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Lecture 2: Kingdoms Monera, Protoctistaand Fungi

KINGDOM MONERA

“Bacteria”

Kingdom Monera

Commonly called bacteria

All monerans are unicellular

All monerans are prokaryotes

Prokaryotes: Single-celled organisms surrounded by a membrane and cell wall that LACK membrane bound organelles

Bacteria Characteristics

Prokaryotic

Unicellular

Some autotrophic

Some heterotrophic

Some chemotrophic

Contain Cell Walls

What do we mean by

prokaryotic…?

lack membranes around their nuclei

Prokaryote Cell

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Two major groups of Kingdom

Monera

Archeabacteria

Most primitive organisms on earth

Found in very harsh environments

Eubacteria

“True Bacteria”

Disease causing bacteria in this group

Characteristics of Monera

Monera can be divided into two main

groups:

1) Archaebacteria

- “ancient” bacteria

- live in extremely harsh conditions

2) Eubacteria

- “true” bacteria

ARCHAEBACTERIA

Methanogens Live in oxygen free environments,

produce methane (CH4).

Thermoacidophiles Live in water than is very hot and acidic

(pH 2 to 4), line the edges of hot springs

Chemosynthesizers Make carbohydrates using inorganic

compounds as energy source, live in hot

sulfur vents on ocean floor

Extreme Halophiles Live in extremely salty places, grow in

water up to ten times saltier than the

ocean

EUBACTERIA

Gram-positive Bacteria Have thick walls made of protein-sugar

complex, turn purple when stained

Gram-negative

Bacteria

Have extra layer of lipid outside cell

wall and turn pink after staining

Cyanobacteria Gram-negative monerans that perform

photosynthesis (like plants) and release

oxygen

Classifying Bacteria

3 main shapes:

1. Bacilli

(rod-shaped)

2. Cocci

(sphere-shaped)

3. Spirilla

(corkscrew-shaped)

Bacterial Arrangements

“Diplo-”--pair of cells

“Strepto”--Chain of cells

“Staphylo”—Cluster of cells

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1. SPHERE-SHAPED:

COCCUS

Diplococcus - two

Staphylococcus –

clusters

Streptococcus –

strings

2. ROD-SHAPED: BACILLUS

Diplobacillus - two Streptobacillus - strings

3. CORK SCREW: SPIRILLUM Why learn about Bacteria?

Some cause serious diseases:

Pneumonia, tuberculosis, lyme disease, bubonic plague,

food-borne illnesses

Most are beneficial

Intestinal bacteria (digest food and make vitamins)

Break down dead organisms (decomposers)

Industry: make cheese, yogurt, antibiotics

Positive contributions of bacteria

Decomposers

“Fix” nitrogen into a useable form

Food production—yogurt, cheese, etc.

Sewage Treatment

Clean Oil Spills

Negative effects of Monerans

Disease

Syphilis, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, strep throat, botulism, etc.

Food Spoilage

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KINGDOM MONERA

ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA

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Methanogens:

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Thermoacidophiles:

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Chemosynthesizers:

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Extreme Halophiles:

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Gram-positive:

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Gram-negative:

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Cyanobacteria:

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Questions……????

Kingdom ProtistaProtists are difficult to classify.

• Four of the five Kingdoms are Eukaryotes

– Plant

– Animal

– Fungus

– Protista

Many are only

distantly related to

each other.

Many are more

related to organisms in

other kingdoms.

Difficult to classify because

Protists are difficult to classify.

• Protista is often called the junk drawer of the

kingdoms.

– Eukaryotes that do not fit into any other kingdom:

- Animal-like but not quite an animal

- Plant-like but not quite a plant

- Fungus-like but not quite a fungus

Protista

• Not a really valid “Kingdom”

• Few real evolutionary relationships

• Contains

• Algae: “plant-like” protists

• Protozoa: “animal-like” protists

• Slime & Water molds: fungal-like protists

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General Characteristics

• Eukaryotic

• Unicellular

• Some may live in colonies

• May be Autotrophic or Heterotrophic or Both

• Some are motile

• Appeared about 1.5 BYA

Classified into Three Main Groups

• Animal-like… heterotrophs capable of locomotion

• Plant-like… photosynthetic autotrophs

• Fungus-like… decomposers that reproduce by spores

• Some protists may exhibit both animal-like & plant-like characteristics

• All protists have a nucleus and are therefore eukaryotic.

