2004

N, kg/year starting from 2005

Other cattle 50 50 Dairy cattle 71 70

Swine 10 10 Sheep, Goats* 6 13

Horse 46 48 Poultry 0.6 0.6

*value of Nex for Goats is assumed as for sheep

N excretion by swine remains 10 kg nitrogen per animal in a year that is low value compared with IPCC default (20 kg /animal /yr). The newest studies show a big difference in N excretion (4.5-19.4 kg/animal/yr) by different sub-categories of swine, but in average N excretion is about 10 kg/animal/yr.

16 Research during the Project „CORINAIR – Institutional strengthening of National Air Emissions Inventories in Latvia”, R. Sudārs. Nitrogen Separation; GHG Emissions from Agriculture. Latvian State Institute of Agrarian Economics. Working papers 2(16)/2006; Melece L. Evaluation of Manure Management Systems for 1990 – 2003. 2005 17 Revised 1996 IPCC, Table 4-20, page 4.99.


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Table 6.2 N excretion for swine in average

Livestock Category Number of livestock in average

2005-2008, thsd.

N excretion

kg/head/yr* Piglets (7.0-30.0 kg) 91.7 4.5 Fattening pigs (30-100 kg) 157.8 10,2 Young breeding sow (80-180 kg) 15.3 15.6 Breeding sows (180-240 kg) 35.7 19.4 Total 300.5 In average 9.7

*No. of production cycles/year: 6.4 for piglets, 3.2 for fattening pigs, 1,85 for young

breeding sows, 2.35 for breeding sows There are some inconsistencies between statistical data and pig production practice in Latvia.

The Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia is collecting data on population of swine of such subcategories:

- piglets, live weight less than 20 kg (including sucking piglets ); - young pigs, live weight 20- 50 kg; - fattening pigs; - young breeding sows; - breeding sows.

Commercial pig production in Latvia mainly includes four or five phases, to take account of changes in nutrient requirements with increasing age of the pig: piglets with live weight 7-30 kg, fattening pigs 30-100 kg or 7-100 kg, young breeding sows and breeding sows. Therefore there are not researches data on N excretion by young pigs with live weight 20-50 kg. N excretion for breeding sows is calculated taken into account N excretion by sucking piglets.

The average N excretion values for pigs in other European countries vary from 9.0 until 12.4 kg per animal per year (Witzke, H.P. & Oenema, O. Assessment of most promising measures. Service contract „Integrated measures in agriculture to reduce ammonia emissions”. Alterra, Wageningen, 31 May 2007).

The emission factor is based on Latvian conditions (Table 6.3). The NH3 emission is split up in emission from stable, storage, application and grassing based on default values given in EMEP/CORINAIR guidelines.

Table 6.3 Average ammonia emission factors* (kg)

Animal category 1990 - 2003 2004 Starting from 2005 Dairy cattle 22.09 21.84 21.53 Other cattle 13.45 13.23 13.23 Sheep 1.12 1.1 2.39 Goats 1.12 1.1 2.39 Horses 8.84 8.72 9.10 Swine 4.56 4.56 4.56 Poultry 0.28 0.28 0.28

* from research by local expert (2005)

Activity data

The number of cattle, sheep, horses, swine and goats were obtained from the Statistical yearbooks of Latvia and Collections of statistical data “Agricultural farms of Latvia” (Table 6.4)18. Buffalo, camels and llamas, mules and donkeys do not occur in Latvia.

18 CSB. Agricultural farms of Latvia 2009 (2010) and www.csb.gov.lv


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Table 6.4 Number of livestock for 1990 -2010 in the end of the year (thousand heads)

Year Dairy cattle

Non - Dairy cattle

Sheep Goats Horses Swine Poultry

1990 535 904 165 5 31 1401 10321 1991 531 852 184 6 30 1247 10395 1992 482 662 165 6 28 867 5438 1993 351 327 114 6 26 482 4124 1994 311.9 239.1 86.3 7.4 26.8 500.7 3700 1995 291.9 245.1 72.1 8.9 27.2 552.8 4198 1996 275 234 55.5 8.4 25.8 459.6 3790.7 1997 263 214 41 9 23 430 3551 1998 242 192 29 10.5 22 421 3209 1999 206 172 27 8.1 19 405 3237 2000 204.5 162.2 28.6 10.4 19.9 393.5 3104.6 2001 209 176 29 11.5 20 429 3621 2002 205 183 32 13 19 453 3882 2003 186 193 39 15 15 444.4 4003 2004 186.2 184.9 38.6 14.7 15.5 435.7 4049.5 2005 185.2 200 41.6 14.9 13.9 427.9 4092.3 2006 182 195 41 14 14 417 4488 2007 180 219 54 13 13 414 4757 2008 170.4 209.8 67.1 12.9 13.1 383.7 4620.5 2009 165.5 212.7 70.7 13.2 12.6 376.5 4828.9 2010 164.1 215.4 76.8 13.5 12.0 389.7 4948.7

The source of data on the number of livestock (till the end of 2007) is sample survey of agricultural farms. The sample for 2009 covers a total of 5 thsd farms selected by economic size and specialisation19.

Latvian livestock industry has been influenced by historical events and the changing world economic situation. Particularly significant changes in the livestock industry began in 1992 after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the restoration of Latvian independence. Since the Soviet Union had a planned economy, when Latvia was incorporated, most of the output of livestock products was carried out in other Soviet republics. Most farms which were a big dairy cows, fattening cattle, pig and poultry farms, went into liquidation. Many industrial companies ceased to operate, fell in purchasing power and demand for dairy products and meat and meat products, as well as their exports to Russia and CIS countries. Russian crisis almost stopped the export of livestock products. Reorientation of livestock product export to Western markets was more difficult in terms of market saturation and because the Latvian products are not necessarily in their requirements.

All the above conditions affect the Latvian farmers and they were forced to reduce the milk, meat and egg production levels, and reduce and eliminate the herds. Consequently, livestock numbers declined most rapidly in 1990 - 1994 in all sectors, except for goat farming, goat rearing, not particularly widespread in Latvia. Starting with 1995 dairy cattle numbers continued to decline. Beef cattle numbers continue to decline until 2001, which is due to the fact that the Latvian mostly subsistence farmers held from 1 to 2 dairy cows. At the process of the Soviet system farm liquidation even the sheep as engaged at the level of subsistence farms. Pig industry declined rapidly until 1996, but starting in 1997 the reduction is no longer as sharp. In the case of stud-farms - after 1990 because of all the above-mentioned social and economic changes stud-farms eliminating, the horses were sold, only the strongest stud-farms continued to work. Poultry industry is related to the reduction of large poultry farms dissolution in 1990 – 1993 years.

Starting with 2002 the number of animals has stabilized, but with 2004, according to Latvian accession to the European Union, the increase in the number of animals is seen for


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beef cattle, sheep and goat industries. The livestock sector has contributed to the development of European Union agricultural subsidies and public sectors.

In 2008, there has been a reduction in dairy cows, compared with 2007, by 5.5%, which was due to the low procurement prices of milk, and pig production has seen a reduction in the number of animals compared to the year 2007 with the year 2008 by 7%, which is associated with very high feed prices.

6.3 AGRICULTURAL SOILS (NFR 4.D) 6.3.1 Source category description

Latvia reports under category 4.D ammonia and NMVOC emissions from use of synthetic fertilisers (

NH3 NMVOC

1990 13.14 7.8E-07 1991 11.24 6.7E-07 1992 6.6 3.9E-07 1993 3.97 2.4E-07 1994 2.9 1.7E-07 1995 1.15 6.8E-08 1996 1.45 8.6E-08 1997 1.94 1.2E-07 1998 1.96 1.2E-07 1999 1.9 1.1E-07 2000 2.3 1.4E-07 2001 3.16 1.9E-07 2002 2.76 1.6E-07 2003 3.74 2.2E-07 2004 3.52 2.1E-07 2005 4.09 2.4E-07 2006 4.27 2.5E-07 2007 4.61 2.7E-07 2008 4.75 2.8E-07 2009 5.19 3.1E-07 2010 5.95 3.5E-07

) as well as and PM emissions from crop production and agricultural soils (Table 6.6).

Table 6.5 Ammonia and NMVOC emissions from fertilizers use in 1990-2010 (Gg)

NH3 NMVOC 1990 13.14 7.8E-07 1991 11.24 6.7E-07 1992 6.6 3.9E-07 1993 3.97 2.4E-07 1994 2.9 1.7E-07 1995 1.15 6.8E-08 1996 1.45 8.6E-08 1997 1.94 1.2E-07 1998 1.96 1.2E-07 1999 1.9 1.1E-07 2000 2.3 1.4E-07 2001 3.16 1.9E-07 2002 2.76 1.6E-07 2003 3.74 2.2E-07 2004 3.52 2.1E-07 2005 4.09 2.4E-07 2006 4.27 2.5E-07 2007 4.61 2.7E-07 2008 4.75 2.8E-07


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NH3 NMVOC 2009 5.19 3.1E-07 2010 5.95 3.5E-07

Table 6.6 PM emissions from crop production and agricultural soils

PM2.5, Gg/ha PM10, Gg/ha 1990 0.10 2.54 1991 0.10 2.53 1992 0.09 2.45 1993 0.09 2.22 1994 0.07 1.86 1995 0.06 1.45 1996 0.06 1.54 1997 0.06 1.56 1998 0.06 1.53 1999 0.05 1.42 2000 0.05 1.37 2001 0.05 1.36 2002 0.05 1.37 2003 0.05 1.33 2004 0.05 1.40 2005 0.06 1.56 2006 0.07 1.75 2007 0.07 1.76 2008 0.07 1.73 2009 0.07 1.73 2010 0.07 1.72


For emission calculation the IPCC 1996 methodology was used. NH3 emissions from fertilizers is depending on consumption and type of fertilizers, but such detailed information isn’t available and it is decided to use IPCC default assumption that 10% of the mass of used fertilizers are NH3 emissions. Activity data is used according to information provided by CSB (Table 6.7).

Table 6.7 Used nitrogen (Gg)

1990 131.4 1991 112.4 1992 66 1993 39.7 1994 29 1995 11.5 1996 14.5 1997 19.4 1998 19.6 1999 19 2000 23 2001 31.6 2002 27.6 2003 37.4 2004 35.2 2005 41 2006 42.7 2007 46.1 2008 47.5 2009 51.9 2010 59.5


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The Tier 1 approach and Tier 1 emission factors (Table 3-1) for NMVOC and PM emissions from crop production and agricultural soils according to EMEP/EEA 2009 are used. The following equation is used:

Epolutant = ARarea * EF pollutant

Epolutant – amount of pollutant emitted (kg a-1), ARarea – area covered by crop (ha), EF pollutant – EF of pollutant (kg ha -1 a-1).

Activity data

Area covered by crops is taken from the CSB (Table 6.8).

Table 6.8 Area covered by crops, thsd.ha

Sown area 1990 1627 1991 1621.2 1992 1572.1 1993 1425.6 1994 1194.6 1995 930.2 1996 986.1 1997 1002.8 1998 983.4 1999 912.3 2000 881.1 2001 869.8 2002 877.7 2003 851.1 2004 899.2 2005 999.6 2006 1122.7 2007 1126.2 2008 1111.5 2009 1112 2010 1102.7

The area of crops decreased by 32.2% from 1990-2010 therefore PM emissions decreased to by the same % value.

6.4 PM EMISSION FROM STABLES (NFR 4.B) 6.4.1 Source category description

The particle emission includes primary particles in the form of dust from stables (Table 6.9). Three main types of stables, cattle, swine and poultry stable are included in this inventory.

Table 6.9 PM emissions in 2000 – 2010 (Gg)

4 B 1 a Cattle Dairy

4 B 1 b Cattle Non-Dairy

4 B 6 Horses 4 B 8 Swine 4 B 9 Poultry

2000

PM2.5 0.020 0.012 0.001 0.028 0.026 PM10 0.049 0.018 0.002 0.175 0.158 TSP 0.118 0.086 NE 0.383 0.326

2001

PM2.5 0.021 0.013 0.001 0.031 0.030 PM10 0.050 0.020 0.002 0.191 0.185


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4 B 1 a Cattle Dairy

4 B 1 b Cattle Non-Dairy

4 B 6 Horses 4 B 8 Swine 4 B 9 Poultry

TSP 0.121 0.093 NE 0.417 0.381

2002 PM2.5 0.020 0.013 0.001 0.033 0.032 PM10 0.049 0.020 0.002 0.202 0.198 TSP 0.119 0.097 NE 0.440 0.408

2003

PM2.5 0.018 0.014 0.001 0.032 0.033 PM10 0.044 0.021 0.001 0.198 0.204 TSP 0.108 0.102 NE 0.432 0.421

2004

PM2.5 0.018 0.013 0.001 0.031 0.034 PM10 0.044 0.020 0.001 0.194 0.207 TSP 0.106 0.095 NE 0.424 0.426

2005

PM2.5 0.018 0.014 0.001 0.031 0.034 PM10 0.043 0.022 0.001 0.190 0.209 TSP 0.105 0.103 NE 0.416 0.430

2006

PM2.5 0.018 0.014 0.001 0.030 0.038 PM10 0.043 0.021 0.001 0.186 0.229 TSP 0.103 0.100 NE 0.405 0.472

2007 PM2.5 0.018 0.015 0.001 0.030 0.040 PM10 0.042 0.024 0.001 0.184 0.243 TSP 0.102 0.113 NE 0.403 0.500

2008 PM2.5 0.017 0.015 0.001 0.028 0.039 PM10 0.041 0.023 0.001 0.171 0.236 TSP 0.097 0.108 NE 0.373 0.486

2009 PM2.5 0.020 0.013 0.0008 0.024 0.038 PM10 0.046 0.020 0.001 0.146 0.230 TSP 0.104 0.093 NE 0.318 0.473

2010 PM2.5 0.030 0.015 0.0007 0.028 0.041 PM10 0.060 0.023 0.001 0.173 0.252 TSP 0.122 0.106 NE 0.379 0.520


The emission calculation is based on the EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook published on September 2006. Particulate mater emission factors were calculated as average in aggregate level. PM emission factors by type are shown in the Table 6.10.

Table 6.10 PM Emission factors

Category Housing type PM10, kg animal- PM2.5 kg animal- TSP, kg

Cattle solid 0.20 0.13 0.9636 slurry 0.235 0.155

Dairy cattle solid 0.36 0.23 0.9636 slurry 0.7 0.45

Swine solid, slurry 0.4450 0.07225 0.9724

Poultry solid, perchery, 0.0510 0.0084 0.1051


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cages

Horses solid 0.18 0.12 n.a. * According to IIASA Interim report IR-02-076, page 79

The emission is calculated as the sum of activities (a) multiplied by the emission factors (EF) for each activity.

E =∑ a x EF

The number of animals is based on Statistics of Latvia and shown in the Table 6.4.

