LEADER Evaluation Indicators Nielsen 20110526

8/6/2019 LEADER Evaluation Indicators Nielsen 20110526

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Nordic Geographers Meeting, Roskilde 24-27 May 2011

Rural development in the EU:

fromproduction tomultifunctional spaces Evaluating the LEADER process(es)

Niels Chr. Nielsen and Annette Aagaard [email protected]

Danish Center for Rural Recearch,Department of Environmental and Business Economics


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Multifunctionality?A paradigm with severalinterpretations( ) :arsden and Sonnino 2008o ultifunctionality as a/i ve rs if ic at io n p lu ri ac ti vi ty su rv iv al s tr at eg y orarm households hich are unable to compete as,pecialist producers at an .ppropriate scale for the current market environmento ultifunctionality f agricultural land , rimarily to ccommodate postproductivist demands for .ommodified environmental goodso ultiunctionality as a ruly integrated approach tour al de ve lo pm en t, ,ncompassing all the economicnvironmental and social contributions of; arm households a proactive development tool toromote more ustainable economies of scope and synergy that

-otentially re embedsgriculture in its environment to promote ruralObjective of modelling in TOP-MARD project Bryden et al (2011):non-agricultural goods and services in local economies


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Nordic Geographers Meeting, Roskilde 24-27 May 2011 4

Multifunctional Landscapes:

After Navehs Naveh's concept of Holistic Landscape Ecology

'Landscape' is an intrinsically holistic concept - it evokesphysical, social and cultural meanings and questions.

'Multifunctional Landscape' (MFL) is the label that has beenattached to a system manifested by the interaction betweencognitive, cultural, economic, and biophysical processes andphenomena (i.e., coupled human-natural systems). MFLs arecomplex and 'middle-numbered', in which contingency and

history matter. Interdisciplinary approaches are usuallydeemed obligatory to study these systems such that we mightensure their sustainability.

James D. A: Millington, http://landscapemodelling.net/


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EU support for regional/territorialdevelopment

o mmon Ag ri cultur al Po li cy( )AP tructuralFunds

Pillar 1 Direct Paymentsand MarketSupport

(EuropeanAgriculturalGuarantee Fund(EAGF))

i l l a r 2 R u r a l D,v e l o p m e n tE u r o p e a n A g r i c u l t ualF u n d f o r R u r a l(e v e l o p m e n t E A F R D) :xis1Improving the -ompetitiveness ..of the agriculturalnd forestry sector:xis2Improving the enviro-ment and the countryside :xis3Improving the qualityof life in rural areas-and encouraging diversification of the rural economy (EADER approach local-development strategies andpublic )rivate partnerships

European Regional Development ( )und ERDFR e g i o n s w h e r e G D P p e r c a p i t a i s%e s s t h a n 7 5 o f th e EU a ve r a g e :o n v e rg e n c e s o c i al a n d e c o n o mic C o h e s i o nR e g i o n a l c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s a n d E mp l o y m e n tT e r r i t o r i a l c o o p e r a t i o n( )uropean Social Fund ESFR e g i o n s w h e r e G D P p e r c a p i t a i s%e s s t h a n 7 5 o f th e EU a ve r a g e

:o n v e rg e n c e s o c i al a n d e c o n o mic C o h e s i o n e g i o n a l c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s a n dE m p l o y m e n t ( )ohesion Fund CF %o u nt r ie s w i th G DP l es s t h an 9 0 o f EU a v e r a g e :o n v e r ge n c e s o c i a l a n d ec o n o m ic ( : o h e s i on i n c l u d in g e n v i ro n m e na l p r o j ec t s s uc h a s d ri n k i ng wa t e r s u p p l y a n d w a s t e w a t e r t r e a;m e n t )n d t r a n s p o r t i n f r a s t r u c t u r e


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Historical LEADERapproaches/principles

Leader EO 1999:

(i) is a locally based approach,

(ii) is bottom up,

(iii) incorporates the presence of a local action group,comprising local public agencies and/or localenterprises and/or by local private resident,

(iv) emphasises innovative actions,

(v) is integrated rather than sectoral

(vi) builds connections through networking activities,and

(vii) gives much freedom to local groups in terms ofallocating spending.

Built into regulations which are in force today, covering larger

proporion of the Unions territory.

: - , : - ,EADER I 1991 94 LEADER II 1994 99 LEADER+: -000 2006

Ray, C. (2000), Editorial Sociologia Ruralis:The EU leader Programme: Rural Development Laboratory.


