Lecture Rome 2013

7/28/2019 Lecture Rome 2013

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Vitruvius

was a Roman writer, architect and engineer, active in the 1st centuryBC.He is best known as the authorof the multi-volume workDe Architectura

("On Architecture").

Vitruvius is the author ofDe architectura, known today as The Ten Books

on Architecture,[20] a treatise written in Latin and Greek on architecture,

dedicated to the emperor Augustus. In the preface of Book I, Vitruvius

dedicates his writings so to give personal knowledge of the quality of

buildings to the emperor. Likely Vitruvius is referring to Marcus Agrippa's

campaign of public repairs and improvements. Thiswork is the only

surviving major book on architecture from classical antiquity. This text

"influenced deeply from theEarly Renaissance onwards artists, thinkers,and architects, among themLeon Battista Alberti (1404-72),Leonardo Da

Vinci (1452-1519), andMichelangelo (1475-1564)."[21] The next major

book on architecture, Alberti's reformulation ofTen Books, was not written

until 1452.

Vitruvius is famous for asserting in his bookDe architectura that astructure must exhibit the three qualities offirmitas, utilitas, venustas

that is it must be solid useful beautiful These are sometimes termed the
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that is it must be solid useful beautiful These are sometimes termed the

wide variety of disciplines; in modern terms, they could be described as

being engineers, architects, landscape architects, artists, and craftsmen

combined. Etymologically the word architect derives from Greek wordsmeaning 'master' and 'builder'. The first of the Ten Books deals with many

subjects which now come within the scope oflandscape architecture.

Materials

He describes many different construction materials used for a wide varietyof different structures, as well as such details as stucco painting. Concrete

and lime receive in-depth descriptions, the longevity of many Roman

structures being mute testimony to the Romans' skill in building materials

and design.

Vitruvius is well known and often cited as one of the earliest survivingsources to have advised that lead should not be used to conduct drinking

water, recommending clay pipes or masonry channels. He comes to this

conclusion in Book VIII of De Architectura after empirical observation of

the apparent laborer illnesses in the lead foundries of his time.[22]

Vitruvius gives us the famous story about Archimedes and his detection ofadulterated gold in a royal crown. When Archimedes realised that the

volume of the crown could be measured exactly by the displacement
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not suggest it himself, it is likely that his dewatering devices such as the

reverse overshot water-wheel was used in the larger baths to lift water to

header tanks at the top of the larger thermae, such as the Baths ofDiocletian and the Baths of Caracalla.

The Forum Romanus

Unlike the later imperial fora in Romewhich were self-consciously

modeled on the ancient Greekplateia () public plaza or townsquarethe Roman Forum developed gradually, organically and

piecemeal over many centuries.[2] This is so despite the tidying up of men

like Sulla, Caesar and Augustus who attempted, with some success, toimpose a degree oforder there. By the Imperial period the large public

buildings that crowded around the central square had reduced the open

area to a rectangle of about 130 by 50 meters

An important function of the Forum, during both Republican and Imperial

times, was to serve as the culminating venue for the celebratory military

processions known as Triumphs. Victorious generals entered the city by
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credited with (or accused of) disturbing the mos maiorum ("custom of the

fathers/ancestors") in ancient Rome. The earliest basilicas (large, aisled

halls) were introduced to the Forum in 184 BC by Marcus Portius Cato,which began the process of "monumentalizing" the site.

The white marble Arch of Septimius Severus was added the northwest end

of the Forum close to the foot ofthe Capitoline Hill and adjacent to the

old, vanishing Comitium. It was dedicated in 203 AD to commemorate the

Parthian victories of Emperor Septimius Severus and his two sons, and is

one of the most visible landmarks there today. The Emperor Diocletian (r.

284-305) was the last of the great builders of Rome's city infrastructure

and he did not omit the Forum from his program. By his day it had become

highly cluttered with honorific memorials. He refurbished and reorganized

it, building anew the Temple of Saturn, Temple of Vesta and the Curia.[19]The last had recently burned and Diocletian's version is the one that can

still be visited today.

