Lecture 4 AISE Upload @UNSW

7/17/2019 Lecture 4 AISE Upload @UNSW

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Adverse Incorporation andSocial Exclusion

Lecture 4


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Volunteering

https://www.youtube.co/watch!v"#$%&'&(&r)A

*lease chec+ the resources in ,oodle.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8GZjZTZrWAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8GZjZTZrWAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8GZjZTZrWAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8GZjZTZrWA


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-ow do we use the analyticallens o political econoy to

understand chronic poverty!


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Adverse Incorporation andSocial Exclusion

An analytical raewor+ that

a -elps us to understand the causes opoverty arginali0ation1 and ine2uality

b *rovides us a language to counicate thiscoplexity to policy a+ers / developentagencies / acadeic literature

Is a eans through which we canoperationali0e our understanding o thepolitical econoy and its e3ects


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ecap 5 Structuralconditions

)hich o the ollowing is 67( true

a. Structural conditions are theconse2uences o poverty andine2uality

b. Structural conditions are the

broader systes and processesthat a3ect people8s livelihoodsand well9being copared toothers

c. Structural conditions a3ect all

people within a given social oreconoic order: soe benet1soe are adversely a3ected

d. Structural conditions includepolitical1 econoic andideological systes

*lease go to:http://www.socra

tive.coLog in as student

oo 6uber:

;Vesponses areanonyous
http://www.socrative.com/http://www.socrative.com/http://www.socrative.com/http://www.socrative.com/


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Recap: Defne Structuralconditions

Structural conditions: the broaderpolitical and econoic systes andprocesses that a3ect people8s

livelihoods and well9being coparedto others

Structural conditions a3ect all people

within a given social or econoicorder: soe benet1 soe areadversely a3ected


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What is Structural Violence?

Structural violenceis the e3ect o asysteic ibalance

in society thatpreers the interestso soe over others.

Structural violence

+ills people slowlyby depriving the otheir basic needs.

Institute or *olicy esearch and ;evelopent: http://iprd.org.u+/!p"?@$
http://iprd.org.uk/?p=6185http://iprd.org.uk/?p=6185http://iprd.org.uk/?p=6185http://iprd.org.uk/?p=6185http://iprd.org.uk/?p=6185


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How do we explain poverty andvulneraility?

Explanations based oncharacteristics andcorrelations

Low incoe Illiterate

Bnhealthy

Bneducated

%ender =aste

;ependency ratios

)ealth / assets

;epolitici0es povertyby individuali0ing thecauses o poverty

(he e3ects o povertyoten presented asthe cause

Siplies the

coplexity o issues 73er technical

solutions


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How do we explain poverty andvulneraility?

Explanations based on structures1 processesand relations o poor and non9poor

)hy do soe people get high wages and others

low wages Cshare o surplus! -ow do soe groups onopoli0e opportunities!

-ow is one person8s wealth and wellbeingrelated to another8s poverty!

-ighlights the political and relational natureo poverty and wealth1 as well as thecoplexity


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!elan"ana# Andhra $radesh#India

https://www.youtube.co/watch!v"-Ao9 rvB7eD
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmAo-rvUOe0https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmAo-rvUOe0https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmAo-rvUOe0https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmAo-rvUOe0


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Livelihoods in agrarian(elangana


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)hy is %eetha La+shi poor! )illher children also be poor! )hy!

%o to Socrative oo 6uber: ;V


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Individual =haracteristics

Low incoe

Low education

*oor eployent prospects ;alit / scheduled caste

)oan


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)hat dont these characteristics tellus!

(hey indicate correlation1 but notcausation. (hat is1 they say what poorpeople usually loo+ li+e Cthey are dalit

e.g. not why dalitpeople are poor ;o not indicate the structural

conditions o poverty

Are static1 rather than loo+ing at theprocessesthat a+e people poor1 andthe children o poor parents poor


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Social Exclusion

the process through whichindividuals or groups are wholly orpartially excluded ro the society in

which they liveF C-ic+ey and du (oitGDDH1 G

a way o analy0ing how and why

individuals and groups ail to haveaccess or benet ro thepossibilities o3ered by societies and

econoiesF C2uoted in ischer GD@@1


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Social exclusion Bseul or understanding social

stratication1 arginali0ation1discriination1 disadvantage

Although oten related to poverty1people can be socially excluded1even i they are not poor


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Exa%ples o& SocialExclusion

Illegal iigrants excluded rociti0enship and the rights it entails


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Exclusion o citi0ens ro obtainingtheir state entitleents

)oen subitting docuents or the widow pension in

India


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Exclusion ro politicalrepresentation or participating inpolitics

