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Lee Lacy
Dynamics Research Corporation
407-380-1200 x104
OWL Ontology-based Solutions for Military Applications OWL Ontology-based Solutions for Military Applications
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
DRC Introduction
• Founded in 1955 – Satisfying Customers for over 50 Years
• 2004 Revenues $275.7M
• ~2000 Employees
• Serving National Priority Markets– National Defense
– Citizen Security
– Citizen Services
• Publicly Traded – NASDAQ: DRCO
• Headquarters: Andover, MA
• Local office: Vienna, VA (Dunn Loring metro stop)
• Semantic Web Research and Development Team: Orlando, FL
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
Objectives
• Describe recent applications of Semantic Web ontologies to national defense and related lessons learned in terms of:– Problem / Challenge
– Ontology-based solution
– Conclusions / Lessons Learned
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
Warnings / Disclaimers
• Acronym-rich environment
• OWL-centric perspective
• Many of the concepts to be presented have been presented at an IC Ontology TEM and at the OWL Workshop held in conjunction with the ISWC ’05
• Comments and slides have not been vetted and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of our sponsors
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
Presentation Outline
• Defense and Simulation Ontology Implementation Experiences– DARPA DAML– Foreign Clearance Guide (FCG)– JEOD Decision Support System (DSS)– Computer Generated Forces / Behavior
Representation (CGF/BR)
• Lessons Learned• Summary / Questions
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
Sample DAML Military Ontologies Developed
• Intelligence-related ontologies– Event chronology ontology– Fugitive/terrorist description ontology
• Equipment / Platform ontologies– Military equipment
taxonomy/ontology– Equipment Characteristics and
Performance (C&P)– Commercial Shipping
• GPS Coordinates• National Security Organization• Conditions• Military task list ontology
Performed by: DRC
Managed by:Managed by: AFRLAFRL
Funded by: Funded by: DARPADARPA
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
Foreign Clearance Guide (FCG) Challenge
• FCG document specifies detailed information and rules for obtaining clearances
• Loss of over $80K in fuel and one sortie daily due to diplomatic clearance violations
• Indirect Costs:– Lost Crew Time– Delays in
Transportation/Supply System– Disrupted Flight/Cargo
Movement Schedules
• Lack of automated support for diplomatic clearance process and lead times
Performed by: BBN
DRC
Managed by:Managed by: AFRLAFRL
Funded by: Funded by: USAF USAF AMCAMC
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
Automated Clearance Tool (ACT) Solution
ACT is an agent based, decision-support tool that supports the processing of diplomatic clearances at Air Mobility Command (AMC).
ACT software agents utilize ontologies to reason about annotated data.
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
FCG Markup Supports Agent Decision Making
• Ontologies designed and developed to represent FCG concepts• Ontologies drove schema design for Oracle population tool• FCG contents captured in database• Database queries used to generate compliant RDF/XML• ACT agents consume instance data
FCG OntologySpecify requirements
EncodeformalOWL
representation
Design Object Model
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
Automated Clearance Tool
Semantically Annotated Brain Books
Lead Time Compute
Agent
RED shading indicates a Lead Time problem
Authoritative Data Source(e.g. Electronic FCG)
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
FCG Conclusions / Lessons Learned
• Semantic annotation enables software agents to reliably interpret data
• Semantic annotation enables software agents to share data with future unforeseen software
• Content authoring (database publishing) tool helped manage the RDF/XML instance data
• Documented repeatable ontology engineering process helpful
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
JEOD KTOD ACTD Challenge
• Overall ACTD placing new tools in the hands of EOD technicians facing IED threats
• JEOD Decision Support System products include:– Mobile Field Kit (MFK)
– JEOD Portal
– JEODNET Infrastructure
• MFK Plug-In Needed for providing contextually relevant information for performance support
Performed by: InfoPro
DRC
Managed by:Managed by: DISADISA
Funded by: Funded by: JEOD JEOD KTOD KTOD ACTDACTD
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
Reference Assistant Tool (RAT) Solution
• Filters procedural knowledge base using current conditions.
• Formats the filtered data based on a user’s form factor.
• Reduce development costs of authoring Job Aids by dynamically composing Job Aids from procedural knowledge bases on the fly.
• Reduces the development time/costs for Interactive Multimedia Instruction (IMI)
• Allows developers to focus on content rather than format
Domain
compliantwith
Condition-basedFormattedDelivery
Content AuthoringEffort
Content Readby Software
ProceduralKnowledge
Base(RDF)
DeliveryTools
ProceduralKnowledgeOntology(OWL)
1
2
3
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
Content Authoring Tool (CAT) Enabling Tool
• Portlet within the JEOD Portal Tool
• Front-end editing tools for data/entry
• Oracle Back-end
• Database publishing techniques to generate ontology-compliant instance data
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
Delivery Tool Web Services Architecture
• Filter Web Service (Step 1)– Based on context and user role
• Format Web Service (Step 2)– Based on form factor (e.g., handheld, tablet
PC) and desired presentation method– XHTML output
Filter TTP XML
Web Service
Format TTP XML
Web Service
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
JEOD Conclusions / Lessons Learned
• SME feedback critical on two levels:– Ontology design validation from domain experts (e.g.,
what are the components of IEDs)
– Application usability from surrogate users
• Future development efforts can reuse the major components of the Dynamic Job Aid System.