The reign ofConstantine the Great saw the division of the Empire into its

Eastern and Western halves, as well as the construction of the Basilica of

Maxentius (312 AD), the last significant expansion of the Forum complex.This restored much of the political focus to the Forum until the fall of the

Western Roman Empire almost two centuries later
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Capable of seating 50,000 spectators,[4][5] the Colosseum was used for

gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal

hunts, executions, re-enactments offamous battles, and dramas based onClassical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in

the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing,

workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a

Christian shrine.

The Colosseum's original Latin name wasAmphitheatrum Flavium, oftenanglicized as Flavian Amphitheater. The building was constructed by

emperors of the Flavian dynasty, hence its original name, after the reign of

Emperor Nero.[7] This name is still used in modern English, but generally

the structure is better known as the Colosseum. In antiquity, Romans may

have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial nameAmphitheatrumCaesareum; this name could have been strictly poetic [8][9] as it was not

exclusive to the Colosseum; Vespasian and Titus, builders of the

Colosseum, also constructed an amphitheater of the same name in Puteoli

(modern Pozzuoli).[10]

The name Colosseum has long been believed to be derived from a colossalstatue of Nero nearby[3] (the statue of Nero was named after the Colossus

of Rhodes)[citation needed]. This statue was later remodeled by Nero's
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by 13.54 m. The faade is dominated by a deep portico or pronaosalmost a

third of the building's length. It is a hexastyle design with six Corinthian

columns under the Pediment at either end,[5] and pseudoperipteral in thattwenty engaged columns are embedded along the walls of the cella. Above

the columns, the architrave is divided by two recessed rows of petrified

water drips into three levels with ratios of 1:2:3. Egg-and-dart decoration

divides the architrave from the frieze. The frieze is decorated with fine

ornamental relief carvings of rosettes and acanthus leaves beneath a row of

very fine dentils.

A large door (6.87 m high by 3.27 m wide) leads to the surprisingly small

and windowless interior, where the shrine was originally housed. This is

now used to house a tourist oriented 3-D film on a series of heroes that

arose through Nmes' history. No ancient decoration remains inside thecella.
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within the complex. Like other public libraries in Rome, there were two

separate and equal sized rooms or buildings; one for Greek language texts

and one for Latin language texts.

The baths consisted of a central 55.7 by 24 metre (183x79ft)frigidarium(cold room) under three 32.9 meter (108ft) high groin vaults, a doublepool tepidarium (medium), and a 35 meter (115ft) diameter caldarium(hot room), as well as two palaestras (gyms where wrestling and boxing

was practised). The north end of the bath building contained a natatio orswimming pool. The natatio was roofless with bronze mirrors mounted

overhead to direct sunlight into the pool area. The entire bath building was

on a 6 metre (20ft) high raised platform to allow for storage and furnacesunder the building.[5]

The libraries were located in exedraeon the east and west sides of the bathcomplex. The entire north wall of the complex was devoted to shops. The

reservoirs on the south wall of the complex were fed with water from the

Marcian Aqueduct.[5]

Pont du Gard
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the fall of Rome. However, lack of maintenance after the 4th century

meant that it became increasingly clogged by mineral deposits and debris

that eventually choked off the flow of water.

The first level of the Pont du Gard adjoins a road bridge that was added in

the 18th century. The water conduit or specus, which is about 1.8m (5.9ft)high and 1.2m (3.9ft) wide, is carried at the top of the third level. Theupper levels of the bridge are slightly curved in the upstream directions, a

fact long attributed to the engineers wanting to strengthen it against theflow of water, like a dam wall. However, a microtopographic survey

carried out in 1989 showed that the bend is caused by the daily expansion

and contraction of stones under the heat of the sun, by about 5mm(0.20in). Over the centuries, this process has produced the deformation

witnessed now.[11]The Pont du Gard was constructed largely without the use of mortar or

clamps. It contains an estimated 50,400 tons of stone with a volume of

some 21,000 m; some of the individual blocks weigh up to 6 tons.[12]They were precisely cut to fit perfectly together by friction alone,

eliminating the need for mortar.[3] The builders also left inscriptions onthe stonework conveying various messages and instructions. Many blocks

were numbered and inscribed with the required locations, such asfronte
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Hadrian(Latin: Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus[1][2][3] 24

January 76 10 July 138), was a Roman Emperor from 117 to 138. He is

best known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limitofRoman Britain. In Rome, he re-built the Pantheon and constructed the

Temple of Venus and Roma. In addition to being emperor, Hadrian was a

humanist and was philhellene in all his tastes. He was the third of the so-

called Five Good Emperors.