6.5 OTHER (NFR 4G) 6.5.1 Source category description

Under category 4.G Other is included NOx, CO, DIOX and PAH emissions from grassland burning. Such activities in Latvia appeared seasonally. Emission amount is dependent from the burned area and is shown in the Table 6.11.

Table 6.11 Emissions from grassland burning in 1993-2010

Year

Main Pollutants POPs Annex III

NOx CO DIOX PAH

benzo(a) pyrene

benzo(b) fluoranthene

benzo(k) fluoranthene

Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene Total 1-4

1993 0.001 0.001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0004

1994 0.00 0.01 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.002

1995 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01

1996 0.01 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02

1997 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01

1998 0.01 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02

1999 0.01 0.19 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05

2000 0.01 0.16 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04

2001 0.02 0.34 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.10

2002 0.06 0.82 0.07 0.10 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.23

2003 0.07 1.01 0.09 0.12 0.07 0.04 0.05 0.28

2004 0.03 0.48 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.13

2005 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04

2006 0.12 1.83 0.15 0.22 0.13 0.07 0.09 0.51

2007 0.02 0.29 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.08

2008 0.006 0.083 0.007 0.01 0.006 0.003 0.004 0.023

2009 0.021 0.316 0.027 0.039 0.023 0.012 0.015 0.089

2010 0.012 0.177 0.015 0.022 0.013 0.007 0.009 0.050


Methods

Emissions regarding burning were determined according to IPCC GPG LULUCF 2003, EMEP/CORINAIR and UNEP, Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases.


Emission factors for emission calculation regarding burning of grassland (g/kg dry matter combusted) are shown in the Table 6.12 (IPCC GPG LULUCF 2003).

Table 6.12 Default emission factors for emission calculation related burning of last year’s grass

CO 59 NOx 4


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Mass of burnt biomass is used as 2.4 t DM/ha according to IPCC GPG LULUCF 2003. Fraction of the biomass burnt; dimensionless is used 0.5 according to IPCC GPG LULUCF 2003.

PAH emissions are calculated according to EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook, but DIOX emissions are calculated according to UNEP, Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases. Emission factor is chosen as for Grassland and moor fires – 5 µg TEQ/t.

Activity data

Area of grassland burning was taken from SFRS (Table 6.13) and data are available started from 1993.

Table 6.13 Area of last years grass

Year Area, ha 1993 20.98 1994 98.08 1995 525.96 1996 1224.23 1997 576.15 1998 1254.84 1999 2685.36 2000 2261.53 2001 4800.37 2002 11547.47 2003 14335.04 2004 6717.03 2005 2088.88 2006 25806 2007 4048 2008 1170 2009 4462 2010 2500


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7 LAND-USE CHANGES AND FORESTRY (NFR 7A)

7.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW This category comprises NOx, CO, DIOX, PAH emissions arising from burning on site in forest (Table 7.1).

Table 7.1 Emissions from on – site burning in the forest

Year

Main Pollutants POPs Annex III

NOx CO DIOX

PAH

benzo(a) pyrene

benzo(b) fluoranthene

benzo(k) fluoranthene

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)

Pyrene

Total PAH 1-4

Gg NO2 Gg g I-Teq Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg 1990 0.22 7.85 0.56 0.81 0.48 0.24 0.32 1.86 1991 0.26 9.31 0.67 0.96 0.57 0.29 0.38 2.20 1992 0.24 8.51 0.61 0.87 0.52 0.26 0.35 2.01 1993 0.29 10.10 0.72 1.04 0.62 0.31 0.42 2.39 1994 0.35 12.15 0.87 1.25 0.75 0.38 0.50 2.88 1995 0.41 14.60 1.04 1.50 0.90 0.45 0.60 3.46 1996 0.41 14.35 1.02 1.48 0.89 0.44 0.59 3.39 1997 0.54 18.93 1.35 1.95 1.17 0.58 0.78 4.48 1998 0.60 21.27 1.52 2.19 1.31 0.66 0.88 5.03 1999 0.65 22.80 1.63 2.35 1.41 0.70 0.94 5.39 2000 0.66 23.33 1.67 2.40 1.44 0.72 0.96 5.52 2001 0.41 14.27 1.02 1.47 0.88 0.44 0.59 3.38 2002 0.44 15.48 1.11 1.59 0.96 0.48 0.64 3.66 2003 0.42 14.86 1.06 1.53 0.92 0.46 0.61 3.52 2004 0.39 13.68 0.98 1.41 0.84 0.42 0.56 3.24 2005 0.41 14.37 1.03 1.48 0.89 0.44 0.59 3.40 2006 0.35 12.48 0.89 1.28 0.77 0.39 0.51 2.95 2007 0.36 12.74 0.91 1.31 0.79 0.39 0.52 3.01 2008 0.32 11.41 0.81 1.17 0.70 0.35 0.47 2.70 2009 0.39 13.65 0.98 1.40 0.84 0.42 0.56 3.23 2010 0.47 16.52 1.18 1.70 1.02 0.51 0.68 3.91

Emission fluctuation is depending from volume of annual felling.

7.2 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES Methods

Generally was used IPCC 1996 and EMEP/CORINAIR simpler methodology. Emissions are estimated - emission factor multiplied by activity statistic.


For emission calculation from burning on - site in the forest were used default emission factors according to IPCC GPG 2000 and EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook (Table 7.2).

Table 7.2 Emission ratios for open burning of forests

Emission factors for open burning of cleared forests CO 0.06 NOx 0.121

Biomass Oxidised On Site 0.9 Nitrogen Carbon Ratio of Biomass burned 0.01

Emission factors for other PAHs were estimated by multiplying the Benz [a] pyrene emission factor by the appropriate ratios (Table 7.3).


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Table 7.3 PAH emission factors and ratios for burning

PAH

Default emission factor (best estimate), g/t

Ratio Emission factor,

g/t

Benzo [b] fluoranthene 7.2 0.6 4.32 Benzo [k] fluoranthene 7.2 0.3 2.16 Benz [a] pyrene 7.2 1.0 7.2 Indeno [123cd] pyrene 7.2 0.4 2.88

The following assumptions were used:

The following assumptions have been made for slash calculation, which was burned (Source: State Forest Service):

• Slash on-site burning 50% in period from 1990 to 1999, the rest 50% left to decay; • 2000-2005 – slash on-site burning 30% and 70% left to decay.

From the slash burned on-site, 2/3 is actually burned on-site, and 1/3 is gathered by population and used as fuel wood.

Activity data

The Timber harvesting volume was used from CSB publications and databases. Amount of slash was assumed as 20.2% from annual cutting volume according national research [12].


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8 WASTE (NFR 6)

8.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW Waste management has acquired prior significance in the environmental protection policy as one of the instruments for sustainable use of natural resources. The main directions in the waste management are the development of the construction of polygons and collecting system for non–hazardous municipal waste and the development of system for the collection and treatment of hazardous waste. At the moment 11 non-hazardous waste polygons and two polygons for hazardous waste got A category permit according to IPPC directive. Biogas collection and use for energy production from biodegradable wastes and sludge is set as one of priorities in Latvia.

Main activity data sources for emissions calculations in waste sector is waste data base, which is developed by LEGMC. According to the information from LEGMC the total generated volume of waste are shown in Table 8.1.

Table 8.1 Generated wastes in Latvia

Year Municipal (all non-hazardous) wastes

Hazardous wastes Total

2006 1420.46 54.372 1474.832 2007 1386.57 41.605 1428.175 2008 1368.79 46.400 1415.160 2009 1033.91 55.563 1089.473 2010 1131.404 55.089 1186.493

Emission estimates from the waste sector include:

• NMVOC emissions from solid waste disposal; • NMVOC emissions from waste water handling; • Many pollutant emissions from incineration of hazardous and clinical wastes and

cremation Emissions from waste incineration with energy recovery are counted under Energy sector.

Data on hazardous waste in Latvia have been collected and compiled by LEGMC since 1997 but data on municipal waste since 2001. Since year 2002 data bases about hazardous and municipal wastes are combined in one data base “3-Wastes”. Data in this data base are taken from State Statistical survey about wastes, which occurs every year. Statistical survey about wastes must fill all enterprises, which have permits on pollutant activities (A and B category) and all enterprises, which have permits on waste management operations.

Data of wastewater treatment and discharge have been collected since 1991 in the frame of state statistical survey “2-Water”. State statistical survey “2-Water” must be filled by all enterprises which have permits on water use, water resources use or mineral deposits quarry use, or else A and B category polluting activity permit or C category acknowledgment. CSB data also are used as activity data for emission calculation.

8.2 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL 8.2.1 Source category description

Solid waste disposal is a main waste treatment operation in Latvia. Significant amount of landfill gas is emitted annually from waste disposal sites. NMVOC are some part of landfill gas.


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Figure 8.1 Disposed waste amounts in Latvia (Gg)

NMVOC emissions from solid waste disposal are calculated. “EMEP/EEA inventory guidebook 2009” for emissions calculations is used. To calculate NMVOC emissions - amount of landfill gas must be known. Landfill gas is calculated according to methane emissions from UNFCCC reports.

Table 8.2 Landfill gas amount and NMVOC emissions

Year Disposed waste amounts (Gg) Landfill gas volume (m3) NMVOC emission (Gg) 1990 635.4 46996400.56 0.265529663 1991 599.6 48732503.65 0.275338646 1992 563.9 50140208 0.283292175 1993 528.2 51228520.82 0.289441143 1994 492.5 52032960.64 0.293986228 1995 456.8 52554891.3 0.296935136 1996 476.0 53177477.29 0.300452747 1997 506.3 53970961.62 0.304935933 1998 536.6 54928012.14 0.310343269 1999 567.0 56035324.17 0.316599582 2000 597.3 57286084.95 0.32366638 2001 627.7 58675896.67 0.331518816 2002 658.0 58355732.82 0.32970989 2003 578.9 53483727.94 0.302183063 2004 631.7 51118693.7 0.288820619 2005 610.9 52716989.22 0.297850989 2006 670.0 54976829.68 0.310619088 2007 775.1 57904036.71 0.327157807 2008 704.8 60305802.99 0.340727787 2009 637.5 60853208.34 0.343820627 2010 605.4 62003530.56 0.350319948


Coefficient for NMVOC calculation is – 5.65 g NMVOC/m3 landfill gas

8.3 WASTE WATER HANDLING 8.3.1 Source category description

Data of LEGMC shows there were 241 millions m3 of waste water discharged in Latvia (2010). Most of national population (67%, 2010) is served by urban waste water collecting and treatment.

Emissions of NH3 from latrines and NMVOC from Waste Water Handling were calculated within this report.


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For emission calculation “EMEP EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009” was used as methodology source. According to methodology, activity data are multiplied by according emission factors to calculate emissions, and for both substances emitted methodologies are considered to be Tier 2 methods.

Table 8.3 Activity data and emission factors for calculation of NH3 and NMVOC emission from Waste Water Handling sector

Emission Activity data Emission factor value Emission factor unit NH3 Population using latrines 1.6 kg/pers/year

NMVOC Amount of waste water

produced 15 mg/m3 waste water

Default EMEP emission factors for both NH3 and NMVOC were used.

Activity data were taken from water use, treatment and discharge national statistics (data base of state statistical survey “2-Water”).

Table 8.4 Activity data type and value example

Emission Source of activity data Activity data value (2010)

NH3

Population using latrines was calculated as difference between entire national population and number of population served by urban waste water

treatment plants

754 (thousands of people)

NMVOC Amount of waste water produced and discharged 241 (millions of m3)

Statistical data on number of national population served or not served by waste water collecting and treatment services is available from year 2000. Extrapolation was used to obtain part of population not served for period 1990-1999. Extrapolation and change in reporting procedure implemented in 2008 can lead to some inconsistency of statistical data results.

Table 8.5 Activity data and result of emission (NH3 and NMVOC) calculations from Waste Water Handling sector 1990-2010

Year Population using latrines

Emission of NH3, Gg

Amount of waste water produced, mio m3

Emission of NMVOC, Gg

1990 817 258 1.308 600 0.009 1991 814 140 1.303 571 0.009 1992 809 437 1.295 526 0,008 1993 791 804 1.267 427 0.006 1994 778 025 1.245 402 0.006 1995 765 623 1.225 357 0.005 1996 756 072 1.210 331 0.005 1997 748 495 1.198 327 0.005 1998 741 076 1.186 320 0.005 1999 734 448 1.175 283 0.004 2000 620 653 0.993 257 0.004 2001 763 417 1.221 244 0.004 2002 724 794 1.160 243 0.004 2003 695 320 1.113 229 0.003 2004 786 938 1.259 211 0.003 2005 709 235 1.135 226 0.003 2006 710 510 1.137 196 0.003 2007 690 757 1.105 210 0.003 2008 769 498 1.231 245 0.004 2009 755 171 1.208 285 0.004 2010 753 570 1.206 241 0.004


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8.4 WASTE INCINERATION 8.4.1 Source category description

Currently there are no large amounts of waste being incinerated in Latvia. The biggest waste amounts are incinerated with energy recovery and these emissions are counted in energy sector. There are problems for waste classification, because many types of wastes could be classified as fuel, for example chippings or used oils, then these amounts are not reported in waste data base in waste incineration part. Data about waste incineration are only available since year 1999. These wastes are classified as hazardous and clinical wastes. Under hazardous wastes amount are counted many types of solvents and other industrial wastes that could be hard to use as fuels. For clinical wastes all 18 EWC group codes are counted. Emissions from various types of fires such as landfill fires and open burning of garden waste are not estimated for Latvia.

Table 8.6 Incinerated wastes in Latvia

Year Hazardous waste (Gg) Clinical waste (Gg) Total (Gg) 1999 0,347210 0,201420 0,548630 2000 0,690280 0,056410 0,746690 2001 1,319270 0,213310 1,532580 2002 0,165643 0,032247 0,197890 2003 0,201813 0,040607 0,242420 2004 0,210125 0,112325 0,322450 2005 0,215127 0,102127 0,317254 2006 0,786160 0,261890 1,048050 2007 0,5405 0,350861 0,891361 2008 0,29975 0,012361 0,312111 2009 0,20000 0,011663 0,211663 2010 0,20000 0,012843 0,212843

Table 8.7 Emissions from Waste incineration for year 2010

2010 (Industrial)

2010 (Clinical)

NOx (Gg) 0,000174 0,000017980 NMVOC (Gg) 0,001480 0,000008990 SO2 (Gg) 0,0000094 0,000017980 CO (Gg) 0,000014 0,000035960 PM2.5 (Gg) 0,0000008 NE PM10 (Gg) 0,0000014 NE TSP (Gg) 0,000002 0,000006422 Pb (Mg) 0,00026 0,000166959 Cd (Mg) 0,00002 0,000012843 Hg (Mg) 0,0000112 0,000102744 As (Mg) 0,0000032 0,000016696 Cr (Mg) 0,00006 0,000060362 Cu (Mg) 0,0006 0,000033392 Ni (Mg) 0,000028 0,000005137 Se (Mg) NE NE Zn (Mg) 0,0042 NE PCDD/ PCDF

(dioxines/ furanes)(g I-Teq) 0,07

0,038529 Total PAH 1-4 (Mg) 0,000004 0,000000001 HCB (kg) 0,0004 0,0012843 HCH (kg) NA NA PCBs (kg) NA 0,00025686

Cremation


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Emissions from cremation are calculated by multiplying the number of bodies burned with the emission factor. In Latvia operates only one crematorium. Data about burned bodies are provided by operator of crematorium.

