LAXMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SARIGAM
COURSE FILE
Faculty Name : Mr. Prakash I Pandav
Subject Name : Power System Operation & Control
Subject Code : 2180909
Course Name : B.E (Electrical Engineering)
Semester : VIII
Session : Dec - April 2019
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (09)
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL
SUBJECT CODE: 2180909
B.E. 8th SEMESTER
Type of course: Engineering Science (Electrical)
Prerequisite: Basic understanding of structure of the power system and power system analysis.
Rationale: Demand of electrical energy is increasing day by day due to improvement in the life style of
the people in particular and development of the countries in general. On the other hand, conventional
sources of power generation are limited. Under this scenario, the power system network operates in a
stressed condition. Effective management of generation, transmission and distribution of electrical
power is necessary for optimal system operation, for loss minimization and to avoid the unwanted
power cuts. This subject deals with the fundamentals for effective operation and control of the power
system.
Teaching and Examination Scheme:
Teaching Scheme Credits Examination Marks Total
Marks L T P C Theory Marks Practical Marks
ESE
(E)
PA (M) ESE (V) PA (I)
PA ALA ESE OEP
4 0 0 4 70 20 10 0 0 0 100
Content:
Sr.
No.
Content Total
Hrs
%
Weightage
1. Automatic Generation and Voltage Control: Introduction; Load Frequency Control (Single Area Case); Load Frequency
Control and Economic Despatch Control; Two-Area Load Frequency Control;
Optimal (Two-Area) Load Frequency Control; Automatic Voltage Control; Load
Frequency Control with Generation Rate Constraints (GRCs); Speed Governor
Dead-Band and Its Effect on AGC; Digital LF Controllers; Decentralized
Control.
8 15
2. Power System Security: Introduction; System State Classification; Security Analysis; Contingency
Analysis.
8 15
3. Reactive Power and Voltage Control: Introduction; Reactive power requirement of an uncompensated line; Implication
of surge impedance loading; Reactive loss characteristics of transmission line;
Operation of a transmission line at no load condition; Operation of a
transmission line under heavy loading condition; Voltage regulation of the
transmission line and its relation with reactive power; Maximum power transfer
in an uncompensated line; Line loadability.
Reactive power-voltage (Q-V) coupling concept; Governing effects on reactive
power flow; Relation between voltage and reactive power at a node in a power
system; Reactive power requirement for control of voltage in long lines;
12 20 - 25
Suggested Specification table with Marks (Theory):
Distribution of Theory Marks (%)
R Level U Level A Level N Level E Level Total
15 25 30 15 15 100
Legends: R : Remembrance ; U = Understanding; A = Application; N = Analyze; E = Evaluate
(Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy)
NOTE : This specification table shall be treated as a general guideline for students and teachers. The actual
distribution of marks in the question paper may vary slightly from above table
Reference Books:
1. Modern Power System Analysis – D. P. Kothari, I. J. Nagrath, TMH Publication 2. An introduction to Reactive Power Control and Voltage Stability in Power Transmission Systems –
A Chakrabarti, D P Kothari, A K Mukhopadhyay, Abhinandan De, PHI
3. Electrical Power Systems – P. Venkatesh, B.V. Manikandan, S.C. Raja, A. Srinivasan, PHI 4. Power System Analysis – J. J. Grainger, W.D. Stevenson, Mc-GrawHill series publication 5. Power Generation Operation and Control – A. J. Wood, B. F. Woolenberg, John Wiley and Sons 6. Power System Analysis – Hadi Saadat, Mc-GrawHill series publication 7. Advanced Power System Analysis and Dynamics – L. P. Singh, New Age International
8. Operation of Restructured Power Systems – K. Bhattacharya, H. J. Bollen, J. E. Daalder,
Kluwer academic publishers
9. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/108101040/ (PSOC webcourse)
Operational aspects in reactive power and voltage control; Basic principle of
system voltage control; Reactive power flow constraints and their implications in
loss of voltage; Effect of transformer tap changing in the post disturbance period;
Effect of generator excitation adjustment in the post disturbance period; Practical
aspects of reactive power flow problems leading to voltage collapse in EHV
lines.
