Lecture 01 Energy and Societies

Introduction of Renewable Energy Technologies

Prof. C.S. SolankiDepartment of Energy Science and Engineering

[email protected]

EN 301

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies 1

Lecture‐01Energy and Societies


Welcome to the course

Evaluation Scheme

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4 quizzes – 15%

4 assignments – 15%

Midsem – 20%

Endsem – 50%

Course content

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EN 301/216: Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies

Introduction to world energy scenario, Renewable energy resources, Radiation, Solar Geometry, radiation models; Solar Thermal, Optical efficiency, thermal efficiency, concentrators, testing

procedures, Introduction to thermal systems (flat plate collector), solar architecture, solar still, air heater, panel systems;

Photovoltaic; Introduction to semiconductor physics, doping, P-N junction, Solar cell and its I-V characteristics, PV systems components, design of a solar PV systems.

Biomass, Biomass resources, wood composition, pyrolysis, gasifies, biogas, biodiesel, ethanol;

Wind Energy, Introduction, types of wind machines, Cp-λ curve & betz limits, wind resources analysis; Systems, stand alone, grid connected, hybrid, system design;

Hydro systems, Hydro resources, types of hydro turbine, small hydro systems; Other systems,

Geothermal, wave energy, ocean energy

References

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• S. P. Sukhatme, Solar Energy - Principles of thermal collection and storage, second• edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1996• J. A. Duffie and W. A. Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, second• edition, John Wiley, New York, 1991.• C. S. Solanki, Solar Photovoltaics- Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications,

PHI, 2009.• C. S. Solanki, Renewable Energy Technologies - A practical guide for beginners,

Phi, 2009• D. Y. Goswami, F. Kreith and J. F. Kreider, Principles of Solar Engineering, Taylor

and• Francis, Philadelphia, 2000• D. D. Hall and R. P. Grover, Biomass Regenerable Energy, John Wiley, New York,• 1987.• J. Twidell and T. Weir, Renewable Energy Resources, E & F N Spo

Contents


History of Energy

Energy Transitions

Energy and growth

Energy

• Its capacity of a body to perform work• it’s a driving force of change • Energy can have many forms: Heat energy, electrical energy, chemical

energy, nuclear, light etc.Units of energy• 1 Calorie unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise one

gram of water one degree Celsius.• 1 Joule ability to overcome one Newton along 1 meter (assuming g = 10

meter/s2• 1 eV Energy gained by an electron due to 1 volt potential diff.• 1 cal = 4.184 joule, 1eV = 1.6 x 10E‐19 Joules, (1 BTU = 1.0545 kJ, 10E7 Ergs

= 1 joule)BTU> cal > joule > erg > eV


Other Energy Units

• 1 kWh 1 kW of load runs for one hour consumes 1kWh of energy

• 1kWh = ……J

• 1 ToE Energy released from burning of 1 ton of oil of given calorific value = 42 GJ

• 1 ToE = 11634 kWh

ToE>KWh>BTU> cal > joule > erg > eV


Energy Resources

• Fossil energy: fossil fuel based sources Coal, Oil and Gas

• Renewable Energy:Wind, solar radiation, biomass, etc.

• Nuclear Energy: nuclear fuels, particularly Uranium

• Gravitational energy:motion and gravitation between Sun,

Earth and Moon

• Geothermal energy: Cooling of earth crust


14,400 - 17,400Wood (dry)39,000 - 48,000Oils, vegetable (kJ/kg)

30,000Alcohol, 96% (kJ/kg)50,350Propane

13,800 - 20,500Peat141,790Hydrogen55,530Methane16,300Lignite29,700Ethanol44,800Diesel48,000Petrol

28,000 - 31,000Coke15,000 - 27,000Coal

29,600Charcoal17,000 - 23,250Bituminous coal32,500 - 34,000Anthracite

kJ / kgFuel

101,000Propane C3H8

39,820Methane CH4

43,000Natural gas13,000Hydrogen133,000Butane C4H10

56,000AcetylenekJ / m3Fuel

1ToE = Energy produced by burning of 1 ton of crude oil

1ToE = 42GJ (or 41.85GJ )

Gross calorific values of various fuels


© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies11

Setting up the context of the course


What do we do with energy?

Our dependency on energy?

Does energy drives our life?

Is there good energy and bad energy?


