Scientific and Industrial Revolution102: David Clayton Instructor

Galileo (1564-1642)

• Father of modern science.• Experiments + math

Worldview Prior to Galileo

• God- Explanation• Church- Controlled - government - arts, science, education - morals

Worldview Prior to Galileo

• God- Creator Universe• Geo-Centric: Earth• Divine Right• Obedient Christians• Obedient subjects

Galileo (1564-1642)

• Earth• Experiments + math• Telescope• Inquisition

After Galileo

• Rise of Protestantism• Rapid advancements in - Astronomy - Math

After Galileo

• Rise of Protestantism• Rapid advancements in• Philosophy - Truth without theology - Truth by reasoning

INDUCTIVE REASONING

• Observation• Experimentation• Conclusions• Scientific Method- Question- Experiment- Observe- Hypothesis- Analyze (true/not true)

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

DEDUCTIVE REASONING

• Truth by Logic• Truth by Math formulas• Scientific Method results put into mathematical equation.

Descartes (1596-1650)

Scientific Method

• Use both inductive and deductive methods to discover truth. - Observation/Experiments foundation of science- Math describes and validates results• Still used today.

Newton (1643-1727)

Results of Scientific Revolution1. Spiritual to SecularProcess

- God best explanation- Deism best explanation * rational God/universe * Clock analogy * Rational/non miracles * Widespread influence

Results of Scientific Revolution1. Spiritual to SecularProcess

- God best explanation- Deism best explanation

- Religious answers inferior to scientific method - Science best explanation

Results of Scientific Revolution1. Spiritual to SecularProcess

19th Century (Secular)- Darwin: evolution- Nietzsche :philosophy “God is dead”

20th Century- Freud (Ego)

Results of Scientific Revolution2. Way of Doing Science- Biology: microscope- Chemistry: elements/gases- Electricity: Ben Franklin- Medicine: Blood circulation

Pathology

Results of Scientific Revolution3. Sociology and Government

Social Contract TheoryThomas Hobbes (1588-1679)- Human nature evil

- Absolutism government: Protect from evil nature

Results of Scientific Revolution3. Sociology and Government

Social Contract TheoryJohn Locke (1632-1704)- Human nature – blank slate

- Born with certain freedoms (life, liberty, property)- Overthrow government (Glorious Revolution) if right are violated.

- Influenced American and French Revolutions

INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Wars required more capital than taxes• Bank of England (1694) to provide revenue• Benefitted more than war plans (stocks, loans, check writing, lines of credit)

• Factory owners - Build larger - Purchase larger supplies - Hire more workers

• Transportation - Canals - Roads - Sea Travel

• Inventions and Innovations

• Joint Stock Companies

England: America’s and IndiaFrance: Southeast AsiaAustralia: Discovered by James Cook (1770)Dutch: South Africa

• SLAVE TRADE

• Industrial Consequences1. Flight from rural to urban2. Environmental pollution,

deforestation3. Work: 12 hours/7days including kids4. Socially: Fragmented families,

breakdown in social mores, depression, lost religious values,disconnected from tradition and past.

• Industrial Consequences5. Deplorable living conditions6. Juvenile delinquency7. Alcoholism8. Loss of skilled craftsmen- apprentices

• Industrial Consequences9. Earned more10. Consumer goods cheaper11. Newspapers (media propaganda and

sense of community)- literature12. New Upper Class (Factory Owners)

greater governmental power13. Better opportunities for education

and children.