• Domain independent applicability of filtering and formatting of procedural content.
• “Just-in-time” access to procedural job aids.
• Training community benefits from reduced development costs for Interactive Multimedia Instruction because of focus on content rather than format.
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
Computer Generated Forces Behavior Representation Challenge
• Computer Generated Forces behaviors typically used to represent opposing and flanking forces in simulations
• Behavior representations were traditionally hard coded
• Newer simulations’ behaviors being represented as data/information
• Each simulation system describes their behaviors differently (need implementation independence to support interchange)
• Object-oriented representations of functional behaviors
• Representations need to support both primitive and composite concepts
Performed by: DRC
Managed by:Managed by: AFRLAFRL
Funded by: Funded by: DMSODMSO
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
OOS Behavior Composer ExampleOOS Behavior Composer Example
PasteCopyCutRedoUndoSaveOpenNew
Evaluation Plot Execution Plot Rules
Behavior Composer
Parallel: 1
Platoon Move_PB (1)
Sequence: 1
Sequence: 2
CB (2) CB (1)Determine
Contact_PB (2) Pause_PB (5)
Pause_PB (4)
Platoon Shoot_PB (3)
True
False
True
Selector
Sequence
Primitive
Composite
ConditionalBranch
Parallel
Directive
Order
Interface
Note
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
OWL-based BR Solution
• Research demonstrated the use of OWL for representing CGF behaviors
• OWL representation of Composites and Primitive meta-data
• Versioning meta-data captures VV&A information
• Enables new capabilities, e.g., filtering, reasoning
• Software developed to demonstrate composability
• Grounded using OneSAF Objective System (OOS)
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
Behavior Composition with OWLBehavior Composition with OWL
ImplementationIndependent
Primitive Beh.Metadata COTS/GOTS OWL-Compliant Tools
OWL
OWL
XML
Behavior Composer UserLegacyPrimitiveBehavior Metadata
Legacy
CompositeBehaviors
Implementation Specific Primitive
Behaviors
describes
ImplementationIndependentCompositeBehaviors
describes
RDF/XML RDF/XML
OWL
CompositeBehaviorOntology
PrimitiveBehaviorMetadataOntology
DomainOntology
commit to
Produced
Legend
Legacy
Ontologies
Prototype Composer / Editor Tool
XML
commit to
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
CGF/BR Conclusions / Lessons Learned
• Process descriptions challenging using object-oriented techniques
• Technology insertion challenging with fast-moving program
• Ontologies more easily used for metadata at more atomic levels of description (as opposed to representing software code)
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
Overall Lessons Learned
• OWL’s XML foundation eases fears among earlier implementers
• Pilot/prototype projects key in gaining acceptance and understanding
• Inferencing features still difficult to demonstrate in applications
• Repositories needed to help identify authoritative ontologies
• Ontologies should be based on authoritative data sources and validated with help from subject matter experts
• Mature documented ontology development practices needed
• Developers and implementers need help to understand and apply OWL
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
User Education (Evangelism)
• Adopters need to understand the business case
• XML now recognized and widely adopted
• Tool developers are beginning to take OWL more seriously
• Widely recognized killer apps still needed (credit: Dr. Jim Hendler)
• May evolve from one of the many proof-of-concept prototypes being developed to help demonstrate solutions
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
Ontology-based Application User / Developer Education
• Natural evolution of skills and knowledge for XML data engineers and database professionals
• Successful applications require marriage of data engineering skills (similar to database schema developers) and software engineering skills
• Increasing number of Semantic Web books available that touch on particular languages
• OWL book focuses on explaining the OWL syntax defined in the W3C recommendations
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
Unabashed Book Plug
• Language information described in multiple W3C Recommendation documents
• Developers needed help with syntax
• Adopters need easily obtainable support information
• Provides an introduction to Semantic Web concepts
• Describes OWL syntax with examples
• Foreword by Mike Dean
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
Semantic Web Layered Architecture
Applications
Ontology Languages (OWL Full,OWL DL, and OWL Lite)
RDF and RDF/XML
XML and XML Schema
URIs and Namespaces
RDF Schema Individuals
Implementation Layer
Logical Layer
Ontological PrimitiveLayer
Basic RelationalLanguage Layer
Transport/Syntax Layer
Symbol/Reference Layer
}}}}}}
Figure © Lee W. Lacy - 2005
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
Summary
• OWL is being used in a variety of research efforts to support ontology-driven solutions for real world problems
• Challenges exist in integrating the technology into mainstream fielded systems
• Additional education and evangelism needed before the technology is widely accepted
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS THROUGH PEOPLE, PROCESSES, AND TECHNOLOGY
Dynamics Research Corporation
Questions?
Lee Lacy: [email protected] Voice: 407-380-1200 x104