Lecture 5 - Chapter 6.pptx

7/25/2019 Lecture 5 - Chapter 6.pptx

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Transportation Engineering (CE 653)

Chapter 6: Lecture 5

Rajesh K

DepartenEnginee

ace6/27/16 RAJESH KHADKA, acem



$igh%a& 'ateria#s

Chapter 6 (6 *+ , -+.)

6/27/16 RAJESH KHADKA, acem



Chapter /ut#ines as per 0&##a1us

62 Introduction and C#assication o! Road 'ateria#s

62- 0u1grade 0oi#6.2.1 General

6.2.2 Characteristics of S!"ra#e Soil

6.2.$ Desira!le %ro&erties of S!"ra#e Soil

623 Road 4ggregate

6.$.1 De'nition an# Classi'cation of Roa# A""re"ates

6.$.2 Desira!le %ro&erties of Roa# A""re"ates

6.$.$ (ests on Roa# A""re"ates an# (heir Si"ni'cance

6.$.) Com&arin" Gra#ation S&eci'cation an# *etho# of (ranslatin

6.$.+ Com!inin" of the A""re"ates




62 ituinous Road inders

6.).1 De'nition an# Classi'cation of Roa# in#ers

6.).2 -ii# itmen Ct0!ac itmen an# itmen Em

6.).$ (ests on itminos in#ers

625 ituinous 'i7es

6.+.1 De'nition an# Classi'cation

6.+.2 *arshal *etho# of itmen *i Desi"n




62 Introduction and C#assication o! Road

622 Introduction: Road 'ateria#s

• 3arios t4&es of materials are se# as roa# materi• Soils are etensi5el4 se# for em!anment constr

constrction of soil sta!ilie# la4er.

• Stone a""re"ates are se# in &a5ement constro0roa# strctres an# as a 'lter materials for the retainin" 8alls an# in s!srface #raina"e.

• 9or the economic #esi"n of hi"h8a4, a&&ro&rmaterials shol# !e selecte#.




622- C#assication Road 'ateria#

• *ost common roa# materials se# for roa# constrction areinto three "ro&s

:a;*ineral *aterials

:!;in#in" *aterials

:c; <ther Common il#in" *aterials




(a) 'inera# 'ateria#s

• <ccrs natrall4 or semi0&rocesse# or fll4 &rocesse#.

• For Example:

oS!"ra#e Soil

o9ine A""re"ates :San#; Pit-run Sand or River Sand

oStone Chi&s

oScreene# *aterials

oCoarse A""re"ates :Gra5el;olast 9rnace Sla"

oric %e!!les




(1) inding 'ateria#s

• =se# for !in#in" mineral materials #rin" roa#constrction.

• *ost Common in#in" *aterials are0

Stone Dst or Cohesi5e Soil

Cement, -ime or <ther >nor"anic *aterials

itmen, (ar an# <ther <r"anic *aterials




• 'inera# 'ateria#s 8 inding 'ateria#s , 9e%ors o! 'ateria#s

• @ater on# *aca#am :@*;

• -ime Soil

• Cement Soil

• itmen Soil

• Cement Concrete

• -ime Concrete

• -ean Concrete

• itminos Concrete

• As&halt Concrete

• Cement *ortar

Sta!ilie#

Soil




(c) /ther Coon ui#ding 'ateria

• Reinforcin" Steel

• (im!er• Stone

• rics

• ol#ers

• Co!!les• Ga!ion @ires, etc.




62- 0u1grade 0oi#

62-2 ;enera#

Subgrade soil is a part of pavement structure which support the paveme

Conse<uences due to =oor 0u1grade Conditions

a; >n 9lei!le %a5ements 9ormation of 8a5es, corr"ations, rttin" an# sh

!; >n Ri"i# or Cement Concrete %a5ements *# &m&in", lo8in" an# th




>a"es and Corrugations

• (rans5erse n#lations a&&ear at re"lar inter5alsnsta!le srface corse case# !4 sto&0an#0"o tra




Rutting

• 9ormation of rts falls in this t4&e of failre. #e&ression or "roo5e 8orn into a roa# !4 the8heels.

• (his t4&e of failre is case# #e to follo8in" reaso

• Re&eate# a&&lication of loa# alon" the same 8resltin" longitudinal ruts.