Table 8.8 Burned bodies in Riga crematorium

Year Burned bodies 1994 54 1995 564 1996 819 1997 817 1998 869 1999 982 2000 1127 2001 1297 2002 1293 2003 1389 2004 1391 2005 1529 2006 1630 2007 1959 2008 2227 2009 1977 2010 2102


For emissions calculation “EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009” methodology are used. The amount of incinerated waste is multiplied with emission factors.

Table 8.9 Emission factors for waste incineration

Pollutant Units EF Industrial EF Clinical EF NOx kg/Mg 0.87 1.4 NMVOC kg/Mg 7.4 0.7 SO2 kg/Mg 0.047 1.4 CO kg/Mg 0.07 2.8 PM2.5 kg/Mg 0.004 NE PM10 kg/Mg 0.007 NE TSP kg/Mg 0.01 0.5 Pb g/Mg 1.3 13 Cd g/Mg 0.1 1 Hg g/Mg 0.056 8 As g/Mg 0.016 1.3 Cr g/Mg 0.3 4.7 Cu g/Mg 3 2.6 Ni g/Mg 0.14 0.4 Se g/Mg NE NE Zn g/Mg 21 NE PCDD/ PCDF

(dioxines/ furanes) µg I-TEQ/Mg 350 3000

Total PAHs 1-4 g/Mg 0.02 0.04 HCB g/Mg 0.002 0.1 PCBs g/Mg NA 0.02

Cremation

Emissions from cremation are calculated according to “EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009”. PM2.5, PM10, Se and Zn are not calculated, because emission factors are not available.


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Table 8.10 Emission factors from cremation

Pollutant EF Units EF

NOx 0.309 kg/body NMVOC 0.013 kg/body SO2 0.544 kg/body CO 0.141 kg/body PM2,5 NE PM10 NE TSP 14.6 g/body CO 0.141 kg/body Pb 0.0186 mg/body Cd 0.00311 mg/body Hg 0.934 mg/body As 0.011 mg/body Cr 0.00844 mg/body Cu 0.00771 mg/body Ni 0.0107 mg/body Se NE Zn NE PCDD/ PCDF

(dioxines/ furanes) 0.0168 µg/body

benzo(a) pyrene 0.0103 µg/body


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9 RECALCULATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS

9.1 RECALCULATIONS For Submission 2012, recalculations mainly were carried out according to:

• update of activity data (Energy, Transport) by CSB; • incorrectnesses found in NFRs after quality check; • incorrectnesses found by international experts; • emission factors were updated according to EMEP/EEA 2009.

Energy

1.A.1: Activity data updates for 1999-2009 and corrections were done.

1.A.2: Some small activity data updates and corrections were done. As well as it was able to obtain more data for several sectors for historical years.

Table 9.1 Difference for stationary combustion emissions

NO

x

NM

VO

C

SO

x

NH

3

PM

2.5

PM

10

TS

P

CO

Pb

Cd

Hg

As

Cr

Cu Ni

Se

Zn

PC

DD

s D

IOX

INS

Ben

zo[a

]pyr

ene

Ben

zo[b

]fluo

ran

then

e

Ben

zo[k

]fluo

ran

then

e

Inde

no[1

23cd

]pyr

ene

TO

TA

L P

AH

HC

B

PC

Bs

1999 0.10% 0.00% 0.11% 0.00% 0.00% 0.08% 0.02% 0.01% 0.06% 0.30% 0.13% 0.37% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% -0.01% 0.00%

2000 0.82% 0.03% 1.19% 0.00% 0.06% 0.08% 0.10% 0.02% 0.68% 0.25% 0.15% 0.67% 2.73% 1.11% 4.73% 0.00% 0.10% 0.04% 0.07% 0.07% 0.08% 0.04% 0.07% 0.00% 0.00%

2001 0.34% 0.01% 0.44% 0.00% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.01% 0.17% 0.06% 0.04% 0.17% 0.72% 0.29% 1.47% 0.00% 0.02% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00%

2002 0.17% -0.05% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% -0.23% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% -0.11% 0.00% -0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

2003 -2.43% -0.11% -19.96% 0.00% -0.09% -0.15% -0.34% -0.32% -0.16% -1.17% -0.48% -1.72% -0.65% -0.62% -2.83% -0.60% -0.93% -0.02% -0.01% -0.02% -0.03% -0.07% -0.03% -0.16% -0.57%

2004 0.18% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

2005 -0.18% 0.00% -0.76% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

2006 -0.20% 0.00% -0.51% 0.00% -0.01% -0.01% -0.01% -0.01% -0.01% -0.02% -0.01% -0.01% -0.02% -0.01% 0.00% -0.01% -0.02% -0.01% -0.01% -0.01% -0.01% -0.01% -0.01% -0.02% 0.00%

2007 -0.37% 0.00% -1.50% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% -0.01% -0.01% 0.00% -0.01% -0.02% 0.00% -0.02% 0.00% -0.01% -0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% -0.01% 0.01%

2008 -0.31% 0.00% -1.20% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% -0.02% -0.01% -0.04% -0.01% -0.01% 0.00% 0.00% -0.01% -0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% -0.05%

2009 0.00% 0.04% 1.38% 0.00% -0.01% -0.01% -0.01% 0.01% 0.31% 0.60% -0.64% -1.29% 2.16% 0.58% 6.04% -6.44% -0.18% 0.00% 0.19% 0.21% 0.18% 0.20% 0.20% -0.22% -0.78%

Transport

NOx, SOx NMVOC and NH3 emissions are recalculated in road transport for year 2009. Recalculations have been done due to change of data for diesel oil consumption in road transport by CSB.

Table 9.2 Difference of emissions for Submission 2011 and Submission 2012 (%)

NOx NMVOC SOx NH3 2009 +29,2% +8,1% +15,5% +3,5%

Solvent and other product use

As it was mentioned before the emissions were recalculated for 2002 (2003)–2010 because the approach and methodology used in emission estimation was changed from Tier1 used to Tier3.

For previous submission in 3.D Other sectors emissions from Glue manufacturing were reported estimating taken into account population amount. For Submission 2012 these emissions were excluded as these emissions have to be reported in 3C Chemical Products, Manufacture and Processing according to EMEP/EEA 2009.


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Figure 9.1 Difference of NMVOC emissions in Submission 2011 and 2012 (Gg)

The difference between two submissions varies from -34.17% in 2002 to 0.08% in 2003.

9.2 PLANNED IMPROVEMENTS For next submission it is planned to introduce in the inventory:

Energy sector

The summarized necessary improvements are:

• Analyse the possibility to use plant specific data from national database “2-AIR” where facilities that perform any of pollution activities have to report all emissions they create;

• Improving of activity data: o To receive the data from CSB including data smaller than EUROSTAT

Annual Questionnaire’s thresholds of 1kt; o To receive precise data up to last decimal place instead of rounded values.

• Transport sector

Considering potential contribution in calculation improvement of GHG emissions and available resources for their effective implementation, the following advancement is planned in the transport sector (Table 9.3).

Table 9.3 Planned improvements for Sub-category A.3. Transport

Sub-category Planned improvements

Railway (CRF 1.A.3.C) To make study for revising of activity data of railway and realize exercise

for implementation of Tier 2 method in year 2012.

It would be possible to estimate fugitive emissions from crude oil transportation via pipelines that occurred in the beginning of 90ties if activity data would be possible to obtain. For now only light liquid fuels are transported via pipelines as it was reported from pipelines infrastructure company.

Industrial sector

For next inventory it is planned to make a research of the pulp and paper sector as there are two producers that are reporting activity data with PRODCOM code 17.11.14.00.00 –


107

manufacture of pulp. Still it is not known if the pulp is produced in country or all raw materials are imported and then only mixed together.

For next inventory report it is planned to take the data of NOx and SO2 emissions of cement production provided by producers in their annual report from national database "2-AIR". According to innovation of cement production technology in 2009-2010 NOx and SO2 emissions are measured automatically from the new plant.

Solvent and other product use

For Submission 2013 the most accurate data that could be obtained is used it is planned to continue use of the same data source for next years.

It is necessary to research the amount of NMVOC emissions that is left in products after the application and use as it could be assumed that not all 100% of NMVOC in products emit in air.

It is also necessary to prepare a full list of products imported and / or produced in Latvia that could be used for printing, domestic solvents and other solvents use for the best data aggregation.

Agriculture

It is planned to make it more precise Animal Waste Management Systems according to the information from Latvia University of Agriculture.


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10 PROJECTIONS

For Submission 2012, projections weren’t updated. The latest data were reported on 13.03.2009.


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11 REFERENCES

1. Report - Economic development of Latvia. Ministry of Economics of Latvia. 2011. 2. CSDD. Transportlīdzekļu statistikas kopsavilkums Latvijā. 2011. 3. Informācijas sagatavošana par gaistošo organisko savienojumu emisijām Latvijā atbilstoši ES Direktīvas 2001/81/EC prasībām, LPPC, Rīga:2002.

4. Agriculture and rural Area of Latvia. Ministry of Agriculture. 2011. 5. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. 1996. 6. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty management in National GHG. 2000.

7. UNEP Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases

8. EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook – 1999. 9. EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook – 2006. 10. The EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook. Technical report No 9/2009.

11. Lipins L. Assessment of wood resources and electivity of wood utilization. 2004. 12. Research - Assessment, actualization and prediction of emission factors and coefficients of GHG and NH3 from agriculture for projecting of GHG, based on “Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories - Module 4 Agriculture” and Guidelines of Project “Projecting the impact of agriculture on Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Eastern Europe”. Latvian State Institute of Agrarian Economics. 2005.

13. Melece.L. Pētījums par organisko augšņu (histosols) daudzumu Latvijā 1990-2004. 14. Sudārs R. Slāpekļa izdalīšanās no kūtsmēsliem un kūtsmēslu apsaimniekošanas (savākšanas, uzglabāšanas un utilizācijas) sistēmas un to raksturojums.

15. LZA Fizikālās Enerģētikas institūts, “Pētījums par vietējās aviācijas un vietējo iekšzemes ūdensceļu degvielas patēriņu no 1990-2004”. Rīga, 2006.

16. Informācijas sagatavošana par gaistošo organisko savienojumu emisijām Latvijā atbilstoši ES Direktīvas 2001/81/EC prasībām. LPPC, Rīga, 2002.

17. Database from Co-ordinated European Programme on Particulate Matter Emission Inventories, Projections of “Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek”.

18. http://www.csb.gov.lv:8080/dialog/statfile16.asp 19. http://www.lm.gov.lv/?sadala=255 20. http://vdc2.vdc.lv:8998/gaiss.html 21. http://vdc2.vdc.lv:8998/udens.html 22. http://vdc2.vdc.lv:8998/atkritum.html 23. “Energobilance.rar”. CSB. Annual EUROSTAT Energy Questionaire, 2007. 24. Energobilance.rar”. CSB. Annual EUROSTAT Energy Questionaire, 2010. 25. EMEP/EEA 2009 Guidelines. 26. Guidelines for Reporting data under the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air pollution (ECE/EB.AIR/97).

27. http://data.csb.gov.lv/DATABASE/vide/Ikgadējie%20statistikas%20dati/Enerģētika/Enerģētika.asp

28. EU ETS data http://www.meteo.lv/public/28234.html; http://www.meteo.lv/public/29455.html

29. “Prodcom_2008.xls” CSB. Industrial production statistics, 2010.


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ANNEX 1 Activity data, emission factors and assumptions for Energy sector

Table 1 Emission factors per sector

Sector / fuel type

EMISSION FACTORS NOx CO NMVOC NH3 TSP PM10 PM2.5

Gg/PJ Gg/PJ Gg/PJ (Mg/PJ) Gg/PJ Gg/PJ Gg/PJ 1.A.1.a Public Electricity and Heat Production; 1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries

Gasoline 0.210 27.000 1.000 0.003 0.002 0.001 Diesel Oil 0.180 0.015 0.0008 0.003 0.002 0.001 RFO 0.215 0.005 0.008 0.025 0.018 0.013 LPG 0.180 0.015 0.0008 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 Jet Fuel 0.180 0.015 0.0008 0.005 0.005 0.005 Other Kerosene 0.180 0.015 0.0008 0.005 0.005 0.005 Other Liquid 0.180 0.015 0.0008 0.0030 0.0020 0.0010 Shale Oil 0.180 0.015 0.0008 0.020 0.015 0.009 Coal 0.360 0.113 0.002 0.030 0.020 0.009 Coke 0.310 0.150 0.001 0.030 0.020 0.009 Peat Briquettes 0.100 1.000 0.050 0.120 0.040 0.020 Peat 0.100 1.000 0.050 0.120 0.040 0.020 Natural Gas 0.089 0.039 0.0015 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 Wood 0.211 0.258 0.007 0.051 0.038 0.033 Biogas 0.150 0.020 0.005 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009

1.A.2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 1.A.2.a Iron and Steel; 1.A.2.b Non-Ferrous Metals; 1.A.2.c Chemicals; 1.A.2.d Pulp, Paper and Print

Gasoline 0.210 27.000 1.000 0.028 0.022 0.017 Diesel Oil 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 RFO 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 LPG 0.200 0.010 0.005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 Jet Fuel 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 Other Kerosene 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 Other Liquid 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 Shale Oil 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 Coal 0.173 0.931 0.089 0.124 0.117 0.108 Coke 0.173 0.931 0.089 0.124 0.117 0.108 Peat Briquettes 0.100 1.000 0.050 0.08 0.04 0.025 Peat 0.100 1.000 0.050 0.08 0.04 0.025 Natural Gas 0.070 0.025 0.003 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 Wood 0.150 1.596 0.146 0.1564 0.1499 0.1491 Biogas 0.070 0.025 0.003 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 Other Liquid

Biofuels 0.070 0.025 0.003 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005

1.A.2.e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco Gasoline 0.210 27.000 1.000 0.028 0.022 0.017 Diesel Oil 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 RFO 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 LPG 0.200 0.010 0.005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 Jet Fuel 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 Other Kerosene 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 Other Liquid 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 Shale Oil 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 Coal 0.173 0.931 0.089 0.124 0.117 0.108 Coke 0.173 0.931 0.089 0.124 0.117 0.108 Peat Briquettes 0.100 1.000 0.050 0.08 0.04 0.025 Peat 0.100 1.000 0.050 0.08 0.04 0.025 Natural Gas 0.070 0.025 0.003 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005