• Protists are either plant-like, animal-like or fungus-like.

Animal – like protists

• Animal-like protists consume other organisms.

– Are called protozoans

– heterotrophs

– single-celled (unicellular)

– Most are free living but some are parasitic

– Have food and waste vacuoles for storing and digesting food

– Are capable of movement

– Contracticle vacuoles pump out excess water

– Not animals because animals are multicellular and animal like protist are

single-celled

Protist examples: Paramecium

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2. Paramecium

Animal-like protists - Examples

•Unicellular, slipper-shaped

•move by coordinated beating of many cilia

•aquatic - mostly found in ponds and streams

•usually do not cause diseases in humans

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2. Paramecium - continued

Animal-like protists - Examples

•Feeding occurs in the funnel-shaped gullet (buccal cavity) where food is drawn in by external and internal cilia to form food vacuole

•ingests organic detritus and other small organisms like bacteria and other protozoans

Plant – like protists

• Plant-like protists are Make their own food through photosynthesis

(autotroph).

– single-celled, colonial (live together in colonies)

– Are photosynthetic

– Not plants because they have no roots, stems, or leaves

Protist examples: Euglena

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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d

A) Euglena-

•one celled alga that moves with one flagellum

•red eyespot near front end to find light…Why?

•lives in fresh water

•reproduces asexually

•have chlorophyll and can make their own food ( )autotroph

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•organelle is the site of photosynthesis and gets its name from the presence of the green pigments (the chlorophylls)

contains disk-shaped chloroplasts

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d

A) Euglena Continued-Fungus –like protists

• Fungus-like protists decompose dead organisms.

– Heterotrophs.

– Are decomposers

– can move at some point in their life cycle whereas fungi cannot.

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FUNGUS-LIKE PROTIST

Slime Molds:

•fungus-like protists that are consumers

•live in cool, damp places EX: forest floor

•feed on bacteria growing on rotting logs and decaying leaves

•some are parasites (very few)

Questions……????

Kingdom FungiCharacteristics of Fungi

• Eukaryotic

• Most are Multicellular

• Heterotrophic nutrition by absorption

• Produce spores by sexual and asexual reproduction

• Cell wall made of chitin

• No movement: change location by growth of body

or dispersion of spores

The Characteristics of Fungi

• Fungi are NOT plants

• They are nonphotosynthetic

• They are eukaryotes

• They are nonmotile

• Most are saprobes (live on dead

organisms)

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The Characteristics of Fungi

• Absorptive heterotrophs (digest

food first & then absorb it into

their bodies

• Release digestive enzymes to

break down organic material or

their host

BREAD MOLD

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The Characteristics of Fungi

• Important decomposers &

recyclers of nutrients in the

environment

• Most are multicellular,

except unicellular yeast

• Lack true roots, stems or

leavesMULTICELLULAR

MUSHROOM

UNICELLULAR YEAST43

1) fungi lack chlorophyll

2) fungi are not photosynthetic•cannot produce their own food

3) they never reproduce by seeds

4) most fungi have cell walls made of chitin…

4 Reasons Fungi Are Different From Plants

cellulose•Plant cell walls are made of what?

•most are saprophytes

•some are parasites

Saprophyte-feeds on dead/decaying organisms

Fungal Nutrition

• Heterotropic by absorption

– secrete digestive enzymes

– digest macromolecules outside the body

– absorb digested nutrients

• Three nutritional modes

– Saprophytic = digestion of dead organisms

– Parasitic = digestion of live organisms,

causing disease

– Mutualistic = beneficial relationship for two

independent organisms

Saprophytes

Parasites Mycorrhizae: Mutualism Between

Fungus and Plant Roots

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Applying Your Knowledge

Which mode of nutrition

A. Provides a benefit for the fungus and its

host partner?

B. Is shown by athlete’s foot fungus?

C. Involves digestion of dead organisms?

1. Parasitic

2. Saprophtyic

3. Mutualistic Questions……????