In the current governent it helps to be white and ale


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Exclusion roeconoicopportunities in the

Joral8 econoy

Exclusion roar+etopportunities


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Spatial exclusion

Sao *aulo

Jsecurity chec+8 Indian shoppingall


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'ainers

,aterial: resource

hoarding Ce.g. privilegedaccess to +eyoccupationsKonopoli0ation

*olitical: %ains through

onopoli0ing political /bureaucratic power

Social / cultural: the useo social prestige to gainaccess to power

resources and thestigitisation o othersKexclusive social grouporation

(osers

,aterial:loss o access to

productive resources1exclusion ro +eyoccupations1 distress saleo assets1 econoic shoc+s

*olitical: restricted access

to civic resources1 politicalparticipation1 civil rights12uality education or healthcare

Social / cultural: closed

access to resources due toascribed identity orstigati0ation1 socialisolation

ro ;avis GD@@: >1 see ,oodle or ull details


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In what ways does %eetha and heraily su3er social exclusion!

Socrative oo 6uber: ;V


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In what ways does %eetha and heraily su3er social exclusion!

Excluded ro 'ob opportunities due to gender

Son is excluded ro oral 'ob opportunities due tolac+ o Jconnections8 Cor bribe

Excluded ro receiving governent entitleentsdue to lac+ o caste connections

Illiteracy Cstiga and ebarrassent

=annot arry daughter into higher caste / non

labouring aily *ast explicit spatial exclusion due to caste1 now

iplicit due to social nors o Jcleanliness8

Exclusion ro social lie and getting governent

schees due to being illiterate


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*robles with explanations basedonly on social exclusion

assuesM the goodness o inclusionandNnorative assuptions abouthow social lie should be organisedF

C-ic+ey and du (oit O Pring people into the ar+etQ E.g.

icronance or woen

Inclusion can be ine2uitable

Lac+s a ocus on agency1 victii0esthe poor


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Adverse Incorporation

poverty persists also because o thedisadvantageous ways in whichpeople are incorporated into

econoic and social lie indisadvantageous ways Cdu (oit and6eve GDDH


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(he ter adverse incorporation drawsattention to relationships where a partyextracts disproportionate benets roanother8s e3orts1 even while thedisadvantaged party ay be included in otherwaysN. (hus the idea o adverseincorporation challenges the assuption thatsocial inclusion is always benecial1 andencourages a ore nuanced analysis whichincludes groups who gain ro other people8sdisadvantageF C;avis GD@@1 4.


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Adverse Incorporation

ecogni0es that soeties it is notexclusion that is the proble1 but theters under which people are included

=onsiders both structure and agency *eople ay need to accept poor

conditions1 even when this is detriental

in the long ter Cpractical versusstrategic

=onsiders une2ual power to set andaccept ters o incorporation


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Exa%ples o& AdverseIncorporation

Peing paid a verylow wage Cwhere alarge proportion o

the surplus value isappropriated


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*eroringexcessive tas+s orthe benet o

others Cincludingthe aily


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(a+ing loans under duress withunreasonable ters


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eceiving adverse ters o trade orinputs and outputs


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;owry and Pride %roo*rice


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'ainers

,aterial: appropriation o

surplus valueK gains roexploitative dowryarrangeentsK interestearned ro distress loans

*olitical: extraction obenets ro direct orindirect control overeans o violence Ce.g.police

Social / cultural: extractingsurplus throughpossession o social /educational resources

(osers

,aterial:extraction o

surplus by owners ocapitalK losses in dowry1paying o interest orloss o assets

*olitical: losses due to

extraction bydoination1 losses dueto extortion andcorruption

Social / cultural:restricted autonoy owoen1 low prestigeoccupations

ro ;avis GD@@: >1 see ,oodle or ull details


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In what ways does %eetha and heraily su3er adverse incorporation!

Socrative oo 6uber: ;V


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In what ways does %eetha and heraily su3er adverse incorporation!

ather and other in exploitative bonded labourarrangeents

Indebted ro loans or dowry and education

(ranser o wealth ro bride aily to grooaily

Appropriation o surplus due to low daily wages

Exploitation 5 wor+s everyday or survival

=osts o ar+et goods increased relative to wages Son paid only on a coission basis

*aid a lot Crelative to incoe or education1 butcould not ac2uire suRcient educational capital toa+e hi copetitive


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AISE 5 )hat it tells us

=onsiders structure and Cconstrained agency1 and how

these are inter9related

poverty as an historical process1 and thewinners and losers o that process

=aptures the intergenerational nature opoverty

the ulti9diensional aspects o poverty the political aspects o poverty

how people benet ro the exclusion orexploitation o others

AISE id l


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AISE 5 esidual versusrelational