4. State Estimation: Introduction; Least Squares Estimation: The Basic Solution; Static State
Estimation of Power Systems; Tracking State Estimation of Power Systems;
Some Computational Considerations; External System Equivalency; Treatment
of Bad Data; Network Observability and Pseudo-Measurements; Application of
Power System State Estimation
12 20 - 25
5. Load Forecasting: Introduction; Forecasting Methodology; Estimation of Average and Trend
Terms; Estimation of Periodic Components; Estimation of ys(k): Time Series
Approach; Long-Term Load Predictions Using Econometric Models; Reactive
Load Forecasting.
8 15
6. Introduction to Power System Deregulation and Restructuring: Introduction; Motivation for Restructuring of power system; Electricity market
entities and model; Benefits of Deregulation; Basic terminologies; Deregulation
– International scenario; Milestones of deregulation in the world;
Indian power sector – Past and present status: Growth of power sector in
India – An overview, A time line of the Indian power sector, Players in the
Indian power sector, Research and professional bodies.
8 15
Course Outcome:
After learning the course the students should be able to:
Understand the techniques to control power flows, frequency and voltage.
Explore the significance of power system restructuring.
Perform system state estimation and explore its importance.
Learn the power system security and its application as a system operator.
Carry out load forecasting using available methods.
List of Open Source Software/learning website:
- http://nptel.ac.in/courses/108101040/ - http://www.electrical-engineering-portal.com/
- http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses.php - www.vlab.co.in
ACTIVE LEARNING ASSIGNMENTS: Preparation of power-point slides, which include videos,
animations, pictures, graphics for better understanding theory and practical work – The faculty will allocate
chapters/ parts of chapters to groups of students so that the entire syllabus to be covered. The power-point
slides should be put up on the web-site of the College/ Institute, along with the names of the students of the
group, the name of the faculty, Department and College on the first slide. The best three works should be
submitted to GTU.
Laxmi institute of Technology, Sarigam
Assignment/Question Bank
Chapter 1: Automatic Generation and Voltage Control
Describe the frequency control method and explain in brief flat frequency control and selective control method for same.
Explain AGC(automatic generation control) with neat diagram. Describe turbine speed governing system with neat diagram and also derive mathematical model of
speed governing system. Also describe speed governing system for controlling real and reactive power flow in power system.
Briefly discuss the concept of CONTROL AREA for automatic load frequency control. Explain in brief single and two area load frequency control. Explain load frequency control with generation rate constraints(GRCs). Explain in detail tie-line load bias method of frequency control for local and non local load changes. Which methods are adopted for voltage control in power system? Explain Excitation control
method in detail. Namely Tirril regulator control and Browen Boveri regulator. Explain Automatic voltage control regulator(AVR) for controlling voltage in power system. Explain Tap changing transformer method and Induction regulator method for controlling voltage in
power system. Explain Shunt and series capacitors for voltage control in power system. Discuss about FACTS devices used in power system for voltage control Namely Static VAR
Compensator(SVC), TCSC, UPFC and STATCOM.
Thanks And Good luck for upcoming exams
Laxmi institute of Technology, Sarigam
Assignment/Question Bank
Chapter 1: Automatic Generation and Voltage Control
Describe the frequency control method and explain in brief flat frequency control and selective control method for same.
Explain AGC(automatic generation control) with neat diagram. Describe turbine speed governing system with neat diagram and also derive mathematical model of
speed governing system. Also describe speed governing system for controlling real and reactive power flow in power system.
Briefly discuss the concept of CONTROL AREA for automatic load frequency control. Explain in brief single and two area load frequency control. Explain load frequency control with generation rate constraints(GRCs). Explain in detail tie-line load bias method of frequency control for local and non local load changes. Which methods are adopted for voltage control in power system? Explain Excitation control
method in detail. Namely Tirril regulator control and Browen Boveri regulator. Explain Automatic voltage control regulator(AVR) for controlling voltage in power system. Explain Tap changing transformer method and Induction regulator method for controlling voltage in
power system. Explain Shunt and series capacitors for voltage control in power system. Discuss about FACTS devices used in power system for voltage control Namely Static VAR
Compensator(SVC), TCSC, UPFC and STATCOM.