History of Energy

Historical Trends in Global Energy Consumption

Carolyn S. et al , IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY, 2010

Historical Trends in Global Energy Consumption

First food was only source of energy, 2000 kcal/person/day

Access to food, increased the population and thus energy consumption (now also for cooking), housing, weapons

By 1400 C.E., both waterwheels and windmills were widely used throughout Europe. Sailing ships now provided transport as did horse-drawn vehicles, Coal for heating in London, 26000 kCal/p/y

Daily per capita energy use in 1875 would have reached 70,000 kcal in the more advanced nations with total world population then exceeding 1 billion

Energy History of the world


Humans have evolved to higher and higher complexity by mastering higher energy flows

With the help of basic prime movers and dominant sources of heat one can define different characteristics of energy eras

most intriguing conclusion arising from this grand view of history is the shrinking duration of successive energy eras and the accelerating pace of grand energy transitions

(Source: Vaclav, World history and energy, 2004)

Energy transitions in world energy history



Prehistoric300,000 to 10,000 CEUse of muscle power and fire

1st Energy Transition 2nd

3rd

4th

Domestication of animals,Use of fire metal extraction

Use of windmillsWatermills,Not everywhere

Use of Engines

Use of electricity


The last transition is yet to run its course in most low‐income economies, particularly in Africa

The evolution of prime mover

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies


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Max. power of prime movers and transition in energy


Successive stages of agricultures have required higher energy inputs but have been able to support 1000 times more people per unit of land than did foraging.

Energy Transitions in agriculture

Global transportation sector


With evolution of trains, ships, flights inter-province and overseas transportation became less time consuming and economical from business perspective


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Energy needs and Our growth

Energy needs and transition


Improving the quality of life has been the principal individual benefit of this quest for higher energy use

Increased energy results in increased food harvests, greater accumulation of personal possessions, abundance of educational and leisure opportunities, and vastly enhanced personal mobility

How much energy we need?

What is pattern of energy consumption, how much we need and how much will it grow?

DemandEnergy

PersonDemandPopulationnConsumptioEnergy **

Technology availability

Wealth, culture

More security on energy, more free time to do other activities, results in more innovation, more production

Effect of MechanizationAs the mechanization increases,

less labour is required for given work, people tend to to other work, socialize more, spend more energyMechanization of agriculture,

more food production, allows people to other jobs urbanization But more mechanization is fuelled

by more energy consumptionCarolyn S. et al , IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY, 2010

Trend in Energy Consumption

DemandEnergy

PersonDemandPopulationnConsumptioEnergy **

Industrial revolution increased energy consumption per capita due to increased income

Energy requirement is growing

• What are the parameters that affects the energy requirements?• Population growth• GDP increase

• Economic growth is primary force behind increase in energy demand• The Energy demand is projected to increase at the rate of 1.7% per

year.

• World population in 2011 was 7 billion, projected to be 8.5 billion in 2030

• World population in pre‐industrial arena was about 1 billion


Energy Intensity The Energy Intensity is amount of energy used per GDP of production, or

energy required to fulfil demandEnergy intensity of the world has been decreasing as an effect of

technology advancement and energy efficiency

The world appears to have reached an industrial saturation point where its autocatalytic processes of increasing industrial production are being balanced by the decreasing energy intensity of its economies.

Effect of GDP on energy requirement

• Economic growth is primary driver for increase in energy demand

• Worldwide GDP is closely linked with amount of energy consumed

• Transport and electricity is directly related to growth

• World DGP growth of about 3.2% (1971 – 2030)

• Population growth, 1.65% (71‐2000), 1% (2001‐2030)



Energy Consumption and Development indicators

Does increased energy consumption helps human?

Human Development Index , HDI (comprises life expectancy, literacy rate and Income)

GDP per capita has also been increasing

Electricity consumption and education


Literacy rate is a component of HDI. Is electricity consumption related to education?

Literacy rate is positively correlated to electricity consumption

(Data Source: https://data.worldbank.org/)

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Electricity consumption and Income


Per capita Income is a component of HDI. Is electricity consumption related to income?

Income level is also positively correlated to electricity consumption

(Data Source: https://data.worldbank.org/)

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How much energy does world use?


The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of Primary energy (MTOE) is 1.7 %

The CAGR of per capita primary energy is 0.55 %

The CAGR of electricity consumption (TWh) is 2.6 %

The global trend of primary energy and electricity consumption

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World Primary Energy Consumption (2018)

Source wise primary energy


Total primary energy consumption through out the world is 13865 MTOE

Globally 85 % Primary Energy source is fossil fuel (Coal, oil, natural gas)

Renewable accounts (561.3 MTOE) which is only 4 %

Source : BP statistical review of world energy 2019

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Primary energy demand forecast

• The energy demand will primarily be met by the fossil fuel, there contribution will grow from 80% (current). Oil is the single largest primary energy source. 1 ToE=11634kWh


Global electricity access scenario


Globally close to 0.8 billion people still lack to electricity access

Source: IEA world energy outlook 2019

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The sustainable development goals


AffordableReliableSustainableModernEnergy solutions to be provided to all by 2030

The seventh goal (SDG 7) is a very unique goal

It is located at the centre and related to all other SDG

Source: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs

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Dimensions of Energy

What do you think will be future trend in terms of energy consumption in the world?

What are the energy sources used in current situation?

What is the role of renewable energy technologies?

How much energy India consumes today?

How much energy does India need today?

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