111

Sector / fuel type


Gg/PJ Gg/PJ Gg/PJ (Mg/PJ) Gg/PJ Gg/PJ Gg/PJ Wood 0.150 1.596 0.146 0.1564 0.1499 0.1491 Other Liquid

Biofuels 0.070 0.025 0.003 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005

1.A.2.f Other (please specify ) Gasoline 0.210 27.000 1.000 0.028 0.022 0.017 Diesel Oil 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 RFO 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 LPG 0.200 0.010 0.005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 Jet Fuel 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 Other Kerosene 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 Other Liquid 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 Shale Oil 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 Coal 0.173 0.931 0.089 0.124 0.117 0.108 Coke 0.173 0.931 0.089 0.124 0.117 0.108 Peat Briquettes 0.100 1.000 0.050 0.08 0.04 0.025 Peat 0.100 1.000 0.050 0.08 0.04 0.025 Natural Gas 0.070 0.025 0.003 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 Wood 0.150 1.596 0.146 0.1564 0.1499 0.1491 Used tires 0.070 0.025 0.003 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005

1.A.2.f Other_Construction Gasoline 0.210 27.000 1.000 0.028 0.022 0.017 Diesel Oil 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 RFO 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 LPG 0.200 0.010 0.005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 Jet Fuel 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 Other Kerosene 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 Other Liquid 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 Shale Oil 0.100 0.04 0.01 0.028 0.022 0.017 Coal 0.173 0.931 0.089 0.124 0.117 0.108 Coke 0.173 0.931 0.089 0.124 0.117 0.108 Peat Briquettes 0.100 1.000 0.050 0.08 0.04 0.025 Peat 0.100 1.000 0.050 0.08 0.04 0.025 Natural Gas 0.070 0.025 0.003 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 Wood 0.150 1.596 0.146 0.1564 0.1499 0.1491 Biogas 0.070 0.025 0.003 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005

1.A.4.a Commercial/Institutional Gasoline 0.210 27.000 1.000 0.0275 0.0215 0.0165 Diesel Oil 0.100 0.040 0.010 0.0275 0.0215 0.0165 RFO 0.100 0.040 0.010 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 LPG 0.100 0.040 0.010 0.0275 0.0215 0.0165 Jet Fuel 0.100 0.040 0.010 0.0275 0.0215 0.0165 Other Kerosene 0.100 0.040 0.010 0.0275 0.0215 0.0165 Other Liquid 0.100 0.040 0.010 0.0275 0.0215 0.0165 Shale Oil 0.100 0.040 0.010 0.124 0.117 0.108 Coal 0.173 0.931 0.089 0.124 0.117 0.108 Coke 0.173 0.931 0.089 0.35 0.12 0.06 Peat Briquettes 0.100 5.000 0.600 0.35 0.12 0.06 Peat 0.100 5.000 0.600 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 Natural Gas 0.070 0.025 0.003 0.156 0.150 0.149 Wood 0.150 1.600 0.146 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 landfil gas 0.050 0.050 0.005 Straws 0.100 0.020 0.050

1.A.4.b Residential; 1.A.4.c. Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries Gasoline 0.210 27.000 1.000


112

Sector / fuel type


Gg/PJ Gg/PJ Gg/PJ (Mg/PJ) Gg/PJ Gg/PJ Gg/PJ Diesel Oil 0.100 0.040 0.010 0.0275 0.0215 0.0165 RFO 0.100 0.040 0.010 0.0275 0.0215 0.0165 LPG 0.100 0.040 0.010 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 Jet Fuel 0.100 0.040 0.010 0.0275 0.0215 0.0165 Other Kerosene 0.100 0.040 0.010 0.0275 0.0215 0.0165 Other Liquid 0.100 0.040 0.010 0.0275 0.0215 0.0165 Shale Oil 0.100 0.040 0.010 0.0275 0.0215 0.0165 Coal 0.173 0.931 0.089 0.124 0.117 0.108 Coke 0.173 0.931 0.089 0.124 0.117 0.108 Peat Briquettes 0.100 5.000 0.600 0.35 0.12 0.06 Peat 0.100 5.000 0.600 0.35 0.12 0.06 Natural Gas 0.070 0.025 0.003 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 Wood 0.150 1.600 0.146 0.156 0.150 0.149


113

Table 1 Emission factors per sector (continuation)

Sector / fuel type

Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn DIOXINS Benzo[a]-

pyrene Benzo[b]-

fluoranthene Benzo[k]-

fluoranthene Indeno[123cd]-

pyrene HCB PCBs

Mg/PJ Mg/PJ Mg/PJ Mg/PJ Mg/PJ Mg/PJ Mg/PJ Mg/PJ Mg/PJ Mg Mg/PJ (Mg/PJ) (Mg/PJ) (Mg/PJ) kg/PJ kg/PJ

1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production; 1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries

Gasoline 0.0041 0.0014 0.0014 0.0018 0.0014 0.0068 0.0014 0.0068 0.0018 0.0015 0.0069

Diesel oil 0.0041 0.0014 0.0014 0.0018 0.0014 0.0068 0.0014 0.0068 0.0018 0.0015 0.0069

RFO 0.0049 0.0013 0.0004 0.0043 0.0027 0.0057 0.273 0.0022 0.094 0.0025 0.0069

LPG 0.0002 0.0005 0.0001 0.00009 0.0007 0.0004 0.001 0.00001 0.014 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008

Jet fuel

Other liquid 0.0041 0.0014 0.0014 0.0041 0.0014 0.0014 0.0018 0.0014 0.0068 0.0014 0.0069

Coal 0.018 0.0021 0.0035 0.018 0.0021 0.0035 0.017 0.011 0.0003 0.012 0.0016 0.0026

Peat

Natural gas 0.0002 0.0005 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.0001 0.00009 0.0007 0.0004 0.001 0.0006 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008

Wood 0.021 0.0018 0.0015 0.021 0.0018 0.0015 0.0095 0.009 0.021 0.014 0.00112 0.00004 0.00002 0.00037 0.006 0.06

1A2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction

1A2a Iron and Steel; 1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals; 1A2c Chemicals; 1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print

Gasoline 0.000227428 0.001137139 0.038662725 0.001591995 0.000227428 0.022742779 0.000909711 0.000909711

Diesel oil 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

RFO 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

LPG 0.0002 0.0005 0.0002 0.00009 0.0007 0.0004 0.001 0.00001 0.014 0.002 0.0006 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008

Jet fuel 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Other kerosene 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Other liquid 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Coal 0.134 0.0018 0.0079 0.004 0.0135 0.0175 0.013 0.0018 0.2 0.203 0.0455 0.0589 0.0237 0.0185 0.00062 0.17

Coke 0.134 0.0018 0.0079 0.004 0.0135 0.0175 0.013 0.0018 0.2 0.203 0.0455 0.0589 0.0237 0.0185 0.00062 0.17

Peat briquettes 0.04635 0.00171 0.0006138 0.07058 0.15222 0.14922 0.089552239

Peat 0.04635 0.00171 0.0006138 0.07058 0.15222 0.14922 0.089552239

Natural gas 0.0002 0.0005 0.0002 0.00009 0.0007 0.0004 0.001 0.00001 0.014 0.002 0.0006 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008

Wood 0.0248 0.0018 0.0007 0.0014 0.0065 0.0046 0.002 0.0005 0.1136 0.326 0.0446 0.0649 0.0234 0.0223 0.006

1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco

Gasoline 0.000227428 0.001137139 0.038662725 0.001591995 0.000227428 0.022742779 0.000909711 0.000909711

Diesel oil 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

RFO 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

LPG 0.0002 0.0005 0.0002 0.00009 0.0007 0.0004 0.001 0.00001 0.014 0.002 0.0006 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008

Jet fuel 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Other kerosene 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Other liquid 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Coal 0.134 0.0018 0.0079 0.004 0.0135 0.0175 0.013 0.0018 0.2 0.203 0.0455 0.0589 0.0237 0.0185 0.00062 0.17

Coke 0.134 0.0018 0.0079 0.004 0.0135 0.0175 0.013 0.0018 0.2 0.203 0.0455 0.0589 0.0237 0.0185 0.00062 0.17

Peat briquettes 0.04635 0.00171 0.0006138 0.07058 0.15222 0.14922 0.089552239

Peat 0.04635 0.00171 0.0006138 0.07058 0.15222 0.14922 0.089552239


114

Sector / fuel type


pyrene Benzo[b]-



pyrene HCB PCBs


Natural gas 0.0002 0.0005 0.0002 0.00009 0.0007 0.0004 0.001 0.00001 0.014 0.002 0.0006 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008

Wood 0.0248 0.0018 0.0007 0.0014 0.0065 0.0046 0.002 0.0005 0.1136 0.326 0.0446 0.0649 0.0234 0.0223 0.006

1A2f Other (please specify)

Gasoline 0.0002274 0.001137 0.0387 0.0016 0.0002 0.0227 0.00090971 0.00090971

Diesel oil 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

RFO 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

LPG 0.0002 0.0005 0.0002 0.00009 0.0007 0.0004 0.001 0.00001 0.014 0.002 0.0006 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008

Jet fuel 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Other kerosene 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Other liquid 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Coal 0.134 0.0018 0.0079 0.004 0.0135 0.0175 0.013 0.0018 0.2 0.203 0.0455 0.0589 0.0237 0.0185 0.00062 0.17

Coke 0.134 0.0018 0.0079 0.004 0.0135 0.0175 0.013 0.0018 0.2 0.203 0.0455 0.0589 0.0237 0.0185 0.00062 0.17

Peat briquettes 0.04635 0.00171 0.0006138 0.07058 0.15222 0.14922 0.089552239

Peat 0.04635 0.00171 0.0006138 0.07058 0.15222 0.14922 0.089552239

Natural gas 0.0002 0.0005 0.0002 0.00009 0.0007 0.0004 0.001 0.00001 0.014 0.002 0.0006 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008

Wood 0.0248 0.0018 0.0007 0.0014 0.0065 0.0046 0.002 0.0005 0.1136 0.326 0.0446 0.0649 0.0234 0.0223 0.006

1A2f Other_Construction

Gasoline 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Diesel oil 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

RFO 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

LPG 0.0002 0.0005 0.0002 0.00009 0.0007 0.0004 0.001 0.00001 0.014 0.002 0.0006 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008

Jet fuel 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Other kerosene 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Other liquid 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Coal 0.134 0.0018 0.0079 0.004 0.0135 0.0175 0.013 0.0018 0.2 0.203 0.0455 0.0589 0.0237 0.0185 0.00062 0.17

Coke 0.134 0.0018 0.0079 0.004 0.0135 0.0175 0.013 0.0018 0.2 0.203 0.0455 0.0589 0.0237 0.0185 0.00062 0.17

Peat briquettes 0.04635 0.00171 0.0006138 0.07058 0.15222 0.14922 0.089552239

Peat 0.04635 0.00171 0.0006138 0.07058 0.15222 0.14922 0.089552239

Natural gas 0.0002 0.0005 0.0002 0.00009 0.0007 0.0004 0.001 0.00001 0.014 0.002 0.0006 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008

Wood 0.0248 0.0018 0.0007 0.0014 0.0065 0.0046 0.002 0.0005 0.1136 0.326 0.0446 0.0649 0.0234 0.0223 0.006

1.A.4.a. Commercial/Institutional

Gasoline 0.0002274 0.001137 0.0387 0.0016 0.0002 0.0227 0.00090971 0.00090971

Diesel oil 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

RFO 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

LPG 0.000984 0.000515 0.000234 0.0000937 0.000656 0.000398 0.000984 0.0000112 0.0136 0.002 0.000562 0.000843 0.000843 0.000843

Jet fuel 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Other kerosene 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Other liquid 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Coal 0.134 0.0018 0.0079 0.004 0.0135 0.0175 0.013 0.0018 0.2 0.203 0.0455 0.0589 0.0237 0.0185 0.00062 0.17

Coke 0.134 0.0018 0.0079 0.004 0.0135 0.0175 0.013 0.0018 0.2 0.203 0.0455 0.0589 0.0237 0.0185 0.00062 0.17


115

Sector / fuel type


pyrene Benzo[b]-



pyrene HCB PCBs


Peat briquettes 0.04635 0.00171 0.0006138 0.07058 0.15222 0.14922 0.089552239

Peat 0.04635 0.00171 0.0006138 0.07058 0.15222 0.14922 0.089552239

Natural gas 0.000984 0.000515 0.000234 0.0000937 0.000656 0.000398 0.000984 0.0000112 0.0136 0.002 0.000562 0.000843 0.000843 0.000843

Wood 0.0248 0.0018 0.0007 0.0014 0.0065 0.0046 0.002 0.0005 0.114 0.326 0.0446 0.0649 0.0234 0.0223 0.006 0.00006

Landfil gas 0.000984 0.000515 0.000234 0.0000937 0.000656 0.000398 0.000984 0.0000112 0.0136 0.002 0.000562 0.000843 0.000843 0.000843

1.A.4.b. Residential;

Gasoline 0.001137139 0.038662725 0.001591995 0.000227428 0.022742779

Diesel oil 0.016 0.0155 0.0015 0.00003 0.0009 0.0155 0.0079 0.24 0.0085 0.01 0.022 0.0257 0.0125

RFO 0.016 0.0155 0.0015 0.00003 0.0009 0.0155 0.0079 0.24 0.0085 0.01 0.022 0.0257 0.0125

LPG 0.000984 0.000984 0.000515 0.000234 0.0000937 0.000656 0.000398 0.000984 0.0000112 0.0136 0.0005 0.000562 0.000843 0.000843

Jet fuel 0.016 0.0155 0.0015 0.00003 0.0009 0.0155 0.0079 0.24 0.0085 0.01 0.022 0.0257 0.0125

Other kerosene 0.016 0.0155 0.0015 0.00003 0.0009 0.0155 0.0079 0.24 0.0085 0.01 0.022 0.0257 0.0125

Other liquid 0.016 0.0155 0.0015 0.00003 0.0009 0.0155 0.0079 0.24 0.0085 0.01 0.022 0.0257 0.0125

Coal 0.13 0.0015 0.0051 0.0025 0.0112 0.0223 0.0127 0.001 0.22 0.8 0.23 0.33 0.13 0.11 0.00062 0.17

Coke 0.13 0.0015 0.0051 0.0025 0.0112 0.0223 0.0127 0.001 0.22 0.8 0.23 0.33 0.13 0.11 0.00062 0.17