• @earin" of the srface corse alon" the 8resltin" shallow ruts.




0ho"ing

• A form of &lastic mo5ement t4&i'e# !4 ri&&les :corr"ation; 8a5e :sho5in"; across the &a5ement srface. (he

&er&en#iclar to the trac #irection. =sall4 occrs at &oints starts an# sto&s :corr"ation; or areas 8here H*A a!ts a:sho5in";.

• =ossi1#e Causes

• =sall4 case# !4 trac action :startin" an# sto&&in"; com!in

An nsta!le :i.e. lo8 stiness; H*A la4er :case# !4 mi co&oor mi #esi"n, &oor H*A manfactrin", or lac of aeraas&halt emlsions;

E7cessi"e oisture in the su1grade




'ud =uping• @hen material &resent !elo8 the roa# sla! eects ot thro"h the oint

calle# &m&in". @hen soil slrr4 comes ot it is calle# m# &m&in".

• (he common reasons for this #efect are 0

• >n'ltration of 8ater thro"h the oints, cracs or e#"e of the &a5ement f*o5ement of hea54 5ehicles on &a5ement forces this soil slrr4 to com# &m&in".

• @hen there is 5oi# s&ace !et8een sla! an# the n#erl4in" !ase of s!0"

• %oor oint sealer allo8in" in'ltration of 8ater

• Re&eate# 8heel loa#in" casin" erosion of n#erl4in" material

• %m&in" can also lea# to formation of cracs. (his is !ecaseF ejectioateria# 1e#o% the s#a1 causes #oss o! su1grade supportmo5ement occrs at these locations, it fails to resist the 8heel loa# #es!"ra#e s&&ort an# #e5elo&s cracs.

• (his t4&e of #efect can !e i#enti'e# 8hen there is &resence of !a

material on the &a5ement srface close to oints or cracs.6/27/16 RAJESH KHADKA, acem






#o% ?ps• A localie# &8ar# sla! mo5ement an# shatterin" at a oint or crac. =

s&rin" or smmer an# is the reslt of inscient room for sla! e&an

8eather.• =ossi1#e Causes

• Drin" col# &erio#s :e."., 8inter; %CC sla!s contract lea5in" 8i#er oint o&o&enin"s !ecome 'lle# 8ith incom&ressi!le material :sch as rocs or s%CC sla! e&ansion #rin" hot &erio#s :e."., s&rin", smmer; ma4 case hstresses. >f these stresses are "reat eno"h, the sla!s ma4 !cle an# sthe stresses. lo8& can !e accelerate# !4

• Joint s&allin" :re#ces sla! contact area an# &ro5i#es incom&ressi!le ma oint/crac;

• D cracin" :8eaens the sla! near the oint/crac area;

• 9reee0tha8 #ama"e :8eaens the sla! near the oint/crac area;


http://www.pavementinteractive.org/article/blowup/spalling

http://www.pavementinteractive.org/article/blowup/durability-cracking

http://www.pavementinteractive.org/article/blowup/durability-cracking

http://www.pavementinteractive.org/article/blowup/spalling






0oi# C#assication 0&stes• ased on ;rain 0i@e:

• *>( :*assachsetts institte of (echnolo"4; Soil Classi'cation S4s

• >S> :>n#ian Stan#ar#s >nstittion; Soil Classi'cation S4stem1) ased on Te7ture:

• (etral or (rian"lar Soil Classi'cation S4stem

c) ased on the =erson or 4gencies:

•)rmisters Descri&ti5e Soil Classi'cation S4stem

•)Casa"ran#es Soil Classi'cation S4stem

•)=SCS :Re5ise# Casa"ran#e, >n#ian Stan#ar# Soil Classi'cation S4stem

•)=S %!lic Roa# A#ministration :%RA; Soil Classi'cation S4stem

•)Hi"h8a4 Research oar# :HR; or AASH< or Re5ise# %RA Soil Classi'

•)9e#eral A5iation A"enc4 :9AA; Soil Classi'cation S4stem

•)Ci5il Aeronatic A#ministration :CAA; Soil Classi'cation S4stem




• De5elo&e# !4 %rof. G. Gil!o4 at *assachsetts >nstitte of (ecoston, =SA.

