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Unit IIICognitive Domain
Learning, Memory, Consciousness, Intelligence
Classical ConditioningPart I
Classic
Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior
Classical Conditioning occurs when a stimulus gains the power to cause a response Like in the Shower
Ivan Pavlov’s Dog Experiment
Acronyms
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCR)- Triggers a Response auto
Unconditioned Response (UCR)- the auto response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- Previously neutral stimulus; learned; gains power
Conditioned Response (CR)- NEW response due to CS
Sequence of Classical Conditioning
1) Acquisition Neutral stimulus paired with UCR;
develops new CR
2) Extinction Learned response diminishes
3) Spontaneous Recovery After rest period; extinguished CR returns
Classical Conditioning
Affect on Stimuli
The same response produced to two similar stimuli is GENERALIZATION Like a similar sound or noise can
produce the same results
Different responses is DISCRIMINATION If you can tell the difference, it won’t
produce a response
Dr. John Watson
Behaviorist who says psychology should only study observable behaviors Not just mental ones
Extended study of CC to emotions Associating emotions to particular
stimuli▪ Little Albert Experiment
Challenges to Behaviorism
Behaviorists focus on stimuli & responses but cognition & biology must be considered with CC Predictability causes issues Taste Aversion is biological
Paragraph
NC State is NCAA tournament bound for the fourth consecutive season, and the fourth time in four tries under Mark Gottfried. The Wolfpack drew a No. 8 seed this year and will be up against No. 9 LSU in the East Region. Let the madness begin, y'all.
Operant ConditioningPart I
The Basics
Frequency of behavior depends on consequences Parents & Punishment
Thorndike’s Law of Effect Reinforced behaviors more likely to
reoccur than punished behaviors▪ BF Skinner’s Box
Reinforcement
Positive vs. Negative Money for Grades vs. Drugs for Release
Immediate reinforcement is most effective
Primary is naturally rewarding; Secondary is learned rewarding Secondary is like saying “good boy” to a
dog while petting
Punishment
You can cause it or take something away Hand on a Stove vs Time Out
Effective if used immediately & occasionally; ineffective b/c it doesn’t stop desire for bad behavior & leads to anxiety
Molding Behavior
Behaviors can be shaped by reinforcing behaviors similar to desirable acts Learning to ride a bike
Behaving differently toward similar stimuli is discrimination Fire Alarms vs Class Bells
Extinction occurs when a learned behavior is lost b/c consequence is gone Flirting unsuccessfully
Reinforcement Schedules
Continuous vs. Partial Gift everytime you go on a date vs.
every once in a while for something special
Partial can reward behaviors after a period of time has passed or after a particular number of response Also partial is harder to extinguish
Effects of Cognition/Biology
Latent learning; mental representations; & over-justification affect Operant Conditioning Latent is learning that isn’t apparent
until an incentive Overjustification is a reward for what we
like to do
Biology also causes some species to learn behaviors more easily or more difficultly
Operant Conditioning
Identify 2 behaviors you want to change about yourself or someone close to you
Identify the steps of the behavior you are shaping.
Identify 2-3 rewards and punishments that could be used (reasonably) Identify whether they are positive reinforcements, negative
reinforcements, positive punishments, or negative punishments
Identify one issue in application
Apply and discuss one of thing that makes it more complex/complicated
Observational Behavior
Learning By Observing Others (Albert Bandura) Also Biological, Mirror Neurons
Can lead children to imitate antisocial & positive prosocial behaviors
Violence in media IS correlated with aggressive behaviors and attitudes
Chunking
427190365814631750
Part IIIMemory
Encoding Information
Encoding is moving info into memory system
It can be processed automatically (unconscious) or with effort (conscious) Automatically: Where your classroom Effort: What You Studied Yesterday
Serial Position Tend to remember FIRST & LAST ▪ Study the MIDDLE more than the first and last
How We Encode
Rehearsal Distributed BETTER than Mass▪ Studying over time vs cramming
Semantics & Mnemonics Semantics makes meaningful; Mnemonic memory
tricks to remember▪ Like finding rhymes OR acronyms
Chunking
Visuals (auto)
Memory Stages
Sensory memory= BRIEF Memory in the moment
Short-term is consciously aware of before it’s stored or forgotten Working memory
Long-term is relatively permanent energy
Storing Memory
Stress hormones trigger physical reactions
Explicit memories recall facts through hippocampus; Implicit recalls skills through cerebellum Explicit: what you ate last night? What is
freezing? Implicit: Button a Shirt? Tie Your Shoe?
Total Recall
Recall is searching for stored memories & recognition is identifying them
When you retrieve info more effectively in similar environments that is called context State-Dependent= Emotional memory
Apples to Apples & Psychology
As We Play The Game Consider:
What can you tell about a person from the choices they make?
Who seems competitive? Who seems indifferent? What could that tell us about who they are?
Is anyone willing to break the rules to win? Are you? Why, in a game with low stakes?
What kind of psychological study could this be?
Part IVForgetting
Encoding Failure
We Forget b/c we don’t encode info
Info is Not Retrieved When It Was Considered Unimportant
Memory Decay
Forgetting decays immediately after initial learning, then levels off By Herman Ebbinghaus
Permastore memories are long-term & mostly resistant to decay
Failure to Retrieve
Interference of info learned in the past with recent info recall or vice versa
Sometimes we subconsciously motivate ourselves to forget anxious/distressing info Sigmund Frued & Therapy Sessions
Misinformation
We incorporate misleading info into our memories (we construct memories) As in finding something that belongs just b/c it
belongs Or Because we WANT it to be right
Children are MOST likely to construct memories & add misinformation
Recovered memories of trauma are controversial Why would they be?