Peat briquettes 0.04635 0.00171 0.0006138 0.07058 0.15222 0.14922 0.089552239

Peat 0.04635 0.00171 0.0006138 0.07058 0.15222 0.14922 0.089552239

Natural gas 0.000984 0.000515 0.000234 0.0000937 0.000656 0.000398 0.000984 0.0000112 0.0136 0.0005 0.000562 0.000843 0.000843 0.000843

Wood 0.04 0.0014 0.0005 0.001 0.0029 0.0086 0.0044 0.0005 0.13 0.7 0.21 0.22 0.13 0.14 0.006 0.00006


Gasoline

Diesel oil 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

RFO 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

LPG 0.000984 0.000515 0.000234 0.0000937 0.000656 0.000398 0.000984 0.0000112 0.0136 0.002 0.000562 0.000843 0.000843 0.000843

Jet fuel 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Other kerosene 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Other liquid 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.001 0.0128 0.0072 0.26 0.008 0.01 0.0052 0.0062 0.004 0.0022

Coal 0.134 0.0018 0.0079 0.004 0.0135 0.0175 0.013 0.0018 0.2 0.203 0.0455 0.0589 0.0237 0.0185 0.00062 0.17

Coke 0.134 0.0018 0.0079 0.004 0.0135 0.0175 0.013 0.0018 0.2 0.203 0.0455 0.0589 0.0237 0.0185 0.00062 0.17

Peat briquettes 0.04635 0.00171 0.000614 0.07058 0.15222 0.14922 0.089552239

Peat 0.04635 0.00171 0.000614 0.07058 0.15222 0.14922 0.089552239

Natural gas 0.000984 0.000515 0.000234 0.0000937 0.000656 0.000398 0.000984 0.0000112 0.0136 0.002 0.000562 0.000843 0.000843 0.000843

Wood 0.0248 0.0018 0.0007 0.0014 0.0065 0.0046 0.002 0.0005 0.114 0.326 0.0446 0.0649 0.0234 0.0223 0.006 0.00006


116

Table 2 SO2 emission factors per fuel type

Type of fuel

Sulphur content (%) 1990-1995

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

diesel 0.3 0.3 0.265 0.333 0.226 0.298 0.284 0.333 0.209 0.188 0.136 0.124 0.184 0.157 0.141 0.213

RFO 2 2 2.122 2.097 2.005 2.078 1.983 1.922 1.972 1.452 1.292 1.030 1.184 0.89 0.613 1.418

gasoline 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.015 0.015

jet fuel 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 jet fuel (for off-roads) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

other liquids 0.551 0.551 0.551 0.564 0.523 0.428 0.417 0.300 0.253 0.215 0.211 0.229 0.268 0.183 0.146 0.146

LPG 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.014 0.013 0.014 0.013 0.011 0.02 0.02 0.005 0.005

shale oil 1 1 1 1 0.8 0.74 0.834 0.545 0.616 0.647 0.628 0.8 0.817 0.84 0.85 0.55

coal 1.8 1.8 1.47 1.37 1.06 0.90 0.87 0.83 0.67 0.67 0.73 0.644 0.438 0.412 0.338 0.334

coke 1.8 1.2 0.60 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

oil shale 1 1 0.05 0.70 1.00 1.00 0.86 0.00 0

peat 0.3 0.3 0.28 0.22 0.21 0.24 0.22 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.27 0.245 0.217 0.12 0.210 0.17

EF (Gg/PJ) 1990-1995

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

diesel 0.141 0.141 0.125 0.157 0.106 0.140 0.133 0.157 0.098 0.088 0.064 0.059 0.087 0.074 0.067 0.100

RFO 0.966 0.966 1.024 1.012 0.968 1.003 0.957 0.928 0.952 0.701 0.624 0.497 0.572 0.429 0.296 0.685

gasoline 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007

jet fuel 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 jet fuel (for off-roads) 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023

other liquids 0.263 0.263 0.263 0.269 0.250 0.205 0.199 0.143 0.121 0.103 0.101 0.109 0.128 0.087 0.070 0.070

LPG 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.009 0.009 0.002 0.002

shale oil 0.508 0.508 0.508 0.508 0.407 0.374 0.424 0.277 0.313 0.329 0.319 0.407 0.415 0.427 0.432 0.280

coal 1.236 1.236 1.007 0.939 0.730 0.615 0.598 0.570 0.457 0.458 0.498 0.442 0.301 0.283 0.232 0.229

coke 1.209 0.806 0.403 0.269 0.269 0.269 0.269 0.269 0.269 0.269 0.269 0.269 0.269 0.269 0.269 0.269

oil shale 1.957 1.957 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.098 1.370 1.957 1.957 1.683 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

peat 0.507 0.507 0.474 0.370 0.347 0.400 0.364 0.462 0.448 0.429 0.458 0.414 0.367 0.196 0.354 0.288 Notes: Gasoline – due to legislation Shale oil – average amount from database Nr. 2-Air Peat – average amount from database Nr. 2-Air Coal – average amount from database Nr. 2-Air and additional calculated average amount by periods Diesel oil (transport) – due to legislation

118

Table 3 Energobalance of Latvia in year 2010 (TJ)

Oil

prod

ucts

-

tota

l

Sha

le o

il

LPG

Gas

olin

e an

d av

iatio

n ga

solin

e

Ker

osen

e ty

pe

jet f

uel

Die

sel o

il

RF

O

Whi

te s

pirit

Lubr

ican

ts

Bitu

men

Par

affin

wax

Pet

role

um

coke

Oth

er li

quid

Use

d oi

ls

Coa

l

Pea

t

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t br

ique

ttes

Cok

e

Nat

ural

gas

Fue

lwoo

d

Use

d tir

es

Mun

icip

al

was

tes

Cha

rcoa

l

Bio

etha

nol

Bio

dies

el

Land

fill g

as

Slu

dge

gas

Str

aws

NCV ... 39,35 45,54 43,97 43,21 42,49 40,6 41,86 41,86 41,86 41,86 32,98 41,86 29,23 26,22 10,05 15,49 26,79 33,67 ... 6,7 18,56 30 0,0268 0,0372 19,82 22,8 14,4 production of energy resources

100 0 72471 39320 398 1616 421 137 60

primary product receipts

66 66 334

import 71660,7 78 5647 10996 5142 35266,7 8769 42 2177 2009 419 165 921 29 4719 80 37879 139 13 761 60 176 129

export 11163,3 3598 616 173 5141,3 2 1633 0 52 60 1 22274 5394 300 320 1024

bunkering 10524 2932 7592

interproduct transfer

stock changes 4071 -39 54 1452 -43 2167 -108 42 -42 42 462 84 -289 60 7 0 23434 1018 54 -19 30 96 87

statistical differences

10469 835 9634

gross energy - total

64579,4 39 2103 12667 4926 38994,4 1069 40 586 1967 461 627 1005 95 4378 100 6 80 61313 51354 33993 1076 -210 350 808 421 137 60

Transformation sector

-771 -8 -31 -703 -29 -550 -10 -1 -39294 -7428 -1481 270 -8 -302 -137 -30

public heat plants -531 -15 -487 -29 -26 -10 -6970 -4357 -335 autoproducer heat plants

-37 -8 -16 -13 -131 -1044 -1805 -643 -29

public CHP -203 -203 -393 -30842 -727 -8 -60 -137 autoproducer CHP

-438 -193

autoproducer electricity plants

-1 -36 -49 -1

charcoal production plants

-503 -503 270

Energy sector* 213 213 0 875

Losses 60 269

Final consumption:

63595 39 2095 12667 4926 38750 366 40 586 1967 461 627 1005 66 3828 30 5 80 20875 43926 32512 1076 60 350 800 119 30

transport: 49349 989 12315 4909 30550 586 1 350 787

international air 4907 4907

domestic air 6 4 2

road 41248 989 12308 27449 502 1 350 752

railways 2888 2804 84 35 domestic navigation

300 3 297

pipelines Industry (including construction)

6017 39 91 44 1359 326 40 1967 461 627 1005 58 1861 10 4 80 10167 9459 1020 1076 0 8 0

Other sectors: 8229 1015 308 17 6841 40 0 8 1967 20 1 10707 34467 31492 60 5 119 30

other consumers 1514 91 44 17 1317 37 8 892 1 4848 3230 2439 4 119 28

residential 2237 911 264 1062 1049 20 5219 30682 28964 60 2

agriculture / forestry / hunting

4053 13 0 4037 3 0 26 640 553 87 1

fishery 425 425 2 2

119

ANNEX 2

Activity data used for COPERT model

Distribution of road transport fleet by subsectors and layers, year 2010

Subsector Technology Population Mileage Passenger Cars Gasoline <1,4 l ECE 15/00-01 176 1500

Gasoline <1,4 l ECE 15/02 264 1700

Gasoline <1,4 l ECE 15/03 617 1700 Gasoline <1,4 l ECE 15/04 7052 2000

Gasoline <1,4 l PC Euro 1 - 91/441/EEC 6390 3000 Gasoline <1,4 l PC Euro 2 - 94/12/EEC 5553 7000

Gasoline <1,4 l PC Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000 10798 18000

Gasoline <1,4 l PC Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005 13222 26500 Gasoline 1,4 - 2,0 l ECE 15/00-01 1092 1500

Gasoline 1,4 - 2,0 l ECE 15/02 3649 1800 Gasoline 1,4 - 2,0 l ECE 15/03 6552 1800

Gasoline 1,4 - 2,0 l ECE 15/04 37130 2500 Gasoline 1,4 - 2,0 l PC Euro 1 - 91/441/EEC 41499 4500

Gasoline 1,4 - 2,0 l PC Euro 2 - 94/12/EEC 55271 10000

Gasoline 1,4 - 2,0 l PC Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000 37424 19000 Gasoline 1,4 - 2,0 l PC Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005 35797 26792

Gasoline >2,0 l ECE 15/00-01 308 1500 Gasoline >2,0 l ECE 15/02 616 1900

Gasoline >2,0 l ECE 15/03 1231 2500

Gasoline >2,0 l ECE 15/04 9236 4000 Gasoline >2,0 l PC Euro 1 - 91/441/EEC 3556 6000

Gasoline >2,0 l PC Euro 2 - 94/12/EEC 17686 10000 Gasoline >2,0 l PC Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000 14777 20000

Gasoline >2,0 l PC Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005 14161 28000 Diesel <2,0 l Conventional 17588 10000

Diesel <2,0 l PC Euro 1 - 91/441/EEC 10761 16000

Diesel <2,0 l PC Euro 2 - 94/12/EEC 25974 23200 Diesel <2,0 l PC Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000 22616 27000

Diesel <2,0 l PC Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005 20414 30000 Diesel >2,0 l Conventional 9594 11000

Diesel >2,0 l PC Euro 1 - 91/441/EEC 6703 17000

Diesel >2,0 l PC Euro 2 - 94/12/EEC 20906 24000 Diesel >2,0 l PC Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000 19375 27500

Diesel >2,0 l PC Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005 13317 30000 LPG Conventional 3265 12000

LPG PC Euro 1 - 91/441/EEC 2473 13000 LPG PC Euro 2 - 94/12/EEC 3773 20000

LPG PC Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000 3027 26000

LPG PC Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005 3037 28000

Light Duty Vehicles

LPG Conventional 63 12500 LPG LD Euro 1 - 93/59/EEC 108 18000

LPG LD Euro 2 - 96/69/EEC 159 21000

LPG LD Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000 142 22000 LPG LD Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005 170 25000

Gasoline <3,5t Conventional 296 12500 Gasoline <3,5t LD Euro 1 - 93/59/EEC 506 16000

Gasoline <3,5t LD Euro 2 - 96/69/EEC 742 19000

Gasoline <3,5t LD Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000 661 20000 Gasoline <3,5t LD Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005 798 25000

Subsector Technology Population Mileage Diesel <3,5 t Conventional 2563 20000

Diesel <3,5 t LD Euro 1 - 93/59/EEC 4398 25000 Diesel <3,5 t LD Euro 2 - 96/69/EEC 6440 30000

Diesel <3,5 t LD Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000 5740 35000

Diesel <3,5 t LD Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005 6929 40000

Heavy Duty Trucks

LPG Conventional 305 20000 LPG HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 81 25000

LPG HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 84 35000

LPG HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 98 40000 Gasoline >3,5 t Conventional 1046 20000

Gasoline >3,5 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 298 20000 Gasoline >3,5 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 303 25000

Gasoline >3,5 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 179 35000 Gasoline >3,5 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 185 40000

Rigid <=7,5 t Conventional 1404 35000

Rigid <=7,5 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 562 50000 Rigid <=7,5 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 540 50000

Rigid <=7,5 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 348 55000 Rigid <=7,5 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 375 55000

Rigid 7,5 - 12 t Conventional 788 50000

Rigid 7,5 - 12 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 171 65000 Rigid 7,5 - 12 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 185 70000

Rigid 7,5 - 12 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 102 70000 Rigid 7,5 - 12 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 98 70000

Rigid 12 - 14 t Conventional 327 60000 Rigid 12 - 14 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 113 70000

Rigid 12 - 14 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 94 70000

Rigid 12 - 14 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 20 70000 Rigid 12 - 14 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 41 70000


Rigid 14 - 20 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 1336 75000

Rigid 14 - 20 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 1039 75000 Rigid 14 - 20 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 2175 75000


Rigid 20 - 26 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 380 75000 Rigid 20 - 26 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 277 75000

Rigid 20 - 26 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 557 77000



Rigid 26 - 28 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 515 80000



Rigid 28 - 32 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 26 80000 Rigid >32 t Conventional 21 65000

Rigid >32 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 21 70000

Rigid >32 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 22 75000 Rigid >32 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 19 75000

Rigid >32 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 43 80000 Articulated 14 - 20 t Conventional 211 65000

Articulated 14 - 20 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 240 70000

Subsector Technology Population Mileage Articulated 14 - 20 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 422 75000

Articulated 14 - 20 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 328 75000 Articulated 14 - 20 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 725 80000

Articulated 20 - 28 t Conventional 220 65000

Articulated 20 - 28 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 292 70000 Articulated 20 - 28 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 430 75000


Articulated 28 - 34 t Conventional 329 65000

Articulated 28 - 34 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 383 70000 Articulated 28 - 34 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 544 75000


Buses LPG Conventional 3 25000

LPG HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 1 35000

LPG HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 2 35000 LPG HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 7 35000

Urban Buses Conventional 10 25000 Urban Buses HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 8 35000

Urban Buses HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 14 35000

Urban Buses HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 44 35000 Urban Buses Midi <=15 t Conventional 395 65000

Urban Buses Midi <=15 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 213 75000 Urban Buses Midi <=15 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 210 80000

Urban Buses Midi <=15 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 353 85000 Urban Buses Midi <=15 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 515 85000

Coaches Standard <=18 t Conventional 441 65000

Coaches Standard <=18 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 319 70000 Coaches Standard <=18 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 241 75000

Coaches Standard <=18 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 147 80000 Coaches Standard <=18 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 123 85000

Coaches Articulated >18 t Conventional 86 40000

Coaches Articulated >18 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 132 55000 Coaches Articulated >18 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 124 60000

Coaches Articulated >18 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 155 60000 Coaches Articulated >18 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 65 60000

Mopeds <50 cm³ Conventional 211 1000

<50 cm³ Mop - Euro I 1227 1500

<50 cm³ Mop - Euro II 8181 1500

Motorcycles

2-stroke >50 cm³ Conventional 1815 1500 2-stroke >50 cm³ Mot - Euro I 820 2000

2-stroke >50 cm³ Mot - Euro II 311 2000

2-stroke >50 cm³ Mot - Euro III 628 2000 4-stroke <250 cm³ Mot - Euro III 278 500

4-stroke 250 - 750 cm³ Conventional 995 2000 4-stroke 250 - 750 cm³ Mot - Euro I 910 2500

4-stroke 250 - 750 cm³ Mot - Euro II 377 2500 4-stroke 250 - 750 cm³ Mot - Euro III 751 3000

4-stroke >750 cm³ Conventional 645 2500

4-stroke >750 cm³ Mot - Euro I 540 2500 4-stroke >750 cm³ Mot - Euro II 221 2500

4-stroke >750 cm³ Mot - Euro III 597 3000

122

ANNEX 3

Detailed information about calculated average N excretion per head of livestock:

Average N excretion per head of livestock was reassessed in the Research [13] which was made by Latvian State Institute of Agrarian Economics if compared previously submitted. For N excretion calculations was used newest published information of “Centre of Agrochemical researches” on different produced manure amount of livestock type in year and N amount in the manure, which was justly with results of manure analyses (Table 6.9).

