Date post: | 29-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | melinda-mcdonald |
View: | 219 times |
Download: | 0 times |
LAUNCHING THE NEW SHIP OF STATE
GROWING PAINS
• Population doubling every 20 years; almost 4 million people
• 90% rural
• Vermont becomes a state, followed by KY, TN, OH
• Rough pioneers were looked down upon by other countries.
• New Constitution had been formed that left much to be desired
• America was in heavy debt
WASHINGTON FOR PRESIDENT
• Unanimously drafted by the Electoral College in 1789; took the oath of office on April 30, 1789.
THE CUMBERSOME CABINET
Sec. of Treasury Hamilton Sec of State Jefferson Sec of War Henry Knox
THE BILL OF RIGHTS
• Antifederalists had insisted upon a Bill of Rights to the Constitution upon ratification.
• Proposed in two ways:
• Constitutional convention requested by two-thirds of the states
• Two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress
• James Madison drafts them himself
• Adopted in 1791
JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789
• Judiciary Act of 1789—organized the Supreme Court, with a chief justice and five associates as well as federal district and circuit courts and an attorney general.
• John Jay became the first chief justice.
HAMILTON REVIVES THE CORPSE OF PUBLIC CREDIT
• Favor wealthier groups
• In turn, they would lend the government monetary and political support.
• Early form of the “trickle down” economics
• Objectives
• Bolster national credit by urging Congress to fund at par (pay off debts at face value, plus interest--$54 million)
• Assume the debts of all states (totaling $21.5 million)—assumption
• Chain states more tightly to the federal government
• Bargain with VA for capitol on the Potomac helped to carry the bill through Congress.
CUSTOM DUTIES AND EXCISE TAXES
• National debt=$75 million
• National debt was a national blessing—a Union adhesive.
• Where would the money come from to pay this massive debt?
• THE ANSWER IS AS CERTAIN AS DEATH AND….TAXES.
TARIFFS AND EXCISE TAXES
• Imposed a low tariff of 8% on dutiable imports
• Intended to protect infant industries
• Raise revenue
• 1791—secured an excise tax on a few domestic items (whiskey)
• 7 cents a gallon
• Burden for backcountry farmers
HAMILTON VS. JEFFERSON
• Proposed a private bank for the US government to be the primary shareholder and deposit its money
• Bank would print money
• WAS IT CONSTITUTIONAL?
• Jefferson—NO
• States had the power to charter banks not Congress
• Amendment X
• Hamilton—YES
• “necessary and proper” clause
PRIMARY SOURCE DOCS
• After reading the excerpts provided, compare/contrast the Federalists and Republicans, especially their views on democracy, government power, the economy, and foreign affairs. Use the documents to support your answers.
THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES
• Created in 1791
• Chartered for 20 years
• Opposition from the South
• Supported in the North
• Stock was open for public sale, although the federal government owned 1/5 of it.
MUTINOUS MOONSHINERS
• Whiskey Rebellion—1794—PA
• Burden on a medium of exchange and economic necessity
• Corn crops and rye made into liquor were more cheaply transported
• “Liberty and No Excise”
• Washington summons the militia (13,000)
• Found no insurrection upon arriving in PA
• Three rebels were killed
• CONSEQUENCES
• “I won’t back down!” said Washington
• Critics—”used a sledge hammer to crush a gnat.”
THE EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES• Hamilton’s policies, although successful, encroached on states’ rights.
Ca. 1792 Federalists Democratic Republicans
Ca 1816 Death of Federalists
Ca 1820
1825National Republicans Democratic-Republicans
1834Whigs (Jacksonian Democrats)
1854 Republicans Democrats
RepublicansOne Party: Era of Good Feelings
THE IMPACT OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
• Two major parties had formed by 1793--Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans and the Hamiltonian Federalists.
• Only a few ultraconservative Federalists were upset at this “mobocracy” and revolt.
• When the French declared war on Austria, then threw back theAustrian armies and then proclaimed itself a republic, Americans sang “The Marseillaise” and other French revolutionary songs, and renamed various streets and places.
OPINION TURNS
• After the revolution turned radical and bloody, the Federalistsrapidly changed opinions and looked nervously at the Jeffersonians, who felt that no revolution could be carried out without a little bloodshed.
• Still, neither group completely approved of the French Revolution and its antics.
• America was sucked into the revolution when France declared war on Great Britain and the battle for North American land began…again.
WASHINGTON DECLARES NEUTRALITY• JDRs wanted to support France
• Hamiltonians wanted to support Britain
• In 1793, he issued the Neutrality Proclamation, proclaiming theU.S.’s official neutrality and warning Americans to stay out of theissue and be impartial.
• Citizen Edmond Genêt (The Situation with France)
• he equipped privateers to plunder British ships and to invade Spanish Florida and British Canada.
• He even went as far as to threaten to appeal over the head ofWashington to the sovereign voters. Afterwards, he was basically kickedout of the U.S.
EMBROILMENTS WITH BRITAIN---AGAIN.
• Britain maintained forts in the northern frontier and sold arms to the Miami Confederacy
• Treaty of Greenville—1795—the confederacy gave up vast tracts of the Old Northwest in exchange for $20,000 and an annual annuity of $9,000, the right to hunt and sovereign status.
• West Indies—Britain seized American ships and impressed soldiers
JAY’S TREATY
• 1794—Britain agreed to:
• Give up the forts
• Pay for the recent seizures
• The US had to pay the debts still owed to British merchants on pre-Revolutionary accounts
• CONSEQUENCES
• Spain moves to strike a deal with the US
• Pinckney’s Treaty—granted the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi, warehouse rights in New Orleans, and disputed territory in Western Florida (p 175)
WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS
• Established the precedent of a two-term limit
• Advised
• Avoidance of “permanent alliances”
• Favored temporary alliances
JOHN ADAMS BECOMES PRESIDENT
• Federalists—John Adams• JDRs—Thomas Jefferson• Issues of the campaign• Personalities• JDRs focused on the Whiskey Rebellion and Jay’s Treaty
• Adams received 71 electoral votes to Jefferson’s 68.• Jefferson becomes the VP (12th amendment later removes
this system)
UNOFFICIAL WAR WITH FRANCE
• French considered Jay’s Treaty an alliance with Britain
• Violated the Franco-American Alliance
• XYZ Affair
• Adams sent three envoys to meet with Talleyrand
• They were approached by three go-betweens
• Demanded an unneutral loan of $32 million florins and a bribe of $250,000 for talking with Talleyrand
• America prepares for war.
PATRIOTISM ABOVE PARTY
• Adams realizes that war must be avoided despite the unpopular decision
• 1799—submitted the name of a new minister to France
• Hamiltonians were enraged
• Convention of 1800
• France agreed to annul the 22 year old marriage of inconvenience (Franco-American alliance)
• US agreed to pay the damage claims of American shippers
THE FEDERALIST WITCH HUNT
• Federalists wanted to silence the JDRs.
• Passed a measure that requires 14 years of residency to become a citizen (5 years was the requirement)
• Alien Laws
• Sedition Act—anyone who impeded the policies of government or falsely defamed its officials, would be liable to a fine and/or imprisonment
KY AND VA RESOLUTIONS
• Jefferson and Madison stressed the compact theory
• The 13 sovereign states had entered into a compact with the federal government
• Jefferson and Madison argued that the federal government had indeed overstepped its authority and nullification was the remedy.