Are You Sleep Deprived?
1. I need an alarm clock to wake at an appropriate time
2. It’s a struggle to get out the bed in the morning
3.Weekday mornings I hit the snooze bar several times
4. I feel tired, irritable & stressed out during the week
5. I have trouble concentrating & remembering 6. I feel slow when critical thinking, problem
solving, & being creative 7. I often fall asleep watching TV
8. I often fall asleep in boring meetings or warm rooms
9. I often fall asleep after heavy meals 10. I often fall asleep while relaxing after dinner 11. I often fall asleep within 5 min of getting
into bed 12. I often feel drowsy while driving 13. I often sleep extra hours on weekend
mornings 14. I often need a nap to get through the day 15. I have dark circles around my eyes
Recommendations
Bed 15 minutes earlier than usual
Add 15 more minutes
Do Not Consume Caffeine after 3pm; avoid soda with meals
Wake the same time every morning. Naps and Sleeping late this weekend hurts
Avoid “exciting” night time activities. Video Games, arguments, even excersise
Jabricca is the best
Don’t stress over not getting sleep
Part VConsciousness & Dreaming
Consciousness
Awareness of our environment & ourselves
BODY RYTHEM affects our consciousness Circadian, Ultradian, Infradian
Why We Sleep
Restores body physically
Lack of sleep affects our mood, performance, and health
Brainwaves During Sleep
Stages of Sleep
Circadian Cycle; 4 stages of non-REM sleep REM = Rapid Eye Movement
REM shows brain ways at HIGH levels but body is calm during this stage (DREAM) Alternate Btwn Stage 2/REM Last 4 hours
of sleep
Freud & Dreams
Believed dreams helped to interpret inner conflicts & express wish fulfillment For Freud that goes back to sex of
course
Why We Dream Theories
Info Processing Uses daily experiences to tie up loose ends
Physiological Helps important hormone development
Activation-Synthesis Mind tries making sense of random events
Cognitive Help mental growth through processing
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia is the inability to sleep while Apena prevents you from a restful sleep
Narcolepsy cause you to fall asleep a random times
Sleepwalking & Night Terrors Physical problems like Teeth Grinding,
Bed Wetting etc
Part VIChanging the Brain
Hypnosis
Requires a calm, rhythmic, focused tone Helps Suggest Perception
Can be a treatment to treat medical problems
Drugs & Alcohol
Dependence is psychological AND physiological; Tolerance builds & more is desired Why is withdrawl so bad?
Alcohol is the number 1 depressant & 2nd most psychoactive drug
Stimulants
Excite Neural Activity & Speed Up
Caffeine & Nicotine are most commonly used & are addictive
Cocaine is a heck of a drug; dependency occurs INSTANTLY
Hallucinogens
Distort Perception & evokes sensory images when there is none
LSD can be pleasant or violently harmful& Ecstasy is pleasurable but can destroy the brain
Marijuana
Lowers inhibitions & produces feelings of relaxation/mild euphoria Hard to classify with other psychoactive
THC heightens basic senses and can eventually reverse tolerance. Abuse can impair memory, lungs, and immunity
Subliminal Messages
I will give you 2 min to figure out what the subliminal messages
FedEx
VAIO
Baskin Robbins
Tour De France
Toblerone
Jack In The Box
Milwauke Brewers
Amazon
Tostitos
Eighty 20
NBC
Sun Microsystems
LG
Coca Cola (DenMark)
Part VIIIntelligence
Concepts & Problem-Solving
Concepts are how we keep things organized
Problem solving is divided into algorithms & heuristics Algorithms guarantee solutions;
heuristics just makes a solution more likely
Theories on Language
Language is spoken/written/gestures & grammar are rules that govern language
Chomsky believes our brain is wired to process w/o effort but Skinner through association/imitation/rewards
Also Stages of Language: babbling, one-word, two-word
Multiple Intelligences
Intelligence is learning from experience and using that to solve problems & adapt
Gardner argues for 8 different types of intelligence Very Popular Theory; How does this impact
education?
Others look at academic vs emotional & a general intelligence
Purpose & Evaluation of Tests
Achievement tests measure what’s accomplished vs aptitude which judge future performance
Reliability determines consistency of tests while validity determines if a test measures/predicts what its supposed to
Intelligence Tests
IQ tests have a base of 100; Above 100 implies advanced intelligence, below can imply mental issues
Modern tests categorize by age groups, verbal/nonverbal abilities, etc SAT, ACT, GRE, NCFE, EOC, $
Test lack validity due to BIAS Race, Socioeconomic, Culture
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Multiple Intelligences Attempt 1. BEFORE the QUIZ: Rank Each 8 in order of which
you think BEST represents you For Your Number 1 & Number 8; write 2-3 sentences each of
how it best represent you & how it represents you the least
2. AFTER the Quiz: What did you find to be your results? Do you agree or disagree? Why
3. Does this test accurately represent your “Intelligence”? How is it flawed?
4. How should schools use results like these to improve how we try to educate students?