For reassessing values of N excretion per head of livestock was used in the Table 6.1 shown information, information from Research [15] previously submitted as well as IPCC Guidelines.

Table 6 Additional standards for manure of livestock type Livestock and holding way

Type of manure Extraction in year, t N in natural manure, kg/t N /year /from

manure, kg

Dairy cows, milk yield, 3500-5000 kg, all-round floor Solid storage ad dry lot 10,5 4,1 43,1 Dairy cows, milk yield, 5000-6000 kg, all-round floor Solid storage ad dry lot 12,5 4,4 55,0 Dairy cows, milk yield, 6000 kg, all-round floor Solid storage ad dry lot 13,7 3,3 45,2 Dairy cows, milk yield 7600 kg, rack floor Partly liquid 18,2 3,1 56,4 Heifer (until 6 month), all-round floor Solid storage ad dry lot 2,6 3,7 9,6 Heifer (6 month and older), all-round floor Solid storage ad dry lot 8,0 3,4 27,2 Feedlot stock (heifer and bull), deep byre Solid storage ad dry lot 11,1 3,8 42,2 Bulls for meet (feed with distiller’s grain), all-round floor liquid 16,0 3,7 59,2 Cows, calf for, all-round floor Solid storage ad dry lot 12,0 3,4 40,8 Breeding bulls, all-round floor Solid storage ad dry lot 13,0 4,3 55,9 Feedlot swine (30 –100 kg), all-round floor, rack floor (partial) Solid storage ad dry lot 0,5 7,1 3,6

liquid 1,0 4,9 4,9 Pregnant sow, all-round floor, rack floor (partial) Solid storage ad dry lot 1,4 7,1 9,9

liquid 2,8 4,6 12,9 Suckling sow, all-round floor, rack floor (partial) Solid storage ad dry lot 1,5 5,4 8,1

liquid 2,5 3,1 7,8 Weanling (7,5-30 kg), all-round floor, rack floor (partial) Solid storage ad dry lot 0,06 6,4 0,4

liquid 0,1 3,8 0,4 Boar, all-round floor Solid storage ad dry lot 1,5 2,6 3,9 Goats with yeanling, all-round floor Solid storage ad dry lot 1,5 6,3 9,5 Sheep with yeanling, deep farm Solid storage ad dry lot 1,3 7,4 9,6 Horses, all-round floor Solid storage ad dry lot 8,0 5,2 41,6 Broiler Solid storage ad dry lot 0,02 21,7 0,43 Lying hen, cage 0,05 15,9 0,80 Lying hen, cage liquid 0,10 6,4 0,64

Source: Timbare, 2002 and Latvian State Institute of Agrarian Economics calculations

123

ANNEX 4 Uncertainties NOx

NFR category code

NFR category Pollutant Base year estimate

Ex,t

Latest year

estimate Ex,t

Activity data uncertainty

Emission factor

uncertainty

Combined uncertainty

Combined uncertainty as

% of total national

emissions in year t

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity

Uncertainty in trend in national

emissions introduced by emission

factor uncertainty


emissions introduced by activity

data uncertainty

Uncertainty introduced

into the trend in total national

emissions

Emission Factor quality

indicator

Activity data

quality indicator

1 A 1 a 1 A 1 a Public electricity and heat production

NOx 13,679 2,904 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 4,31% -6,41% 4,46% -3,21% 0,13% 3,21% D D

1 A 1 c 1 A 1 c Manufacture of solid fuels and other energy industries

NOx 0,294 0,222 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,33% 0,11% 0,34% 0,05% 0,01% 0,05% D D

1 A 2 a

1 A 2 a Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Iron and steel

NOx 0,512 0,387 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,57% 0,19% 0,60% 0,09% 0,02% 0,10% D D

1 A 2 b

1 A 2 b Stationary Combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Non-ferrous metals

NOx 0,000 0,009 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,01% 0,01% 0,01% 0,01% 0,00% 0,01% D D

1 A 2 c

1 A 2 c Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Chemicals

NOx 0,394 0,079 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,12% -0,19% 0,12% -0,10% 0,00% 0,10% D D

1 A 2 d

1 A 2 d Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Pulp, Paper and Print

NOx 0,214 0,030 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,05% -0,12% 0,05% -0,06% 0,00% 0,06% D D

1 A 2 e

1 A 2 e Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Food processing, beverages and tobacco

NOx 1,499 0,265 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,39% -0,79% 0,41% -0,39% 0,01% 0,39% D D

1 A 2 f i

1 A 2 f i Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Other (Please specify in your IIR)

NOx 2,356 2,141 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 3,18% 1,41% 3,29% 0,71% 0,09% 0,71% D D

1 A 2 f ii

1 A 2 f ii Mobile Combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: (Please specify in your IIR)

NOx 0,185 0,009 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,03% -0,13% 0,01% -0,13% 0,00% 0,13% D D

1 A 3 a i (i) 1 A 3 a i (i) International aviation (LTO)

NOx 0,511 0,281 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 0,43% 0,02% 0,43% 0,01% 0,06% 0,06%

1 A 3 a ii (i) 1 A 3 a ii (i) Civil aviation (Domestic, LTO)

NOx 0,000 0,000 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%

1 A 3 b i 1 A 3 b i Road transport: Passenger cars

NOx 11,027 3,609 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 5,46% -3,23% 5,54% -1,61% 0,78% 1,79%

1 A 3 b ii 1 A 3 b ii Road transport:Light duty vehicles

NOx 2,080 0,926 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 1,40% -0,23% 1,42% -0,12% 0,20% 0,23%

1 A 3 b iii 1 A 3 b iii Road transport:, Heavy duty vehicles

NOx 11,110 11,041 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 16,69% 8,11% 16,96% 4,05% 2,40% 4,71%

1 A 3 b iv 1 A 3 b iv Road transport: Mopeds & motorcycles

NOx 0,001 0,006 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 0,01% 0,01% 0,01% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%

1 A 3 c 1 A 3 c Railways NOx 6,692 2,613 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 3,88% -1,31% 4,01% -0,66% 0,11% 0,66%

NFR category code

NFR category Pollutant Base year estimate

Ex,t

Latest year

estimate Ex,t

Activity data uncertainty

Emission factor

uncertainty



% of total national

emissions in year t

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity


emissions introduced by emission

factor uncertainty


emissions introduced by activity

data uncertainty

Uncertainty introduced

into the trend in total national

emissions

Emission Factor quality

indicator

Activity data

quality indicator

1 A 3 d i (ii) 1 A 3 d i (ii) International inland waterways

NOx 0,000 0,000 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%

1 A 3 d ii 1 A 3 d ii National navigation (Shipping)

NOx 0,021 0,549 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,82% 0,83% 0,84% 0,41% 0,02% 0,41%

1 A 3 e 1 A 3 e Pipeline compressors NOx 0,000 0,000 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%

1 A 4 a i 1 A 4 a i Commercial / institutional: Stationary

NOx 5,360 1,445 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 2,14% -2,04% 2,22% -1,02% 0,06% 1,02% D D

1 A 4 a ii 1 A 4 a ii Commercial / institutional: Mobile

NOx 0,009 0,009 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,03% 0,01% 0,01% 0,01% 0,00% 0,01% D D

1 A 4 b i 1 A 4 b i Residential: Stationary plants

NOx 2,798 2,839 50,00% 100,00% 111,80% 9,41% 2,13% 4,36% 2,13% 3,08% 3,75% D D

1 A 4 b ii 1 A 4 b ii Residential: Household and gardening (mobile)

NOx 0,000 0,047 50,00% 100,00% 111,80% 0,16% 0,07% 0,07% 0,07% 0,05% 0,09% D D

1 A 4 c i 1 A 4 c i Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing: Stationary

NOx 1,966 0,566 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,84% -0,70% 0,87% -0,35% 0,02% 0,35% D D

1 A 4 c ii

1 A 4 c ii Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing: Off-road vehicles and other machinery

NOx 0,277 0,000 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,00% -0,22% 0,00% -0,22% 0,00% 0,22% D D

1A 4 c iii 1 A 4 c iii Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing: National fishing

NOx 0,176 0,043 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,13% -0,07% 0,07% -0,07% 0,02% 0,08% D D

1 A 5 b 1 A 5 b Other, Mobile (including military, land based and recreational boats)

NOx 0,000 0,005 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,02% 0,01% 0,01% 0,01% 0,00% 0,01% D D

2 A 1 2 A 1 Cement production NOx 0,902 0,483 2,00% 20,00% 20,10% 0,29% 0,02% 0,74% 0,00% 0,02% 0,02% D D

2 C 1 2 C 1 Iron and steel production

NOx 2,805 2,730 2,00% 20,00% 20,10% 1,63% 1,96% 4,19% 0,39% 0,12% 0,41% D D

4 G 4 G Agriculture other(c) NOx 0,000 0,012 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,04% 0,02% 0,02% 0,02% 0,01% 0,02%

6 C a 6 C a Clinical wasteincineration (d)

NOx 0,000 0,000 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%

6 C b 6 C b Industrial waste incineration (d)

NOx 0,000 0,000 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%

6 C d 6 C d Cremation NOx 0,000 0,001 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%

7 A 7 A Other (included in national total for entire territory)

NOx 0,223 0,469 90% 200% 219,32% 3,05% 0,54% 0,72% 1,09% 0,92% 1,42%

National total for the entire territory

65,09 33,72 4,600 22,900 23,574 55,398% 0,006% 51,805% 1,130% 8,160% 20,044%

Percentage uncertainty in total inventory 74,43%

Trend uncertainty 44,77%

125

NMVOC

NFR category

code NFR category Pollutant

Base year emmissions

Latest year

emissions

AD uncertainty

EF uncertainty



% of total national

emissions in year t

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity

Uncertainty in trend in national emissions

introduced by EF uncertainty


introduced by AD uncertainty

Uncertainty introduced into

the trend in total national

emissions

EM quality

indicator

AD quality

indicator


NMVOC 0,414 0,101 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,08% -0,16% 0,10% -0,08% 0,00% 0,08% D D


NMVOC 0,081 0,005 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,00% -0,05% 0,01% -0,02% 0,00% 0,02% D D

1 A 2 a 1 A 2 a Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Iron and steel

NMVOC 0,036 0,029 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,02% 0,01% 0,03% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% D D

1 A 2 b 1 A 2 b Stationary Combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Non-ferrous metals

NMVOC 0,000 0,000 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% D D

1 A 2 c 1 A 2 c Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Chemicals

NMVOC 0,037 0,030 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,02% 0,01% 0,03% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% D D

1 A 2 d 1 A 2 d Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Pulp, Paper and Print

NMVOC 0,011 0,023 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,02% 0,02% 0,02% 0,01% 0,00% 0,01% D D

1 A 2 e


NMVOC 0,241 0,064 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,05% -0,09% 0,06% -0,04% 0,00% 0,04% D D

1 A 2 f i


NMVOC 0,251 1,565 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 1,20% 1,38% 1,54% 0,69% 0,04% 0,69% D D

1 A 2 f ii


NMVOC 0,880 0,044 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,07% -0,51% 0,04% -0,51% 0,01% 0,51% D D


NMVOC 0,051 0,017 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 0,01% -0,02% 0,02% -0,01% 0,00% 0,01%


NMVOC 0,000 0,000 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%


NMVOC 15,762 1,709 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 1,34% -8,24% 1,68% -4,12% 0,24% 4,13%


NMVOC 1,944 0,127 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 0,10% -1,10% 0,13% -0,55% 0,02% 0,55%


NMVOC 4,206 0,772 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 0,61% -1,89% 0,76% -0,95% 0,11% 0,95%


NMVOC 0,273 0,062 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 0,05% -0,11% 0,06% -0,06% 0,01% 0,06%

1 A 3 c 1 A 3 c Railways NMVOC 0,786 0,307 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,24% -0,19% 0,30% -0,10% 0,01% 0,10%


NMVOC 0,011 0,032 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,02% 0,02% 0,03% 0,01% 0,00% 0,01%


NMVOC 2,655 0,814 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,63% -0,87% 0,80% -0,44% 0,02% 0,44% D D


NMVOC 0,044 0,044 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,07% 0,02% 0,04% 0,02% 0,01% 0,02% D D


NMVOC 21,981 29,041 50,00% 100,00% 111,80% 49,94% 14,71% 28,60% 14,71% 20,22% 25,01% D D


NMVOC 0,000 0,660 50,00% 100,00% 111,80% 1,13% 0,65% 0,65% 0,65% 0,46% 0,80% D D


NMVOC 0,389 0,128 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,10% -0,12% 0,13% -0,06% 0,00% 0,06% D D

1 A 4 c ii 1 A 4 c ii Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing: Off-road vehicles and other machinery

NMVOC 27,676 0,000 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,00% -17,41% 0,00% -17,41% 0,00% 17,41% D D

1A 4 c iii 1A 4 c iii Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing: National fishing

NMVOC 0,018 0,005 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,01% -0,01% 0,00% -0,01% 0,00% 0,01% D D

1 A 5 b 1 A 5 b Other, Mobile (including NMVOC 0,000 0,001 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% D D

NFR category



Latest year

emissions

AD uncertainty

EF uncertainty



% of total national

emissions in year t

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity







emissions

EM quality

indicator

AD quality

indicator

military, land based and recreational boats)

