Leadership Framework: A Cross-cultural Perspective

Iqtidiar ul Hassan

Significance of Comparative Leadership Studies

The intrinsic nature of a culture which is unique and has impact on the conduciveness of institutional structure and processes.

The limitation of existing studies and framework has been generally recognized.

With the growing internationalization of policy, the significance of culture in the adoption and implementation of the educational policy in diverse school contexts assumes greater importance.

(Dimmock & Walker, 1998)

A General Framework for Leadership

Leadership Defined A process used by leaders to give purpose to the

collective efforts of members of the organization while influencing them to work collaboratively in an environment of mutual respect and trust.

(Green, 2013)

Theories which guide leadership studies1. The personal characteristics and traits of leaders 2. Organizational dimension 3. Contingency and situational leadership theories

The personal characteristics and traits of leaders Traits and Leadership Effectiveness Styles of Leader Behavior Dimensions of Leader Behavior

Organizational Dimensions Normative and Idiographic dimensions

(Getzel & Guba, 1957) Tasks, Relationships, and Participative Leadership Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid

Contingency and Situational Leadership Theories Fiedler Contingency Model Vroom and Yetton Normative Decision Model Vroom-Jago Revised Model Path-Goal Theory Situational Leadership

Framework for Cultural Comparative Leadership Study

Hofested’s Framework

Hofested’s dimensions of culture

Hofested’s Four Dimensions of Culture Power distance Collectivism vs. Individualism Femininity vs. Masculinity Uncertainty Avoidance

Leadership Processes

Position, role and power

Leadership style and orientation

Collaboration and participation

Motivation

Planning

Decision making

Interpersonal communication

Conflict resolution

Staff appraisal