7/20Nordic Geographers Meeting, Roskilde 24-27 May 2011 7

OECD 2006: A new ruralparadigm

The New Rural Paradigm: Policies and Governance

ld A pproach ew Appr oachObjective ,Equalisation farm

,income farmcompetitiveness

Competitiveness of,rural areasvalorisation of local

,assets exploration ofunsued resourcesey T ar ge tSector Agriculture Various sectors of(rural economy rural,tourism

,manufacturing ICT.)industry etcain To ol s Subsidies Investments

ey A ct or s ,National governmentsfarmers All levels of,government variouslocal stakeholders

( , , ).public private NGO



LEADER Measures,borrowed from other axes

Centrally specified criteria, requirements:

Effects (measurable), value, effects

Here AXIS 3 Quality of Life (Article 52):(a) measures to diversify the rural economy, comprising:

(i) diversification into non-agricultural activities,(ii) support for the creation and development of micro-enterprises with a view topromoting entrepreneurship and developing the economic fabric,(iii) encouragement of tourism activities;

(b) measures to improve the quality of life in the rural areas, comprising:(i) basic services for the economy and rural population,(ii) village renewal and development,(iii) conservation and upgrading of the rural heritage;

(c) a training and information measure for economic actors operating in the fields coveredby axis 3;(d) a skills-acquisition and animation measure with a view to preparing and implementinga local development strategy.

From Council Regulation (EC) No 1698/2005 of 20 September 2005 on support for ruraldevelopment by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD)



Growing importance

From: The LEADER Approach, a basic guidehttp://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rur/leaderplus/pdf/factsheet_en.pdf

Note: Member States or regions will select LAGs based ontheir proposed local development strategies.



Distribution of subsidies..

Proportion of Total Public Expenditure allocated to each Rural

Development Axis over the 2007 2013 Programme Period (IEEP:Farmer(2008)).


11/20Nordic Geographers Meeting, Roskilde 24-27 May 2011

Monitoring and evaluation tools atdifferent levels

Concept Description evel of abstractionP r i n c i p l e s u nd am en ta l pr op er ti es o r/a lu e s O R l a ws c o nv e t i on sh at f o r m b a se f o r .n de rs ta nd in g a nd ac ti on

, e r y h i g h p u rec o n c e p t sC r i t e r i a t an d a r d s a f te r w h ic h t h i n g s

,r e j u d g e d in r e l a t i o n t o.v er ac hi ng p ri nc ip le s: ,i g h C o n c e p t s w h i c h

a n b e /o rm ul at ed a ct iv at ed a s.u e s t i o n sI n d i c a t o r s n y ( )e a s u r e m e a s u re m e n t o fn s p e c t o f ,h e c ri t e r i o n au an ti ta ti ve o r q ua li ta ti vea ri a b l e w h i ch c a n b ee as u r e d o r de s c r i be d a n d,h ic h w he n ob s e r v e d,e ri od ic al ly d em on st ra te s.r e n d s

:e d i u m s h o u l d b ep e r a t i o n a l a n d r e f e r t o,o n c r e t e e x i s t i ng ,t r u c t u r e s i n t h e a r ea,o m m u n i t y i n t e r na l l y t oh e L A G o r.d mi ni st ra ti ve s ys te m

e r i f i e r s( heck )o i n t sa ta ( ,uantitative)a t e g o r i c a l r i nf or ma tio nh at e n h a n c e s t h ep ec i f i c i t y or t h e e a s e o f .s se s s m e n t o f a n i nd i c a t o r

:o w p a r a m e t e rs w h i chr e s t r a i g ht f o r w a r d to,b s e r v e d e s c r i b e



Key elements ofLEADER

Area-based localdevelopmentstrategies

Bottom-upapproach

Local public-privatepartnerships

Multi-sectoraldesign andimplementation

Innovativeapproaches

Cooperationprojects

Networking of

localpartnerships

: / / - . . / / . = : : :t tp eu r l ex eu ro pa eu Lex Ur iSe rv Le xU riS er v d o? uri CE LE X 320 05 R16 98 EN HT ML

From Council Regulation (EC) No 1698/2005 of 20September 2005 on support for rural developmentby the European Agricultural Fund for RuralDevelopment (EAFRD), Axis 4 LEADER, article61:

Implicit:Endogenousdevelopment
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32005R1698:EN:HTMLhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32005R1698:EN:HTMLhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32005R1698:EN:HTML



Monitoring and Evaluationvaluation expected to be an integrated part of:rograms: / / . . / / / / .tt p ec eu ropa eu ag ricult ur e ru r ev al index _en ht m

, ,owever two decades later still a challenge /specially to find meaningful indicators and or!v al ua ti on c ri te ri a

Exogenous

vs.

Endogenous?