(he residual approach views poverty asa conse2uence o being let out odevelopent processes and contains

the assuption that developent bringsgrowth and that what is re2uired is tointegrate people into ar+ets. elational

approaches ephasi0e the extent towhich Jdevelopent8 growth and thewor+ings o ar+ets can also producepovertyF C-ic+ey and du (oit GDDH1

B i AISE t d t d


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Bsing AISE to understandpoverty

)hy are B8s poor getting poorer! )atch this l and answer this 2uestion

using the AISE approach we have

discussed(hin+ outside the box1 and also critically

o the l

-ow can we connect the situation in theB to what we have discussed in theprevious wee+s

https://www.youtube.co/watch!v"

(+$T*Ui#sCuntil @Dins is enough
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTk8JPXQi_shttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTk8JPXQi_shttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTk8JPXQi_shttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTk8JPXQi_s


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=o3ee Prea+


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)rite in your own wordsN

(he denition o AdverseIncorporation and Social exclusion!

)hat can we use an AISE approachor1 and what are its advantages overother ways o explaining chronic

poverty!

)hat is the signicance o global


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)hat is the signicance o globalcapitalis and neoliberalis or

AISE!


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%lobal capitalis and neoliberalis

establish the structural conditions inwhich people are socially excluded1and the ters under which they are

incorporated. ;ecentrali0ation and ragentation

Cobinson

Jabsentee landlords8 CPauan

lexible accuulation Cobinson 6eoliberal econoic and political

practices C-arvey


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,ore specically Exclusions ro the ar+et based on

global copetition

Exclusions ro governent servicesdue to the liited role o the state

(he deterioration o wor+ing conditions

leading to adverse incorporation into thelabour ar+et

;oinance o ,6=s deterine theters o trade or inputs and outputs


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*hillips et al. CGD@4

Argue that capitalist production in theglobal garent industry creates theconditions in which children are

incorporated into the sector underadverse conditions

=opetition aong producers leads to

an ephasis on reducing the share osurplus to labourers

6eed or Wexible wor+orce to eetchanging production deands


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*hillips et al. GD@4

Social exclusion copels soe peopleto accept these ters o incorporation )oen cannot get wor+ in other sectors

Socio9econoic conditions copelschildren to wor+

Low caste a+es it diRcult to get 'obs insectors which are doinated by highcaste

Ephasi0es that global structuralconditions intersect with local nors

I h % h d h il


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In what ways are %eetha and her ailyadversely incorporated into globalproduction or service chains!

Agro9coercial industry1 in which highinput costs s2uee0es wages

(he telecounication sector1 in whichhigh copetition pushes down thewages paid to sellers Ccoission only

=oercial providers o education

Costly local1 but also soeinternational

(he Jscarcity o the state8 C%upta GD@G

reduction o state welare

Bsing AISE to understand


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Bsing AISE to understandpoverty

Bse the concepts o AISE to discuss thisvideo! In what way is the aily socially excluded!

In what way are they adversely incorporated! -ow is this AISE lin+ed to global production o

sugar!

)ho benets ro their adverse incorporationand social exclusion!

http://www.theguardian.co/world/video/GD@O/'ul/D>/cabodian9sugarcane9video

C=hec+ the tie1 $ in
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jul/09/cambodian-sugarcane-videohttp://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jul/09/cambodian-sugarcane-videohttp://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jul/09/cambodian-sugarcane-videohttp://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jul/09/cambodian-sugarcane-video


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)ee+ 4 eedbac+

7n Socrative oo 6uber:;V or on paper2uestionnaire1 please provide

eedbac+ on the course so ar.


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*oster *resentation

A poster presentation presents anarguent using text1 graphicsCtables1 diagras1 pictures in a

poster or It is accopanied by a inute oral

presentation1 in which one person

describes the poster


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(as+

*roduce a poster that exainescliate change or environentaldestruction to one o the +ey

concepts / raewor+s discussed in thecourse1 i.e. Structural Violence

=apitalis 6eoliberalis

Adverse Incorporation and Social Exclusion


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Approaches

Argueor a particular position1 in whichthe ai is topersuadeyour audience

Presentboth sides o a debate1 in which

the ai is to stimulateyour audience toa+e up their own ind. Arguent:coplexity or iportance o issue

Describe a situation1 in which the ai is

toprovoke or enrage your audience tota+e action. Arguent: this issue needsurgent attention


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(he best posters will:

