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1/8/2010
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Pascasarjana STMIK Nusa Mandiri
Lecture 1
2Research Methodology - Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
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Today's Lecture1. Computer Science: The Discipline
2. The Nature of Research
3. Research Methodology
4. Research Characteristics and Roles
3Research Methodology - Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Albert Einstein
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First Topic
5Research Methodology - Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Computer Science (CS) Also known as Computer science and engineering Computing Informatics
Here used in a broad sense
Degree programs (esp. US): CS ≠ SE ≠ IS ≠ IT Sometimes CS is narrower Excluding more practically oriented topics hardcore, mathematical orientation
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CS as a Discipline“Computer science and engineering is the systema-tic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information – their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation and application.”
ACM Task Force on the core of Computer Science , "Computing as a discipline.“
Fundamental question: What can be (efficiently) automated?
7Research Methodology - Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
CS as a Discipline “Computer science is the study of the phenomena
surrounding computers.”
Newell and Simon, ACM Turing Lecture 1976: "Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search.“
The phenomena are the structure and operation of computer systems, principles underlying computer system design & programming, effective methods for using computers for information
processing tasks, and theoretical characterizations of their properties and limitations.
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Standard Concerns (1)1. Algorithmic thinking
Formulating action in step-by-step procedures that give unambiguous results when carried out by anyone.
2. Representation
How to represent information so that it can be effectively found.
Inventing ways of encoding phenomena to allow algorithmic processing, e.g., mathematical expression & speech representation.
9Research Methodology - Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Standard Concerns (2)3. Programming
Embody the above two (algorithm & representation) in software that will cause a machine to perform in a prescribed way.
4. Design
Connect the above three (algorithm, representation & design) to the needs of people, e.g., engineering tradeoffs, integrating available components, meeting time and cost constraints, and meeting safety and reliability requirements.
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Sub Areas of CS1. Algorithms & data
structures2. Programming languages3. Architecture4. Operating systems &
networks5. Software engineering6. Databases and information
retrieval
7. AI & robotics8. Graphics9. Human computer
interaction10. Computational science11. Organizational
informatics12. Bioinformatics
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CS Area and the ParadigmCS Area Theory Abstraction Design
Architecture Digital logic, Boolean algebra etc.
Finite state machine, etc.
RISC, CISCs etc.
OS Scheduling theory, etc.
Job scheduling, distributed computation etc.
Time-sharingsystem, memory manager, etc.
Database Relational algebra, relational calculus etc.
Data model, query optimization, etc.
Relational , hierarchical, network database design
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Major Paradigms within CS
1. THEORY: building conceptual frameworks and notations for understanding relationships between objects.
Computational complexity
Algorithms
Data structures
Graph theory
etc.
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Queuing Theory
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Major Paradigms within CS
2. EXPERIMENTATION/ABSTRACTION: Exploring models of systems and architectures within given application domains and testing whether those models can predict new behaviors accurately.
Prototyping to extend abstractions to practice
Simulations of systems and of physical processes
Testing of protocols
System performance analysis
Comparisons of different architectures
Etc.16Research Methodology - Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Major Paradigms within CS
3. DESIGN: Construct computer systems that support work in given organizations or application domains
Program development systems
Simulators
microchip design systems
etc.
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Second Topic
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What is Research? Research is:
“The process employed when we move from a state of ignorance to a state of knowledge”
“…the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested.”
Leedy P. D. and Ormrod J. E., Practical Research: Planning and Design, 7th Edition. 2001.
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What is Research? Careful or diligent search.
Studious (gigih) enquiry or examination, especially
Investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts,
Revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or
Practical application of such new or revised theories or laws
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What is Research? From Wikipedia:
A human activity based on intellectual application in the investigation of matter.
Its primary purpose is discovering, interpreting, and developing methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters.
Research can use the scientific method, but need not do so To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on
gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence
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What is Research? Research is necessary for learning.
All who have learned something have been researchers.
Enjoy the ride!
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Example Examples, finding:
A cinema that’s showing a film you want to see [few minutes]
A more efficient automobile engine [few years]
A proof of Fermat’s last theorem [few centuries]
Ways of combating e-fraud [ongoing]
Published research (in a broad sense) is the history of human endeavour (usaha/percobaan)
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What is Not Research? Research is not information gathering:
Gathering information from resources such books or magazines is not research.
No contribution to new knowledge.
e.g., clipping.
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What is Not Research? Research is not the transportation of facts:
Merely transporting facts from one resource to another does not constitute research.
No contribution to new knowledge although this might make existing knowledge more accessible.
e.g., indexing some information and store them into database.
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Types of Research (Duration) Long-term (blue skies) research. Einstein did this; typical university research.
Medium-term research. Typical university research.
Short-term research. Typical industrial laboratory research.
Development. Typical software house activity.
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Third Topic
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Type of Research Methodology Methodologies are high-level approaches to
conducting research.