Hadrian was born Publius Aelius Hadrianus to an ethnically Italian familyin Italica near Seville. His predecessor Trajan was a maternal cousin of

Hadrian's father.[4] Trajan never officially designated an heir, but

according to his wife Pompeia Plotina, Trajan named Hadrian emperor

immediately before his death. Trajan's wife and his friend Licinius Sura

were well-disposed towards Hadrian, and he may well have owed hissuccession to them.[5]

During his reign, Hadrian traveled to nearly every province of the Empire.

An ardent admirer of Greece, he sought to make Athens the cultural capital

of the Empire and ordered the construction of many opulent temples in the

city. He used his relationship with his Greek favorite Antinous to underlinehis philhellenism and led to the creation of one of the most popular cults of

ancient times. He spent extensive amounts of his time with the military; he
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rebuilt under Hadrian in the domed form it retains to this day. It is among

the best preserved of Rome's ancient buildings and was highly influential

to many of the great architects of the Italian Renaissance and Baroqueperiods.[citation needed]

From well before his reign, Hadrian displayed a keen interest in

architecture, but it seems that his eagerness was not always well received.

For example, Apollodorus of Damascus, famed architect of the Forum of

Trajan, dismissed his designs. When Trajan, predecessor to Hadrian,consulted Apollodorus about an architectural problem, Hadrian interrupted

to give advice, to which Apollodorus replied, "Go away and draw your

pumpkins. You know nothing about these problems." "Pumpkins" refers to

Hadrian's drawings ofdomes like the Serapeum in his villa. It is rumoured

that once Hadrian succeeded Trajan to become emperor, he hadApollodorus exiled and later put to death. It is very possible that this later

story was a later attempt to defame his character, as Hadrian, though

popular among a great many across the Empire, was not universally

admired, either in his lifetime or afterwards

Ancient

The Pantheon
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The Pantheon dome. The coffers for the concrete dome were poured in

molds, probably on the temporary scaffolding; the oculus admits the only

light.The inscription across the front of the Pantheon says:

MAGRIPPALFCOSTERTIVMFECIT

or in full, "M[arcus] Agrippa L[ucii] f[ilius] co[n] s[ul] tertium fecit,"

meaning "Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, made this building when consul

for the third time."[12] However, archaeological excavations have shownthat the Pantheon of Agrippa had been completely destroyed except for the

facade, and Emperor Hadrian was responsible for rebuilding the Pantheon

on the site ofAgrippa's original temple.[13] There had been two earlier

buildings on the same spot, for which the new Pantheon was a

replacement.[14]The form of Agrippa's Pantheon is debated.[7] As a result of excavations in

the late 19th century, archaeologist Rodolfo Lanciani concluded that

Agrippa's Pantheon was oriented so that it faced south, in contrast with the

current layout that faces northwards, and that it had a shortened T-shaped

plan with the entrance at the base of the "T". This description was widelyaccepted until the late 20th century. However, more recent archaeological

diggings suggest that the building might have taken a different form.
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Agrippa finished the construction of the building called the Pantheon. It

has this name, perhaps because it received among the images which

decorated it the statues ofmany gods, including Mars and Venus; but myown opinion of the name is that, because of its vaulted roof, it resembles

the heavens.

Hadrians Villa

The villa was constructed at Tibur (modern-day Tivoli) as a retreat from

Rome for Roman EmperorHadrian during the second and third decades of

the 2nd century AD. Hadrian was said to dislike the palace on the Palatine

Hill in Rome, leading to the construction of the retreat. During the later

years of his reign, he actually governed the empire from the villa. A large

court therefore lived there permanently. The postal service kept it incontact with Rome 18 miles (29km) away.

After Hadrian, the villa was used by his various successors. During the

decline of the Roman Empire the villa fell into disuse and was partially

ruined. In the 16th century CardinalIppolito II d'Este had much ofthe

marble and statues in Hadrian's villa removed to decorate his own Villa

d'Este located nearby.
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domes of the main buildings as well as the corinthian arches of the

Canopus and Serapeum show clear Roman architecture. Hadrian's

biography states that areas in the villa were named after places Hadriansaw during his travels. Only a few places mentioned in the biography can

be accurately correlated with the present-day ruins.