• Soil is #i5i#e# into ) "ro&s.

• Gra5el %article Sie 2 mm

• San# %article Sie !et8een B.B6 mm to 2 mm

• Silt Sie %article Sie !et8een B.BB2 mm to B.B6 mm

• Cla4 Sie %article Sie I B.BB2 mm :2 m;

• This system uses only two integers 2 and 6 and is easy to remember.

•San# an# Silt Sie ran"e are frther s!0#i5i#e# into $ cate"o

• Coarse (C) (1) 'ediu (') and (c) ine ()

;ra"e

#

C ' C ' C#a&

0i@eSan# Silt Sie

2 mm 0.6 mm 0.2 mm 0.06 mm 0.02 mm 0.006 mm 0.002 mm




Indian 0tandard Institution (I0I) 0C#assication







<t of them

• ?0C0 is %ide#& used !or genera# ci"i# engineering pur

• $igh%a& Research oard ($R) or 440$T/ is adop

c#assication o! su1grade soi#s in high%a& design2







(Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)

LL

PI

HL










;I , +2- ( A 35) 8 +2++5 ( A 35) (LL A +) 8 +2+(=I B+)

or

;I , +2-a 8 +2++5 ac 8 +2+ 1d• 9 %ercenta"e !4 mass &assin" B.B7+mm sie, e&resse

8hole nm!er

• -- -ii# -imit :L;, e&resse# as a 8hole nm!er

• %> %lasticit4 in#e :L;, e&resse# as a 8hole nm!er.

• a , ( A 35)• 1 , ( A 5)

• c , (LL A +) and

• d , (=I A +)




• Gro& in#e 5ales near B in#icate "oo# soils, 8hile 5almore in#icate 5er4 &oor soils. Ho8e5er, a soil that ma4 !se as a hi"h8a4 s!"ra#e mi"ht !e M5er4 &oorM for other &5ice 5ersa.

• >f G> I B :i.e. Ne"ati5e; (ae G>OB.

• (he maimm 5ales of ::9 $+; an# :9 1+; are taen asof :-- )B; an# :%> 1B; as 2B.

• Ron# o G> to the nearest 8hole nm!er, e."., G>O$.) to $F

• Palit4 of &erformance as a s!"ra#e material is in5ersel4

to the G> i.e. Hi"her G> means &oorer material.

• Gro& >n#e sall4 reQects the relati5e stren"th of the malo8 5ales ha5e the "reatest shear stren"th.

• (he "ro& in#e of soils !elon"in" to "ro&s A010a, A010!, an# A0$ 8ill al8a4s !e ero.




62-2- Characteristics o! 0u1grade 0oi#

• Soil is one of the most im&ortant hi"h8a4 material

• =se# as s!"ra#e soil.

• =se# to constrct hi"h8a4 em!anments.

• Com&acte# soil an# Sta!ilie# soil are "enerall4 s!ase or ase corses of hi"h8a4 &a5ement.

• Characteristics of soil #e&en# on particle siz

surface texture, chemical composition, m/c and dry6/27/16 RAJESH KHADKA, acem



62-23 0oi# 0u1grade 0trength Depenactors

1. Soil (4&e

2. *oistre Content

$. Dr4 Densit4

). >nternal Strctre of Soil

+. (4&e an# *o#e of Stress A&&lication




62-2 Desira1#e =roperties o!0u1grade 0oi#

2 0ta1i#it&

•.Characterie# !4 resistance to &ermanent #eformation n#

•.Resistance to 8eatherin",

•.A!ilit4 to retain #esire# s! "ra#e s&&ort.

-2 Incopressi1i#it&•.Soil se# in s! "ra#e an# em!anment constrction an#

shol# !e incom&ressi!le.




32 =eranenc& o! 0trength

• %ro&ert4 of soil, 8hich allo8s s! "ra#e to s&&ort &a5

the same #e"ree of stren"th n#er 5arie# con#ition an# 8eather.

2 'iniu Changes in o#ue and 0ta1i#4d"erse Condition o! >eather and ;round >at

• 9rost Action

• 3ariation of G@(

• *inimm chan"es in 5olme an# sta!ilit4 n#econ#itions of 8eather an# "ron# 8ater

• >t is reire# to ensre minimm 5ariation in e&an6/27/16 RAJESH KHADKA, acem



52 ;ood Drainage

• Characteristics are essential to a5oi# ecessi5e moistraction.