The individual steps within the methodology might varybased on the research being performed.
Research methodologies mainly used in CS.
1. Quantitative (QNT).
2. Qualitative (QLT).
3. Constructive/Design (DS).
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1. Quantitative Method (QNT) Concentrates on the collection and analysis of data in a
numeric form thereby emphasing large scale and representative sets of data.
Measure features of some situation in numbers.
The rationale: information collected by asking a set of pre-formulated questions;
Predetermined sequence & structured questionnaire formats are used.
Sample sectors drawn are representative of a defined population.
Present hypotheses about relation between numerical variables.
Confirm/reject by statistical hypothesis testing.30Research Methodology - Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
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Characteristics of QTN Empirical research to establish quantitative
knowledge, e.g. Field studies (with quantified data) Experiments Surveys (with quantified data)
Typical research questions: Cause and effect Comparison: A > B ? Or > : faster, better, more popular, … Trends
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Example of QTN Comparing various granularity reduction algorithms for
temporal databases. Removing intermediate versions of pages
Query for individual pages or web sites as they were at a particular time T.
Experimental design:
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2. Qualitative Method (QLT) Focuses on exploring research problems in as
much detail as possible aiming to achieve ‘depth’ rather than ‘breath’(Delament,1992; Silverman 1998).
Concerned with collecting and analysing information in many forms, chiefly non-numeric.
Explorative, hypothesis generation.
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Qualitative Research: An Example
If you want to know how tall someone is Measure their height Measure lots of peoples height and compute average or
median QUANTITATIVE
If you want to understand How their height affects them How they think about their height QUALITATIVE
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3. Constructive/Design Research
Creating or changing an artefact with the goal of providing a new feature or improving existing features.
Artefact: hardware, software, algorithm, data structure, design method, computer/software architecture, user interface, support for business process, …
Involves evaluating the artefact being developed analytically against some predefined criteria or performing benchmark tests.
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Example of Design Research NetProbe: A Fast and Scalable System for Fraud
Detection in Online Auction Networks, Shashank Pandit et.al. (WWW07)
Anomalies or auction fraud is detected from a large online network of online auction users and their histories of transactions.
37Research Methodology - Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Fraud Detection Method Two types of Fraudsters: fraud and accomplice.
The fraud: actually carry out the fraud,
The accomplices: boosting the fraud’s feedback rating.
Accomplices behave like perfectly legitimate users and interact with other honest users to achieve high feedback ratings.
They also interact with the fraud identities to form near bipartite cores, which helps the fraud identities gain a high feedback rating.
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Modeling the Auction A node represents a user, while an edge between
two nodes denotes that the corresponding users have transacted at least once.
Each node can be in any of 3 states — fraud, accomplice, and honest.
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NetProbe
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Types of Research (Data) Primary research
Involves the collection of data that does not already exist; collected from research subjects and/or experiments.
Numerous collection methods, including questionnaires, telephone interviews etc.
Secondary research
Use information that other people have gathered through primary research.
Involves the summary, collation and/or synthesis of existing research.
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Fourth Topic
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Research Characteristics Originates with a question or problem
Requires clear articulation of a goal
Follows a specific plan or procedure
Often divides main problem into subproblems
Accepts certain critical assumptions
Requires collection and interpretation of data
Cyclical (helical) in nature
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High-Quality Research (1) Good research requires:
The scope and limitations of the work to be clearly defined.
The process to be clearly explained so that it can be reproduced and verified by other researchers.
A thoroughly planned design that is as objective as possible.
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High-Quality Research Good research requires:
Highly ethical standards be applied.
All limitations be documented.
Data be adequately analyzed and explained.
All findings be presented unambiguously and all conclusionsbe justified by sufficient evidence.
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Particular Types of Researcher Permanent academic.
Research scientists, fellow, associate.
Postdoctoral research associate.
PhD student.
MSc student.
Undergraduate.
College student.
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Undergraduate Student Ability to conduct study with the guidance of a
mentor.
Understand the basic principle of concepts and be able to apply them.
Ability to organise and present material in thesis.
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MSc student Ability to conduct independent study.
Understand its relationship to wider field of knowledge.
Ability to organise and present material in thesis.
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PhD Student Dissertation must be wholly the candidate’s own work.
Original contribution to knowledge or understanding.
Show candidate’s ability to test ideas (own or others).
Understand relationship of theme to a wider field of knowledge.
Of scholarly merit, justify publication.
Ability to organise and present material in dissertation.
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Evolutionary Approach
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How it can go wrong Trying to save an expanding universe.
Expecting divine inspiration, or something to turn up.
Too much implementation (computer junkie).
Love of unnecessary complexity.
Too abstract.
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Remember! Research is a craft skill.
Gain experience of skills and techniques beforeapplying them to your research.
Writing, library use, oral presentation
Software development
Theorems and proofs
Analysis and presentation of results
Deploy only the skills necessary for your research: time will be too short to do otherwise
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Traditional Research Process
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