Lecture 23 - A. Shipunovashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/lec_310_23.pdf · 2018-11-01 ·...

Ethnobotany

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

Lecture 23

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture 23 1 / 84

Outline

1 PharmacognosyPlant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systemsPlant remedies for cardiovascular systemPlant remedies for respiratory system


Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems

PharmacognosyPlant remedies for gastrointestinal

and biliary systems



Diarrhoea

Very common, especially in childrenOral rehydration works well in most cases



Plants for rehydration

Na+

Starch from potatoes, corn or rice, or glucose



Constipation and laxatives

By medical definition, defecation less frequent than once in 2–3daysNot a serious problem but increase risks of other diseases



Bulking laxative from plantains, Plantago spp.

Plantaginis ovatae semen, Psyllii semenHave high swelling factor (> 40) due to the presence of specificpolysaccharides



Isphagula, Plantago ovata



Psyllium, Plantago sempervirens



Linseed, Linum usitatissimum

Lini semenShould be used as whole seed



Stimulant laxatives

Normally, stimulant laxatives are antraquinonesIncrease a peristaltic activity of a colon



Antraquinone



Senna, Cassia spp.

Sennae fructus/foliumContain sennosides



Senna, Cassia senna



Sennoside B



Cascara, Rhamnus spp.

Rhamni/Frangulae cortexRhamnus purshiana is native to Pacific coastContain emodin, cascarosides and other antraquinone glycosides



Cascara, Rhamnus purshiana



Cascaroside



Inflammatory problems

May be a signal about infectious gastritisMixtures of emollient and antacid are mostly used



Chamomile, Matricaria recutita

Matricariae flosEuropean herb (“German chamomile”)Multiple-effect drug, essential oils and other constituents areanti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial



Chamomile, Matricaria recutita



Matricin and chamazulene



Liquorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra

Liquiritiae radixMain component is glycyrrhizic acid, traditional but controversialremedy



Glycyrrhizic acid



Dyspepsia and liver disorders

Often are a sideway symptoms of more serious diseasesClosely associated with eating habitsCholagogues and bitter stimulants are popular remedies



Artichoke, Cynara scolymus

Cynarae foliumMain component is a bitter sesquiterpene cynaropicrin



Artichoke, Cynara scolymus



Cynaropicrin



Gentian, Gentiana lutea

Gentianae radixGantiopicroside and amarogentin (bitter value of 58,000,000) areiridoidsBitters stimulate secretion of gastric juices



Yellow gentian, Gentiana lutea



Amarogentin



Wormwood, Artemisia absinthium

Herba absinthiiTraditionally used as liqueurBitter value of sesquiterpene absinthin is ≈15,000



Wormwood, Artemisia absinthium



Nausea and vomiting

Often components of “motion sickness”Spasmolytic constituents are often used



Hyoscine from Solanaceae plants

Occur in Scopolia, Hyoscyamus and DaturaTropane alkaloid, poisonous


http://www.google.com/search?q=Scopolia&tbm=isch

http://www.google.com/search?q=Hyoscyamus&tbm=isch

http://www.google.com/search?q=Datura&tbm=isch


Hyoscine



Ginger, Zingiber officinale

Zingiberis rhizomaMultiple effect plant, essential oils gingerol and shogaol areresponsible for pain relief, anti-sickness and other activitiesExtremely valuable in Eastern medicines


http://www.google.com/search?q=Zingiber officinale&tbm=isch


Ginger, Zingiber officinale



Gingerol and shoagol



Bloating and carminatives

Bloating may be a result of bacterial activity (especially onarabinose)Carminatives provide both pleasant taste and anti-gas effect(precise mechanism is still unclear)



Mints, Mentha spp.

Menthae foliumEssential oil menthol and similar compounds


http://www.google.com/search?q=Mentha&tbm=isch


Umbelliferous fruits

Carvi fructus from caraway (Carum carvi)Foeniculi fructus from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)Contain essential oils like carvone, anethole and others


http://www.google.com/search?q=Carvi fructus&tbm=isch

http://www.google.com/search?q=Foeniculi fructus&tbm=isch


Caraway, Carum carvi



Section of mericarp



Anethone


Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system

PharmacognosyPlant remedies for cardiovascular

system



Heart problems (arrhythmic conditions, failure etc.)