62 Ease o! Copaction

• %ro&ert4 of soil, 8hich ensres hi"her #r4 #ensit4 8ithcom&action eort for increasin" stren"th characte

&ermanenc4 in stren"th.6/27/16 RAJESH KHADKA, acem



62-25 Ca#i!ornia earing Ratio (CR) • %enetration test :loa#0&enetration/#eformation test &erfo

la!orator4 or in the 'el#;, !asicall4 measres the stren"th

soil an# &a5ement corses materials.• CR test 8as ori"inall4 #e5elo&e# !4 O.J. Porter for t

Hi"h8a4 De&artment #rin" the 12Bs.

• *etho# of classif4in" an# e5alatin" the sta!ilit4 of s!"ra

!ase an# !ase corse materials for #esi"n of Qei!lethicness.

• CR is a measre of resistance of a material to &enetration&ln"er n#er controlle# #ensit4 an# moistre con#itions.

• Ca#i!ornia 1earing ratio is the ratio o! !orce per6/27/16 RAJESH KHADKA, acem



• CR is dened as the ratio o! the test #oad to th#oad, e&resse# as &ercenta"e for a "i5en &enetration of&ln"er of +B mm #iameter at the rate of 1.2+ mm/min to t

corres&on#in" &enetration of a stan#ar# material :crshe#

• Test #oad , loa# carries !4 the s&ecimen

• 0tandard #oad is #e'ne# as the loa# corres&on#in" tcarrie# ot on a crshe# stone 8hose CR 5ale is taen aloa# carries !4 stan#ar# s&ecimen i.e. crshe# stone





> t CR d th t ti i



• >n most cases, CR decreases as the penetration incr

• The ratio at 2.5 mm penetration is used as the CBR.

• In soe caseF the ratio at 5 a& 1e greater th-25 2

• >f the CR 5ale o!taine# from test at +.B mm &enetratthan that at 2.+ mm, then the test is to !e re&eate# for ch

• >f the chec test a"ain "i5es similar reslts, then ho!taine# at +.B mm &enetration is re&orte# as the CR 5a

• A5era"e CR 5ale of three test s&ecimens is re&orte#

5ale of the sam&le.6/27/16 RAJESH KHADKA, acem



• CR test ma4 !e con#cte# in remol#e# or n#istr!e# s

• (est consists of casin" a c4lin#rical &ln"er of +B mm

&enetrate a &a5ement com&onent material at 1.2+ mm/mi

• -oa#s for 2.+ mm an# + mm are recor#e#.

• (his loa# is e&resse# as a &ercenta"e of stan#ar# loa#res&ecti5e #eformation le5el to o!tain CR 5ale.




/1jecti"e o! CR Test

• (o Determine California earin" ratio :CR; 5ale an#thicness for com&acte# soil n#er "i5en trac loa#

• (o #etermination of CR of soil either in n#Remol#e# con#ition


4 t R i d



4pparatus Re<uired

• Loading 'achine an4 com&ression machine cat constant rate of 1.2+mm &er minte can !e se

• C&#indrica# 'ou#d mol# of 1+Bmm #iam17+mm hei"ht &ro5i#e# 8ith a collar of a!ot +Ban# #etacha!le &erforate# !ase.

• Copaction Raer

• 0urcharge >eight

annlar 8ei"hts each of 1)7mm #iameter.

• Coarse 'lter &a&er

• alance


A 0 Di +B # t ! t i th l#



• A 0pacer DiscF +B mm #ee& to !e e&t in the mol# s&ecimen &re&aration, ena!les a s&ecimen of 12+ mm o!taine#.

• S&ecimen is co5ere# 8ith eal 0urcharge >eights to seect of o5erl4in" &a5ement or the &articlar laconstrction.

• Each srchar"e slotte# 8ei"ht, 1)7 mm in #iameter 8it

8hole +$ mm in #iameter an# 8ei"hin" 2.+ " is a&&roimatel4 ei5alent to 6.+ cm of constrction.

• A minimm of t8o srchar"e 8ei"hts :i.e. + " srchar&lace# on the s&ecimen.