:evels of stakeholders and thus evaluation- he EU level- he national level- ( , - ,he LAG level citizens LAG members

)dministrators and board- ( ,he project level project holders/ )f fec ted i nvo lv ed c it ize ns

According toHigh and Nemes

(2007)
http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rur/eval/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rur/eval/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rur/eval/index_en.htm



Our (experimental) approach:Operationalizing the concept ofLEADER

Defining variables into measurable factors..Taking a Key elements approach

& ( ), ( ),Based on Ticehurst Veal 2000 Shuttleworth 2008 see:// . - . / .http www experiment resources com operationalization html.

u es ti on s a bo uth e b i g pi c t u re P o p u l a t i o n y p o t h e t i c a l/h e or i es c o nc e ptsh e or y Li t e r a t u r e - -e v ie w St a t e o f-h e ar tD e f i n i nar e s e a r cp r o b l e m

S a m p l i ngC h o o s i ni n d i c a to r s

C r e a t i nS t u d y

,Testable narrow

hypothesis( )prediction

Sample

,Observable

measurableVariables

SpecificSituation
http://www.experiment-resources.com/operationalization.htmlhttp://www.experiment-resources.com/operationalization.htmlhttp://www.experiment-resources.com/operationalization.htmlhttp://www.experiment-resources.com/operationalization.html



Alternative:Participatory Rapid

Appraisal (PRA)

PRA is a growing combination of approaches and methodsthat enable vulnerable people to share, enhance, and

analyze their knowledge of life and conditions, to plan andact and to monitor and evaluate. The role of the outsider isthat of a catalyst, a facilitator of processes within acommunity which is prepared to alter their situation.



Alternative approach II Rapid Rural..

Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is an approach usedby non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and otheragencies involved in international development. Theapproach aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinionsofrural people in the planning and management ofdevelopment projects and programmes.

From Chambers (1992):Rural Appraisal: rapid, relaxed and participatory

http://antoinegeorge.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/4/8/2348967/pra_chambers.pdf



EADERapproac/method

-re a based loca levelopmenttrategiesar tnersh ips in th eo rm of L oc al Ac tionGroups-otto m up st rate gy

ppl ic ation o fnnovativestrategiesar ry in g outo op er at io n p ro je ct s-u lt i s ec to ra lapproachetwo rking of localpartnerships

Concept

Theoretical variables(corresponding to

)Criteria

Operational variables( . )corresp to Indicators

Parameter/question/categoryhemes for the localstrategies e o gr a ph i ca l d e li n ea t io n

f s tr ag eg y a re as( )l e me n ts t h er e ofupport for the LAG( , )e mb er sh ip s ho wi ng/e p r e se n t a ti v i t y c o m p os i t in of LAGGO s and privatee pr es en ta ti on i n L AG

( )o od C om mu ni ka ti onetween LAG and local/o m m u ni t i e s c i t i ze n s

o op er at io n a cr os s b or de rs/ / -f r eg io n m un ic ip al it y L AGarea

o rm ul at io n a ndm p le m en t at i on o ft ra te gi es t ha t w ou ldt he rw is e n ot e me rg e?( )o u nt e rf a ct u al a pp r oa c h

o op er at io n i nt er na ll y t o/ - ,h e m un ic ip al it y L AG a re a( -)l tra lo call y

r oj ec ts w it h p ar ti ci pa nt srom at least two of thea in s ec to rs

r oj ec ts w it h p ar ic ip an tsrom a number of,s so ci at io n e nt er pr is es.tc within /a m e s i mi l ar( )e ct or s .

,deas proposals andp p li c at i on s f r om ndividuals and NGO s

Directedtowardscitizens

/

Directedtowardsprojectholdersowners

-

DirectedtowardsLAGboardand

/

(

)

chaircorrdinatorpublicservant

t a t i s t i c a la r a m e t e r s( rom ,u n i c i p a l i t yt a t i s t i c s. .)e n m a r k

Meansorgoalsinthemselves?



,dependentapproach..



Concluding remarks- n dicator s and ev aluat io n metho ds hav e been in deman d,or m or e than a de ca de st ill no s atisf ac tory mo del ha s.een fo un d-

- / ,h en LEAD ER princ iples the m et hod is follow ed th eppro ac h is i n lin e wi th u ltiunct ionali ty seen a s aruly i nt egra ted a pp ro ach t o rura l de velop ment/ ,owev er a t th e com mu ni ty t er ritor ia l rather t ha n.ouse ho ld lev el

-

- ,e re all ow ed thi nking o ut o f the box b ri ng in i deas.rom ot he r do mains- n alogies w ith 3 rd !orld Development projects? MFL??- ,i ven inc re ased f ocus on l ocal differ en ces a nd t he,eani ng a nd i mport an ce of t errito ry i n gen eral morenvol ve me nt o f sta ke ho lders is to b e expec ted an d( /ccep te d for f ormul ating th e Varia bles I ndicat ors and/ ) .u es t io ns V er i fi er s-

- -p plicati on of th e Cri te ri a I nd icato r de ve lo pmenthrou gh a n Op erati on al izati ons pr oc es s rem ains t o be


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Thanks..To the Danish Ministry of Food and Agricultureand the Network Center for requring evaluationtools

To EU for raising a lot of very interestingquestions about region, territory and community..

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LEADER Evaluation Indicators Nielsen 20110526

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