-ave a clear arguent

=ontain aterial including acadeicsources that supports this arguent

(he aterial will be coherent1 so that thedi3erent parts o the poster are integrated

)ill relate to the course thees and coreconcepts

)ill deonstrate tea wor+

*resentation is iportant1 but not at theexpense o content and coherence


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(ea )or+ )e all have soething to contribute1

and this assessent exercise isdesigned to allow students withdi3erent strengths to wor+ together

to produce 2uality wor+


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eWect on your contribution

Listening to di3erent ideas and bringing thetogether

In9depth reading o acadeic texts

eWection on everyday lie

,a+ing connections between thees1 conceptsand conteporary issues

%raphics or the visual presentation o aterial

)riting in a clear and concise way

,otivation and tea orale

Verbal presentation s+ills

,a+ing innovative arguents

esearch s+ills1 loo+ing at web resources

(iing


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(iing(ie or groups to eet during the lecture

period next wee+ Cwee+

I will be available or consultations duringthis period1 in addition to the usual tieriday @Da 9 @.@p

*osters will be presented during tutorialsthe ollowing wee+ Cwee+ ?

esources ;etails in course outline and on ,oodle

)ithin the group1 should read at least @acadeic text each in addition to reeringto course readings

eer to websites

esources or %roup *oster


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esources or %roup *osterhttp://www.theguardian.co/australia9news/video/GD@/aug/@@/eissions9reduction9environent9econoy9tony9abbott9video

%uardian pages on cliate change1 or blogs1 news articles1 acts andgureshttp://www.theguardian.co/environent/cliate9change

=liate Tustice *rograYa+ing the polluters payhttp://www.cliate'ustice.org.au/

=hoose a selection o articles ro the special issue o Development andChange1 about =apitalis and =liate =hange1 GDD>1 Volue 4D1 Issue ?.

=lar+1 Prett and ichard @94G$.

=ostan0a1 obert CGDD> J=ould =liate =hange =apitalis8 Nature 4$:@@DH9@@D$.

I expect one acadeic reerenceper studentor each poster.
http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/video/2015/aug/11/emissions-reduction-environment-economy-tony-abbott-videohttp://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/video/2015/aug/11/emissions-reduction-environment-economy-tony-abbott-videohttp://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/video/2015/aug/11/emissions-reduction-environment-economy-tony-abbott-videohttp://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-changehttp://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-changehttp://www.climatejustice.org.au/http://www.climatejustice.org.au/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-changehttp://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-changehttp://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/video/2015/aug/11/emissions-reduction-environment-economy-tony-abbott-videohttp://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/video/2015/aug/11/emissions-reduction-environment-economy-tony-abbott-videohttp://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/video/2015/aug/11/emissions-reduction-environment-economy-tony-abbott-video


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6ext )ee+

67 LE=(BE

)or+ on your group presentationduring the lecture period

See e in y oRce C,P@4G i youare acing any diRculties

)ee+ ater1 -egeony1 ideology and

discourse


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eerences

;avis1 *eter CGD@@ JSocial Exclusion and adverse incorporation inrural Pangladesh: evidence ro a ixed ethods study o povertydynaics81 =hronic *overty research =entre )or+ing *aper 6o. @>O.

http://www.chronicpoverty.org/uploads/publication#les/)*@>OZGD;avis.pd

isher1 Andrew ,. CGD@@. econceiving Social Exclusion1 P)*I)or+ing *aper @4?.

http://www.bwpi.anchester.ac.u+/edialibrary/publications/wor+ing#papers/bwpi9wp9@4?@@.pd,osse1 ;avid GD@D. JA elational Approach to ;urable *overty1Ine2uality and *ower81Journal of Development Studies1 4?CH: @@?9@@H$.

du (oit1 A. and ;. 6eves CGDDH Jin Search o South Arica8s SecondEconoy: =hronic *overty econoic arginalisation and adverseincorporation in ,t rere and hayelitsha1 =*= )or+ing paper 6o.@DG
http://www.chronicpoverty.org/uploads/publication_files/WP193%20Davis.pdfhttp://www.chronicpoverty.org/uploads/publication_files/WP193%20Davis.pdfhttp://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/publications/working_papers/bwpi-wp-14611.pdfhttp://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/publications/working_papers/bwpi-wp-14611.pdfhttp://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/publications/working_papers/bwpi-wp-14611.pdfhttp://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/publications/working_papers/bwpi-wp-14611.pdfhttp://www.chronicpoverty.org/uploads/publication_files/WP193%20Davis.pdfhttp://www.chronicpoverty.org/uploads/publication_files/WP193%20Davis.pdf

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