CR Testing 'achine





Ca#i!ornia earing Ratio (CR) Testing



g ( ) g0etup

0aturated0pecien

50 mm

diameter piston

150 mm

175mm





0pacer Disc

ase =#ate

0urcharge >eig

'ou#d %ith Co##ar




CR Test A 0ap#e =reparation

CR Test A LoadB=ene

0ap#e =reparation



0ap#e =reparation

• (he test ma4 !e &erforme# 0

:a; <n n#istr!e# soil s&ecimen

:!; <n remol#e# soil s&ecimen

So (8o @a4s of Sam&le %re&aration 0

) =reparation o! ?ndistur1ed 0ap#e

-) =reparation o! Reou#ded 0ap#e


) =reparation o! ?ndistur1ed 0a



) =reparation o! ?ndistur1ed 0a

• =n#istr!e# s&ecimen/sam&le is o!taine# !4 'tt

mol#, the steel cttin" e#"e of 1+B mm internaan# &shin" the mol# as "entl4 as &ossi!le into th

• @hen the mol# is scientl4 fll of soil, it shall !

!4 n#er #i""in".

• (he to& an# !ottom srfaces are then trimme# Q"i5e the reire# len"th of s&ecimen.


-) =reparation o! Reou#ded 0a



-) =reparation o! Reou#ded 0a

• Remol#e# sam&les are &re&are# sch that the o!taine# from %roctor Com&action (ests, the 8/c of

sam&les is either the <*C or the 'el# moistre.• >f it is &ro&ose# to carr4 ot the CR test on a

s&ecimen, the moistre content for remol#in" shosame as the eili!rim moistre content 8hich the to reach s!seent to the constrction of the roa#.

• >f it is &ro&ose# to carr4 ot the CR test on a soae#the moistre content for remol#in" shol# !e at than# soae# n#er 8ater for 6 hors. :) #a4s;





0oaking 0



0oi# 0ap#e

• (he material se# in the remol#e# s&ecimen shothro"h a 1 mm >S sie5e.

• Allo8ance for lar"er material ma4 !e ma#e !4 re&an eal amont of material 8hich &asses a 1 mmis retaine# on a ).7+ mm >S sie5e.

• (his &roce#re is not satisfactor4 if the sie

&articles is &re#ominantl4 "reater than 1 mm.• (he s&ecimen ma4 !e com&acte# staticall4 or #4na


2 Copaction 1& 0tatic 'ethod



p &

• Calclate the mass of the 8et soil at the reire# moistto "i5e the #esire# #ensit4 8hen occ&4in" the stan#ar5olme in the mol#.

• (horo"hl4 mi a !atch of soil 8ith 8ater to "i5e the recontent.

• %lace the correct mass of the moist soil in the com&action o!taine# !4 &ressin" in s&acer #isc, a 'lter &lace# !et8een the #isc soil.


-2 Copaction 1& D&naic 'etho



-2 Copaction 1& D&naic 'etho

• 9or #4namic com&action, a re&resentati5e sam&le of sa&&roimatel4 ).+ " or more for 'ne "raine# soils an# +.+ "ranlar soil shall !e taen an# mie# thoro"hl4 8ith 8ater.

• >f the soil is to !e com&acte# to the maimm #r4 #ensit4 at8ater content #etermine# in accor#ance 8ith li"ht com&actcom&action, the eact mass of soil reire# is to !e tanecessar4 antit4 of 8ater a##e# so that the 8ater content is eal to the #etermine# o&timm 8ater content.

• (he mol# 8ith etension collar attache# is clam&e# to the !a• (he s&acer #isc is inserte# o5er the !ase &late an# a #isc o

&a&er &lace# on the to& of the s&acer #isc.

• (he soil 8ater mitre is com&acte# into the mol# in accor#metho#s s&eci'e# in li"ht com&action test or hea54 com&acti


= d



=rocedure•

(he mol# containin" the s&ecimen 8ith the !ase &late in &osition !e&ose# is &lace# on the lo8er &late of the testin" machine.

• Srchar"e 8ei"hts, scient to &ro#ce an intensit4 of loa#in" eal to th!ase material an# &a5ement is &lace# on the s&ecimen.