One of the most striking and best preserved parts of the Villa are a pool

and an artificial grotto which were named Canopus and Serapeum,

respectively. Canopus was an Egyptian city where a temple (Serapeum)was dedicated to the god Serapis. However, the architecture is Greek

influenced (typical in Roman architecture of the High and Late Empire) as

seen in the Corinthian columns and the copies of famous Greek statues

that surround the pool. One anecdote involves the Serapeum and its

peculiarly-shaped dome. A prominent architect of the day, Apollodorus ofDamascus, dismisses Hadrian's designs, comparing the dome on Serapeum

to a "pumpkin". The full quote is "Go away and draw your pumpkins. You

know nothing about these [architectural] matters." Once Hadrian became

emperor, Apollodorus was exiled and later put to death.

An interesting structure in the Villa is the so-called "Maritime Theatre". Itconsists of a round portico with a barrel vault supported by pillars. Inside

the portico was a ring-shaped pool with a central island. During the ancient
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Treasury at Petra

History

Evidence suggests that settlements had begun in and around Petra in the

eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (1550-1292 BC). It is listed in Egyptian

campaign accounts and the Amarna letters as Pel, Sela or Seir. Though the

city was founded relatively late, a sanctuary existed there since very

ancient times. Stations 19 through 26 of the stations list ofExodus areplaces associated with Petra.[8] This part of the country was Biblically

assigned to the Horites, the predecessors of the Edomites.[9] The habits of

the original natives may have influenced the Nabataean custom of burying

the dead and offering worship in half-excavated caves. Although Petra is

usually identified with Sela which means a rock, the Biblical references

[10] refer to it as "the cleft in the rock", referring to its entrance. The

second book ofKings xiv. 7 seems to be more specific. In the parallel

passage, however, Sela is understood to mean simply "the rock" (2

Chronicles xxv. 12, see LXX).

On the authority ofJosephus (Antiquities of the Jews iv. 7, 1~ 4, 7)

Eusebius and Jerome (Onom. sacr. 286, 71. 145, 9; 228, 55. 287, 94) assert

that Rekem was the native name andRekem appears in the Dead Sea
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length have been found at Petra, perhaps because they have perished with

the stucco or cement which was used upon many of the buildings.

Roman rule

In 106 AD, when Cornelius Palma was governor of Syria, that part of

Arabia under the rule of Petra was absorbed into the Roman Empire as part

ofArabia Petraea, becoming capital. The native dynasty came to an end,

but the city continued to flourish. It was around this time that the PetraRoman Road was built. A century later, in the time ofAlexander Severus,

when the city was at the height of its splendor, the issue of coinage comes

to an end. There is no more building of sumptuous tombs, owing

apparently to some sudden catastrophe, such as an invasion by the neo-

Persian power under the Sassanid Empire. Meanwhile, asPalmyra (fl.

130270) grew in importance and attracted the Arabian trade away fromPetra, the latter declined. It seems, however, to have lingered on as a

religious centre. A Roman road was constructed at the site. Epiphanius of

Salamis (c.315403) writes that in his time a feast was held there on

December 25 in honor of the virgin Khaabou (Chaabou) and her offspring

Dushara (Haer. 51).[

citation needed]
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After Alexander the Great conquered the Near East in 334 BCE, theexisting settlement was named Heliopolis () from helios,Greek for sun, andpolis, Greek for city. The city retained its religious

function during Greco-Roman times, when the sanctuary of the

Heliopolitan Jupiter-Baal was a pilgrimage site. Trajan's biographer

records that the emperor consulted the oracle there. Trajan inquired of the

Heliopolitan Jupiter whether he would return alive from his wars againstthe Parthians. In reply, the god presented him with a vine shoot cut into

pieces. Macrobius, a Latin grammarian of the 5th century, mentioned Zeus

Heliopolitanus and the temple, a place of oracular divination. Starting in

the last quarter of the 1st century BCE (reign ofAugustus) and over a

period of two centuries (reign ofPhilip the Arab), the Romans had built atemple complex in Baalbek consisting of three temples: Jupiter, Bacchus

and Venus. On a nearby hill, they built a fourth temple dedicated to

Mercury.

