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KINGDOM MONERA
Monerans
The most successful organisms on earthLongevity - bacteria have been around for 4
billion yearsBacteria can reproduce every 15 minutesBacteria live anywhere and everywhere
There are more bacterial cells living in your body than you have body cells!
Wash your hands before eating lunch!
Tip of Thumb Tack!GROSS!
Why are Monerans so successful?Monerans have a Prokaryotic cell structureWithout monerans, life could not exist
Monerans ….Recyclers / DecomposersAt the bottom of the food chainProvide a large portion of Earth’s oxygen
All living organisms are descended from Monerans
Monerans are ProkaryoticMonerans do not
have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
Monerans are very small (10-50x smaller than a typical human cell but larger than viruses)
Moneran Structures
Cell membraneCell wall(s)DNA (and sometimes a
second piece of DNA called a PLASMID)
RibosomesCytoplasmFlagellum and/or piliSketch the drawing in
your notes (or page 361 in your text)
What are bacteria good for?Making yogurt
Cleaning up oil spills
Waste managementProducing vaccines
Help digestion
Classification of Monerans4 Main Phyla
Eubacteria Ex: E.coli, streptococcus
Archaebacteria Known for living in extreme
environments Cyanobacteria
Photosynthesis (pigment: phycocyanin)
Prochlorobacteria Photosynthesis (chloroplasts)
PHYLUM EUBACTERIA
Means “true” bacteriaCell membrane and
wallMobile forms have 1
or more flagella
PHYLUM ARCHAEBACTERIAHave different ribosomes, membranes and cell
walls than EubacteriaCan live in extremely harsh environmentsSome are ANAEROBIC (do not require Oxygen)Anaerobic bacteria are found in places such as
digestive tracts of animals. These archaebacteria are called Methanogens because they produce Methane Gas.
They are also found in thick mud and salty lakes
Moneran cell shapes
Rod shape BACILLUSSpherical shape COCCUSSpiral shape SPIRILLUM
Draw each shape
Number of cell walls
How can you tell how many cell wall layers a bacterium has?
Gram staining (by Hans Gram) – uses 2 dyes: safranine (red) and crystal violet (purple)
1 layer cell wall will stain purple (Gram +)2 layer cell wall will stain red (Gram -)
This is important when deciding what type of antibiotic to use!
Gram staining
Movement
Some do not moveSome have 1 or more
FlagellaSome Glide on slimeSpiral shaped
bacteria spirals or lashes around
Obtaining energy
1. AutotrophicChemotrophic autotroph – uses inorganic
material to make foodPhototrophic autotroph – uses light to make food
2. HeterotrophicChemotrophic heterotroph – taking in organic
material as food (Salmonella)Phototrophic heterotroph – can make own
energy but also have to take in organic materials
Salmonella poisoning
Methods of producing cellular energy
Cellular respiration (aerobic respiration – requires oxygen to survive) “obligate aerobes”
Food+O2 -> cellular energy
Fermentation (anaerobic respiration - no oxygen required to survive) “obligate anaerobes”
Food -> cellular energy
“Facultative anaerobes” (can survive with or without oxygen)
What is a culture?A group of growing bacteria
What is a thermophile?An organism that thrives in extremely hot environments
What is a Petri dish used for?Used to collect and culture bacteria
What kingdom does Bacteria belong to?Monera