• (o &re5ent &hea5al of soil into the hole of the srchar"e 8ei"hts, 2.+ " is &lace# on the soil srface &rior to seatin" the &enetration &ln"er aremain#er of the srchar"e 8ei"ht is &lace#.

• (he &ln"er is to !e seate# n#er a loa# of ) " so that fll contact!et8een the srface of the s&ecimen an# the &ln"er.

• (he stress an# strain "a"es are then set to ero. -oa# is a&&lie# to t&ln"er so that the &enetration is a&&roimatel4 1.2+ mm &er minte.

• Rea#in"s of the loa# are taen at &enetrations of B.B, B.+, 1.B, 1.+, 2.B, 2.1B.B an# 12.+ mm.

• (he &ln"er is then raise# an# the mol# #etache# from the loa#in" ei&




• C4LC?L4TI/9

• LoadB=enetration cur"e:

• (he loa# &enetration cr5e is &lotte# tain" &enetration 5ale oan# -oa# 5ales on 0ais. Corres&on#in" to the &enetration 5al8hich the CR is #esire#, correcte# loa# 5ale is taen from the&enetration cr5e an# the CR calclate# as follo8s

• Ca#i!ornia 1earing ratio , (=T=0)7++

• @here• % ( O Correcte# nit :or total; test loa# corres&on#in" to the chos

&enetration cr5e, an#

• %S O =nit:or total; stan#ar# loa# for the same #e&th of &enetrati%S taen from stan#ar# co#e.




• RE=/RT

• (he CR 5ales are sall4 calclate# for &enet2.+ mm an# + mm. (he CR 5ale is re&orte# cothe 'rst #ecimal &lace.

• 04ETH =REC4?TI/90

• Clean the sie5es 8ith the hel& of a !rsh, after s• @hile 8ei"hin" &t the sie5e 8ith soil sam&le on

!alance in a concentric &osition.

• Chec the electric connection of the sie5e shaecon#ctin" the test.


CR Testing =rocedure



g

• Sie5e the sam&le thro"h 2Bmm >S sie5e.

• (ae + " of the sam&le of soil s&ecimen.

• A## 8ater to the soil in the antit4 sch that o&timcontent or 'el# moistre content is reache#.

• (hen soil an# 8ater are mie# thoro"hl4.

• S&acer #isc is &lace# o5er the !ase&late at the !ottom of coarse 'lter &a&er is &lace# o5er the s&acer #isc 0 ena!les

of 12+ mm #ee& to !e o!taine#. .

• (he &re&are# soil 8ater mi is #i5i#e# into '5e.

• (he mol# is cleane# an# oil is a&&lie#.

• (hen 'll one 'fth of the mol# 8ith the &re&are# soil.

• (hat la4er is com&acte# !4 "i5in" +6 e5enl4 #istri!te# !6/27/16 RAJESH KHADKA, acem

(h t l f th t # il i t h #



• (he to& la4er of the com&acte# soil is scratche#.

• A"ain secon# la4er is 'lle# an# &rocess is re&eate#.

• After $r# la4er, collar is also attache# to the mol# an

contine#.• After 'fth la4er collar is remo5e# an# ecess soil is strc o

• Remo5e !ase &late an# in5ert the mol#. (hen it is !ase&late.

• Srchar"e 8ei"hts of 2.+ " is &lace# on to& srface of soi

• *ol# containin" s&ecimen is &lace# in &osition on machine.

• (he &enetration &ln"er is !ro"ht in contact 8ith the soof ) ":seatin" loa#; is a&&lie# so that contact !et8e&ln"er is esta!lishe#.


0tandard Load a#ues



=enetration() 0tandard Load(kg)?nit 0tanLoad(kg

-25 1$7B 7B

5 2B++ 1B+

J25 26$B 1$)

+2+ $1?B 162

-25 $6BB 1?$


Resu#t



• California earin" Ratio at 2.+mm &enetration O T

• California earin" Ratio at +.Bmm &enetration O T

• California earin" Ratio of s!"ra#e soil O T


/1ser"ation Ta1#e













?ses o! CR a#ues



?ses o! CR a#ues

• (he CR 5ales are se# to #etermine the total th

the Qei!le &a5ement an# its 5arios la4ers.





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Lecture 5 - Chapter 6.pptx

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