The city, then known as Heliopolis (there was another Heliopolis in

Egypt), was made a colonia by Septimius Severus in 193, having been partof the territory of Berytus on the Phoenician coast since 15 BCE. Work on

the religious complex there lasted over a century and a half and was never
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of storms, stood in for Baal-Hadad, Venus for Ashtart and Bacchus for

Anatolian Dionysus.

The original number of Jupiter columns was 54 columns. The architrave

and frieze blocks weigh up to 60 tons each, and one corner block over 100

tons, all of them raised to a height of 19m (62.34ft) above the ground.[6]This was thought to have been done using Roman cranes. Roman cranes

were not capable of lifting stones this heavy; however, by combining

multiple cranes they may have been able to lift them to this height. Ifnecessary they may have used the cranes to lever one side up a little at a

time and use shims to hold it while they did the other side.

The Roman construction was built on top of earlier ruins and involved the

creation of an immense raised plaza onto which the actual buildings were

placed. The sloping terrain necessitated the creation ofretaining walls onthe north, south and west sides of the plaza. These walls are built of about

24 monoliths at their lowest level each weighing approximately 300 tons.

The western, tallest retaining wall has a second course of monoliths

containg the famous trilithon: a row ofthree stones, each over 19 metres

long, 4.3 metres high and 3.6 metres broad, cut from limestone. Theyweigh approximately 800 tons each.[7]

O h i h d h f H li li J i h i
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenestehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphroditehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Bacchushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Piushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Piushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilithonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilithonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilithonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaining_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaining_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friezehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friezehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architravehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architravehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%60Ashtarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%60Ashtarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad


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Lecture 8: Rome I

Rome

Vitruvian Architecture Principles

Roman Influence on Urban Planning

Roman as Innovators

Rome as a Constructors

Extensive Use of Concrete and the Arch

Wednesday, May 29, 2013


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Lecture 8: Rome I

Beginnings of the Roman Empire



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Lecture 8: Rome I

Rome was founded by Romulus and 758 -738 BC.

Located close to the Sea for trade, but farenough away for safety.

Planned according to the topography, witha grid imposed.



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Map of Rome and Italy



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Map of Rome



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Map of Ancient Rome



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Map of Florentia

Cardo and Decumanus



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Map of Pompeii 300 BC



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Map of Ancient Rome



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Lecture 8: Rome I

Rome as Innovators

The Use of the Arch

The Development of the Vault and the Dome

The Use of the Grid



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Lecture 8: Rome I

The Arch became the fundamental architectural element

in Roman construction. The arch developed into the vault.

The Romans used the Greek ideas of Temple planning.

The Romans used the Greek ideas of the orders.



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Lecture 8: Rome I

The Orders of Greek Columns and Temples

Doric - Developed in Western Greece

Ionic - Developed in Eastern Greece

Corinthian- Developed 100 BC at the end of GreekEmpire



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The Greek Orders

Doric Ionic Corinthian



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Lecture 8: Rome I

The Arch and the Development of the vault.



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Date: 1500 BC

Mycenea



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Lecture 8: Rome I

The Arch and the Development of the vault



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Lecture 8: Rome I




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Lecture 8: Rome I

The Roman Forum

The Baths of Caracalla

The Colosseum

Pont du Gard Maison Carre



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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD

The Roman Forum, Rome



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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD




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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD




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Map of Ancient Rome



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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD

The Roman Forum, Rome (Arch of Titus)



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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD




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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD




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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD




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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD




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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD




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Map of Ancient Rome



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Date: 72 - 80 AD

The Colosseum, Rome



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Date: 72 - 80 AD

The Colosseum, Rome



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Date: 72 - 80 AD

The Colosseum, Rome



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Date: 72 - 80 AD

The Colosseum, Rome



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Date: 72 - 80 AD

The Colosseum, Rome



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Date: 72 - 80 AD

The Colosseum, Rome



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Date: 72 - 80 AD

The Colosseum, Rome



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Date: 72 - 80 AD

The Colosseum, Rome



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Date: 72 - 80 AD

The Colosseum, Rome



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Date: 80 - 95 BC Architect:Marcus Agrippa

Pont du Gard, Nimes, France



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Date: 80 - 95 BC Architect:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa




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Athens, Greece 550 - 400 BC

The Parthenon - Plan: Iktinos & Kallikrates



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Athens, Greece 550 - 400 BC

The Parthenon: Iktinos & Kallikrates



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Date: 19 BC Architect: Marcus Agrippa

Maison Carre, Nimes, France



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Date: 212 - 216 AD Architect: Septimius Severus

The Baths of Caracalla, Rome



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Date: 308 - 312

Basilica of Constantine



89/173

Date: 308 - 312




90/173

Lecture 9: Rome II

Rome

Vitruvian Architecture Principles

Outside Influence on Roman Ideas

Vernacular Roman Architecture

Pompeii



91/173

Lecture 9: Rome II

Beginnings of the Roman Empire



92/173

Lecture 9: Rome II

Rome was founded by Romulus and 758 -738 BC.

Located close to the Sea for trade, but farenough away for safety.

Planned according to the topography, witha grid imposed.



93/173

Map of Ancient Rome



94/173

Map of Florentia

Cardo and Decumanus



95/173

Map of Ancient Rome



96/173

Lecture 9: Rome II

Rome as Innovators

The Use of the Arch

The Development of the Vault and the Dome

The Use of the Grid



97/173

Lecture 9: Rome II

The Arch became the fundamental architectural elementin Roman construction.

The arch developed into the vault.

The Romans used the Greek ideas of Temple planning.

The Romans used the Greek ideas of the orders.



98/173





99/173

Lecture 9: Rome II

The Orders of Greek Columns and Temples

Doric- Developed in Western Greece

Ionic - Developed in Eastern Greece

Corinthian - Developed 100 BC at the end of GreekEmpire


The Greek Orders


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The Greek Orders

Doric Ionic Corinthian


L 9 R II


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Lecture 9: Rome II

The Arch and the Development of the vault.



102/173

Date: 1500 BC

Mycenea


L 9 R II


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Lecture 9: Rome II




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Aqueduct, Spain



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Aqueduct Diagram



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Rome Aqueduct Diagram



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Roman Brick Work



111/173

Date: 1 Century

Ostia - Public Toilets



112/173

Date: 497 BC - 312 AD




113/173

Date: 497 BC - 312 AD




114/173

Date: 497 BC - 312 AD




115/173

Date: 308 - 312




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Lecture 8: Rome I


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Lecture 8: Rome I

The Pantheon

Hadrians Villa at Tivoli

The Treasury at Petra

The Temples at Baalbek

Pompeii and Ostia



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Roman Empire 1 Century AD



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Date: 120 -127 AD Architect: Hadrian

The Pantheon, Rome



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The Pantheon, Rome



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The Pantheon, Rome



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The Pantheon, Rome



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The Pantheon, Rome



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The Pantheon, Rome



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The Pantheon, Rome



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The Pantheon, Rome



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The Pantheon, Rome



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The Pantheon, Rome



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Date: 118 - 134 AD Architect: Hadrian




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Hadrians Villa at Tivoli Piazza dOro



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Date: 110 AD




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Date: 110 AD




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Date: 110 AD




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Date: 110 AD




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Date: 110 AD




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Date: 110 AD




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Date: 110 AD




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Date: 110 AD




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Date: 110 AD

The Ampitheater Petra



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Date: 54 - 117 AD

The Temple Complex at Baalbek



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Date: 54 - 117 AD




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Date: 60AD

The Temple of Venus at Baalbek



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Date: 60AD

The Temple of Venus at Baalbek



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Date: 54 - 68 AD

The Temple of Jupiter at Baalbek



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Date: 54 - 68 AD




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Date: 54 - 68 AD




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Date: 54 - 117 AD




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Map of Rome and Italy



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Map of Rome



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Map of Pompeii 300 BC



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Date: 79 AD

Pompeii



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Date: 79 AD

Pompeii



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Date: 79 AD

Pompeii



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Date: 79 AD

Pompeii - Decumanus Maximus



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Date: 79 AD

Pompeii - Decumanus Maximus



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Date: 100 AD

Ostia Temple of Rome and Augustus



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Date: 100 AD

Ostia Building on the Cardo Maximus



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Date: 100 AD

Ostia Building on the Cardo Maximus



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Date: 100 AD

Ostia Building Column Detail on the Cardo Maximus



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Lecture Rome 2013

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