Thanks And Good luck for upcoming exams
Laxmi Institute of Technology , Sarigam Approved by AICTE, New Delhi; Affiliated to Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad
Academic Year 2018-19 Centre Code: 086 Examination : Mid Semester Examination-1 Branch: Electrical Semester: 8 Sub Code: 2180909 Sub: PSOC Date: 30/01/2019 Time:- 9:00 to10:00AM Marks: 20 Note: Attempt any four from given questions. marks Q. With the help of neat diagram, explain turbine speed governing system 5 Q. Derive a mathematical model of turbine speed governing system 5 Q. Explain fully the flat frequency control method and selective frequency control methods used for
controlling frequency in single and two area power system 5
Q. Explain the methods of voltage control adopted for large size power system and discuss about Tap changing transformer method for voltage control.
5
Q. Explain Tirril and Brown Boveri regulator for voltage control methods in brief. 5 Q. Discirbe FACTS devices for voltage control and Explain in brief Static VAR compensator/SVC. 5
Laxmi Institute of Technology , Sarigam Approved by AICTE, New Delhi; Affiliated to Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad
Academic Year 2018-19 Centre Code: 086 Examination : Mid Semester Examination-1 Branch: Electrical Semester: 8 Sub Code: 2180909 Sub: PSOC Date: 30/01/2019 Time:- 9:00 to10:00AM Marks: 20 Note: Attempt any four from given questions. marks Q. With the help of neat diagram, explain turbine speed governing system 5 Q. Derive a mathematical model of turbine speed governing system 5 Q. Explain fully the flat frequency control method and selective frequency control methods used for
controlling frequency in single and two area power system 5
Q. Explain the methods of voltage control adopted for large size power system and discuss about Tap changing transformer method for voltage control.
5
Q. Explain Tirril and Brown Boveri regulator for voltage control methods in brief. 5 Q. Discirbe FACTS devices for voltage control and Explain in brief Static VAR compensator/SVC. 5
Laxmi Institute of Technology , Sarigam Approved by AICTE, New Delhi; Affiliated to Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad
Academic Year 2018-19 Centre Code: 086 Examination : Mid Semester Examination-1 Branch: Electrical Semester: 8 Sub Code: 2180909 Sub: PSOC Date: 30/01/2019 Time:- 9:00 to10:00AM Marks: 20 Note: Attempt any four from given questions. marks Q. With the help of neat diagram, explain turbine speed governing system 5 Q. Derive a mathematical model of turbine speed governing system 5 Q. Explain fully the flat frequency control method and selective frequency control methods used for
controlling frequency in single and two area power system 5
Q. Explain the methods of voltage control adopted for large size power system and discuss about Tap changing transformer method for voltage control.
5
Q. Explain Tirril and Brown Boveri regulator for voltage control methods in brief. 5 Q. Discirbe FACTS devices for voltage control and Explain in brief Static VAR compensator/SVC. 5
1
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY BE - SEMESTER–VIII (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2018
Subject Code: 2180909 Date: 19/11/2018 Subject Name: Power System Operation and Control Time: 02:30 PM TO 05:00 PM Total Marks: 70 Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions. 2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary. 3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
MARKS
Q.1 (a) Discuss concept of black out. 03
(b) Explain classification of Voltage Stability. 04
(c) Explain meaning of deregulated power system. Discuss its
advantages and limitations in relation to vertically integrated system.
07
Q.2 (a) List main components of Automatic voltage control scheme. 03
(b) Define generation shift factor and line outage distribution factor in
relation to security analysis.
04
(c) Draw and explain flow chart for contingency selection. 07
OR
(c) Describe Auto-Regressive Model and Auto- regressive Moving
Average Model for load forecasting.