1 B 2 a v 1 B 2 a v Distribution of oil products

NMVOC 2,979 0,738 2,00% 2,00% 2,83% 0,03% -1,15% 0,73% -0,02% 0,02% 0,03% M M

2 A 1 2 A 1 Cement production NMVOC 0,154 0,008 2,00% 20,00% 20,10% 0,00% -0,09% 0,01% -0,02% 0,00% 0,02% D D

2 A 5 2 A 5 Asphalt roofing NMVOC 0,000 0,000 20,00% 70,00% 72,80% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% D D

2 A 7 d

2 A 7 d Other Mineral products (Please specify the sources included/excluded in the notes column to the right)

NMVOC 0,001 0,014 100,00% 50,00% 111,80% 0,02% 0,01% 0,01% 0,01% 0,02% 0,02% D D

2 C 1 2 C 1 Iron and steel production NMVOC 0,248 0,241 2,00% 20,00% 20,10% 0,07% 0,08% 0,24% 0,02% 0,01% 0,02% D D

2 D 2 2 D 2 Food and drink NMVOC 3,382 1,365 2,00% 20,00% 20,10% 0,42% -0,79% 1,34% -0,16% 0,04% 0,16% D D

3 A 1 3 A 1 Decorative coating application

NMVOC 0,902 3,911 2,00% 2,00% 2,83% 0,17% 3,28% 3,85% 0,07% 0,11% 0,13% M M

3 A 2 3 A 2 Industrial coating application NMVOC 6,545 0,000 50,00% 50,00% 70,71% 0,00% -4,12% 0,00% -2,06% 0,00% 2,06% M M

3 B 1 3 B 1 Degreasing NMVOC 2,268 0,007 2,00% 2,00% 2,83% 0,00% -1,42% 0,01% -0,03% 0,00% 0,03% M M

3 B 2 3 B 2 Dry cleaning NMVOC 0,000 0,000 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%

3 C 3 C Chemical products NMVOC 0,000 0,290 2,00% 2,00% 2,83% 0,01% 0,29% 0,29% 0,01% 0,01% 0,01% M M

3 D 1 3 D 1 Printing NMVOC 1,734 0,241 2,00% 2,00% 2,83% 0,01% -0,86% 0,24% -0,02% 0,01% 0,02% M M

3 D 2 3 D 2 Domestic solvent use including fungicides

NMVOC 4,802 2,265 2,00% 2,00% 2,83% 0,10% -0,80% 2,23% -0,02% 0,06% 0,07% M M

3 D 3 3 D 3 Other product use NMVOC 0,000 6,010 2,00% 2,00% 2,83% 0,26% 5,92% 5,92% 0,12% 0,17% 0,21% M M

4 B 1 a 4 B 1 a Cattle dairy NMVOC 0,000 0,000 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%

6 A 6 A Solid waste disposal on land NMVOC 0,266 0,350 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,55% 0,18% 0,35% 0,18% 0,10% 0,20%

6 B 6 B Waste-water handling NMVOC 0,009 0,004 10,00% 100,00% 100,50% 0,01% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%


NMVOC 0,000 0,000 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%


NMVOC 0,000 0,001 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%

6 C d 6 C d Cremation NMVOC 0,000 0,000 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%


101,54 65,01 5,860 25,140 26,566 73,045% 0,033% 64,030% -0,764% 25,605% 64,072%

Percentage uncertainty in total inventory 85,47%

Trend uncertainty

80,05%

SO2

NFR category



Latest year

emissions

AD uncertainty

EF uncertainty



% of total national

emissions in year t

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity







emissions

EM quality

indicator

AD quality

indicator


SOx 36,299 0,754 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 11,95% -0,32% 0,72% -0,16% 0,02% 0,16% D D


SOx 0,913 0,021 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,34% -0,01% 0,02% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% D D

1 A 2 a 1 A 2 a Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Iron and steel

SOx 1,427 0,097 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 1,54% 0,05% 0,09% 0,03% 0,00% 0,03% D D

1 A 2 c 1 A 2 c Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Chemicals

SOx 3,045 0,009 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,13% -0,08% 0,01% -0,04% 0,00% 0,04% D D

NFR category



Latest year

emissions

AD uncertainty

EF uncertainty



% of total national

emissions in year t

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity







emissions

EM quality

indicator

AD quality

indicator

1 A 2 d 1 A 2 d Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Pulp, Paper and Print

SOx 0,231 0,000 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,00% -0,01% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% D D

1 A 2 e


SOx 8,681 0,238 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 3,77% -0,02% 0,23% -0,01% 0,01% 0,01% D D

1 A 2 f i


SOx 9,869 0,579 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 9,17% 0,27% 0,55% 0,13% 0,02% 0,13% D D

1 A 2 f ii


SOx 0,006 0,000 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,01% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% D D


SOx 0,053 0,027 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 0,44% 0,02% 0,03% 0,01% 0,00% 0,01%


SOx 0,000 0,000 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%


SOx 0,122 0,010 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 0,17% 0,01% 0,01% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%


SOx 0,033 0,001 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 0,02% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%


SOx 0,206 0,007 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 0,12% 0,00% 0,01% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%


SOx 0,000 0,000 10,00% 550,00% 550,09% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%

1 A 3 c 1 A 3 c Railways SOx 0,676 0,046 2,00% 505,00% 505,00% 7,40% 0,02% 0,04% 0,12% 0,00% 0,12%


SOx 0,000 0,007 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,11% 0,01% 0,01% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%


SOx 26,337 0,394 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 6,25% -0,38% 0,38% -0,19% 0,01% 0,19% D D


SOx 0,000 0,000 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,01% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% D D


SOx 8,692 0,354 50,00% 100,00% 111,80% 12,53% 0,09% 0,34% 0,09% 0,24% 0,25% D D


SOx 0,000 0,002 50,00% 100,00% 111,80% 0,06% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% D D


SOx 2,983 0,410 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 6,49% 0,31% 0,39% 0,15% 0,01% 0,15% D D

1 A 4 c ii 1 A 4 c ii Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing: Off-road vehicles and other machinery

SOx 0,011 0,000 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% D D

1A 4 c iii 1 A 4 c iii Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing: National fishing

SOx 0,650 0,043 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 1,37% 0,02% 0,04% 0,02% 0,01% 0,02% D D

1 A 5 b 1 A 5 b Other, Mobile (including military, land based and recreational boats)

SOx 0,000 0,000 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,01% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% D D

2 A 1 2 A 1 Cement production SOx 3,409 0,070 2,00% 20,00% 20,10% 0,45% -0,03% 0,07% -0,01% 0,00% 0,01% D D

2 C 1 2 C 1 Iron and steel production SOx 0,088 0,086 2,00% 20,00% 20,10% 0,55% 0,08% 0,08% 0,02% 0,00% 0,02% D D

2 D 1 2 D 1 Pulp and paper SOx 1,098 0,000 2,00% 100,00% 100,02% 0,00% -0,03% 0,00% -0,03% 0,00% 0,03%


SOx 0,000 0,000 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%


SOx 0,000 0,000 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%

6 C d 6 C d Cremation SOx 0,000 0,001 20,00% 100,00% 101,98% 0,04% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%


104,83 3,16 3,480 29,450 29,901 62,935% 0,002% 3,013% 0,140% 0,332% 1,209%

Percentage uncertainty in total inventory 79,33% Trend 11,00%

NFR category



Latest year

emissions

AD uncertainty

EF uncertainty



% of total national

emissions in year t

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity







emissions

EM quality

indicator

AD quality

indicator

uncertainty

NH3

NFR category code

NFR category Pollutant Base year

emmissions

Latest year

emissions

AD uncertainty

EF uncertainty


Combined uncertainty as % of total national emissions in year

t

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity


emissions introduced by EF

uncertainty


emissions introduced by AD

uncertainty


the trend in total national emissions

EM quality

indicator

AD quality

indicator


NH3 0,010 0,198 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 0,58% 0,40% 0,41% 0,20% 0,06% 0,21%


NH3 0,001 0,005 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 0,01% 0,01% 0,01% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%


NH3 0,003 0,006 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 0,02% 0,01% 0,01% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%


NH3 0,000 0,000 10,00% 50,00% 50,99% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%

1 A 3 c 1 A 3 c Railways NH3 0,001 0,000 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%


NH3 0,000 0,000 2,00% 50,00% 50,04% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%


NH3 0,078 0,117 50,00% 100,00% 111,80% 0,76% 0,18% 0,24% 0,18% 0,17% 0,25% D D

4 B 1 a 4 B 1 a Cattle dairy NH3 11,816 3,534 2% 80% 80,02% 16,31% -1,48% 7,33% -1,18% 0,21% 1,20%

4 B 1 b 4 B 1 b Cattle non-dairy

NH3 12,157 2,851 2% 80% 80,02% 13,16% -3,14% 5,91% -2,52% 0,17% 2,52%

4 B 3 4 B 3 Sheep NH3 0,185 0,184 2% 80% 80,02% 0,85% 0,24% 0,38% 0,19% 0,01% 0,19%

4 B 4 4 B 4 Goats NH3 0,006 0,032 2% 80% 80,02% 0,15% 0,06% 0,07% 0,05% 0,00% 0,05%

4 B 6 4 B 6 Horses NH3 0,274 0,109 0,00% 0,00% 0,02% 0,23% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%

4 B 8 4 B 8 Swine NH3 6,394 1,779 2% 80% 80,02% 8,21% -1,08% 3,69% -0,86% 0,10% 0,87%

4 B 9 a 4 B 9 a Laying hens

NH3 2,851 1,367 2% 80% 80,02% 6,31% 0,71% 2,84% 0,57% 0,08% 0,57%

4 D 1 a 4 D 1 a Synthetic N-fertilizers

NH3 13,140 5,950 2,00% 100,00% 100,02% 34,33% 2,54% 12,34% 2,54% 0,35% 2,56%

6 B 6 B Waste-water handling

NH3 1,308 1,206 10,00% 100,00% 100,50% 6,99% 1,52% 2,50% 1,52% 0,35% 1,57%


48,22 17,34 1,180 10,800 10,965 87,672% 0,005% 35,951% 0,709% 1,507% 10,003%

Percentage uncertainty in total inventory 93,63% Trend uncertainty 31,63%

ANNEX 5

Table 1 Emissions from stationary fuel combustion in 1990–2010

NO

x

NM

VO

C

SO

x

NH

3

PM

2.5

PM

10

TS

P

CO

Pb

Cd

Hg

As

Cr

Cu

Ni

Se

Zn

PC

DD

s D

IOX

INS

Ben

zo[a

]pyr

ene

Ben

zo[b

]fluo

rant

hene

Ben

zo[k

]fluo

rant

hene

Inde

no[1

23cd

]pyr

ene

TO

TA

L P

AH

HC

B

PC

Bs

(Gg) (Gg) (Gg) (Gg) Gg Gg Gg (Gg) Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg g I-Teq Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg kg kg

Energy Industries (1A1a, 1A1c)

1990 13.97 0.50 37.21 5.51 0.25 0.08 0.04 0.20 0.16 0.27 9.00 0.25 3.85 0.16 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.32 0.44 0.00 0.03

1991 12.39 0.45 30.18 5.54 0.21 0.07 0.03 0.16 0.14 0.23 7.25 0.20 3.29 0.15 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.27 0.39 0.00 0.04

1992 10.67 0.44 27.53 5.71 0.19 0.06 0.03 0.15 0.13 0.20 6.43 0.19 2.88 0.14 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.23 0.32 0.00 0.04

1993 9.20 0.42 28.69 5.03 0.19 0.05 0.02 0.16 0.12 0.19 6.79 0.19 2.82 0.14 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.21 0.27 0.00 0.05

1994 9.18 0.44 32.47 4.46 0.21 0.05 0.02 0.17 0.12 0.21 8.28 0.15 3.31 0.16 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.23 0.27 0.01 0.08

1995 7.65 0.40 23.12 5.29 0.15 0.04 0.02 0.12 0.10 0.15 5.53 0.13 2.42 0.13 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.16 0.22 0.01 0.06

1996 8.49 0.43 28.84 4.78 0.18 0.05 0.02 0.15 0.11 0.20 7.44 0.10 3.10 0.16 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.21 0.25 0.01 0.10

1997 7.52 0.38 19.62 5.56 0.17 0.04 0.02 0.12 0.10 0.18 4.72 0.07 2.61 0.23 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.15 0.21 0.02 0.20

1998 8.04 0.34 20.44 4.62 0.20 0.05 0.02 0.13 0.11 0.22 5.11 0.08 2.86 0.27 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.17 0.23 0.02 0.25

1999 7.01 0.25 15.66 3.47 0.17 0.04 0.02 0.11 0.10 0.18 4.11 0.07 2.41 0.24 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.20 0.02 0.22

2000 5.23 0.23 7.16 0.26 0.36 0.64 4.44 0.11 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.07 0.12 1.52 0.05 1.48 0.19 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.14 0.02 0.19

2001 5.23 0.18 5.19 0.26 0.33 0.52 3.69 0.12 0.03 0.01 0.07 0.08 0.13 1.30 0.04 1.63 0.24 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.14 0.02 0.25

2002 5.15 0.17 4.88 0.26 0.33 0.51 3.52 0.13 0.03 0.01 0.07 0.08 0.14 1.31 0.03 1.70 0.26 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.14 0.03 0.27

2003 4.79 0.12 2.12 0.25 0.29 0.39 2.78 0.14 0.03 0.01 0.07 0.08 0.15 0.88 0.03 1.70 0.30 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.13 0.03 0.33

2004 4.79 0.12 2.12 0.25 0.29 0.39 2.78 0.14 0.03 0.01 0.07 0.08 0.15 0.88 0.03 1.70 0.30 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.13 0.03 0.33

2005 4.15 0.10 2.16 0.21 0.25 0.33 2.59 0.12 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.07 0.12 0.68 0.02 1.50 0.25 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.12 0.03 0.28

2006 3.84 0.10 1.22 0.22 0.26 0.34 2.78 0.13 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.08 0.13 0.44 0.02 1.56 0.28 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.12 0.03 0.31

2007 4.45 0.10 1.24 0.22 0.26 0.34 2.70 0.13 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.08 0.13 0.42 0.03 1.51 0.28 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.12 0.03 0.31

2008 3.37 0.09 0.74 0.21 0.25 0.32 2.67 0.13 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.08 0.13 0.29 0.03 1.45 0.28 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.03 0.31

2009 3.32 0.09 0.74 0.22 0.25 0.33 2.62 0.13 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.08 0.13 0.39 0.04 1.47 0.28 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.03 0.31

2010 3.13 0.11 0.78 0.23 0.27 0.35 3.02 0.14 0.03 0.01 0.07 0.08 0.14 0.31 0.03 1.62 0.31 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.13 0.03 0.34