Plants with cardiac glycosidesIn addition, lily of valley (Convallaria majalis with convallatoxin)and motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca with specific essential oils)


http://www.google.com/search?q=Convallaria majalis&tbm=isch

http://www.google.com/search?q=Leonurus cardiaca&tbm=isch


Lily of valley, Convallaria majalis



Convallatoxin



Common motherwort, Leonurus cardiaca



Foxglove, Digitalis purpurea, Plantaginaceae, Europe

Digitalis purpureae foliumContain digoxin and other cardiac glycosidesIncrease the heart muscle contractility and reduces conductivityinside a atrioventricular node


http://www.google.com/search?q=Digitalis purpurea&tbm=isch


Foxglove



Digoxin



Hawthorn, Crataegus spp., Rosaceae, Northhemisphere

Crataegi folium/floresThe mixture of cyanide glycosides and flavonoidsBlocks repolarizing potassium current in ventricular muscle andprolongs its activity


http://www.google.com/search?q=Crataegus&tbm=isch


Venous insufficiency problems

Hemorrhoids, varicose veinsAntioxidants are normally used as remedies



Bilberry, Vaccinium myrtillis, Ericaceae, Eurasia

Myrtilli fructusAnthocyanosides have vascular spasmolytic effects


http://www.google.com/search?q=Vaccinium myrtillis&tbm=isch


Bilberry



Butcher’s broom, Ruscus aculeatus, Asparagaceae,Eurasia

Rusci rhizomaSaponin glycosides, inculding ruscine have been shown toproduce positive effects to lipid profiles


http://www.google.com/search?q=Ruscus aculeatus&tbm=isch


Ruscus



Horse chestnut, Aesculus spp., Sapindaceae, Northhemisphere

Seeds contant mixture of saponin flavonoids, e.g., aescinHave multiple membrane-related effects: anti-edema, thrombolyticetc.


http://www.google.com/search?q=Aesculus&tbm=isch


Horse chestnut



Aescin



Atherosclerosis

Drugs should decrease platelet formation and risks of thrombosisand atherosclerosisAspirin (modified salicilyc acid from willows, Salix is the main drug)



Garlic, Allium sativum, Alliaceae, Eurasia

Allii sativi bulbiSulphuric compounds like allicin and ajoene inhibit sythesis ofLDL (low density lipoprotein)


http://www.google.com/search?q=Allium sativum&tbm=isch

Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system

PharmacognosyPlant remedies for respiratory system



Bronchitis and nasal congestion

Overproduction of mucus, the effect similar to edemaSynthetic analogs of adrenalin (oxymetazolin etc.) are normallyused



Ephedra, ma huang, Ephedra spp., Ephedraceae,wordwide

Old component of TCMEphedrine alkaloid has multiple effects (stimulation of CNS,decongestion etc.)Theophylline from tea and cocoa may be used for the samepurposes


http://www.google.com/search?q=Ephedra&tbm=isch


Ephedra



Ephedrine



Asthmatic conditions

Inhalations have a positive, broncholytic effectEssential oils and camphor are common component of inhalations



Eucalyptus, Eucalyptus spp., Myrtaceae, Australia

Eucalypti aetheroleum1,8-cineole is a major componentHas multiple effects like antiseptic and antispasmodic


http://www.google.com/search?q=Eucalyptus&tbm=isch


Eucalyptus



Allergy

Mostly due to the activation of histamin receptorsSynthetic drugs (like cetirizine etc.) have multiple side effects



Khella, Ammi visnaga, Umbelliferae, Mediterranean

Active compounds are coumarins like khellinHave vasodilating effects, blocks calcium membrane channels


http://www.google.com/search?q=Ammi visnaga&tbm=isch


Khella





Butterbur, Petasites hybridus, Compositae, Eurasia

Sesquiterpene lactones (eremophinolides like petasin)Traditionally used as anti-asthmatic and against migraine, but hasstrong anti-histamin effect


http://www.google.com/search?q=Petasites hybridus&tbm=isch


Butterbur



Mucolytics

Have a softening effect for coughReduce viscosity of mucus



Sage, Salvia officinalis, Labiatae, Eurasia

Salviae foliumContains essential oil thujoneIn addition, has a memory-stimulating and antimicrobial effects


http://www.google.com/search?q=Salvia officinalis&tbm=isch


Senega, Polygala senega, Polygalaceae, NorthAmerica

Polygalae radixTriterpenoid saponins: seneginMucolytic and antiseptic effects


http://www.google.com/search?q=Polygala senega&tbm=isch


Senega



Summary

Most of plant remedies for gastrointestinal system aresymptomaticMost of them are terpenes or glycosidesHeart and vessel system problems are often threatening withglycosidesRespiratory system remedies are essential oils and alkaloids



For Further Reading

A. Shipunov.Ethnobotany [Electronic resource].2011—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310

Heinrich et al. 2012 (or 2004).Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy.Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.Mode of access: http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/heinrich2004_fund_pharm_part.pdf


http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310

http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/heinrich2004_fund_pharm_part.pdf

http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/heinrich2004_fund_pharm_part.pdf

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Lecture 23 - A. Shipunovashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/lec_310_23.pdf · 2018-11-01 ·...

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