07
Q.3 (a) List out important points of electricity act - 2003. 03
(b) Explain meaning of state estimation. 04
(c) Draw hierarchy of Load dispatch centers in India. Also list out
Locations of NLDC, Regional LDCs and that of ALDCs of Western
Region
07
OR
Q.3 (a) Explain concept of power system security. 03
(b) Define voltage collapse. Enlist the main factors that contribute the
phenomena of voltage collapse.
04
(c) Enlist different types of reactive power compensation methods for
heavily loaded and voltage stressed power systems. Explain static
VAR compensators in detail.
07
2
Q.4 (a) Obtain necessary relation between maximum power and line length. 03
(b) Explain role of load dispatch center in power system. 04
(c) Describe the various operating states of power systems with
necessary diagrams.
07
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain speed governor dead-band and its effect on AGC. 03
(b) Explain restoration process after black out. 04
(c) Discuss in brief the application aspects of the primary and secondary
automatic load frequency control loops.
07
Q.5 (a) Explain significance of ‘w’ in weighted least square estimation. 03
(b) List out different sources and sinks of reactive power in power
systems.
04
(c) Explain turbine speed governing mechanism. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain least square estimation in brief. 03
(b) Explain functions of different entities in deregulated power system. 04
(c) Derive the expression for voltage regulation of a transmission line
and explain its relation with reactive power.
07
*************
1
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY BE - SEMESTER–VIII (NEW) - EXAMINATION – SUMMER 2018
Subject Code: 2180909 Date: 02/05/2018 Subject Name: Power System Operation and Control Time: 10:30 AM to 01:00 PM Total Marks: 70 Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions. 2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary. 3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
MARKS
Q.1 (a) Discuss concept of black out. 03
(b) Explain restoration process after black out. 04
(c) For a transmission line connected between two buses, derive the
expression of voltage regulation and also prove from the phasor diagram
that the Q and V have a strong coupling.
07
Q.2 (a) Explain speed governor dead-band and its effect on AGC. 03
(b) Draw block diagram model of load frequency control for isolated power
system. 04
(c) Explain turbine speed governing system. 07
OR
(c) Explain contingency analysis of power system. 07
Q.3 (a) What is voltage collapse? Enlist the main factors that contribute the
phenomena of voltage collapse. 03
(b) Discuss the sources of reactive power generation in the power systems. 04
(c) Describe the various operating states of power systems. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) Explain classification of Voltage Stability. 03
(b) Explain the role of transformer on voltage control of power system. 04
(c) Enlist different types of reactive power compensation methods for
heavily loaded and voltage stressed power systems. Explain static VAR
compensators in detail.
07
Q.4 (a) What do you mean by state estimation? 03
(b) Explain power system security. 04
(c) What is bad data in state estimation? How bad data are detected and
suppress in state estimation. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain least square estimation in brief. 03
(b) Discuss External System Equivalency. 04
(c) Explain various applications of state estimations in power systems. 07
Q.5 (a) Explain deregulated power system structures. 03
(b) Give classification based on lead time and forecasting methodology. 04
(c) Describe Auto-Regressive Model and Auto- regressive Moving Average
Model for load forecasting. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain load predictions for load forecasting. 03
(b) Explain function of different entities in deregulated power system. 04
(c) What do you mean by deregulated power system? Discuss its advantages
and relative limitations to vertical integrated system. 07
*************
1
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY BE - SEMESTER–VIII (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2017
Subject Code: 2180909 Date: 15/11/2017 Subject Name: Power System Operation and Control Time:02:30 PM TO 05:00 PM Total Marks: 70 Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions. 2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary. 3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
Q.1* (a) Explain surge impedance loading with it expression. 03
(b) Differentiate automatic generation control action from governor action. 04
(c) Define various operating states of power system, nature of various control actions
and their significance. 07
Q.2 (a) List a few practical aspects for describing the reactive power flow problem in
voltage collapse 03
(b) Compare static state estimation and dynamic state estimation. 04
(c) Establish relationships between voltage regulation and reactive power. Explain
how it is governed by short-circuits capacity. 07
OR
(c) Discuss two-area frequency control with block diagram. 07