Manufacturing Industries and Construction (1A2)

1990 5.16 1.46 23.26 28.00 0.68 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.40 0.28 7.34 0.00 0.99 0.86 0.26 0.33 0.18 0.13 0.90 0.00 0.27

1991 3.81 0.64 14.07 9.17 0.45 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.27 0.17 4.85 0.00 0.75 0.63 0.18 0.23 0.13 0.09 0.64 0.00 0.17

1992 3.24 0.61 13.00 9.06 0.42 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.23 0.15 4.13 0.00 0.69 0.62 0.17 0.22 0.12 0.08 0.59 0.00 0.19

1993 3.12 0.83 14.38 11.37 0.54 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.25 0.17 4.27 0.00 0.86 1.12 0.25 0.33 0.16 0.12 0.86 0.01 0.30

1994 2.90 0.77 15.54 9.33 0.53 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.25 0.16 4.16 0.00 0.83 1.19 0.26 0.34 0.16 0.12 0.87 0.01 0.28

1995 2.85 0.66 14.92 6.71 0.43 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.24 0.15 4.23 0.00 0.71 1.13 0.23 0.31 0.15 0.11 0.81 0.01 0.14

1996 2.85 0.77 14.47 9.41 0.42 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.24 0.15 4.11 0.00 0.72 1.20 0.24 0.32 0.15 0.12 0.83 0.02 0.13

NO

x

NM

VO

C

SO

x

NH

3

PM

2.5

PM

10

TS

P

CO

Pb

Cd

Hg

As

Cr

Cu

Ni

Se

Zn

PC

DD

s D

IOX

INS

Ben

zo[a

]pyr

ene

Ben

zo[b

]fluo

rant

hene

Ben

zo[k

]fluo

rant

hene

Inde

no[1

23cd

]pyr

ene

TO

TA

L P

AH

HC

B

PC

Bs


1997 2.80 0.73 13.97 8.30 0.41 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.23 0.15 4.05 0.00 0.72 1.21 0.24 0.32 0.15 0.12 0.83 0.02 0.12

1998 2.56 0.76 10.82 8.85 0.37 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.20 0.13 3.29 0.00 0.74 1.32 0.24 0.33 0.15 0.12 0.84 0.02 0.11

1999 2.38 0.71 8.83 7.59 0.35 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.18 0.11 2.89 0.00 0.72 1.30 0.24 0.32 0.14 0.12 0.82 0.02 0.12

2000 2.04 0.59 4.69 0.60 0.65 0.72 6.55 0.25 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.12 0.08 1.78 0.00 0.60 1.07 0.18 0.26 0.11 0.09 0.64 0.02 0.09

2001 2.04 0.74 2.39 0.72 0.75 0.81 8.33 0.24 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.07 1.24 0.00 0.74 1.43 0.23 0.32 0.13 0.12 0.79 0.02 0.09

2002 2.01 0.69 1.81 0.64 0.67 0.72 8.26 0.22 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.06 1.14 0.00 0.70 1.28 0.20 0.29 0.12 0.10 0.71 0.02 0.08

2003 1.98 0.64 1.39 0.62 0.65 0.70 7.36 0.21 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.06 1.19 0.00 0.67 1.23 0.20 0.28 0.12 0.10 0.69 0.02 0.07

2004 2.21 0.89 0.87 0.82 0.85 0.92 10.78 0.24 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.07 1.13 0.00 0.84 1.68 0.26 0.37 0.15 0.13 0.90 0.03 0.07

2005 2.38 1.07 1.11 1.01 1.04 1.11 12.73 0.34 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.10 0.08 0.91 0.00 1.07 2.09 0.32 0.46 0.18 0.16 1.12 0.03 0.19

2006 2.62 1.24 1.23 1.20 1.23 1.31 14.53 0.43 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.12 0.09 1.08 0.01 1.25 2.47 0.38 0.54 0.21 0.19 1.33 0.04 0.25

2007 2.53 1.13 1.25 1.10 1.14 1.21 13.39 0.47 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.12 0.10 1.02 0.01 1.24 2.24 0.36 0.51 0.20 0.18 1.25 0.03 0.35

2008 2.45 1.19 1.00 1.15 1.19 1.26 14.04 0.48 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.11 0.09 0.84 0.01 1.28 2.38 0.38 0.53 0.21 0.18 1.30 0.04 0.36

2009 2.53 1.49 0.65 1.50 1.54 1.62 16.71 0.46 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.12 0.09 0.79 0.01 1.44 3.17 0.47 0.67 0.26 0.23 1.64 0.05 0.25

2010 2.92 1.76 0.92 1.73 1.77 1.87 20.24 0.56 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.14 0.11 0.89 0.01 1.68 3.64 0.55 0.78 0.30 0.27 1.89 0.06 0.33

Other Sectors (1A4)

1990 10.59 52.76 38.67 0.08 223.02 4.41 0.10 0.18 0.14 0.73 0.96 7.00 0.05 8.72 24.77 6.87 8.09 4.10 4.05 23.11 0.17 3.91

1991 10.75 31.78 36.08 0.10 199.13 4.34 0.11 0.16 0.14 0.79 0.93 8.54 0.05 8.82 28.25 7.99 9.33 4.80 4.78 26.90 0.20 3.46

1992 8.54 29.87 29.12 0.09 182.49 3.67 0.09 0.14 0.11 0.63 0.79 6.45 0.04 7.70 25.28 7.11 8.12 4.29 4.35 23.87 0.20 2.79

1993 7.70 31.55 23.36 0.10 191.50 3.34 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.55 0.71 5.38 0.04 7.39 26.62 7.52 8.57 4.55 4.63 25.27 0.21 2.33

1994 6.26 31.36 17.85 0.10 191.70 2.71 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.40 0.59 3.48 0.03 6.54 25.69 7.26 8.20 4.40 4.53 24.39 0.21 1.64

1995 5.67 32.07 9.47 0.11 189.78 2.25 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.31 0.49 2.28 0.03 6.20 26.04 7.30 8.02 4.46 4.68 24.46 0.24 0.92

1996 5.79 33.52 10.20 0.12 200.22 2.35 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.32 0.51 2.27 0.03 6.43 27.06 7.62 8.35 4.65 4.88 25.50 0.24 0.99

1997 5.30 31.71 7.59 0.11 188.87 2.13 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.28 0.46 1.91 0.03 5.97 25.53 7.18 7.86 4.38 4.61 24.02 0.23 0.82

1998 4.77 30.33 5.56 0.11 179.36 1.90 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.24 0.41 1.60 0.02 5.48 24.25 6.91 7.46 4.24 4.49 23.09 0.22 0.59

1999 4.74 29.39 4.07 0.11 174.66 1.81 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.25 0.39 1.76 0.02 5.30 23.62 6.70 7.23 4.11 4.36 22.40 0.22 0.49

2000 4.38 28.62 2.97 0.11 20.93 20.99 22.09 177.29 1.65 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.22 0.36 1.61 0.02 4.91 22.39 6.41 6.88 3.94 4.18 21.41 0.20 0.37

2001 4.80 30.63 3.39 0.12 22.93 22.99 24.20 192.49 1.87 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.25 0.41 1.76 0.02 5.45 24.81 7.10 7.69 4.35 4.61 23.76 0.22 0.51

2002 4.73 30.06 2.68 0.11 22.43 22.48 23.65 187.38 1.77 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.24 0.38 1.64 0.02 5.29 24.13 6.90 7.44 4.23 4.49 23.06 0.22 0.41

2003 4.99 32.15 2.10 0.12 23.65 23.71 24.95 197.38 1.83 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.25 0.40 1.84 0.02 5.51 25.35 7.26 7.81 4.46 4.74 24.26 0.23 0.38

2004 5.21 32.49 1.86 0.12 23.95 24.00 25.25 200.07 1.86 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.26 0.41 1.86 0.02 5.65 25.80 7.34 7.92 4.51 4.79 24.56 0.24 0.37

2005 5.15 32.89 1.73 0.12 24.06 24.11 25.37 208.10 1.84 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.25 0.41 1.77 0.02 5.63 25.91 7.39 7.97 4.54 4.82 24.72 0.24 0.35

2006 5.15 31.98 1.47 0.12 23.28 23.34 24.56 205.36 1.80 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.25 0.41 1.93 0.02 5.48 25.06 7.14 7.70 4.39 4.66 23.89 0.23 0.34

2007 5.22 31.39 1.19 0.12 22.85 22.90 24.11 202.68 1.78 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.25 0.40 1.84 0.02 5.47 24.76 7.01 7.58 4.30 4.57 23.46 0.23 0.34

2008 4.68 29.98 0.97 0.11 22.25 22.29 23.46 195.19 1.67 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.22 0.38 1.65 0.02 5.09 23.67 6.83 7.34 4.20 4.47 22.83 0.21 0.31

NO

x

NM

VO

C

SO

x

NH

3

PM

2.5

PM

10

TS

P

CO

Pb

Cd

Hg

As

Cr

Cu

Ni

Se

Zn

PC

DD

s D

IOX

INS

Ben

zo[a

]pyr

ene

Ben

zo[b

]fluo

rant

hene

Ben

zo[k

]fluo

rant

hene

Inde

no[1

23cd

]pyr

ene

TO

TA

L P

AH

HC

B

PC

Bs


2009 4.94 33.22 0.81 0.13 24.69 24.73 26.02 213.93 1.80 0.07 0.03 0.05 0.24 0.41 1.84 0.02 5.52 26.15 7.58 8.12 4.66 4.97 25.33 0.23 0.27

2010 4.95 30.69 1.20 0.12 22.80 22.85 24.05 200.00 1.76 0.07 0.04 0.05 0.25 0.40 1.96 0.02 5.28 24.38 7.04 7.59 4.33 4.60 23.56 0.22 0.36

Total stationary fuel combustion (1A1, 1A2, 1A4)

1990 29.72 54.71 99.14 0.08 256.52 5.35 0.21 0.24 0.38 1.30 1.50 23.35 0.31 13.56 25.79 7.17 8.46 4.33 4.50 24.45 0.18 4.21

1991 26.95 32.87 80.33 0.10 213.84 5.00 0.20 0.21 0.33 1.20 1.33 20.64 0.25 12.86 29.02 8.20 9.60 4.97 5.15 27.92 0.21 3.67

1992 22.46 30.92 69.65 0.09 197.27 4.28 0.17 0.18 0.29 0.99 1.14 17.01 0.24 11.28 26.04 7.31 8.37 4.44 4.66 24.78 0.20 3.02

1993 20.03 32.80 66.42 0.10 207.90 4.07 0.16 0.16 0.29 0.92 1.07 16.44 0.23 11.07 27.88 7.79 8.92 4.72 4.96 26.39 0.22 2.67

1994 18.35 32.57 65.85 0.10 205.49 3.44 0.15 0.12 0.27 0.77 0.96 15.91 0.18 10.69 27.04 7.53 8.55 4.57 4.88 25.53 0.23 2.00

1995 16.17 33.13 47.51 0.11 201.77 2.83 0.13 0.09 0.22 0.65 0.78 12.04 0.16 9.32 27.31 7.56 8.35 4.63 4.96 25.49 0.26 1.12

1996 17.13 34.72 53.50 0.12 214.41 2.95 0.14 0.09 0.24 0.66 0.86 13.83 0.14 10.25 28.42 7.87 8.69 4.81 5.20 26.58 0.27 1.21

1997 15.62 32.82 41.18 0.11 202.73 2.72 0.13 0.08 0.21 0.62 0.79 10.68 0.10 9.30 26.98 7.44 8.21 4.55 4.87 25.07 0.27 1.15

1998 15.37 31.44 36.82 0.11 192.83 2.47 0.13 0.08 0.21 0.55 0.75 10.00 0.11 9.07 25.84 7.17 7.81 4.41 4.78 24.17 0.26 0.95

1999 14.14 30.35 28.56 0.11 185.72 2.33 0.12 0.07 0.19 0.52 0.69 8.76 0.10 8.43 25.16 6.95 7.58 4.27 4.61 23.41 0.26 0.82

2000 11.64 29.44 14.82 0.11 21.79 22.00 23.44 188.28 2.01 0.10 0.06 0.13 0.41 0.56 4.91 0.07 6.99 23.65 6.61 7.16 4.07 4.35 22.19 0.24 0.65

2001 12.07 31.54 10.97 0.12 23.91 24.07 25.53 204.51 2.24 0.11 0.06 0.14 0.43 0.60 4.30 0.07 7.82 26.48 7.35 8.04 4.51 4.79 24.69 0.27 0.85

2002 11.89 30.92 9.37 0.11 23.33 23.49 24.89 199.16 2.12 0.11 0.06 0.14 0.41 0.58 4.08 0.06 7.69 25.66 7.12 7.75 4.38 4.66 23.91 0.27 0.77

2003 11.77 32.91 5.61 0.12 24.52 24.65 26.04 207.52 2.18 0.11 0.06 0.14 0.43 0.61 3.91 0.05 7.89 26.87 7.48 8.11 4.60 4.89 25.08 0.28 0.77

2004 12.21 33.50 4.86 0.12 25.02 25.15 26.56 213.63 2.24 0.12 0.06 0.14 0.44 0.62 3.86 0.05 8.19 27.78 7.63 8.31 4.68 4.97 25.59 0.30 0.76

2005 11.69 34.06 5.01 0.12 25.28 25.40 26.81 223.41 2.30 0.12 0.07 0.13 0.43 0.61 3.36 0.05 8.21 28.26 7.74 8.46 4.75 5.03 25.97 0.30 0.82

2006 11.60 33.32 3.92 0.12 24.70 24.83 26.21 222.66 2.35 0.12 0.07 0.14 0.45 0.63 3.45 0.05 8.29 27.81 7.55 8.27 4.63 4.89 25.34 0.30 0.91

2007 12.20 32.62 3.68 0.12 24.17 24.30 25.66 218.77 2.38 0.12 0.07 0.14 0.45 0.63 3.29 0.06 8.22 27.28 7.40 8.11 4.53 4.78 24.82 0.29 1.00

2008 10.50 31.26 2.72 0.11 23.61 23.73 25.05 211.90 2.28 0.11 0.07 0.13 0.41 0.60 2.78 0.06 7.81 26.33 7.23 7.89 4.44 4.69 24.25 0.28 0.98

2009 10.78 34.81 2.20 0.13 26.40 26.52 27.97 233.26 2.39 0.12 0.07 0.14 0.44 0.63 3.02 0.06 8.42 29.59 8.08 8.82 4.95 5.24 27.08 0.32 0.83

2010 11.00 32.55 2.90 0.12 24.76 24.89 26.27 223.25 2.46 0.13 0.08 0.15 0.47 0.65 3.16 0.06 8.59 28.33 7.62 8.40 4.66 4.91 25.58 0.31 1.03

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