Q.3 (a) Define generation shift factor and line outage distribution factor in relation to
security analysis. 03
(b) Illustrate standard analytical functions used for Extrapolation techniques involve
trend curve fitting in load forecasting. 04
(c) Describe Auto-Regressive Model and Auto- regressive Moving Average Model
for load forecasting. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) Explain significance of ‘w’ in weighted least square estimation. 03
(b) Define load forecasting. Give summary of nature of load forecasting based on
lead time with its application. 04
(c) Discuss estimation of average and trend terms for any load data. 07
Q.4 (a) Find the capacity of a static VAR compensator to be installed at a bus with +/-5 %
voltage fluctuation. The short –circuit ratio is 5000MVA. 03
(b) Show and discuss profile of reactive power losses in transmission line. 04
(c) Give flow chart for contingency selection. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) Obtain necessary relation between maximum power and line length. 03
(b) Give graphical representation of enhancement of line length and steady state
stability limit of uncompensated transmission line and discuss it. 04
(c) Explain how estimation of non linear measurements is done using Weighted LSE. 07
Q.5 (a) State research and Professional bodies of Indian power Sector. 03
(b) Give flow chart of one scheme of fast decoupled state estimation. 04
(c) Explain function of different entities in deregulated power system. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) List main components of Automatic voltage control scheme. 03
(b) How does deregulated power system differs from vertically integrated electric
industry? 04
(c) List out and Discuss the reasons which motivate to restructure the power system. 07
************
1
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY BE - SEMESTER–VIII (NEW) - EXAMINATION – SUMMER 2017
Subject Code: 2180909 Date: 06/05/2017 Subject Name: Power System Operation and Control Time: 10:30 AM to 01:00 PM Total Marks: 70 Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions. 2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary. 3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
Q.1 (a) In weighted least square estimation (WLSE) what do mean by term “weighted”?
How it affects the estimation procedure? Explain WLSE method of state
estimation in detail.
07
(b) Bad data are necessary to remove for state estimation. Explain. How bad data
affects state estimation procedure? Explain methods to detect bad data.
07
Q.2 (a) What do you mean by deregulation and restructuring of power system? How it
affects power system? Explain its advantages and disadvantages to power
scenario of India.
07
(b) Explain important points of electricity act - 2003. 07
OR
(b) State the electricity market players of deregulated power system. Explain the
role of each in detail.
07
Q.3 (a) State different load forecasting techniques. Explain in detail the reactive load
forecasting. Also state its advantages.
07
(b) What is the role of load forecasting? How it reflects in current and future
trends?
07
OR
Q.3 (a) Derive the expression for estimation of average and trend terms of deterministic
part of load in load forecasting method.
07
(b) Derive the expression for critical receiving end voltage and critical power angle
at voltage stability limit for a two bus power system.
07
Q.4 (a) Explain the characteristics of (i) the receiving end voltage of a basic power
transmission system for varying system reactance and, (ii) the characteristic of
voltage V/s system short circuit capacity for any fixed value of real power flow
considering leading, u.p.f. and lagging power factors load.
07
(b) A cable has surge impedance of 50 Ω and operates at 500 kV (L-L) at 50 Hz. If
the electrical line lengths is 30 deg. equivalent, find the steady state stability
limit. Obtain the value of the transmission angle and reactive power
requirements at both ends of the cable when the transmitted power through the
cable is 50 % of the SIL value. Assume both ends of the line are maintained at
500 kV.
07
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain role of load dispatch center in power system. What is its role as a part
of national grid?
07
(b) Two generating units rated for 250 MW and 400 MW have governor speed
regulation of 6.0 and 6.4 percent, respectively, from no-load to full-load,
respectively. They are operating in parallel and share a load of 500 MW.
Assuming free governor action, determine the load shared by each unit.
07
2
Q.5 (a) Derive the expression for voltage regulation of a transmission line and explain
its relation with reactive power.
07
(b) With necessary block diagrams explain automatic voltage and reactive power
control.
07
OR
Q.5 (a) Discuss in brief the application aspects of the primary and secondary automatic
load frequency control loops.
07
(b) What is power system security? Explain major three function of a power system
security and system state classification.
07
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